29:
384:
394:
422:
262:
321:
459:
406:
365:
329:
300:
240:
431:
389:
481:
521:
516:
416:
168:
public school from 1943 to 1949 students were required to write "je parle breton" ("I speak Breton") on the slate.
511:
115:
onto another of his fellow students after catching him speaking Breton, Occitan or
Catalan (referred to as
536:
526:
270:
506:
501:
81:
531:
292:
8:
347:
134:
258:
33:
451:
412:
371:
361:
335:
325:
296:
278:
246:
236:
65:
443:
105:
97:
93:
61:
351:
311:
282:
222:
101:
89:
85:
73:
57:
402:
122:
182:
Bringing mockery upon those who did not follow the established language rules;
495:
455:
375:
339:
250:
179:
Exclusion of the targeted language (Breton, Occitan...) from school and play;
171:
an object to be carried in the pocket, such as a button, toy sabot, or badge.
16:
Object used in France to punish students speaking languages other than French
447:
207:
126:
357:
232:
154:
313:
La langue bretonne et l'école républicaine: témoignages de mémorialistes
195:
185:
to help bring detriment upon students and prevent student solidarity.
77:
28:
432:"Anamnèse d'un hommage. Ou comment le français est venu aux Bretons"
228:
201:
165:
130:
69:
411:. Revue Les Temps Modernes (in French). Vol. 324. Gallimard.
405:, ed. (1973-01-09). "Impérialisme linguistique et colonialisme".
317:
125:, the half-day, or the day would be punished with, for example,
117:
20:
482:"Articles CET OBSCUR SENTIMENT QU'EST LA HONTE, André Polard"
288:
161:
263:"Défense de cracher par terre et de parler breton ?"
121:). The student in possession of the object at the end of
53:
385:"ESRC Society Today - International Mother Language Day"
88:
as a means of punishment for students caught speaking
32:"Speak French, Be Clean" written on the wall of the
408:Les Temps Modernes: Minorités nationales en France
157:, sometimes not hollowed out, worn around the neck
493:
111:Generally, the student was supposed to pass the
137:, or organized mockery led by the headmaster.
287:. Petit traité de glottophagie (in French).
224:Histoire d'un interdit. Le breton à l'école
346:
27:
322:Travaux d'Investigation et de Recherche
309:
140:
494:
429:
401:
382:
277:
220:
390:Economic and Social Research Council
108:during the 19th and 20th centuries.
257:
13:
14:
548:
462:from the original on 2021-12-31.
425:from the original on 2021-12-27.
214:
474:
1:
467:
383:Norris, Sharon (2007-09-17).
164:worn around the neck. At the
430:Prémel, Gérard (June 1995).
284:Linguistique et colonialisme
175:The purpose of its use was:
7:
269:(in French). Archived from
189:
10:
553:
227:(in French) (2 ed.).
56:"), was an object used by
18:
522:Linguistic discrimination
517:Language policy in France
267:www.langue-bretonne.com
448:10.3406/lsoc.1995.2698
310:Griffon, Yves (2008).
221:an Du, Claude (2000).
37:
31:
141:Nature of the object
19:For other uses, see
512:History of Brittany
153:an ordinary wooden
135:corporal punishment
537:School punishments
436:Langage et société
279:Calvet, Louis-Jean
38:
527:Linguistic rights
367:978-2-868630-06-3
348:Jaffrenou, Taldir
331:978-2-917681-00-8
302:978-2-228114-30-1
242:978-2-910699-41-3
544:
486:
485:
478:
463:
426:
398:
393:. Archived from
379:
343:
306:
293:Payot (éditions)
274:
254:
34:Ayguatébia-Talau
552:
551:
547:
546:
545:
543:
542:
541:
507:French language
502:Breton language
492:
491:
490:
489:
480:
479:
475:
470:
419:
368:
332:
303:
243:
217:
192:
143:
86:North Catalonia
74:French Flanders
66:private schools
60:headmasters in
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
550:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
488:
487:
472:
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
427:
417:
399:
397:on 2009-01-06.
380:
366:
344:
330:
307:
301:
275:
273:on 2007-09-11.
259:Broudic, Fañch
255:
241:
216:
213:
212:
211:
205:
199:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
180:
173:
172:
169:
158:
142:
139:
82:Basque Country
46:, also called
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
549:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
497:
483:
477:
473:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:(in French).
437:
433:
428:
424:
420:
418:2-070288-11-0
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
363:
359:
356:(in Breton).
355:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
327:
323:
319:
316:(in French).
315:
314:
308:
304:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:
219:
218:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
184:
181:
178:
177:
176:
170:
167:
163:
159:
156:
152:
151:
150:
148:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:
45:
44:
35:
30:
26:
22:
476:
439:
435:
407:
403:Person, Yves
395:the original
388:
352:
312:
283:
271:the original
266:
223:
215:Bibliography
208:Dialect card
204:in Occitania
174:
146:
144:
127:manual labor
116:
112:
110:
48:
47:
42:
41:
39:
25:
532:Punishments
58:Francophone
496:Categories
468:References
353:Eñvorennoù
149:could be:
456:2101-0382
442:: 51–95.
376:499973115
340:471024545
251:468997411
196:Welsh Not
78:Occitania
49:ar vuoc'h
460:Archived
423:Archived
358:Hor Yezh
350:(1985).
281:(1974).
233:Hor Yezh
229:Lannilis
210:in Japan
202:Vergonha
198:in Wales
190:See also
166:Plouaret
131:homework
129:, extra
70:Brittany
318:Lannion
147:symbole
113:symbole
106:Catalan
98:Occitan
94:Flemish
43:symbole
454:
415:
374:
364:
338:
328:
299:
249:
239:
123:recess
118:patois
102:Basque
90:Breton
62:public
52:("the
36:school
21:symbol
289:Paris
162:slate
104:, or
452:ISSN
413:ISBN
372:OCLC
362:ISBN
336:OCLC
326:ISBN
297:ISBN
247:OCLC
237:ISBN
155:clog
145:The
84:and
64:and
40:The
444:doi
68:in
54:cow
498::
458:.
450:.
440:72
434:.
421:.
387:.
370:.
360:.
334:.
324:.
320::
295:.
291::
265:.
261:.
245:.
235:.
231::
160:a
133:,
100:,
96:,
92:,
80:,
76:,
72:,
484:.
446::
378:.
342:.
305:.
253:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.