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192:. It was originally Jaeger's suggestion that the FM synthesis concept be extended to allow four simultaneous channels or voices of synthesis to be triggered with one key depression to allow the final synthesized sound to have much more harmonic series activity. This change greatly improved the overall sound design of the system and was very noticeable. 16-bit user sampling (originally in mono only) was added as an option in 1982. This model was succeeded by the ABLE Model C computer-based PSMT in 1984 and then the Mac-based 3200, 6400 and 9600 models, all of which used the VPK keyboard.
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653:(1984): a faster ABLE Model C processor-based system, with a new 'Multi-Channel-Distribution' real-time digitally controlled analog signal routing technology, and 16-bit RAM-based stereo sampling subsystem. The monaural FM voice card was doubled up and enabling software panning for stereo output was introduced.
415:
the keyboard and control panel. There is little public documentation available on these cards, as their design was the unique asset of the
Synclavier. However, their structure was similar to other digital synthesizers of the mid-late 1970s realized in Medium Scale Integration (MSI) hardware, such as the
414:
waveforms are produced by the
Synclavier Synthesizer cards (named SS1 through SS5). Each set of these five cards produced 8 mono FM voices (later variants supported stereo). The processor handles sending start-stop-setPitch-setParameter commands to the SS card set(s), as well as handling scanning of
330:
New
England Digital ceased operations in 1993. According to Jones, "The intellectual property was bought up by a bank—then it was owned by a Canadian company called Airworks—and I bought the intellectual property and the trademark back from a second bank which had foreclosed on it from Airworks."
313:
cards and its memory cards were developed internally, as well as all of the software. The hardware and software of the company's real-time capability were used in other fields completely remote to music, such as the main
Dartmouth College campus computing node computers for one of the USA's first
1357:: Bass synthesizer music pioneer and an early Synclavier II avid user who used Synclavier in production, for instance, of his Grammy-nominated instrumental piece "The Mood" (1983). His innovating vocalist-related sampling methods (created using Synclavier) are still in use.
1787:
The technique for synthesizing electronic music, invented by Music
Professor John Chowning, brought in over $ 20 million through an exclusive license to Yamaha Corporation of Japan, which used the technology in its DX-7 synthesizer, enormously popular in the
1401:
is credited for
Synclavier for "When Numbers Get Serious", "Think Too Much (b)", "Song About the Moon", and "Think Too Much (a)"; and Wells Christie is credited with Synclavier on "Rene And Georgette Magritte With Their Dog After The War". On his 1986 album
1586:
completed in 1993 shortly before his death, released posthumously, musical portions composed and recorded exclusively using the
Synclavier. Zappa also used the instrument to create the music posthumously released in 2011 on
659:(VPK, c.1984): a weighted velocity/after-pressure sensitive musical keyboard controller, was introduced. This had a black piano lacquer finished chassis, a larger display, additional buttons and a silver control wheel.
246:
to magnetic disk, and eventually a 16-bit polyphonic sampling system to memory, as well. The company's product was the only digital sampling system that allowed sample rates to go as high as 100 kHz.
1846:
277:. Although pricing made it inaccessible for most musicians (a Synclavier could cost anywhere from $ 25,000 to $ 200,000), it found widespread use among producers and professional
1024:
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acquired one in the early to mid 1980s and initially used it to re work the material later released as
Electric Cafe / Techno Pop, and also on live performances in the 1990s.
2593:
Eddie Jobson / Theme of
Secrets / Jobson is one of those highly talented keyboard players ... this time it's strictly Jobson and a Synclavier-a boy and his synthesizer.
188:
The system evolved in its next generation of product, the
Synclavier II, which was released in early 1980 with the strong influence of music producer Denny Jaeger of
1838:
3089:
114:, and was sold mostly to universities. The initial models had only a computer and synthesis modules; later models added a musical keyboard and control panel.
928:. In September 1977 he bought the first Synclavier without musical keyboard (ORK) and wrote custom software to control the Synclavier via various devices.
1739:
From a technology standpoint, the 1978 launch of New England Digital's Synclavier ...", "... the group ... was able to license FM synthesis from Yamaha.
1158:, programmed and played by Christopher Currell. The Synclavier was also used by Andrew Scheps to slice and edit Jackson's beatboxing on his 1995 album
3314:
692:
1980:
1205:(1989), in which all sounds except guitar (and in the latter case, violins) were produced by the Synclavier. The Synclavier is also heard on the
396:, data collection, and device control. The commercial version of the Dartmouth Digital Synthesizer, the Synclavier, was built on this processor.
3192:
1312:
217:
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1430:: his personal studio room is still centered around a Synclavier system — he has four systems. He’s been using it since Chess in 1985.
829:; in the 1980s, he played Synclavier with this guitar controller (Roland G-303), in addition to an early Synclavier guitar controller.
1160:
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55:. It was produced in various forms from the late 1970s into the early 1990s. The instrument has been used by prominent musicians.
1701:
509:, 32-track memory recorder, and ORK keyboard. Earlier models were entirely controlled via ORK keyboard with buttons and wheel; a
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523:(ORK, c.1979): original musical keyboard controller in a wooden chassis, with buttons and silver control wheel on the panel.
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1353:, American post-disco and contemporary R&B record producer, multi-instrumentalist, also a creative consultant with the
103:, an early adopter from the commercial world, due to its versatility, its cutting-edge technology, and distinctive sounds.
79:, Professor of Digital Electronics, Sydney A. Alonso, and Cameron Jones, a software programmer and student at Dartmouth's
2985:
1730:
972:
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Nashville synthesist Shane Keister, using a Fairlight and Synclavier, scored Ernest Goes To Camp, the just-released ...
1714:
In September 1977, I bought the first Synclavier, although mine came without the special keyboard and control panel ...
269:
system among many professionals. It was a pioneering system in revolutionizing movie and television sound effects and
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version of the Synclavier dubbed Synclavier Go! using much of the original code base. Jones has also worked with
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Christopher Currell, the Los Angeles-based Synclavier performer and engineer on Michael Jackson's Bad album
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1201:
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Neil Rolnick, Joel Chadabe, and Jon Appleton himself are among those who have performed with it frequently.
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1989:
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898:(1986) and their respective tours, along with solo albums and soundtracks of that period, notably on "
208:
Synclavier II models used an on/off type keyboard (called the ORK) while later models, labeled simply
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1195:
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In 2022, Synclavier Digital released and started production on the Regen, a desktop FM synthesizer.
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212:, used a weighted velocity- and pressure-sensitive keyboard (called the VPK) that was licensed from
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The company evolved the system continuously through the early 1980s to integrate the first 16-bit
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to bring the Synclavier V software version of the instrument to their V Collection plugin suite.
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1148:" comes courtesy of the Synclavier. The Synclavier was extensively used on Jackson's 1987 album
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36:
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918:, used the Synclavier for blending or layering different sound effects and matching pitches.
449:(HOP box): a troubleshooting tool for the Synclavier system, connected to ABLE computer via
1626:
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2832:
2183:
Keyboard Presents the Best of the '80s: The Artists, Instruments, and Techniques of an Era
8:
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1520:: used a Synclavier to sample the voices of Clair Huxtable and children in an episode of
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At the time, Yamaha was the exclusive commercial licensee from the original inventor,
767:
Synclavier Post Pro SD (Sound Design): consists of small Synclavier and Direct-to-Disk
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2107:"Avator – Jame Cameron and Audio Team Create a New World of Futuristic Sounds"
1772:
1746:: This magazine article itself lacks sources, and as a result, lacks verifiability.
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52:
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Pop music: technology and creativity : Trevor Horn and the digital revolution
2332:
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1446:: producer, one of the first musicians to buy a Synclavier; used it on records by
1078:, Henke renovated a Synclavier II and used sampled FM from it on various releases.
1016:: used the Synclavier extensively in creating studio albums; also for soundtracks
992:'s Synclavier, which was responsible for the character of the sound of the albums
513:
terminal was subsequently introduced for editing performances. Later models had a
3036:
2641:
2618:
Jobson, Eddie Jobson, Eddie -Theme Of Secrets (music for Synclavier) Pnvale Music
1949:
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281:, competing at times in this market with high-end production systems such as the
1963:
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1469:
1406:, Simon is credited under "Synclavier" for "I Know What I Know" and "Gumboots".
1370:
1211:
1117:
1084:: film scoring work on the Synclavier, including the 1986 action-fantasy film,
1081:
1046:
883:
578:
567:
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called Scientific XPL for programming. Early applications of the ABLE were for
315:
96:
3172:
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2128:
1074:: composer, musician and software engineer. Often recording under the moniker
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used acoustic drums blended with Synclavier-sampled drums on their 1988 album
200:
3303:
3261:
2675:
2650:
2632:
2587:
2537:
2451:. Ashgate popular and folk music. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 130–131.
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967:
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2559:"Gearslutz - "Post here if you worked on Michael Jackson's DANGEROUS album""
71:
The original design and development of the Synclavier prototype occurred at
2785:
1839:"Synthesis Pioneer Cameron Jones Talks History and Making A New Synclavier"
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2010:
1918:
Scientific XPL for New England Digital Corporation's ABLE Series Computers
761:
Synclavier TS (Tapeless Studio): consists of Synclavier and Direct-to-Disk
228:
2153:
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First released in 1977–78, it proved to be highly influential among both
2614:. Vol. 2, no. 3~4. ABC Consumer Magazines. 1991. p. 338.
2031:
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1529:
1388:
1301:
1155:
1120:: used by Marlon Jackson and co-producer Winston Johnson on the single
1101:
1086:
1035:
319:
298:
2426:. Vol. 98, no. 28. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 40.
539:(STM): later option to sample sounds and edit them in computer memory.
2368:
1607:
tour as well as Live Aid, primarily for the backing vocal samples in
1451:
1409:
1238:
818:
3289:
293:
When the company launched and evolved its technology, there were no
127:
2670:. Vol. 13, no. 7~12. GPI Publications. 1987. p. 30.
1600:
1424:: producer who used a Synclavier II on many hit albums he produced.
1325:
1318:
1075:
1018:
951:
867:
1988:. Vol. III. Synclavier Digital. February 2007. Archived from
1363:, film score composer: pictured with a Synclavier on the cover of
729:
489:
428:
3177:
2133:
1767:. Vol. 3, no. 2. Office of Technology Licensing (OTL),
1499:
1145:
517:
graphic terminal for graphical audio analysis (described below).
344:
19:
1436:: used a Synclavier on several of their studio albums including
964:
albums from 1986 to 1991 as well as various Elektric Band tours.
3227:. Bison Books, University of Nebraska Press. pp. 195–197.
481:
2865:
Harry, Weinger (20 Oct 1984). "Kashif Juggles Multi-Layered".
2528:. Vol. 7, no. 4. SPIN Media LLC. July 1991. p.
1538:, and more extensively on his uncharacteristically electronic
380:(1975): an early product of New England Digital, was a 16-bit
2854:. Vol. 50, no. 1. CBS Magazines. 1985. p. 154.
634:
627:
556:
514:
510:
2944:, vol. 9, Berklee college of music, Fall 1997, p.
2500:
Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music
912:, supervising sound editor/sound designer for the 2009 film
301:. Consequently, all of the hardware from the company's main
1758:"Bell Tolls for FM Patent, but Yamaha Sees "New Beginning""
584:
1836:
982:: singer/songwriter, producer at Monarch Sound in Atlanta.
950:" (1988). The way it is arranged gives a sound similar to
1801:"New England Digital Synclavier - Vintage Synth Explorer"
1702:"The Electronic Century Part IV: The Seeds of the Future"
1484:: Rik Emmett used a Synclavier 9600 around the period of
1412:: film and television score composer; Synclavier used on
801:
any relevant information into other sections or articles.
389:
340:
2786:"We will always remember the things we can never forget"
713:
1062:
used a Synclavier on the 1979 disco hit "Hot to Trot".
529:(STD, c.1982): a first commercial hard disk streaming
3284:"What Makes The Synclavier So Special And Different?"
3108:
2961:
Advanced techniques for film scoring: a complete text
2717:. No. 153–158. Amordian Press. 1991. p. 34.
1550:: in 1982 one of the first Synclavier owners; 1984's
273:
effects methods of design and production starting at
2582:. Vol. 12. GPI Publications. 1986. p. 24.
1921:. New England Digital Corporation, 1978, 74pp. 1978.
1905:. New England Digital Corporation, 1978, 39pp. 1978.
1580:("St. Etienne" excepted, solely Synclavier); 1994's
1532:, who used an early Synclavier II on his 1981 album
1044:: film score composer. Used the Synclavier to score
842:
is credited with using the Synclavier on her albums
2599:
1472:: started using the Synclavier on the recording of
3173:"the cosby show_stevie wonder's recording session"
2150:No Certainty Attached: Steve Kilbey and The Church
1820:"$ 200,000 Synclavier Synthesizer Now A $ 200 App"
934:used a Synclavier to design sounds for the Bally
886:used a Synclavier II (ORK version) on the albums
3301:
1328:: the group used Synclavier on their 2020 album
2882:"Q&A: Kashif – Music History in the Making"
2420:"NED Synclavier Seminar Offers Sound Solutions"
2176:
1889:. New England Digital Corporation, 110pp. 1978.
870:and solo studio albums, as well as on the 1985
764:Synclavier Post Pro: consists of Direct-to-Disk
3105:Electronics & Music Maker, Jan 1982, p. 52
2048:Schwartz, Elliott and Godfrey, Daniel (1993).
1678:"History of Masters Program in Digital Musics"
1574:(sampled sounds); 1986's Grammy-winning album
1373:: in producing the scores for the 1980s films
265:Ultimately, the system was referred to as the
2631:
2104:
1755:
1695:
1693:
1691:
288:
2804:"io9 Talks to Junie About P-Funk and Aliens"
2657:
2565:
2551:
2413:
2411:
2032:"Roland G-303 Guitar Synthesizer Controller"
1837:Neal Andrew Emil Gustafson (27 March 2019).
1724:
1722:
1699:
1096:: used the Synclavier to produce records by
533:, with 16-bit sampling at up to 50 kHz.
267:Synclavier Digital Recording Tapeless Studio
2761:Go ahead John: the music of John McLaughlin
2246:. Los Angeles: Penton Media. Archived from
2185:. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 15–19.
2011:"Interview with Roland GR User Pat Metheny"
1902:Creating Programs for ABLE Series Computers
1672:
1670:
1571:Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention
1559:Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger
297:computing systems, integrated software, or
156:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3028:
1975:
1973:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1688:
1252:: used on most of their albums to present.
400:
250:
3286:Steve Hills, Synclavier European Services
2850:"Review: The Dream of the Blue Turtles".
2408:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1909:
1817:
1728:
1719:
176:Learn how and when to remove this message
3315:1977 establishments in the United States
2764:. SAF Publishing Ltd. pp. 173–174.
2645:. Vol. 3, no. 10. p. 33.
2517:
2225:"yahoo groups interview with Paul Davis"
2026:
2024:
1667:
1181:: used in the 1987 American comedy film
817:
640:
488:
427:
227:
199:
62:
18:
3076:
3041:. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 59.
2964:. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 61.
2307:Journal on the Art of Record Production
1970:
1925:
1849:from the original on 27 September 2020.
1294:: used a Synclavier on his 1984 album,
744:In late 1980s–1993; operated via
204:Display and control wheel on VPK (1984)
3302:
3114:
3034:
2879:
2496:
2444:
2237:
1999:
1475:All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes
1175:was completely made with a Synclavier.
1144:. The gong sound at the beginning of "
1034:used a Synclavier on the 1984 single "
698:VPK: Velocity Pressure Keyboard (1984)
232:STD: Sample-To-Disk interface (c.1982)
195:
2957:
2864:
2757:
2727:
2417:
2238:Droney, Maureen (September 1, 2001).
2147:
2141:
2021:
1982:Synclavier Manual III Reference Guide
1886:ABLE Series Hardware Reference Manual
1731:"1978 New England Digital Synclavier"
854:(1984) and the 1986 soundtrack album
703:
423:
353:
325:
3220:
2177:Darter, Tom; Doerschuk, Bob (2008).
775:
468:HOP box and D01 card (for interface)
154:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
2988:. WellsChristie.com. Archived from
2880:Saleem, Kashif (January 23, 2012).
2156:: Verse Chorus Press. p. 182.
2036:Roland GR-300 Modification and More
2015:Roland GR-300 Modification and More
1680:. Dartmouth College. Archived from
1502:: Synclavier II was used on albums
1337:Danny Quatrochi used Synclavier on
1193:: Used on the scores for the films
545:(DTD, c.1984): an early commercial
223:
67:Synclavier II and floppy disc drive
13:
3245:
3224:The Words and Music of Frank Zappa
1568:(1984, solely Synclavier); 1985's
555:: a software program operated via
14:
3356:
3290:"Synclavier Digital's About Page"
3277:
2730:Kraftwerk: Man, Machine and Music
2333:"Synth Pioneers: Patrick Gleeson"
1130:: particularly on his 1982 album
792:list of miscellaneous information
334:
23:Synclavier I (1977), with HOP box
3095:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2833:"Existential Reckoning - (2020)"
2637:"Advertisement: Private Artists"
1590:Feeding the Monkies at Ma Maison
780:
771:
728:
712:
691:
679:
667:
619:
607:
595:
473:
461:
386:transport-triggered architecture
126:
117:
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3165:
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3055:
3003:
2978:
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2858:
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2438:
2379:
2361:
2343:
2325:
2295:
2280:
2262:
2231:
2217:
2207:"Crimson Glory - Transcendence"
2199:
2170:
2121:
2098:
2080:
2063:
2042:
2038:, Wayne Scott Joness (Composer)
2017:, Wayne Scott Joness (Composer)
1956:
1952:. Synclavier European Services.
1893:
1877:
1729:MIX STAFF (September 1, 2006).
1355:New England Digital Corporation
960:used the Synclavier on various
614:ORK: Original Keyboard (c.1980)
86:
49:New England Digital Corporation
2393:. Robert Henke. Archived from
2113:. Penton Media. Archived from
1853:
1830:
1811:
1793:
1765:Stanford Technology Brainstorm
1749:
1639:
940:pinball game released in 1980.
451:D01 Front Panel Interface Card
316:campus-wide computing networks
305:, all input and output cards,
1:
3330:Samplers (musical instrument)
3295:Synclavier Musical Collection
3077:Schoepe, Zenon (April 2011).
2747:. September 1995. p. 32.
2303:"Interview With Nile Rodgers"
2105:Blair Jackson (Jan 1, 2010).
2092:Tony Banks unofficial website
1756:Eric Grunwald (Summer 1994).
1660:
1344:The Dream of the Blue Turtles
735:Synclavier 9600 (1988, right)
417:Bell Labs Digital Synthesizer
365:Dartmouth Digital Synthesizer
3199:. Neil Young. Archived from
3161:. November 1986. p. 42.
2986:"Wells Christie's biography"
2821:. December 1987. p. 31.
2473:"Marlon Jackson -- Don't Go"
2418:Amato, Mia (July 12, 1986).
1700:Joel Chadabe (May 1, 2001).
1603:used a Synclavier II on the
1304:: used Synclavier on albums
876:movie additional soundtrack.
866:: used the Synclavier II on
737:with CRT monitor on the V/PK
371:
358:
238:Sampler (musical instrument)
106:The early Synclavier I used
81:Thayer School of Engineering
7:
3310:Products introduced in 1977
3221:Lowe, Kelly Fisher (2007).
2869:. Vol. 96. p. 42.
2148:Lurie, Robert Dean (2009).
1615:
1025:The Transformers: The Movie
926:Electronic Music Foundation
645:Synclavier PSMT rack (1984)
602:Rear panel of Synclavier II
436:On 1970s–late 1980s:
339:In 2019, Jones released an
10:
3361:
3131:. August 1981. p. 28.
3066:. August 1983. p. 32.
2503:. Macmillan. p. 323.
2369:"List of synclavier users"
2181:. In Ernie Rideout (ed.).
1950:"Synclavier Early History"
1288:: American jazz guitarist.
1279:Folk of the 80s (Part III)
657:Velocity/Pressure Keyboard
289:Technological achievements
254:
235:
75:with the collaboration of
58:
3256:. June 1989. p. 56.
2240:"Dave Hard Drive Pensado"
2179:"The state of the artist"
1818:synthhead (20 May 2016).
1562:(1984, underscoring) and
1448:Siouxsie and the Banshees
1376:The Clan of the Cave Bear
1313:Welcome to the Real World
1098:Frankie Goes to Hollywood
257:Digital audio workstation
16:Early digital synthesizer
3252:"The Synclavier Story".
3146:. July 1986. p. 42.
3011:"Paul Simon – Graceland"
2445:Warner, Timothy (2003).
1632:
1391:: on Simon's 1983 album
1068:: composer and musician.
873:Kiss of the Spider Woman
789:This article contains a
574:Digital Guitar Interface
320:medical data acquisition
3340:Polyphonic synthesizers
2524:"The Third Dimension".
2355:Lourettrussellgrant.com
2351:"Lourett Russell Grant"
2291:. May 1985. p. 40.
2270:"Remixing Depeche Mode"
2076:. May 1986. p. 69.
1382:Flight of the Navigator
1292:Walter "Junie" Morrison
1276:used on the 1984 album
1267:Adventures in Radioland
995:Construction Time Again
988:had access to producer
447:Hand Operated Processor
401:Digital synthesis cards
388:. It used a variant of
251:Tapeless studio concept
244:digital sampling system
2728:Bussy, Pascal (2004).
1966:. Synhouse Multimedia.
1622:Fostex Foundation 2000
1583:Civilization Phaze III
1258:used it on the albums
924:: composer/founder of
836:
830:
646:
494:
433:
384:on two cards, using a
233:
205:
68:
24:
3035:Trynka, Paul (1996).
2958:Hagen, Earle (1990).
2732:. SAF Publishing Ltd.
2497:Milner, Greg (2009).
1964:"Synclavier Hardware"
1843:>Musician's Friend
1331:Existential Reckoning
1202:Last Exit to Brooklyn
1156:its accompanying tour
1060:Lourett Russell Grant
832:
821:
644:
492:
431:
394:laboratory automation
231:
203:
66:
22:
3335:Digital synthesizers
2758:Stump, Paul (2000).
2129:"Omni-Suzanne Ciani"
1805:www.vintagesynth.com
1712:on October 2, 2009.
1627:WaveFrame AudioFrame
1250:Mannheim Steamroller
674:Synclavier PSMT rack
564:Additive Resynthesis
150:improve this section
3320:American inventions
2908:"Kashif: Biography"
2699:Ernest Goes to Camp
2213:. December 1, 2007.
2094:. lakeofsilence.de.
2052:, p.358. Schirmer.
1769:Stanford University
1706:Electronic Musician
1651:Stanford University
1296:Evacuate Your Seats
1184:Ernest Goes to Camp
1140:, Brian Banks, and
1111:Slave to the Rhythm
948:Under the Milky Way
553:Signal File Manager
547:hard disk recording
322:research projects.
214:Sequential Circuits
196:Keyboard controller
190:Oakland, California
110:, re-licensed from
33:digital synthesizer
3325:Music workstations
3088:. pp. 32–37.
2914:. Rovi Corporation
2806:. 18 January 2008.
2790:menwithouthats.com
1861:"Synclavier Regen"
1196:The Princess Bride
851:United States Live
831:
827:guitar synthesizer
704:Ivory panel models
686:VPK panel (2 of 6)
647:
507:additive synthesis
495:
434:
424:Black panel models
412:Additive synthesis
354:Models and options
326:End of manufacture
261:Hard disk recorder
234:
216:and used in their
206:
69:
25:
3234:978-0-8032-6005-4
3159:Keyboard Magazine
3144:Keyboard Magazine
3129:Keyboard Magazine
3064:Keyboard Magazine
3048:978-0-87930-428-7
2819:Keyboard Magazine
2745:Keyboard Magazine
2713:"Mark Knopfler".
2696:"Ending titles".
2664:"United States".
2510:978-0-571-21165-4
2337:endlessgroove.com
2289:Keyboard Magazine
2250:on April 14, 2011
2192:978-0-87930-930-5
2163:978-1-89124-122-2
2073:Keyboard Magazine
1225:(1985, played by
1215:(1982, played by
1169:: the 1985 album
1142:Anthony Marinelli
1136:, programming by
1007:Black Celebration
1001:Some Great Reward
910:Christopher Boyes
857:Home of the Brave
845:Mister Heartbreak
816:
815:
632:
521:Original Keyboard
311:digital-to-analog
307:analog-to-digital
279:recording studios
186:
185:
178:
73:Dartmouth College
45:music workstation
3352:
3345:Music sequencers
3273:
3254:Music Technology
3239:
3238:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3083:
3079:"Benny Anderson"
3074:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2982:
2976:
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2955:
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2948:
2937:
2929:
2923:
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2920:
2919:
2904:
2898:
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2895:
2894:
2877:
2871:
2870:
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2856:
2855:
2847:
2841:
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2823:
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2814:
2808:
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2800:
2794:
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2755:
2749:
2748:
2740:
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2733:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2612:Schwann Spectrum
2603:
2597:
2596:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2309:. Archived from
2299:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2061:
2050:Music Since 1945
2046:
2040:
2039:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1771:. Archived from
1762:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1737:. Penton Media.
1726:
1717:
1716:
1708:. Archived from
1697:
1686:
1685:
1674:
1654:
1643:
1556:(underscoring),
1394:Hearts and Bones
1274:Men Without Hats
1222:Brothers in Arms
1172:Theme of Secrets
811:
808:
802:
784:
783:
776:
732:
719:Terminal: Apple
716:
695:
683:
671:
630:
623:
611:
599:
560:graphic terminal
537:Sample-to-Memory
477:
465:
275:Glen Glenn Sound
224:Digital sampling
181:
174:
170:
167:
161:
130:
122:
93:electronic music
53:Norwich, Vermont
47:manufactured by
3360:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3300:
3299:
3280:
3251:
3248:
3246:Further reading
3243:
3242:
3235:
3219:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3171:
3170:
3166:
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3141:
3140:
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3092:
3081:
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2797:
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2779:
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2756:
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2726:
2722:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2695:
2694:
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2680:
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2658:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2443:
2439:
2416:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2391:roberthenke.com
2385:
2384:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2313:on 25 June 2018
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2274:roberthenke.com
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2236:
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2222:
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2204:
2200:
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2175:
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2164:
2146:
2142:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2103:
2099:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2047:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2009:Nicholas Webb,
2007:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1835:
1831:
1816:
1812:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1727:
1720:
1698:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1618:
1565:Francesco Zappa
1466:, among others.
1434:Tangerine Dream
1428:Benny Andersson
1307:I Wear the Face
1256:John McLaughlin
1232:On Every Street
1128:Michael Jackson
1114:, among others.
1066:Paul Hardcastle
1053:The Plague Dogs
1042:Patrick Gleeson
904:Home by the Sea
895:Invisible Touch
840:Laurie Anderson
812:
806:
803:
796:
785:
781:
774:
758:Synclavier 9600
755:Synclavier 6400
752:Synclavier 3200
742:
741:
740:
739:
738:
736:
733:
725:
724:
717:
706:
699:
696:
687:
684:
675:
672:
651:Synclavier PSMT
637:
624:
615:
612:
603:
600:
485:
478:
469:
466:
426:
403:
374:
361:
356:
337:
328:
291:
263:
253:
240:
226:
198:
182:
171:
165:
162:
147:
131:
120:
97:music producers
89:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3279:
3278:External links
3276:
3275:
3274:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3213:
3184:
3164:
3149:
3134:
3119:
3117:, p. 345.
3107:
3098:
3069:
3054:
3047:
3027:
3002:
2977:
2970:
2950:
2933:"(cover page)"
2924:
2899:
2872:
2857:
2842:
2824:
2809:
2795:
2777:
2770:
2750:
2735:
2720:
2705:
2688:
2656:
2635:(March 1988).
2624:
2598:
2564:
2550:
2516:
2509:
2489:
2464:
2457:
2437:
2407:
2378:
2360:
2342:
2324:
2294:
2279:
2261:
2230:
2216:
2198:
2191:
2169:
2162:
2140:
2120:
2117:on 2010-07-13.
2097:
2079:
2062:
2041:
2020:
1998:
1995:on 2011-07-18.
1969:
1955:
1924:
1908:
1892:
1876:
1852:
1829:
1824:synthtopia.com
1810:
1792:
1748:
1718:
1687:
1684:on 2009-10-12.
1665:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1605:Heartbeat City
1594:
1577:Jazz from Hell
1545:
1527:
1523:The Cosby Show
1515:
1497:
1479:
1470:Pete Townshend
1467:
1441:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1407:
1386:
1371:Alan Silvestri
1368:
1358:
1348:
1335:
1323:
1299:
1289:
1283:
1271:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1212:Love over Gold
1188:
1176:
1164:
1125:
1118:Marlon Jackson
1115:
1091:
1082:Michael Hoenig
1079:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1047:Apocalypse Now
1039:
1029:
1011:
983:
977:
965:
955:
941:
929:
919:
907:
877:
861:
814:
813:
788:
786:
779:
773:
770:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
734:
727:
726:
718:
711:
710:
709:
708:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
697:
690:
688:
685:
678:
676:
673:
666:
663:
662:
661:
660:
639:
638:
626:Terminal: DEC
625:
618:
616:
613:
606:
604:
601:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:
582:
579:SMPTE timecode
576:
571:
568:audio analysis
566:' and complex
550:
543:Direct-to-Disk
540:
534:
527:Sample-to-Disk
524:
501:(1980): 8-bit
487:
486:
479:
472:
470:
467:
460:
457:
456:
455:
454:
425:
422:
421:
420:
402:
399:
398:
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373:
370:
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368:
360:
357:
355:
352:
336:
335:Reincarnations
333:
327:
324:
290:
287:
252:
249:
225:
222:
197:
194:
184:
183:
134:
132:
125:
119:
116:
95:composers and
88:
85:
60:
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3357:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3203:on 2015-07-26
3202:
3198:
3197:neilyoung.com
3194:
3188:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3102:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3038:Rock Hardware
3031:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2992:on 2008-04-15
2991:
2987:
2981:
2973:
2971:0-88284-447-4
2967:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2941:Berklee Today
2934:
2928:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2889:
2888:
2887:soultrain.com
2883:
2876:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2852:Stereo Review
2846:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2773:
2771:0-946719-24-1
2767:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2633:Private Music
2628:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2458:0-7546-3132-X
2454:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2397:on 2018-04-24
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2312:
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2298:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2212:
2211:Maximum Metal
2208:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2136:
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2130:
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2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2058:0-02-873040-2
2055:
2051:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1941:
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1933:
1931:
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1856:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1778:on 2017-05-05
1774:
1770:
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1715:
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1707:
1703:
1696:
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1683:
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1666:
1652:
1648:
1647:John Chowning
1642:
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1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
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1610:
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1598:
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1549:
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1543:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1518:Stevie Wonder
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:Back in Black
1507:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:Thunder Seven
1483:
1480:
1477:
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1471:
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1396:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:Berklee Today
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1351:Kashif Saleem
1349:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:Mark Knopfler
1189:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:Shane Keister
1177:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:Steve Porcaro
1135:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:' 1985 album
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
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1054:
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1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
991:
990:Daniel Miller
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
974:
973:Transcendence
969:
968:Crimson Glory
966:
963:
962:Elektric Band
959:
956:
953:
949:
945:
942:
939:
938:
933:
932:Suzanne Ciani
930:
927:
923:
920:
917:
916:
911:
908:
905:
901:
897:
896:
891:
890:
885:
881:
878:
875:
874:
869:
865:
864:Wally Badarou
862:
859:
858:
853:
852:
847:
846:
841:
838:
837:
835:
828:
824:
820:
810:
807:November 2017
800:
795:
793:
787:
778:
777:
772:Notable users
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
749:
748:as terminal.
747:
731:
722:
715:
694:
689:
682:
677:
670:
665:
664:
658:
655:
654:
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586:
583:
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572:
569:
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561:
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548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:Synclavier II
497:
496:
493:Synclavier II
491:
483:
476:
471:
464:
459:
458:
452:
448:
445:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
430:
418:
413:
409:
405:
404:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:ABLE computer
376:
375:
366:
363:
362:
351:
348:
346:
342:
332:
323:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
303:real-time CPU
300:
296:
295:off-the-shelf
286:
284:
283:Fairlight CMI
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
258:
248:
245:
239:
230:
221:
220:synthesizer.
219:
215:
211:
202:
193:
191:
180:
177:
169:
159:
155:
151:
145:
144:
140:
135:This section
133:
129:
124:
123:
118:Synclavier II
115:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
84:
82:
78:
74:
65:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
3253:
3223:
3216:
3205:. Retrieved
3201:the original
3196:
3187:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3152:
3143:
3137:
3128:
3122:
3110:
3101:
3085:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3037:
3030:
3018:. Retrieved
3014:
3005:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:the original
2980:
2960:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2916:. Retrieved
2912:AllMusic.com
2911:
2902:
2891:. Retrieved
2885:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2851:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2812:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2760:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2697:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2665:
2659:
2640:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2525:
2519:
2499:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2476:
2467:
2447:
2440:
2423:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:the original
2390:
2381:
2373:500sound.com
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2311:the original
2306:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2254:September 8,
2252:. Retrieved
2248:the original
2243:
2233:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2182:
2172:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2123:
2115:the original
2110:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2071:
2065:
2049:
2044:
2035:
2014:
1990:the original
1981:
1958:
1917:
1911:
1901:
1895:
1885:
1879:
1868:. Retrieved
1864:
1855:
1842:
1832:
1823:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1780:. Retrieved
1773:the original
1764:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1713:
1710:the original
1705:
1682:the original
1641:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1503:
1493:Surveillance
1491:
1485:
1473:
1464:Bronski Beat
1456:Tainted Love
1422:James Stroud
1418:(1993–2002).
1413:
1403:
1392:
1380:
1374:
1367:, Fall 1997.
1364:
1361:Howard Shore
1342:
1329:
1317:
1316:(1985), and
1311:
1305:
1295:
1277:
1265:
1259:
1230:
1227:Guy Fletcher
1220:
1210:
1207:Dire Straits
1200:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1167:Eddie Jobson
1159:
1149:
1131:
1109:
1085:
1072:Robert Henke
1051:
1045:
1023:
1017:
1014:Vince DiCola
1005:
999:
993:
986:Depeche Mode
971:
946:used it on "
935:
922:Joel Chadabe
913:
893:
887:
871:
855:
849:
843:
833:
804:
790:
746:Macintosh II
743:
721:Macintosh II
656:
650:
573:
562:, enabling '
552:
542:
536:
526:
520:
498:
450:
446:
441:Synclavier I
440:
435:
432:Synclavier I
382:minicomputer
377:
364:
349:
338:
329:
292:
266:
264:
241:
209:
207:
187:
172:
163:
148:Please help
136:
108:FM synthesis
105:
99:, including
90:
87:Synclavier I
77:Jon Appleton
70:
43:system, and
31:is an early
28:
26:
3157:"Unknown".
3142:"Unknown".
3127:"Unknown".
3115:Milner 2009
3062:"Unknown".
3020:21 November
3015:Discogs.com
2817:"Unknown".
2743:"Unknown".
2287:"Unknown".
2154:Portland OR
2070:"Unknown".
1597:Greg Hawkes
1548:Frank Zappa
1508:(1984) and
1460:Marc Almond
1444:Mike Thorne
1415:The X-Files
1399:Tom Coppola
1379:(1986) and
1286:Pat Metheny
1264:(1984) and
1245:Dave Lawson
1199:(1987) and
1106:Grace Jones
1094:Trevor Horn
1050:(1979) and
1032:Duran Duran
1022:(1985) and
1004:(1984) and
958:Chick Corea
892:(1983) and
823:Pat Metheny
299:sound cards
101:Mike Thorne
3304:Categories
3207:2015-06-24
3086:resolution
2996:2007-10-17
2918:2014-04-24
2893:2014-04-24
2401:2018-02-05
2088:"Keyboard"
1870:2023-01-10
1865:Synclavier
1782:2017-10-06
1661:References
1553:Thing-Fish
1530:Neil Young
1490:(1984) to
1458:", 1981),
1389:Paul Simon
1302:Mr. Mister
1261:Mahavishnu
1217:Alan Clark
1122:"Don't Go.
1087:The Wraith
1036:The Reflex
980:Paul Davis
944:The Church
880:Tony Banks
480:Terminal:
255:See also:
236:See also:
218:Prophet-T8
210:Synclavier
166:April 2022
37:polyphonic
29:Synclavier
3262:0957-6606
2867:Billboard
2676:0730-0158
2651:0886-3032
2588:0730-0158
2538:0886-3032
2432:0006-2510
2424:Billboard
1535:Re·ac·tor
1452:Soft Cell
1410:Mark Snow
1404:Graceland
1239:Kraftwerk
587:interface
372:Processor
359:Prototype
318:, and in
137:does not
3270:24835173
3090:Archived
2837:Puscifer
2715:Musician
2667:Keyboard
2579:Keyboard
2482:March 1,
2387:"Studio"
1847:Archived
1616:See also
1601:The Cars
1440:in 1981.
1326:Puscifer
1319:Go On...
1310:(1984),
1161:HIStory.
1133:Thriller
1076:Monolake
1019:Rocky IV
998:(1983),
952:bagpipes
868:Level 42
848:(1984),
825:playing
799:relocate
581:tracking
41:sampling
39:digital
3193:"Trans"
3178:YouTube
2702:. 1987.
2608:unknown
2574:unknown
2477:Discogs
2375:. 2012.
2339:. 2008.
2317:24 June
2227:. 2007.
2134:YouTube
1544:(1982).
1514:(1986).
1500:Whodini
1496:(1987).
1482:Triumph
1478:(1982).
1385:(1986).
1347:(1985).
1339:Sting's
1322:(1987).
1270:(1987).
1235:(1991).
1229:), and
1209:albums
1154:and on
1146:Beat It
1056:(1982).
1028:(1986).
1010:(1986).
902:" and "
889:Genesis
884:Genesis
797:Please
549:system.
531:sampler
443:(1977)
345:Arturia
158:removed
143:sources
59:History
3268:
3260:
3231:
3045:
2968:
2768:
2674:
2649:
2586:
2536:
2507:
2455:
2430:
2189:
2160:
2056:
1788:1980s.
1505:Escape
1462:, and
1341:album
1104:, and
915:Avatar
723:(1987)
631:(1978)
484:(1975)
482:ADM-3A
367:(1973)
112:Yamaha
3093:(PDF)
3082:(PDF)
2936:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1986:(PDF)
1776:(PDF)
1761:(PDF)
1633:Notes
1609:Drive
1541:Trans
937:Xenon
635:VT640
628:VT100
557:VT640
515:VT640
511:VT100
271:Foley
3266:OCLC
3258:ISSN
3229:ISBN
3043:ISBN
3022:2017
2966:ISBN
2766:ISBN
2672:ISSN
2647:ISSN
2642:Spin
2584:ISSN
2534:ISSN
2526:SPIN
2505:ISBN
2484:2024
2453:ISBN
2428:ISSN
2319:2018
2256:2010
2187:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2054:ISBN
1744:Note
1438:Exit
900:Mama
585:MIDI
406:The
309:and
259:and
141:any
139:cite
27:The
2610:".
2576:".
2244:Mix
2111:Mix
1735:Mix
1649:at
1599:of
1219:),
1151:Bad
1102:Yes
882:of
390:XPL
341:iOS
152:by
51:of
3306::
3264:.
3195:.
3175:.
3084:.
3013:.
2938:,
2910:.
2884:.
2835:.
2788:.
2678:.
2639:.
2590:.
2540:.
2532:.
2530:26
2475:.
2422:.
2410:^
2389:.
2371:.
2353:.
2335:.
2305:.
2272:.
2242:.
2209:.
2152:.
2131:.
2109:.
2090:.
2034:,
2023:^
2013:,
2001:^
1972:^
1927:^
1863:.
1845:.
1841:.
1822:.
1803:.
1785:.
1763:.
1733:.
1721:^
1704:.
1690:^
1669:^
1454:("
1450:,
1397:,
1100:,
1038:".
906:".
633:/
503:FM
408:FM
285:.
83:.
35:,
3272:.
3237:.
3210:.
3181:.
3051:.
3024:.
2999:.
2974:.
2946:1
2921:.
2896:.
2839:.
2792:.
2774:.
2653:.
2606:"
2572:"
2561:.
2513:.
2486:.
2461:.
2434:.
2404:.
2357:.
2321:.
2276:.
2258:.
2195:.
2166:.
2137:.
2060:.
1873:.
1826:.
1807:.
1653:.
1611:.
1593:.
1525:.
1334:.
1298:.
1282:.
1187:.
1124:"
1090:.
976:.
954:.
860:.
809:)
805:(
794:.
570:.
505:/
453:.
419:.
410:/
179:)
173:(
168:)
164:(
160:.
146:.
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