1020:
1816:
322:
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the popular voice in his favor. The Synod, however, very properly, reminded him ... that, as the
Remonstrants were accused of departing from the Reformed faith, they were bound first to justify themselves, by giving Scriptural proof in support of their opinions. The Arminians would not submit to this plan of procedure because it destroyed their whole scheme of argument ... and were thus compelled to withdraw. Upon their departure, the Synod proceeded without them.
220:
31:
925:
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preaching, exhorting, administering the sacraments, and visiting the sick. Furthermore, Episcopius was commanded not to write letters or books promoting the doctrines of the
Remonstrants. The Remonstrants agreed to refrain from ministering in the government-ordained churches, but confessed their duty to expound their doctrines wherever people would assemble to hear them.
198:
The purpose of the Synod was to settle the controversy over
Arminianism. It was subsequently alleged, but never proven, that the outcome had already been decided. According to Frederick Calder, "condemnation was determined before the national synod met." On the other hand, beyond the condemnation of
272:
Episcopius ... insisted on being permitted to begin with a refutation of the
Calvinistic doctrines, especially that of reprobation, hoping that, by placing his objections to this doctrine in front of all the rest, he might excite such prejudice against the other articles of the system, as to secure
277:
He concluded by expressing his dissatisfaction with the organization of the assembly, and that the Contra-Remonstrants had prevented an accurate representation of the
Arminian supporters in the Dutch Reformed Church with votes in the synod. A delegation of Episcopius consisting of Bernard Arentsz
1035:
The thirteen
Remonstrant ministers, including Episcopius, had been charged to remain in Dort until further instruction. On 20 May 1619 the Remonstrant ministers who had been present were summoned by the lay-commissioners of the synod and directed to abstain from ministerial activities such as
185:
in March 1618. Before that, there had been a debate as to whether the synod should be national, as the Contra-Remonstrants wished, or provincial for
Holland, as the Remonstrants argued. This decision was worked out in 1617, with outside input from the English ambassador
286:
representatives, and others coming from outside, asking for support and giving written accounts of the context. After that a month was spent on procedural matters concerning the
Remonstrants. They were finally ejected from the Synod at session 57 on 14 January.
1423:, p. 14: Arminian theology was at first suppressed in the United Provinces (known today as the Netherlands) but caught on there later and spread to England and the American colonies, largely through the influence of John Wesley and the Methodists
1043:, the legalization of the order to desist from the ministry. When they refused to sign it, they were sentenced as "disturbers of the public peace" and ordered to leave the United Provinces. However, in the 18th century, Arminian theology spread to
1087:, which was just then beginning to gain wider acceptance and developing a literary tradition. It would remain the standard translation in Protestant churches for more than three centuries and still is used in some sister churches of the
990:. The nomenclature did not imply that all of Calvinism could be reduced to a mere five points, but that TULIP—the acronym that was later developed for the teachings of Dort in the English-speaking world—summarized the
1026:
by
Abraham van der Eyk (1721), allegorically represents what many Arminians thought about the Synod: the Bible on the Arminian side was outweighed by the sword, representing the power of the state, and
1010:
a judgment, in which both, the true view agreeing with God's word concerning the aforesaid five points of doctrine is explained and, the false view disagreeing with God's Word is rejected.
1161:
was given a life sentence in prison; but he escaped with the help of his wife. Both Van
Oldenbarnevelt and Grotius had in fact been imprisoned since 29 August 1618.
880:
1145:
The Synod rejected the teachings of the Remonstrants on the controverted points as falling outside the bounds of the Reformed confessions. There followed the
2077:
173:
were not, so Arminianism was considered by some to be not only theologically unsound but also political treason; in 1617–1618 there was a pamphlet war and
2067:
268:(1583–1643) was spokesman of the 14 Remonstrants who were summoned before the Synod in 1618. At the opening of the synod, Episcopius asked to speak.
902:
1157:(treason), he was beheaded on 13 May 1619, only four days after the final meeting of the Synod. As consequence of the Arminian defeat, the jurist
1146:
953:
1194:. Biblical and theological studies (Faks.-Dr. der Ausg. 1963 ed.). Phillipsburg, N.J: Presbyterian & Reformed Publ. Co. p. 14.
897:
1805:
1767:
70:. The first meeting was on 13 November 1618 and the final meeting, the 154th, was on 9 May 1619. Voting representatives from eight foreign
99:
There had been previous provincial synods of Dort, and a National Synod in 1578. For that reason the 1618 meeting is sometimes called the
2062:
557:
1708:
199:
the Arminians, the theological formulations of the Canons of the Synod by no means gave support to all the Gomarists wanted. In fact,
536:
228:
187:
94:
169:
The Arminians were accused of propagating false doctrine and perceived as ready to compromise with the Spanish, whereas the Dutch
1307:. Biblical and theological studies (Faks.-Dr. der Ausg. 1963 ed.). Phillipsburg, N.J: Presbyterian & Reformed Publ. Co.
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151:
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1199:
417:
2004:
887:
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530:
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The Synod concluded with a rejection of the Arminian views, and set forth the Reformed doctrine on each point, namely:
757:
1665:
407:
208:
204:
1760:
505:
422:
939:
767:
750:
1229:; Translated from the edition of Acta published by W. van 't Spijker, 'Acta synode van Dordrecht (1578)', in:
2082:
1830:
647:
510:
458:
1363:, p. 311: See Chapter X for Episcopius's entire oration and chapter XI on the proceedings of the synod.
2092:
2026:
929:
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515:
211:
position in the Canons. The more extreme views of Dutch Calvinists were moderated in the detailed debates.
1753:
1449:
737:
427:
412:
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978:(arguing that Christ's atoning work was intended only for the elect and not for the rest of the world),
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857:
468:
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1907:
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892:
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279:
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1079:) from the original languages that would be completed in 1637. Translators were appointed, and the
996:
The Decision of the Synod of Dort on the Five Main Points of Doctrine in Dispute in the Netherlands
987:
652:
448:
131:
1902:
1327:
The British Delegation and the Synod of Dort (1618–1619) (Church of England Record Society), 2005
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85:
In 2014, the first entire critical edition of the Acts and Documents of the Synod was published.
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107:
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1660:, ed. Donald S. Armentrout (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cowley Publications), p. 199-221.
1543:
1137:) into English for wider distribution. This work was published by Henry Hill in London 1657.
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63:
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On 5 July they were called to the States-General assembly where they were requested to sign
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1002:, is the explanation of the judicial decision of the Synod. In the original preface, the
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2019:
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1692:(Dordrecht: Historisch Platform Dordrecht, 2017) (also published in Dutch and German)
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1483:
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1102:(Authorized Version), the Dutch pastor-scholars worked in the Old Testament from the
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732:
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71:
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326:
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147:
115:
1983:
1851:
1728:
1628:
1564:
1501:
1477:
1111:
1067:
1060:
967:
827:
762:
20:
1024:
Allegory of the theological dispute between the Arminianists and their opponents
16:
International Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618–1619, by the Dutch Reformed Church
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1978:
1963:
1103:
1084:
999:
817:
692:
682:
677:
672:
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617:
488:
296:
1656:
Brown Patterson, W. (1990). 'The Synod of Dort and the Early Stuart Church' ,
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The acts of the Synod were tied to political intrigues that arose during the
130:, and their followers. These objections were published in a document called
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1897:
1800:
1674:. Second ed. (Jenison, Mich.: Reformed Free Publishing Association, 2013).
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914:
837:
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general perturbation in the state of the nation, both in Church and State
789:
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362:
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were asked to fund the project. It had a lasting impact on the standard
994:
position regarding the doctrine of the Sovereignty of God in salvation.
1927:
1107:
812:
697:
219:
170:
30:
2014:
1697:
1048:
991:
822:
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59:
35:
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246:
1672:
The Voice of Our Fathers: an Exposition of the Canons of Dordrecht
1455:
The Christian Faith: A Systematic Theology for Pilgrims on the Way
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The synod also initiated an official Dutch Bible translation (the
1208:
1153:
who had been the protector of the Remonstrants. For the crime of
1044:
1378:
1745:
1630:
Acta Et Documenta Synodi Nationalis Dordrechtanae (1618-1619)
55:
1614:. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication. p.
1503:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477-1806
1305:
The five points of Calvinism: defined, defended, documented
1192:
The five points of Calvinism: defined, defended, documented
1712:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1658:
This Sacred History: Anglican Reflections, for John Booty
1390:
1366:
66:, to settle a divisive controversy caused by the rise of
1524:
The British Delegation and the Synod of Dort (1618-1619)
1272:
1227:
Select Acts from the Synod of Dordrecht, 3–18 June 1578
177:
expressed the view that the Arminians were working for
1633:. Vol. 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1622:
1236:
1214:
1402:
1354:
1330:
82:(and it remains the local colloquial pronunciation).
1479:
The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606-1661
1248:
329:
in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians
1414:
1584:Peterson, Robert A.; Williams, Michael D. (2004).
1566:King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom
1342:
1260:
134:, and the Arminians were therefore also known as
2049:
1583:
1384:
1047:where it became integral to the theology of the
903:North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council
1678:.: The publisher's first ed. appeared in 1980.
154:. The opposing Calvinists or Gomarists, led by
78:was a contemporary Dutch term for the town of
1761:
947:
898:International Conference of Reformed Churches
181:. Planning for a National Synod was begun by
1303:Steele, David N.; Thomas, Curtis C. (2002).
1302:
1233:ed. D. Nauta et al. (Amsterdam, 1978) 142–84
1190:Steele, David N.; Thomas, Curtis C. (2002).
1189:
27:will need to be adjusted by adding ten days.
2078:Reformed Christianity in the Dutch Republic
19:Dates in this article are according to the
1768:
1754:
1741:The Ivdgement of the Synode Holden At Dort
954:
940:
118:his followers presented objections to the
2068:1618 establishments in the Dutch Republic
1562:
1290:
986:. These are sometimes referred to as the
229:List of participants in the Synod of Dort
1695:
1018:
218:
29:
1293:, p. 260, Ch. 8 The Synod of Dort.
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1872:Conditional preservation of the saints
1731: (archived 2008-08-21) at CRC home
1545:Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities
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1408:
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1372:
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1278:
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1231:De nationale synode van Dordrecht 1578
396:Republication of the Covenant of Works
233:The Synod had 27 members representing
38:are seated at the table in the middle.
1749:
1604:
1541:
1420:
1348:
290:
2005:Arminianism in the Church of England
1215:Sinnema, Moser & Selderhuis 2015
1110:) and in the New Testament from the
1091:and similar, smaller denominations.
1054:
888:World Communion of Reformed Churches
531:Institutes of the Christian Religion
203:, president of the synod, himself a
95:History of Calvinist–Arminian debate
1623:Sinnema, Donald; Moser, Christian;
1140:
980:irresistible (or irrevocable) grace
13:
2063:17th-century Reformed Christianity
1649:
1131:Statenvertaling met kanttekeningen
1094:Like its sister translations, the
1089:Netherlands Reformed Congregations
207:, argued for the inclusion of the
14:
2104:
1718:
1696:Rockwell, William Walker (1911).
1690:The Synod of Dordrecht, 1618–1619
1135:The Dort Bible and its Commentary
1814:
930:Reformed Christianity portal
923:
320:
142:on the basis of foreseen faith,
1775:
1569:. Cambridge: University Press.
1444:. London: Simpkin and Marshall.
1321:
506:Westminster Confession of Faith
245:. Among these groups were also
152:possibility of lapse from grace
54:) was a European transnational
1296:
1220:
1183:
408:Logical order of God's decrees
260:
1:
1831:Five Articles of Remonstrance
1611:The Articles of Synod of Dort
1430:
511:Westminster Shorter Catechism
88:
1385:Peterson & Williams 2004
1014:
516:Westminster Larger Catechism
214:
7:
1506:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1482:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1458:. Grand Rapids: Zondervan.
1441:Memoirs of Simon Episcopius
1164:
10:
2109:
1438:Calder, Frederick (1835).
1171:History of the Netherlands
1058:
984:perseverance of the saints
294:
226:
193:
92:
18:
1997:
1946:
1880:
1844:
1823:
1812:
1806:Calvinist–Arminian debate
1783:
1563:Patterson, W. B. (2000).
1073:Translation of the States
998:, popularly known as the
893:World Reformed Fellowship
401:Baptist Covenant Theology
280:Johannes Arnoldi Corvinus
1587:Why I Am Not an Arminian
1542:Olson, Roger E. (2009).
1521:Milton, Anthony (2005).
1176:
1151:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
1077:Dutch Authorized Version
988:Five points of Calvinism
653:Friedrich Schleiermacher
278:Dwinglo (1582–1652) and
132:The Remonstrance of 1610
1709:Encyclopædia Britannica
1498:Israel, Jonathan Irvine
1474:Israel, Jonathan Irvine
386:Theology of John Calvin
34:The Synod of Dort. The
1881:Historical theologians
1836:Remonstrant Confession
1699:"Dort, Synod of"
1590:. InterVarsity Press.
1548:. InterVarsity Press.
1147:political condemnation
1032:
1012:
972:unconditional election
568:Johannes Oecolampadius
275:
241:, as well as from the
224:
162:, became known as the
39:
1923:Thomas Osmond Summers
1625:Selderhuis, Herman J.
1450:Horton, Michael Scott
1022:
1008:
578:Peter Martyr Vermigli
501:Westminster Standards
314:Reformed Christianity
270:
227:Further information:
222:
114:. After the death of
93:Further information:
64:Dutch Reformed Church
62:in 1618–1619, by the
33:
2083:History of Dordrecht
1974:Ben Witherington III
1857:Conditional election
1670:Hoeksema, Homer C.,
1123:Westminster Assembly
1041:The Act of Cessation
848:New England theology
833:Mercersburg theology
758:Continental Reformed
484:Heidelberg Catechism
474:Three Forms of Unity
464:Helvetic Confessions
423:Regulative principle
175:Francis van Aarssens
160:University of Leiden
140:conditional election
122:and the teaching of
112:Dutch war with Spain
101:Second Synod of Dort
23:. Sources using the
2093:Events in Dordrecht
1862:Unlimited atonement
1688:Lieburg, Fred van.
1399:, pp. 388–389.
1375:, pp. 147–148.
1281:, pp. 270–271.
1029:Calvin's Institutes
558:List of theologians
537:Systematic theology
249:delegates from the
164:Contra-Remonstrants
144:unlimited atonement
108:Twelve Years' Truce
74:were also invited.
46:(also known as the
1947:Modern theologians
1100:King James Version
1049:Methodist churches
1033:
863:Princeton theology
703:H. Richard Niebuhr
613:Franciscus Gomarus
583:Heinrich Bullinger
523:Barmen Declaration
291:The Canons of Dort
255:Church of Scotland
239:continental Europe
225:
179:Philip IV of Spain
156:Franciscus Gomarus
52:Synod of Dordrecht
40:
25:Old Style calendar
2045:
2044:
2032:Holiness movement
2020:Wesleyan theology
1954:J. Kenneth Grider
1938:Henry Orton Wiley
1933:William Burt Pope
1684:978-1-936054-26-8
1640:978-3-525-55078-6
1597:978-0-8308-3248-4
1576:978-0-521-79385-8
1555:978-0-8308-7443-9
1534:978-1-84383-157-0
1527:. Boydell Press.
1513:978-0-19-820734-4
1489:978-0-19-826534-4
1465:978-0-310-28604-2
1314:978-0-87552-444-3
1245:, pp. 62–63.
1201:978-0-87552-444-3
1149:of the statesman
1129:to translate the
1055:Bible translation
976:limited atonement
964:
963:
733:Donald G. Bloesch
713:Cornelius Van Til
628:Samuel Rutherford
598:Zacharias Ursinus
479:Belgic Confession
469:French Confession
391:Covenant theology
284:Church of England
251:Church of England
223:The Synod of Dort
201:Johannes Bogerman
120:Belgic Confession
110:, a pause in the
72:Reformed churches
2100:
2088:Jacobus Arminius
2027:Adventist church
2010:General Baptists
1969:Grant R. Osborne
1893:Simon Episcopius
1888:Jacobus Arminius
1867:Prevenient grace
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1114:(consulting the
1106:(consulting the
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785:Reformed Baptist
708:Reinhold Niebuhr
648:Jonathan Edwards
638:Francis Turretin
563:Huldrych Zwingli
542:Metrical psalter
496:Scots Confession
327:Reformation Wall
324:
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266:Simon Episcopius
148:resistible grace
116:Jacobus Arminius
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1984:Craig S. Keener
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1908:Thomas Grantham
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1852:Total depravity
1840:
1819:
1810:
1779:
1774:
1737:at Reformed.org
1729:Wayback Machine
1721:
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1650:Further reading
1647:
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1627:, eds. (2015).
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1429:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1411:, p. 389.
1401:
1389:
1387:, p. 124.
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1339:, p. 562.
1329:
1320:
1313:
1295:
1291:Patterson 2000
1283:
1271:
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1257:, p. 456.
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1104:Masoretic Text
1085:Dutch language
1081:States-General
1059:Main article:
1056:
1053:
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1000:Canons of Dort
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777:
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738:Michael Horton
735:
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718:T. F. Torrance
715:
710:
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695:
693:Geerhardus Vos
690:
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683:B. B. Warfield
680:
678:Herman Bavinck
675:
673:Abraham Kuyper
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489:Canons of Dort
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297:Canons of Dort
295:Main article:
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282:called on the
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216:
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209:Infralapsarian
205:Supralapsarian
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138:. They taught
90:
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48:Synod of Dordt
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9:
6:
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1606:Scott, Thomas
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1127:Theodore Haak
1124:
1121:In 1645, the
1119:
1117:
1116:Majority Text
1113:
1109:
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1101:
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1096:Genevan Bible
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881:Organizations
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843:Neo-Calvinism
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773:United States
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751:Denominations
747:
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658:Philip Schaff
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639:
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631:
629:
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624:
623:Moses Amyraut
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
603:Theodore Beza
601:
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452:
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450:
449:List of texts
442:
441:
434:
433:Scholasticism
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
418:Lord's Supper
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
377:
376:
369:
368:Protestantism
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
349:
348:
344:
340:
339:Theodore Beza
336:
332:
331:William Farel
328:
323:
319:
318:
315:
312:
311:
307:
303:
302:
298:
288:
285:
281:
274:
269:
267:
258:
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248:
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243:British Isles
240:
236:
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221:
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210:
206:
202:
191:
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
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153:
149:
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141:
137:
133:
129:
128:Theodore Beza
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
96:
86:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:Synod of Dort
37:
32:
26:
22:
1959:David Pawson
1903:John Goodwin
1898:Hugo Grotius
1801:Remonstrants
1795:
1707:
1689:
1675:
1671:
1657:
1629:
1610:
1586:
1565:
1544:
1523:
1502:
1478:
1454:
1440:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1351:, p. 5.
1344:
1332:
1323:
1304:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1269:, p. 2.
1262:
1250:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1210:
1191:
1185:
1159:Hugo Grotius
1154:
1144:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1093:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1031:on the other
1023:
1009:
1003:
995:
965:
915:Christianity
913:
763:Presbyterian
728:J. I. Packer
573:Martin Bucer
529:
454:Geneva Bible
358:Christianity
276:
271:
264:
237:groups from
232:
197:
183:Adriaan Pauw
168:
163:
136:Remonstrants
135:
105:
100:
98:
84:
79:
75:
51:
47:
43:
41:
2073:Arminianism
1913:John Wesley
1777:Arminianism
1409:Calder 1835
1397:Calder 1835
1373:Milton 2005
1361:Calder 1835
1337:Horton 2011
1279:Calder 1835
1267:Milton 2005
1255:Israel 1998
1243:Israel 1982
1006:is called:
813:Amyraldians
768:South Korea
688:John Machen
588:John Calvin
554:Theologians
459:Confessions
363:Reformation
335:John Calvin
261:Proceedings
124:John Calvin
68:Arminianism
2052:Categories
1928:John Miley
1784:Background
1431:References
1421:Olson 2009
1349:Scott 1856
1125:appointed
1108:Septuagint
982:, and the
838:Neonomians
808:Afrikaners
698:Karl Barth
663:John Nevin
352:Background
171:Calvinists
150:, and the
89:Background
2015:Methodism
1998:Movements
1824:Documents
1015:Aftermath
992:Calvinist
823:Huguenots
802:Movements
633:John Owen
593:John Knox
343:John Knox
215:Delegates
80:Dordrecht
60:Dordrecht
36:Arminians
1845:Doctrine
1608:(1856).
1500:(1998).
1476:(1982).
1452:(2011).
1165:See also
1098:and the
1075:or, the
1004:Decision
868:Puritans
858:Pilgrims
790:Anglican
380:Theology
306:a series
304:Part of
253:and the
247:Anglican
235:Reformed
58:held in
1727:at the
1706:(ed.).
1071:, i.e.
1045:England
413:Baptism
194:Purpose
158:of the
50:or the
1682:
1664:
1637:
1594:
1573:
1552:
1531:
1510:
1486:
1462:
1311:
1198:
341:, and
1702:. In
1177:Notes
445:Texts
56:Synod
1680:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1196:ISBN
76:Dort
42:The
1676:N.B
1118:).
2054::
1051:.
974:,
970:,
917:•
337:,
333:,
308:on
257:.
190:.
166:.
146:,
126:,
103:.
1769:e
1762:t
1755:v
1643:.
1618:.
1616:5
1600:.
1579:.
1558:.
1537:.
1516:.
1492:.
1468:.
1317:.
1217:.
1204:.
1133:(
955:e
948:t
941:v
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