Chariot racing - Knowledge

829: 1415:(1976) sees no justification for the description of any Byzantine racing faction, racing sponsor or factional ideology as "populist", nor the conflicts between factions and authorities as expressions of "class conflict" or religious squabling on a grand scale. The urban mass disturbances that characterise much of Byzantium's early history were not associated with racing factions until the 5th century, when the Imperial government appointed managers of both the Circus races and the Theatres, responsible for the production and performance of the chants, theatrical displays and lavish religious ceremonies that accompanied Imperial court rituals and chariot races. The acclamations of emperors and of winning charioteers employed much the same triumphalist language, symbolism, honours and pledges of allegiance. From around the mid-fifth century, the support and approval of the factions in confirming the legitimacy of emperors became a formal requirement. The factions were represented as loyal commoners, or "the people". 708: 31: 1315:

or better horses as the deciding factors in both victories. In Byzantine chariot racing, the expected standards of professional athleticsm were very high. Competitors were sometimes assigned to age categories, though very loosely; youths under approximately 17 (described as "beardless"), young men (17-20), and adult men over 20; but skill counted more than age, or stamina. In some circumstances, the charioteers themselves performed formal, ritualised mimes, or dances, which won them fame and adulation Preparation for races could involve ritualised public dialogues between charioteers, imperial officials and emperors, a prescribed liturgy of questions, answers, and processional orders of precedence. Each race required the emperor's consent.

747:. According to Humphrey, the higher seating estimate is traditional but excessive, and even at its greatest capacity, the circus probably accommodated no more than about 150,000. It was Rome's earliest and greatest circus. Its basic form and footprint were thought more or less coeval with the city's foundation, or with Rome's earliest Etruscan kings. Julius Caesar rebuilt it around 50 BC to a length of about 650 metres (2,130 ft) and width of 125 metres (410 ft). It had a semi-circular end, and a semi-open, slightly angled end where the chariots lined up across the track to begin the race, each enclosed within a cell known as a 4745: 1267:'s reformed legal code specifically prohibits drivers from placing curses on their opponents, and invites their co-operation in bringing offenders before the authorities, rather than acting like assassins or vigilantes. This not only reiterates a very longstanding prohibition of witchcraft throughout the Empire but confirms a reputation that charioteers had for living at the very edge of the law, for violent thefts, blackmail and bullying as debt collectors on their masters' behalf, and an easy-going criminality that could extend to the murder of opponents and enemies, disguised as rough but rightful justice. 1427:; during a near-revolutionary riot of 512 at the Hippodrome, the same emperor feared for his life, and offered to abdicate; the crowd, apparently seeing this offer as both humble and magnanimous, found something like a "popular voice" and shifted their collective posture from opposition to support. Byzantium's theatre claques, which already had a reputation for well-organised violence, were now identified with the racing factions, and were thought to represent the rowdiest, most uncontrollable elements among the Blues and Greens. Blue–Green rivalry increasingly erupted into armed and lethal gang warfare. 850: 843: 119:

victories, regardless of status, and the best could earn more than the wealthiest lawyers and senators. Racing team managers may have competed for the services of particularly skilled drivers and their horses. The drivers could race as individuals, or under team colours: Blue, Green, Red or White. Spectators generally chose to support a single team, and identify themselves with its fortunes. Private betting on the races raised large sums for the teams, drivers and wealthy backers. Generous imperial subsidies of "

1165: 1287: 913:, who rode horseback and signalled their faction's charioteers to help them navigate the dangers of the track. Roman drivers wrapped the reins round their waist, and steered using their body weight; with the reins looped around their torsos, they could lean from one side to the other to direct the horses' movement while keeping the hands free "for the whip and such". A driver who became entangled in a crash risked being trampled or dragged along the track by his own horses; charioteers carried a curved knife ( 260: 1198: 771: 836: 5276: 154:, the traditional Roman chariot-racing factions continued to play a prominent role in mass entertainment, religion and politics for several centuries. Supporters of the Blue teams vied with supporters of the Greens for control of foreign, domestic and religious policies, and Imperial subsidies for themselves. Their displays of civil discontent and disobedience culminated in an indiscriminate slaughter of Byzantine citizenry by the military in the 1026: 552: 1324: 998: 5264: 4661: 925: 1499: 332:

then turned at the eastern turning post and headed back west. The number of circuits varied according to the event. Spectators could watch from natural embankments to the north, and artificial embankments to the south and east. A place on the western side of the north bank was reserved for the judges. Pausanias does not describe a central dividing barrier at Olympia, but archaeologist Vikatou presumes one.

1016:) were usually of equestrian class. Investors were often as wealthy, but of lower social status; driving a racing chariot was thought a very low class occupation, beneath the dignity of any citizen, but making money from it was truly disgraceful, so investors of high social status usually resorted to negotiations discreetly, through agents, rather than risk loss of reputation, status and privilege through 358: 981:

racetracks were abandoned. In the 4th century AD, 24 races were held every day on 66 days each year. By the end of that century, public entertainments in Italy had come to an end in all but a few towns. The Circus Maximus was still adequately maintained for use, though for what purposes is uncertain. The last known beast-hunt there was in 523. The last recorded race there was in 549 AD, staged by the

1463:(r. 741–775) deployed both Green and Blue "rowdies" in his anti-monastic campaigns, staging theatrical shows in which monks and nuns were exposed to public ridicule, abuse and forced marriages. The number of races per race-day declined sharply to eight in the 10th century. The racing factions in Byzantium continued their activity, though much reduced, until the imperial court was moved to 400:, who was patron of the Olympic games) was raised to start the race, and at each lap, a bronze dolphin (a sign of Poseidon) was lowered. The central pair of horses did most of the heavy pulling, via the yoke. The flanking pair pulled and guided, using their traces. Horse teams were highly trained, and tractable. Greek aficionadoes thought mares the best horses for chariot racing. 460:

the chariots could reach high speeds along the straights, then overturn or be crushed along with their horses and driver by the following chariots as they wheeled around the post. Driving into an opponent to make him crash was technically illegal, but most crashes were accidental and often unavoidable. In Homer's account of Patroclus' funeral games,

1366:), were a minority among chariot racing enthusiasts as a whole. In Byzantium as elsewhere, racing fans cheered on their favorite charioteers, and sought out the company of like-minded supporters. Charioteers could change their factional allegiance but their fans did not necessarily follow them. Semi-permanent alliances of Blues ( 396:), employed a tight cord in a wooden frame, loosened to drop forwards and start the race. According to Pausanias, the chariot furthest from the start-line began to move, followed by the rest in sequence, so that when the final gate was opened, all the chariots would be in motion at the starting line. A bronze eagle (a sign of 1358:

In the eastern provinces, and Constantinople itself, the earliest evidence for colour factions is from AD 315, coincident with the extension of Imperial authority into local government and public life. The cost of financing the races was split between the factions, the state, the Emperors, and senior

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A sixth-seventh century Byzantine graffito in the Hagia Sophia shows a charioteer named Samonas, performing a victory lap. The graffito, no earlier than 537, includes an engraved cross to seek God's help for the charioteer. Samonas is otherwise unknown. Several earlier Byzantine charioteers are known

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of them, denying them many of the privileges, protections and dignities of full citizenship. Undertakers, prostitutes and pimps, butchers, executioners, and heralds were considered infamous, for various reasons; but although gladiators, actors, charioteers and any others who earned a living on stage,

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created two new factions, the Purples and Golds, but they vanished from the record very soon after his death. The Blues and the Greens gradually became the most prestigious factions, supported by emperors and the populace alike. Blue versus Green clashes sometimes broke out during the races. The Reds

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from "ballooning" during the race The body of the chariot rested on the axle, so the ride was bumpy. The most exciting parts of the chariot race, at least for the spectators, were the turns at the ends of the hippodrome. These turns were dangerous and sometimes deadly. In a full-sized racing stadium,

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Most charioteers were slaves or hired professionals. Drivers and their horses needed strength, skill, courage, endurance and prolonged, intensive training. Like jockeys, charioteers were ideally slight of build, and therefore often young, but unlike jockeys, they were also tall. The names of very few

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raced as a "Blue" or a "Green" at various times; he was celebrated by each faction, and by the reigning Emperor, and was honoured with several imperially subsidised monuments on a grand scale in the Hippodrome. While the racing factions, their supporters and the populace at large were overwhelmingly

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was unique to Byzantine chariot racing, a formal rematch between the winner and a loser, in which the competing charioteers drove each other's team and chariot. A winning charioteer could thus win twice over, driving the same horse team that he had defeated earlier, virtually eliminating mere chance

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Most races and wins were team efforts, results of co-operation between charioteers of the same faction, but victories won in single races were the most highly esteemed by drivers and their public. Charioteers followed a ferociously competitive, charismatic profession, routinely risked violent death,

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won 1,462 out of 4,257 races for various teams during his exceptionally long and lucky career. When he retired at the age of 42, his lifetime winnings reportedly totalled 35,863,120 sesterces (HS), not counting driver's fees. His personal share of this is unknown but Vamplew calculates that even if

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In standard Greek racing practise, each chariot held a single driver and was pulled by four horses, or sometimes two. Drivers and horses risked serious injury or death through collisions and crashes; this added to the excitement and interest for spectators. Most charioteers were slaves or contracted

1717:, which were usually self-regulated under the supervision of a local magnate or magistrate; they also had important social functions and were eligible for government grants but were expected to use all their income on provision of funeral services, not to make a profit for investors or stakeholders. 1135:

All race competitors, regardless of their social status or whether they completed the race, were paid a driver's fee. Slave-charioteers could not lawfully own property, including money, but their masters could pay them regardless, or retain all or some accumulated driving fees and winnings on their

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The best charioteers could earn a great deal of prize money, in addition to their contracted subsistence pay. The prize money for up to fourth place was advertised beforehand, with first place winning up to 60,000 sesterces. Detailed records were kept of drivers' performances, and the names, breeds

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had seven chariots in the race, and came in first, second, and fourth; evidently, he could not have been racing all seven chariots himself. Chariot teams were costly to own and train, and the case of Alcibiades shows that for the wealthy, this was an effective and honourable form of self-publicity;

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In ancient Rome, chariot racing was the most popular of many subsidised public entertainments, and was an essential component in several religious festivals. Roman chariot drivers had very low social status, but were paid a fee simply for taking part. Winners were celebrated and well paid for their

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Consuls were obliged to subsidise races at the beginning and end of their annual terms, as a sort of tax on their office and a gift to the people of Rome. Races on January 1 accompanied the renewal of loyalty vows; emperors gave annual games on the anniversary of their succession, and on their own

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and north Africa. One of Diocles' horses, named Cotynus, raced with him in various teams 445 times, alongside Abigeius, a treasured "trace" horse. A chariot's "trace" horses partly pulled the chariot and partly guided it, as flankers to the central pair, who were yoked to the chariot and provided

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bore water-feature elements, blended with decorative and architectural features. It eventually became very elaborate, with temples, statues and obelisks and other forms of art, though the addition of these multiple adornments obstructed the view of spectators on the trackside's lower seats, which

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Women could win races through ownership, though there was a ban on the participation of married women as competitors or even spectators at the Olympics, supposedly on pain of death; this was not typical of Greek festivals in general, and there is no consistent record of this ban, or the penalty's

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Races began with a procession into the hippodrome, while a herald announced the names of the drivers and owners. The tethrippon consisted of twelve laps. The most immediate and challenging aspect of the races for drivers, judges and stewards was ensuring a fair start, and keeping false starts and

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hippodrome of the second century AD, when Greece was part of the Roman Empire. The perimeter groundplan, southeast of the sanctuary itself, was approximately 780 meters long and 320 meters wide. Competitors raced from the starting-place counter-clockwise around the nearest (western) turning post,

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embedded within one of the entrance-ways to the track. It was thought to be malevolent, as it terrified horses for no apparent reason when they raced past it, and was a major cause of crashes. Pausanias reports that consequently "the charioteers offer sacrifice, and pray that Taraxippus may show

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had managed to squeeze an extraordinary 100 races into a single afternoon, presumably by drastically lowering the number of laps from the standard 7. Twenty four races in a single day became the norm, until the slow collapse of Rome's economy in the West, when costs rose, sponsors were lost and

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curbed imperial spending on the factions, which further reduced their power and influence. Chariot racing declined further in the course of the seventh century, in line with the Empire's dwindling economy and loss of territory. After the Nika riots, the factions had become less antagonistic to

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from a very early time. With the institution of formal races and permanent racetracks, chariot racing was adopted by many Greek states and their religious festivals. Horses and chariots were very costly. Their ownership was a preserve of the wealthiest aristocrats, whose reputations and status

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Most Roman chariot drivers, and many of their supporters, belonged to one or another of four factions, social and business organisations that raised money to sponsor the races. The factions offered security to members in return for their loyalty and contribution and were headed by a patron or

428:, pre-eminent through his conquest of most Greek states and self-promotion as a divinity, entered his horse and chariot teams in several major pan-Hellenic events, and won several. He celebrated the fact on his coinage, claiming it as divine confirmation of his legitimacy as Greek overlord. 1418:

Social discontent and disturbances in Constantinople tended to focus on the Hippodrome, which was not only ideal for racing but by far the largest and most conveniently designed space for mass meetings and their containment. In 498, the crowd showed its dissatisfaction with the emperor

1189:'s reign (AD 364–375), describes various cases of chariot drivers prosecuted for witchcraft or the procurement of spells. One charioteer was beheaded for having his young son trained in witchcraft to help him win his races; and another burnt at the stake for practising witchcraft. 1173:

and aroused a compulsive, even morbid reverence among their followers. A supporter of the Red faction is said to have thrown himself on the funeral pyre of his favourite charioteer. More usually, some charioteers and supporters tried to enlist supernatural help by covertly burying

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jumped out; in the catalogues of winners, the names of both these athletes are given. Images of this contest show warriors, armed with helmets and shields, perched on the back of their racing chariots. Some scholars believe that the event preserved traditions of Homeric warfare.

1439:, and factional "discontent" at political corruption and mismanagement. The Blues and Greens united and attempted but failed to overthrow the emperor; thousands were killed by the Byzantine military in retribution, including many ordinary citizens. The Byzantine historian 1522:

A number of fragments of pottery show two or more chariots, obviously in the middle of a race. Bennett asserts that this is a clear indication that chariot racing existed as a sport from as early as the thirteenth century BC. Chariot races are also depicted on late

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Magnates and emperors courted popularity by staging and subsidising as many races as they could, as often as possible. In Rome, races usually lasted 7 laps, or even 5, rather than the typical 12 laps of the Greek race. Some emperors were spendthrift enthusiasts;

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The chariots themselves resembled war chariots, essentially wooden two-wheeled carts with an open back, though by this time chariots were no longer used in battle. Charioteers stood throughout the race. They traditionally wore only a sleeved garment called a

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at or near the track, appealing to spirits and deities of the underworld for the success of their favourites or disaster for their opponents; a common practise among Romans of all classes though like all magic, strictly illegal, and punishable by death.

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patrons. Each faction employed a large staff to serve and support their charioteers. Every circus seems to have independently followed the same model of organisation, including the four-colour naming system: Red, White, Blue, and Green. Senior managers (

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himself propitious". It might simply have marked the most dangerous and difficult section of track, at the semi-circular end. Pausanias describes very similar, identically named places in other Greek hippodromes. Their name may have been an

1233:(r. 306–337) refounded the eastern Greek city of Byzantium as a "New Rome", to serve as the administrative center of the eastern half of the Empire, and renamed it Constantinople. He replaced or restored the city's chariot-racing circuit ( 1431:(r. 518–527) took severe, but apparently indiscriminate, misdirected and ultimately ineffective measures against urban violence after a citizen was murdered in the church of Hagia Sophia. Long-running factional disorder culminated in the 1279:. Among these, the single epigram to Anastasius offers very little personal information, but Porphyrius is the subject of thirty-four. He is described as the best charioteer of his time; and as the only charioteer known to have won the 1636:

for keeping his chariot unscathed. Carrhotus' chariot was owned by his friend and brother-in-law Arcesilaus of Cyrene; his win could be claimed as evidence that the traditional aristocratic organisation of Greek society was also a

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or spring, and the Blues to the sky and sea or autumn. Each faction could enter up to three chariots in a race. Members of the same faction often collaborated against the other entrants, for example to force them to crash into the

1022:. No contemporary source describes these factions as official, but unlike many unofficial organisations in Rome, they were evidently tolerated as useful and effective rather than feared as secretive and potentially subversive. 767:, usually a high-status magistrate, dropped a white cloth; all the gates sprang open at the same time, allowing a fair start for all participants. Races were run counter-clockwise; starting positions were allocated by lottery. 587:. Races were held as part of triumphal processions, foundation anniversary rites and funeral games subsidised by magnates during the Regal and Republican eras, and by the emperors during the Imperial era. According to 388:

crushes to a minimum. Then as now, the marshalling of over-excited racehorses could prove a major difficulty. Various mechanical devices were used to reduce the likelihood of human error. Portable starting gates (

455:, which would have offered at least some protection from crashes and dust. It fell to the ankles and was fastened high at the waist with a plain belt. Two straps that crossed high at the upper back prevented the 3149: 1214:

both speed and power. A left-side trace horse's steady performance could mean the difference between victory and disaster; mares were thought the steadiest. Left-side trace horses were the closest to the

615:. The women eventually married their captors, and were instrumental in persuading Sabines and Romans to unite as one people. Chariot racing thus played a part in Rome's foundation myth and local politics. 1257:(r. 379–395) in 393, perhaps in a move to suppress paganism and promote Christianity. Gladiator contests were eventually abandoned, but chariot racing and theatrical entertainments remained popular. The 5238: 889:

occupied their own privileged seating, close to the track. Men and women were supposed to occupy segregated seating but the "law of the place" allowed most to sit together, which for the Augustan poet

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bewailed that the earnings of the charioteer Lacerta were a hundred times more than a lawyer's fee. Emperors who took the reins as charioteer, or promoted drivers to elite status or freely mixed with

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presented opportunities for seduction. The circus was one of few places where the populace could assemble in vast numbers, and exercise the freedom of speech associated with theatre factions and

484:, and the mainland, providing the opportunity for cities to compete for honour and renown, and for their athletes to gain fame and riches. Apart from the Olympics, the most notable were the 5243: 188:, combining practices from the author's own time (c. 8th century) with accounts based on a legendary past. The participants in this race were drawn from leading figures among the Greeks; 1443:

saw the entire affair as a failure of the Emperor and his authorities to manage their Imperial troops and govern their people, and the almost complete lack of a dedicated police force.

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The charioteers had to keep to their own lanes for the first two laps. Then they were free to jockey for position, cutting across the paths of their competitors, moving as close to the

828: 917:) to cut their reins, and wore helmets and other protective gear. Spectacular crashes in which the chariot was destroyed and the charioteer and horses were incapacitated were called 1241:. As a Christian emperor, or at least one with Christian leanings, Constantine supported and financed Constantinople's chariot racing infrastructure and overheads in preference to 476:

Race winners were celebrated throughout the Greek festival circuit, both on their own account and on behalf of their cities. In the classical era, other great festivals emerged in

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race was the right-hand yoke-horse. Celebrity horses named in Diocles' extraordinary record of 445 races and more than 100 wins in a year include Pompeianus, Lucidus and Galata.

532:, in which one of the team was armoured, and periodically leapt off the moving chariot, ran alongside it, then leapt back on again. The second charioteer took the reins when the 1057:(a legal and encouraged tactic). The driver's clothing was color-coded in accordance with his faction, which would help distant spectators to keep track of the race's progress. 1040:

claims that there were originally just two factions, White and Red, sacred to winter and summer respectively. By his time, there were four factions; the Reds were dedicated to

528:. Winning Greek athletes, no matter their social status, were greatly honoured by their own communities. Chariot racing at the Panathenaic Games included a two-man event, the 290:

claims that chariot races were added only from 680 BC, and that the games were extended from one day to two days to accommodate them. In this tradition, the foot race of a

111:, chariot racing was one of the most important equestrian events, and could be watched by unmarried women. Married women were banned from watching any Olympic events but a 2599: 2947:

Vamplew, Wray. "Bread and Circuses, Olive Oil and Money: Commercialised Sport in Ancient Greece and Rome." The International Journal of the History of Sport (2022): p. 6

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In 2008, Annie Muller and staff of the German Archeological Institute used radar to locate a structure whose location, orientation and size fit Pausanias's description.

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The horses, too, could become celebrities; they were purpose-bred and were trained relatively late, from 5 years old. The Romans favoured particular native breeds from

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Most Roman charioteers started their careers as slaves, who had neither reputation nor honour to lose. Of more than 200 dedications to named charioteers catalogued by

131:, mistrustful of private organisations as potentially subversive, took control of the teams, especially the Blues and Greens, and appointed officials to manage them. 1108:, for example—were also notoriously "bad" rulers. Two jurists of the later Imperial era, and some modern scholars, argue against the legal status of charioteers as 571:, who in turn had borrowed them from the Greeks. Rome's public entertainments were also influenced directly by Greek examples. Chariot racing as a feature of Roman 99:

benefitted from offering such extravagant, exciting displays. Their successes could be further broadcast and celebrated through commissioned odes and other poetry.

294:(approximately 600 feet) offered the greater prestige. Votive offerings associated with Olympic victories include horses and chariots. The single horse race (the 2886:, pp. 495–496, citing Horsmann, G. 1998. "Die Wagenlenker der römischen Kaiserzeit: Untersuchungen zu ihrer sozialen Stellung". Stuttgart, 1998, pp. 226-228. 1132:, more than half are of unknown social status. Of the remainder, 66 are slaves, 14 are freedmen, 13 either slaves or freedmen and only one a freeborn citizen. 4849: 3719: 123:" kept the Roman masses fed, entertained and distracted. Organised violence between rival racing factions was not uncommon, but it was generally contained. 103:

professionals. While records almost invariably credit victorious owners and their horses for winning, their drivers are often not mentioned at all. In the

300:) was a late arrival at the games, dropped early in their history. The major chariot-races of the Olympic and other Panhellenic Games, were four-horse ( 4839: 4804: 1646:

The returning athletes also gained various benefits in their native towns and cities, such as tax exemptions, free clothing and meals, and prize money.

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Diocles' personal winnings were only a tenth part of the declared prize money, this would have yielded him an average annual income of 150,000 HS.

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Emperors could also hold consular office, sometimes several times during their rule, with the same obligation to fund their own inaugural games.

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charioteers are known from the Greek racing circuits, Victory songs, epigrams and other monuments routinely omit the names of winning drivers.

1249:. A possibility of spiritual damage through the witnessing of traditional public spectacles had concerned Christian apologists since at least 2091: 3528: 5223: 4809: 2017: 1950: 1112:, on the grounds that athletic competitions were not mere entertainment but "seemed useful" as honourable displays of Roman strength and 689:

not to participate. Soon after the end of the Roman Empire in the West, the influential Christian scholar, administrator and historian

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Polidoro, J. Richard; Simri, Uriel (May–June 1996). "The Games of 676 BC: A Visit to the Centenary of the Ancient Olympic Games".

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Osiek, Carolyn (2006). "The Self-Defining Praxis of the Developing Ecclesia". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.).

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This may be an exaggeration, as epigram 374 claims that a charioteer named Constantine won 25 races in the morning, 21 of them by

1088:, the best of them could earn popular and elite support that verged on adoration, and near-fabulous wealth if not respectability. 4799: 417:

they were not expected to risk their own lives. On the other hand, they were not necessarily dishonoured when they did. The poet

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as they could, and whenever possible forcing their opponents to find another, much longer route forwards. Every team included a

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Bell, Sinclair W. (January 2014). "Roman Chariot-Racing: Charioteers, Factions, Spectators". In P. Christesen; D. Kyle (eds.).

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and pedigrees of famous horses. Betting on results was widespread, among all classes. Most races involved four-horse chariots (

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Some of the most talented and successful charioteers were suspected of winning through the illicit agency of dark forces.

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Salzman, M., "On Roman Time: the Codex calendarof 354 and the rhythms of urban life in Late Antiquity", Berkley, 1990,

559:. The starting gates are to the left, and a conjectured start-line cuts across the track, to the right of the nearest 4470: 4449: 4400: 4379: 4318: 4291: 4232: 4211: 4190: 4169: 4124: 4061: 4021: 3975: 3917: 3879: 3852: 3831: 3810: 3752: 3691: 3636: 3615: 1667:, consisted chiefly of theatrical performances, whether tragedies with a moral lesson, or homegrown popular comedies. 1065:

and Whites are seldom mentioned in the literature, but their continued activity is documented in inscriptions and in

947:). Just to display the skill of the driver and his horses, up to ten horses could be yoked to a single chariot. The 721:

Most cities had at least one dedicated chariot racing circuit. The city of Rome had several; its main centre was the

244: 4719: 4682: 4332:. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–292. 2086: 139: 3731: 5309: 5304: 5218: 4724: 4573: 4551: 1503: 1676:

There were many other circuses throughout the Roman Empire, all of them patterned after the Circus Maximus. The

286:, the earliest source for the Olympics, includes chariot racing among their five foundation events. Much later, 5280: 3739:

Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J.; Talbert, Richard J.A. (2004). "Circuses and Chariot Racing".

1845:, edited and translated by Race, W. H., Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. 1619:

Some of the problems in Pausanias' account, and the likely problems involved in fair starts, are discussed in

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in 541 ensured that only emperors or their representatives could subsidise the races; soon after, the emperor

5314: 638:, goddess of victory. These images were placed on dining couches, which were arranged on a viewing platform ( 1077:

Charioteers occupied a peculiar position in Roman society. If originally citizens, their chosen career made

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predicted that such extravagance could only lead to Imperial bankruptcy. In a previous century, the emperor

677:) of the circus. While the entertainment value of chariot races tended to overshadow any sacred purpose, in 1344: 1291: 1144:, some would have earned more than enough to buy their freedom outright, assuming they survived that long. 612: 408:

In most cases, the owner and the driver of the Greek racing chariot were different persons. In 416 BC, the

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noblewoman is known to have trained horse-teams for the Olympics and won two races, one of them as driver.

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Sport in the Greek and Roman Worlds: Volume 2, Greek Athletic Identities and Roman Sports and Spectacle

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and the remainder for everyone else. The better-off could pay for shaded seats with a better view. The

443:, entered and won the Olympic chariot race, twice as owner and trainer, and at least once as driver. 158:. Thereafter, rising costs and a failing economy saw the gradual decline of Byzantine chariot racing. 5126: 4760: 4264: 3762: 1412: 1407: 1359:

officials. The annually appointed consuls were obliged to personally fund their own inaugural games.

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Seats in the Circus were free for the poor, and either free or subsidised for the mass of citizens (

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Lee-Stecum, Parshia (2006). "Dangerous Reputations: Charioteers and Magic in Fourth-Century Rome".

1680:, another major circus, was built at the beginning of the fourth century BC outside Rome, near the 1578: 739:. It had a vast seating capacity; Boatwright estimates this as 150,000 before its rebuilding under 35: 1810: 1451: 1261:

did not, or perhaps could not, prevent them, although prominent Christian writers attacked them.

1258: 1157: 869:), whose lack of involvement in late Republican and Imperial politics was compensated, as far as 17: 4537:

The Circus: Roman Chariot Racing (VRoma: A Virtual Community for Teaching and Learning Classics)

5146: 4941: 4783: 4768: 4642: 4617: 3484: 858: 287: 2762: 1780: 223:. The race, which was one lap around the stump of a tree, was won by Diomedes, who received a 5319: 5181: 5151: 4931: 4705: 4596: 717:

beneath dolphin-shaped lap counters. Ceramic, 1st century. The lettering is an artisan's mark

631: 232: 104: 2819: 1700:. Archaeologists working on a housing development near the earliest Romano-British capital, 421:

praised Herodotes for driving his own chariot, "using his own hands rather than another's".

5268: 5161: 5131: 4976: 4956: 4865: 4665: 4607: 1420: 1182: 798:, one human and one divine. They were born from an egg, divine patrons of horsemen and the 662:

in the Circus Maximus was directly connected to the imperial palace, on the Palatine Hill.

635: 509: 425: 363: 264: 220: 135: 3286:

Vasiliev, A. A. (1948). "The Monument of Porphyrius in the Hippodrome at Constantinople".

1455:

imperial authority as their importance and roles in imperial ceremony were increased. The

1218:, and are most likely to be named in the race record. Another key performer in a standard 8: 5201: 5166: 5136: 5106: 5061: 5056: 5046: 3181: 3077: 1677: 1354:

sent them to Venice as part of the loot sacked from Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade.

1340: 1275:; namely, Anastasius; Julianus of Tyre; Faustinus and his son Constantinus; Uranius; and 1152:

when he was about 27 years old. The charioteer Florus' tomb inscription describes him as

1127: 816: 751:("prison") behind a spring-loaded gate. These were functionally equivalent to the Greek 5196: 5156: 5081: 5041: 5036: 4986: 4926: 4921: 4734: 4031:

Harris, H. A. (2014). "The organisation of Roman racing". In Scanlon, Thomas F. (ed.).

3952: 3944: 3927:

Gagarin, Michael (January 1983). "Antilochus' Strategy: The Chariot Race in Iliad 23".

3788: 3741: 3303: 2918: 2052: 1328: 1030: 878: 686: 521: 197: 193: 128: 120: 4504: 4155: 1888:

The controversy about the origin of the Olympic Games: did they originate in 776 B.C.?

881:"). The seating nearest the track was reserved for senators, the rows behind them for 5171: 5121: 5031: 4996: 4971: 4466: 4445: 4396: 4375: 4333: 4314: 4287: 4249: 4228: 4207: 4186: 4165: 4141: 4120: 4099: 4078: 4057: 4036: 4017: 3992: 3971: 3956: 3913: 3875: 3848: 3827: 3806: 3772: 3748: 3687: 3632: 3611: 3558: 3542: 3450: 3155: 2766: 2755: 1786: 1486: 1238: 791: 501: 108: 4355:(5). American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance: 41–46. 5076: 5006: 4991: 4951: 4360: 4356: 3936: 3706: 3295: 2910: 2044: 1476: 1041: 790:

carried lap-counters, in the form of eggs or dolphins; the eggs were suggestive of

505: 201: 171: 151: 87: 4428: 3864: 849: 835: 755:

but were further staggered to accommodate a median barrier, known originally as a

665:

Several deities had permanent temples, shrines or images on the dividing barrier (

644:) to observe the races, which were nominally held in their honour. The sponsor or 5186: 5101: 5066: 5011: 4875: 4773: 4647: 4622: 4555: 4543: 4460: 4439: 4390: 4369: 4302: 4281: 4243: 4222: 4201: 4180: 4159: 4135: 4114: 4093: 4072: 4051: 4007: 3986: 3965: 3907: 3842: 3821: 3800: 3766: 3681: 3670: 3626: 3605: 3567: 3536: 3440: 3176: 1693: 1601:

Little is known of the construction of Greek hippodromes before the Roman period.

1436: 1286: 1164: 842: 779: 625: 588: 584: 567:

The Romans probably borrowed chariot technology and racing track design from the

328: 4531: 894: 259: 5091: 5001: 3710: 3583: 2814: 2785:, p. 131. Humphrey describes the last known Circus event (549) as "games". 1714: 1481: 1351: 1348: 1299: 1002: 886: 722: 713: 702: 682: 678: 630:) that featured the charioteers, music, costumed dancers, and gilded images of 608: 580: 556: 485: 409: 291: 79: 68: 54: 39: 3273:

Social Conflict in the Age of Justinian: Its Nature, Management, and Mediation

2914: 2048: 1655:

In Rome, chariot racing constituted one of the two types of public games, the

1205:

illustrating a chariot race with the four factions: Blue, Green, Red and White

1197: 5298: 4778: 4627: 4536: 4053:

A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen

3703:

Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity

1524: 1460: 1332: 1230: 1186: 1174: 1066: 1049: 989:; whether this was a display of horsemanship or a chariot-race is not known 802:. Dolphins were thought to be the swiftest of all creatures; they symbolised 740: 736: 732: 727: 497: 481: 440: 368: 124: 95: 43: 4532:

Chariot Races (United Nations of Roma Victrix (UNRV) History – Roman Empire)

3147:

An English-language translation of the Byzantine "Book of Ceremonies" is in

1563:

The remains of the hippodrome lie under several metres depth of unexcavated

231:

as his prize. A chariot race also was said to be the event that founded the

142:; the last known race there was staged in the Circus Maximus in 549, by the 4729: 3871: 3844:

The Cultures Within Ancient Greek Culture: Contact, Conflict, Collaboration

1303: 1254: 770: 551: 493: 335:

Pausanias offers several theories regarding the origins of an object named

83: 2999: 2341: 2339: 2337: 5116: 4565: 1701: 1447: 1264: 1137: 973: 972:

once held and subsidised 30 races in just 2 hours of a single afternoon;

690: 4674: 4459:

Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). "The Refoundation of the Empire, 284–337".

1704:, unearthed the first Roman chariot-racing arena to be found in Britain. 1294:

in Istanbul is more or less levelled, apart from some structures on the

591:, Rome in its earliest days was faced with a lack of marriagable women. 5051: 4981: 4966: 4961: 4936: 4870: 4844: 4632: 3578: 3571: 3477: 3307: 2922: 2809: 2334: 2081: 1685: 1464: 1456: 1432: 1250: 1105: 1037: 929: 873:

was concerned, by an endless supply of handouts and entertainments, or

477: 461: 413: 336: 205: 155: 4548: 4200:

Liebeschuetz, John Hugo Wolfgang Gideon (2003). "Shows and Factions".

3948: 3338: 2056: 5026: 5021: 3805:. Princeton, NJ: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 1870: 1868: 1866: 1681: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1440: 1242: 982: 611:. While the Sabines were enjoying the spectacle, Romulus and his men 600: 579:

is attested in Rome's foundation myths, and on 66 of the 177 days of

568: 513: 372: 313: 301: 295: 179: 143: 3314: 3299: 1271:

by name or race records, six of them through short, laudatory verse

1025: 5191: 5176: 5111: 5086: 4946: 4560: 3940: 3541:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. 2638: 2448: 2446: 2193: 2035:

Harris, H. A. (1968). "The Starting-Gate for Chariots at Olympia".

1588: 1564: 1428: 1336: 1323: 1272: 1246: 1210: 1097: 1061: 1045: 997: 977: 969: 961: 939: 795: 546: 525: 465: 351: 240: 228: 209: 189: 4161:

Rome in Late Antiquity: Everyday Life and Urban Change, AD 312–609

4050:

Hathaway, Jane (2003). "Bilateral Factionalism in Ottoman Egypt".

3129:

Schrodt, Barbara (Winter 1981). "Sports of the Byzantine Empire".

2962: 1863: 1435:

of 532 AD, against the backdrop of scheduled chariot races on the

508:, where the winner of the four-horse chariot race was awarded 140 5141: 5016: 4834: 4035:. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford University Press. 3557: 1918: 1689: 1145: 1089: 1079: 1018: 882: 870: 803: 799: 592: 517: 489: 436: 393: 347: 224: 167: 91: 4412:"Roman Chariot-Racing Arena Is First to Be Unearthed in Britain" 3110: 2443: 1853: 1851: 820:, or turning point, consisting of three large gilded columns. 5071: 4480:

Valettas, G.M.; Ioannis, Passas (1945–1955). "Chariot Racing".

3498: 3228: 2734: 2431: 1973: 1633: 1498: 1148:

won over 2,000 races before being killed in a collision at the

1114: 986: 924: 897:, voicing support or criticism of their rulers and each other. 854: 744: 604: 596: 516:, a highly valued commodity. Prizes elsewhere included corn in 433: 418: 380: 341: 283: 278:

The Olympic Games were traditionally founded in 776 BC, by the

271: 267: 248: 236: 213: 147: 112: 4095:

Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome

2419: 1253:'s time. The Olympic Games were eventually ended by Emperor 928:

A modern recreation of chariot racing, in the amphitheatre of

853:

Charioteers of the Red, Green, Blue and White team; part of a

357: 3820:

Evans, James Allan Stewart (2005). "The Nika Revolt of 532".

3464: 2781:, 3. 37. 4. For the last known beast-hunt at the Circus, see 2628: 2626: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2138: 1848: 1697: 1397: 1387: 1377: 1367: 866: 685:

still saw them as a traditional "pagan" practice and advised

319: 307: 184: 175: 58: 3362: 3252: 3216: 2825: 2205: 2175:, Nigel Nicholson, "Aristocratic Victory Memorials", p. 116. 1985: 1406:). In the 5th century, the outstanding Byzantine charioteer 5096: 4092:

Köhne, Eckart; Ewigleben, Cornelia; Jackson, Ralph (2000).

3398: 3386: 3350: 2753:

Bowersock, Glen Warren; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999).

2556: 2351: 1906: 1363: 1202: 1101: 965: 890: 574: 397: 376: 279: 217: 73: 4549:

Peter Donnelly – Some Observations on Roman Chariot-Racing

3098: 2987: 2623: 2507: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1335:

of four horses, originally part of a monument depicting a

170:

show that chariot racing existed in thirteenth century BC

4349:

The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance

4307:

Nikephoros – Zeitschrift für Sport und Kultur im Altertum

4227:. New York and London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). 4185:. New York and London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). 4164:. New York and London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). 2674: 2126: 814:

were close to the action. At each end of the spina was a

774:

Chariot race of Cupids; ancient Roman sarcophagus in the

3738: 3011: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2345: 2253: 2217: 1567:

but its presence and orientation are confirmed by radar.

1029:

Charioteers in the red tunics of their faction from the

693:

describes chariot racing as an instrument of the Devil.

4427:

Ramsay, William Wardlaw (1876). "Games of the Circus".

3768:

Circus Factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium

3469: 3442:

The Chronicle of Theophanes: An English Translation of

3410: 3374: 3240: 3059: 3047: 2544: 2363: 2183: 2181: 2063: 1753: 1140:. While most freed slave-charioteers would have become 174:. The first literary reference to a chariot race is in 4286:. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 4077:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California. 3187: 3086: 2849: 2837: 2788: 2710: 2686: 2662: 2650: 2380: 2378: 2301: 1536:

The races differed only in the number of horses used.

725:

which developed on the natural slopes and valley (the

4091: 3680:

Beard, Mary; North, John A.; Price, S. R. F. (1998).

3035: 3023: 2950: 2929: 2698: 2644: 2587: 2568: 2532: 2407: 2289: 1961: 1901:

The 776 B.C. Date and Some Problems Connected with it

1168:

A winner of a Roman chariot race, from the Green team

424:

Entries were exclusively Greek, or claimed to be so.

339:("Horse-disturber"), an ancient round altar, tomb or 4479: 3747:. New York and Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3631:. New York and Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3610:. New York and Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3438: 3326: 3151:

Constantine Porphyrogennetos: The Book of Ceremonies

2752: 2458: 2313: 2277: 2241: 2199: 2178: 1997: 1874: 367:, an anonymous charioteer who probably drove in the 4140:. Malden, MA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. 3912:. Malden, MA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. 3154:. Translated by Moffatt, A.; Tall, M. Brill. 2017. 2722: 2611: 2495: 2483: 2375: 2265: 2114: 1930: 656:with these divine images. In the Imperial era, the 282:, a wealthy, prestigious horse-owning aristocracy. 4371:Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire 3863: 3787: 3740: 3534: 3449:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2757:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 2754: 2229: 251:, who founded the Games in honour of his victory. 4248:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1713:Legitimate, semi-official organisations included 5296: 94:racing played an essential role in aristocratic 4367: 3679: 2605: 2425: 4441:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic 4056:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 3840: 3823:The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire 2172: 1903:, Canadian J Hist Sport. 1985; 16 (2) pp. 1–14 4690: 4581: 4368:Potter, David Stone; Mattingly, D.J. (1999). 4346: 3935:(1). The University of Chicago Press: 35–39. 3847:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3802:Horses and Horsemanship in the Athenian Agora 3650:(in Greek). Vol. III. Athens. 1945–1955. 3624: 3603: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2831: 2805: 2803: 2452: 2211: 1991: 1979: 1924: 1857: 1595: 4462:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 4241: 4199: 3861: 3826:. Westport, CN: Greenwood Publishing Group. 3368: 3258: 2740: 2437: 1778: 1318: 951:races were the most important and frequent. 354:, patron deity of horses and horse-racing. 4465:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 4374:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 3891:"St Mark's Square: An Imperial Hippodrome?" 3866:The Olympic Games: The First Thousand Years 1662: 1656: 1632:One of them is Carrhotus who is praised by 1011: 672: 666: 657: 651: 645: 639: 623: 572: 178:'s poetic account of the funeral games for 4697: 4683: 4595: 4588: 4574: 4494:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4280:Neils, Jenifer; Tracy, Stephen V. (2003). 4279: 3660:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2900: 2889: 2800: 2259: 857:of the third century AD, exhibited in the 806:, god of the sea, earthquakes and horses. 763:(spine). When the chariots were ready the 607:with horse races and chariot races at the 134:Chariot racing faded in importance in the 4704: 4458: 4074:Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing 3686:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3669:Balsdon, John Percy Vyvian Dacre (1974). 3017: 1890:The Classical Weekly, 1936 19.22, 169–174 1245:combat, which he considered a vestige of 622:Chariot races were preceded by a parade ( 471: 403: 42:, as if seen from the starting gate. The 27:Ancient Greek, Roman, and Byzantine sport 4444:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 4437: 4409: 4262: 4178: 4158:(2000). "Festivals and Entertainments". 4137:Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World 4070: 4049: 3862:Finley, Moses I.; Pleket, H. W. (1976). 3841:Dougherty, Carol; Kurke, Leslie (2003). 3645: 3625:Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (1998b). 3604:Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (1998a). 3285: 3222: 3206: 2782: 2692: 2562: 2550: 2477: 2464: 2357: 2319: 2247: 1967: 1322: 1285: 1196: 1163: 1024: 996: 923: 848: 841: 834: 827: 769: 706: 550: 356: 258: 235:; according to one legend, mentioned by 29: 4502: 4300: 4119:. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill. 3984: 3926: 3905: 3888: 3785: 3761: 3717: 3668: 3491:, Book 6: Elis II. English translation 3416: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3356: 3344: 3320: 3275:. Oxford University Press. p. 145. 3246: 3234: 3128: 3116: 3065: 3053: 2993: 2968: 2855: 2843: 2794: 2716: 2668: 2656: 2632: 2526: 2401: 2307: 2223: 1936: 1816: 1766: 1136:behalf, as the price of their eventual 540: 14: 5297: 4433:. London: Charles Griffin and Company. 4426: 4388: 4220: 4203:The Decline and Fall of the Roman City 4154: 4030: 4005: 3967:Sport in the Ancient World from A to Z 3963: 3555: 3535:Prokopios; Kaldellis, Anthony (2010). 3439:Theophanes; Turtledove, Harry (1982). 3193: 3104: 3092: 3041: 3005: 2984:, Trans. Yonge, G. Bell and Sons, 1911 2956: 2935: 2704: 2680: 2593: 2581: 2538: 2413: 2346:Boatwright, Gargola & Talbert 2004 2295: 2283: 2187: 2144: 2132: 2075: 2069: 2034: 2003: 1912: 1785:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 368. 1779:Hose, Martin; Schenker, David (2015). 1620: 943:), or less often, two-horse chariots ( 782:Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection 4678: 4569: 4505:"Hippodrome of Olympia – Description" 4327: 4303:"Chariot Racing in the Ancient World" 3819: 3720:"Chariot Racing in the Ancient World" 3538:The Secret History with Related Texts 3332: 3029: 2015: 1948: 1530: 1423:by launching a hail of stones at the 1362:Members of racing factions (known as 1001:Bas-relief of a quadriga race in the 954: 4133: 4112: 3798: 3730:(12). Britain: 41–48. Archived from 3700: 3596: 3270: 3008:, pp. 35–36, 94, 121, 162, 192. 2883: 2867: 2761:. Harvard University Press. p. 2728: 2617: 2501: 2489: 2384: 2369: 2271: 2235: 2120: 1225: 1072: 243:challenged suitors for his daughter 46:and imperial palace are to the left. 4561:Pasko Varnica – Sports In Antiquity 4206:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3468: 2870:, pp. 492–504, citing Ulpian, 2645:Köhne, Ewigleben & Jackson 2000 1411:composed of commoners, as in Rome, 24: 4484:(in Greek). Vol. III. Athens. 4410:Prudames, David (5 January 2005). 4245:Chariot Racing in the Roman Empire 3743:The Romans: From Village to Empire 3607:Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece 3431: 1822: 1799: 1640: 595:, the city's founder, invited the 25: 5331: 4525: 4509:Hellenic World Heritage Monuments 4265:"Ludi Circenses (longer version)" 4242:Meijer, Fik; Waters, Liz (2010). 3463: 696: 5275: 5274: 5262: 4743: 4720:Archaeological Museum of Olympia 4659: 4182:Roman Pompeii: Space and Society 3672:Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome 3628:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome 3564:History of the Peloponnesian War 3279: 3264: 3199: 3168: 3141: 3122: 3071: 2200:Valettas & Ioannis 1945–1955 2087:History of the Peloponnesian War 1875:Valettas & Ioannis 1945–1955 1733: 1720: 1497: 583:games scheduled in a late Roman 254: 152:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 4725:Ancient Greek Olympic festivals 4438:Scullard, Howard Hayes (1981). 4392:A Companion to the Roman Empire 4263:Mus, P. Dionysius (2001–2011). 3991:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 3889:Freeman, Charles (April 2004). 3718:Bennett, Dirk (December 1997). 2974: 2941: 2877: 2861: 2746: 2470: 2390: 2325: 2150: 2097: 2028: 2009: 1942: 1893: 1782:A Companion to Greek Literature 1707: 1684:. There were major circuses at 1670: 1649: 1626: 1613: 1604: 1570: 1557: 1343:and were long displayed at the 711:1st century relief of a racing 247:to a race, but was defeated by 161: 4511:. Hellenic Ministry of Culture 4361:10.1080/07303084.1996.10607397 4006:Harris, Harold Arthur (1972). 3347:, pp. 56–57, 79, 234–239. 1880: 1835: 1772: 1516: 1237:), which had been provided by 1142:clients of their former master 759:(canal) but much later as the 619:and other Imperial birthdays. 78:) was one of the most popular 13: 1: 4430:A Manual of Roman Antiquities 3909:The Roman Games: A Sourcebook 2426:Beard, North & Price 1998 1746: 1576:Pausanias gives this as four 1446:Civil law reforms enacted by 964:sponsored 10–12 races a day, 823: 4389:Potter, David Stone (2006). 3985:Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). 3683:Religions of Rome: A History 3323:, pp. 202–203, 260–263. 1715:funeral and burial societies 1550: 1544: 1538: 1509: 1345:Hippodrome of Constantinople 1292:Hippodrome of Constantinople 900: 314: 302: 296: 38:of a chariot race in Rome's 7: 4116:Athletics in Ancient Athens 3771:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3587:. See original text in the 3184:, 1918, Epigram 340, p. 362 2971:, pp. 191–192 203–205. 2606:Potter & Mattingly 1999 1554:was reintroduced in 268 BC. 1470: 1386:) overshadowed the Whites ( 1331:is a set of Roman or Greek 992: 776:Museo Archeologico (Naples) 34:Modern depiction (1876) by 10: 5336: 4892:Herald and Trumpet contest 4071:Humphrey, John H. (1986). 3794:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3790:Porphyrius: The Charioteer 3711:10.1002/9781118609965.ch33 3514:Olympian Odes – Olympian 1 3503:Isthmian Odes – Isthmian 1 3426: 2173:Dougherty & Kurke 2003 1492:Spectacles in ancient Rome 1398: 1388: 1378: 1368: 1306:'s Obelisk is on the right 700: 603:, honouring the grain-god 544: 320: 308: 59: 5256: 5211: 4916: 4909: 4884: 4858: 4792: 4759: 4752: 4741: 4712: 4656: 4603: 4503:Vikatou, Olympia (2007). 4482:Encyclopedia "The Helios" 4221:McComb, David G. (2004). 4113:Kyle, Donald G. (1993) . 3648:Encyclopedia "The Helios" 2915:10.1017/S0017383506000295 2832:Adkins & Adkins 1998b 2453:Adkins & Adkins 1998b 2212:Adkins & Adkins 1998a 2049:10.1017/S0017383500017460 1992:Adkins & Adkins 1998a 1980:Adkins & Adkins 1998a 1925:Adkins & Adkins 1998a 1858:Polidoro & Simri 1996 1467:during the 12th century. 1319:Byzantine racing factions 1192: 464:inflicts such a crash on 5269:Olympic Games portal 5177:Tiberius Caesar Augustus 4666:Olympic Games portal 4395:. Blackwell Publishing. 4134:Kyle, Donald G. (2007). 4098:. British Museum Press. 4014:Cornell University Press 4009:Sport in Greece and Rome 3906:Futrell, Alison (2006). 3799:Camp, John Mck. (1998). 3525:Pythian Odes – Pythian 5 3446:6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813) 3209:, p. 539; See also 3131:Journal of Sport History 3119:, pp. 121–151, 155. 1084:arena or racetrack were 650:of the races shared the 599:people to celebrate the 524:, and silver vessels in 327:Pausanias describes the 5219:Ancient Olympic victors 4224:Sports in World History 4179:Laurence, Ray (1996) . 3970:. New York: Routledge. 3527:. See original text in 3516:. See original text in 3505:. See original text in 3271:Bell, Peter N. (2013). 3237:, pp. 202–203, 75. 3180:(English Translation). 2147:, pp. 46, 57, 198. 1696:built four circuses in 1452:Tiberius II Constantine 1158:Gaius Appuleius Diocles 968:sponsored 20–24 a day. 613:seized the Sabine women 5310:Ancient Olympic sports 5305:Ancient chariot racing 5147:Polydamas of Skotoussa 5117:Peisistratos of Athens 4962:Arrhichion of Phigalia 4942:Alexander I of Macedon 4597:Ancient Olympic sports 4330:Origins to Constantine 4301:Olivová, Věra (1989). 3988:A History of Byzantium 3786:Cameron, Alan (1973). 2980:Ammianus Marcellinus, 2260:Neils & Tracy 2003 1663: 1657: 1355: 1339:. They date from late 1307: 1302:in the foreground and 1206: 1169: 1034: 1012: 1006: 933: 862: 859:Museo Nazionale Romano 846: 839: 832: 783: 718: 673: 667: 658: 652: 646: 640: 624: 573: 564: 472:Pan-Hellenic festivals 404:Owners and charioteers 384: 275: 72: 47: 5182:Timasitheus of Delphi 5152:Pythagoras of Laconia 4932:Agesarchus of Tritaea 4706:Ancient Olympic Games 4267:. Societas via Romana 3964:Golden, Mark (2004). 3489:Description of Greece 3288:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 2022:Description of Greece 1955:Description of Greece 1915:, pp. 85–86, 94. 1506:at Wikimedia Commons 1326: 1289: 1200: 1167: 1028: 1000: 927: 852: 845: 838: 831: 773: 710: 554: 360: 262: 105:ancient Olympic Games 33: 5315:Ancient Roman sports 5162:Sostratus of Pellene 5132:Philip II of Macedon 5097:Nero Caesar Augustus 4977:Berenice II of Egypt 4957:Archelaus of Macedon 4947:Anaxilas of Messenia 4937:Alcibiades of Athens 3080:Bulgaria Mediaevalis 2777:; citing Procopius, 2400:iii, 2.45, cited in 1927:, pp. 350, 420. 1183:Ammianus Marcellinus 1044:, the Whites to the 743:, and 250,000 under 541:Roman chariot racing 520:, bronze shields in 426:Philip II of Macedon 364:Charioteer of Delphi 263:Chariot racing on a 136:Western Roman Empire 5202:Xenophon of Corinth 5192:Varazdat of Armenia 5167:Theagenes of Thasos 5157:Pythagoras of Samos 5137:Philippus of Croton 5107:Onomastus of Smyrna 5062:Hiero I of Syracuse 5057:Herodorus of Megara 5047:Ergoteles of Himera 5027:Demaratus of Sparta 4850:Tethrippon of polos 4313:. Weidmann: 65–88. 3929:Classical Philology 3407:, pp. 256–258. 3395:, pp. 302–304. 3359:, pp. 255–257. 3225:, pp. 430–439. 3107:, pp. 240–241. 2996:, pp. 205–206. 2743:, pp. 219–220. 2683:, pp. 224–225. 2635:, pp. 191–192. 2565:, pp. 261–265. 2529:, pp. 314–319. 2476:For discussion see 2455:, pp. 141–142. 2440:, pp. 217–218. 2372:, pp. 493–495. 2360:, pp. 177–178. 2135:, pp. 157–167. 1678:Circus of Maxentius 1341:Classical Antiquity 500:in Delphi, and the 90:sports. In Greece, 5239:Hellenistic period 5197:Xenophon of Aegium 5112:Orsippus of Megara 5082:Leonidas of Rhodes 5042:Diocles of Corinth 5037:Diagoras of Rhodes 4987:Chaeron of Pellene 4927:Agasias of Arcadia 4922:Acanthus of Sparta 4735:Stadium at Olympia 4554:2009-02-26 at the 4542:2017-09-20 at the 3211:Codex Theodosianus 1982:, pp. 218–21. 1661:. The other type, 1356: 1329:Triumphal Quadriga 1308: 1283:twice in one day. 1207: 1170: 1035: 1031:Charioteer Papyrus 1007: 955:Frequency and laps 934: 879:bread and circuses 875:panem et circenses 863: 847: 840: 833: 784: 719: 581:religious festival 565: 432:enforcement. The 385: 276: 129:Byzantine emperors 121:bread and circuses 48: 5290: 5289: 5252: 5251: 5172:Theron of Acragas 5142:Phrynon of Athens 5122:Phanas of Pellene 5032:Desmon of Corinth 5017:Cynisca of Sparta 4997:Chionis of Sparta 4972:Astylos of Croton 4905: 4904: 4672: 4671: 4490:cite encyclopedia 4339:978-1-107-42361-9 4255:978-0-8018-9697-2 4147:978-0-631-22971-1 4105:978-0-7141-2316-5 4084:978-0-520-04921-5 3998:978-1-4051-8471-7 3901:(4). Britain: 39. 3656:cite encyclopedia 3597:Secondary sources 3548:978-1-60384-180-1 3456:978-0-8122-1128-3 3369:Liebeschuetz 2003 3259:Liebeschuetz 2003 3161:978-90-04-34492-1 3078:Thomov, Thomas, 2903:Greece & Rome 2772:978-0-674-51173-6 2741:Liebeschuetz 2003 2438:Liebeschuetz 2003 2226:, pp. 35–39. 2072:, pp. 34–35. 2037:Greece & Rome 1951:"6.20.10–6.20.19" 1860:, pp. 41–46. 1769:, pp. 41–48. 1502:Media related to 1487:Oval track racing 1239:Septimius Severus 1226:Byzantine context 1185:, writing during 1073:Roman charioteers 1005:(2nd–3rd century) 921:(a "shipwreck"). 792:Castor and Pollux 502:Panathenaic Games 312:) and two-horse ( 109:Panhellenic Games 16:(Redirected from 5327: 5278: 5277: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5234:Classical period 5212:Lists of winners 5077:Iccus of Taranto 5007:Coroebus of Elis 4992:Chilon of Patras 4952:Aratus of Sicyon 4914: 4913: 4840:Synoris of polos 4805:Chariot of polos 4757: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4676: 4675: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4499: 4493: 4485: 4476: 4455: 4434: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4406: 4385: 4364: 4343: 4324: 4297: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4259: 4238: 4217: 4196: 4175: 4156:Lançon, Bertrand 4151: 4130: 4109: 4088: 4067: 4046: 4027: 4002: 3981: 3960: 3923: 3902: 3885: 3869: 3858: 3837: 3816: 3795: 3793: 3782: 3758: 3746: 3735: 3714: 3697: 3676: 3665: 3659: 3651: 3642: 3621: 3575: 3566:. 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62: 61: 36:Jean Léon Gérôme 21: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5263: 5261: 5248: 5207: 5206: 5187:Troilus of Elis 5127:Philinus of Cos 5102:Oebotas of Dyme 5067:Hypenus of Elis 5012:Cylon of Athens 4901: 4880: 4854: 4825:Perfect chariot 4788: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4708: 4703: 4673: 4668: 4660: 4658: 4652: 4599: 4594: 4556:Wayback Machine 4544:Wayback Machine 4528: 4523: 4514: 4512: 4487: 4486: 4473: 4452: 4417: 4415: 4403: 4382: 4340: 4321: 4294: 4283:Games at Athens 4270: 4268: 4256: 4235: 4214: 4193: 4172: 4148: 4127: 4106: 4085: 4064: 4043: 4024: 3999: 3978: 3920: 3882: 3855: 3834: 3813: 3779: 3755: 3694: 3653: 3652: 3639: 3618: 3599: 3594: 3568:Richard Crawley 3549: 3529:Perseus program 3518:Perseus program 3507:Perseus program 3493:Perseus program 3457: 3434: 3432:Primary sources 3429: 3424: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3300:10.2307/1291048 3284: 3280: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3177:Greek Anthology 3173: 3169: 3162: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2899: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2808: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2779:The Gothic Wars 2773: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2671:, pp. 198. 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2198: 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3565: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3365: 3358: 3353: 3346: 3341: 3335:, p. 17. 3334: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3223:Humphrey 1986 3219: 3212: 3208: 3207:Humphrey 1986 3202: 3195: 3190: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3171: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3044:, p. 21. 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3020:, p. 41. 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2982:Roman History 2977: 2970: 2965: 2958: 2953: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2852: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2783:Humphrey 1986 2780: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2695:, p. 71. 2694: 2693:Laurence 1996 2689: 2682: 2677: 2670: 2665: 2658: 2653: 2647:, p. 92. 2646: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2564: 2563:Humphrey 1986 2559: 2552: 2551:Humphrey 1986 2547: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2480:, p. 126 2479: 2478:Humphrey 1986 2473: 2466: 2465:Prudames 2005 2461: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2410: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2358:Scullard 1981 2354: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2328: 2321: 2320:Mus 2001–2011 2316: 2309: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2286:, p. 35. 2285: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2262:, p. 25. 2261: 2256: 2249: 2248:Apobates 1955 2244: 2238:, p. 40. 2237: 2232: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2190:, p. 34. 2189: 2184: 2182: 2174: 2169: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2134: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2110: 2106: 2105:Isthmian Odes 2100: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2071: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2012: 2006:, p. 86. 2005: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1981: 1976: 1969: 1968:Humphrey 1986 1964: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1921: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1896: 1889: 1883: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1844: 1838: 1830: 1829:Olympian Odes 1826: 1819: 1812: 1811:23.257–23.652 1808: 1802: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1775: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1736: 1729: 1723: 1716: 1710: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1665: 1664:ludi scaenici 1659: 1652: 1643: 1635: 1629: 1622: 1621:Harris (1968) 1616: 1607: 1598: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1582:long and one 1581: 1580: 1573: 1566: 1560: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1533: 1526: 1519: 1515: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1461:Constantine V 1458: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1395: 1385: 1375: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1350: 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663: 660: 654: 648: 642: 637: 633: 628: 627: 620: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 576: 570: 562: 558: 553: 548: 538: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 498:Pythian Games 495: 491: 487: 483: 482:Magna Graecia 479: 469: 467: 463: 458: 454: 448: 444: 442: 441:Archidamus II 438: 435: 429: 427: 422: 420: 415: 411: 401: 399: 395: 391: 382: 378: 374: 370: 369:Pythian Games 366: 365: 359: 355: 353: 349: 344: 343: 338: 333: 330: 325: 316: 304: 298: 293: 289: 285: 281: 273: 269: 266: 261: 255:Olympic Games 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 233:Olympic Games 230: 226: 222: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 173: 169: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 132: 130: 126: 122: 116: 114: 110: 106: 100: 97: 96:funeral games 93: 89: 85: 81: 80:ancient Greek 77: 75: 70: 66: 65:harmatodromía 56: 52: 45: 44:Palatine Hill 41: 37: 32: 19: 5320:Horse racing 5292: 5279: 5260: 5244:Roman period 5224:Stadion race 4730:Hellanodikai 4612: 4513:. Retrieved 4508: 4481: 4461: 4440: 4429: 4416:. Retrieved 4414:. Culture 24 4391: 4370: 4352: 4348: 4329: 4310: 4306: 4282: 4269:. Retrieved 4244: 4223: 4202: 4181: 4160: 4136: 4115: 4094: 4073: 4052: 4032: 4008: 3987: 3966: 3932: 3928: 3908: 3898: 3894: 3872:Viking Press 3870:. New York: 3865: 3843: 3822: 3801: 3789: 3767: 3742: 3732:the original 3727: 3723: 3702: 3682: 3671: 3647: 3646:"Apobates". 3627: 3606: 3582: 3570:– via 3563: 3556:Thucydides. 3537: 3524: 3513: 3502: 3488: 3476:– via 3470: 3445: 3441: 3417:Cameron 1976 3412: 3405:Cameron 1973 3400: 3393:Cameron 1976 3388: 3381:Cameron 1976 3376: 3364: 3357:Cameron 1973 3352: 3345:Cameron 1973 3340: 3328: 3321:Cameron 1976 3316: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3272: 3266: 3254: 3247:Futrell 2006 3242: 3235:Cameron 1976 3230: 3218: 3210: 3201: 3189: 3174: 3170: 3150: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3117:Cameron 1973 3112: 3100: 3088: 3079: 3073: 3066:Cameron 1976 3061: 3054:Cameron 1973 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2994:Futrell 2006 2989: 2981: 2976: 2969:Futrell 2006 2964: 2952: 2943: 2931: 2906: 2902: 2879: 2871: 2863: 2856:Futrell 2006 2851: 2844:Futrell 2006 2839: 2827: 2813: 2795:Balsdon 1974 2790: 2778: 2756: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2717:Cameron 1973 2712: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2669:Futrell 2006 2664: 2657:Futrell 2006 2652: 2640: 2633:Futrell 2006 2613: 2601: 2589: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2527:Balsdon 1974 2497: 2485: 2472: 2460: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2392: 2365: 2353: 2327: 2315: 2308:Balsdon 1974 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2224:Gagarin 1983 2219: 2207: 2195: 2168: 2157: 2152: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2099: 2085: 2077: 2065: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2021: 2011: 1999: 1987: 1975: 1970:, p. 9. 1963: 1954: 1944: 1937:Vikatou 2007 1932: 1920: 1908: 1900: 1895: 1887: 1882: 1842: 1837: 1828: 1818: 1806: 1801: 1781: 1774: 1767:Bennett 1997 1735: 1727: 1722: 1709: 1672: 1651: 1642: 1628: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1572: 1559: 1532: 1518: 1496: 1445: 1424: 1417: 1403: 1396:) and Reds ( 1393: 1383: 1373: 1361: 1357: 1311: 1309: 1295: 1280: 1269: 1263: 1255:Theodosius I 1243:gladiatorial 1234: 1229: 1219: 1215: 1208: 1201:Mosaic from 1180: 1171: 1153: 1149: 1134: 1120: 1113: 1109: 1093: 1085: 1078: 1076: 1060:The emperor 1059: 1054: 1050:Mother Earth 1036: 1017: 1008: 958: 948: 944: 938: 935: 918: 914: 910: 906: 904: 874: 864: 815: 810: 808: 787: 785: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 726: 720: 712: 664: 634:, headed by 621: 617: 589:Roman legend 566: 560: 533: 529: 494:Nemean Games 475: 456: 452: 449: 445: 430: 423: 407: 392:, singular: 389: 386: 375:, tyrant of 362: 340: 334: 326: 277: 274:, ca. 510 BC 265:black-figure 227:woman and a 183: 165: 162:Early Greece 140:fall of Rome 133: 117: 107:, and other 101: 64: 60:ἁρματοδρομία 50: 49: 4793:Horse races 3194:Harris 1972 3182:W. R. Paton 3105:Harris 1972 3093:Harris 1972 3042:McComb 2004 3006:Golden 2004 2957:Harris 2014 2936:Golden 2004 2705:Potter 2006 2681:Harris 1972 2594:Harris 1972 2582:Ramsay 1876 2539:Harris 1972 2414:Lançon 2000 2296:Harris 1972 2284:Golden 2004 2188:Golden 2004 2145:Golden 2004 2133:Golden 2004 2070:Golden 2004 2016:Pausanias. 2004:Golden 2004 1949:Pausanias. 1913:Golden 2004 1702:Camulodunum 1548:in 384 BC. 1448:Justinian I 1265:Justinian I 1187:Valentinian 1138:manumission 1126: [ 983:Ostrogothic 974:Dio Cassius 691:Cassiodorus 383:(480–470BC) 144:Ostrogothic 5299:Categories 5052:Euryleonis 4982:Bilistiche 4967:Arsinoe II 4897:Pentathlon 4871:Pankration 4845:Tethrippon 4761:Foot races 4638:Pentathlon 4633:Pankration 4515:2 February 4418:2 February 4271:2 February 3579:Tertullian 3572:Wikisource 3478:Wikisource 3444:anni mundi 3333:Evans 2005 3082:, 10/2019. 3030:Osiek 2006 2874:, 3. 2. 4. 2810:Tertullian 2082:Thucydides 1747:References 1686:Alexandria 1551:Tethrippon 1545:tethrippon 1542:succeeded 1465:Blachernae 1457:iconoclast 1433:Nika riots 1421:Anastasius 1408:Porphyrius 1277:Porphyrius 1251:Tertullian 1235:hippodrome 1106:Elagabalus 1038:Tertullian 932:theme park 930:Puy du Fou 919:naufragia, 824:Spectators 701:See also: 687:Christians 545:See also: 478:Asia Minor 462:Antilochus 414:Alcibiades 337:Taraxippus 324:) events. 303:tethrippon 245:Hippodamia 216:, and the 206:Antilochus 166:Images on 156:Nika riots 138:after the 127:and later 5022:Damarchus 4876:Wrestling 4810:Decapolon 4648:Wrestling 3957:161210505 3485:Pausanias 3471:The Iliad 2884:Bell 2014 2868:Bell 2014 2729:Kyle 2007 2618:Bell 2014 2502:Kyle 2007 2490:Kyle 2007 2385:Bell 2014 2370:Bell 2014 2272:Kyle 1993 2236:Camp 1998 2162:5.25–5.53 2121:Kyle 2007 2018:"6.20.13" 1807:The Iliad 1728:diversium 1682:Via Appia 1525:Geometric 1510:Footnotes 1441:Procopius 1312:diversium 1281:diversium 940:quadrigae 901:The races 601:Consualia 569:Etruscans 514:olive oil 390:hyspleges 373:Polyzalus 309:τέθριππον 288:Pausanias 182:, in the 180:Patroclus 150:. In the 88:Byzantine 76:circenses 5281:Category 5087:Leophron 4774:Dolichos 4623:Dolichos 4552:Archived 4540:Archived 3765:(1976). 3523:Pindar. 3512:Pindar. 3137:(3): 56. 2156:Pindar. 2103:Pindar. 1841:Pindar, 1823:Pindar. 1637:success. 1565:alluvium 1471:See also 1459:emperor 1429:Justin I 1425:kathisma 1404:Rhoúsioi 1384:Prásinoi 1379:Πράσινοι 1337:quadriga 1304:Thutmose 1273:epigrams 1247:paganism 1220:quadriga 1211:Hispania 1123:Horsmann 1098:Caligula 1096:—as did 1094:arenarii 1062:Domitian 1046:Zephyrus 1033:(c. 500) 993:Factions 978:Domitian 970:Commodus 962:Caligula 949:quadriga 911:hortator 796:dioscuri 659:pulvinar 653:pulvinar 641:pulvinar 636:Victoria 632:the gods 547:Equirria 534:apobates 530:apobatai 526:Marathon 510:amphorae 466:Menelaus 412:general 410:Athenian 352:Poseidon 241:Oenomaus 229:cauldron 221:Meriones 210:Menelaus 190:Diomedes 4910:Winners 4885:Special 4835:Synoris 4784:Stadion 4769:Diaulos 4713:General 4643:Stadion 4618:Diaulos 3427:Sources 3308:1291048 3213:15.10.1 2923:4122472 2158:Pythian 1805:Homer. 1690:Antioch 1589:plethra 1539:Synoris 1413:Cameron 1399:Ῥούσιοι 1374:Vénetoi 1369:Βένετοι 1146:Scorpus 1110:infames 1090:Juvenal 1086:infames 1080:infames 1019:infamia 895:claques 883:equites 871:Juvenal 804:Neptune 757:euripus 753:hysplex 749:carcere 674:euripus 593:Romulus 518:Eleusis 490:Corinth 437:Cynisca 434:Spartan 394:hysplex 348:epithet 329:Olympic 321:συνωρὶς 315:synoris 292:stadion 239:, King 208:, King 204:prince 202:Achaean 168:pottery 113:Spartan 92:chariot 18:Synoris 4866:Boxing 4859:Combat 4753:Sports 4608:Boxing 4469: 4448: 4399: 4378: 4336: 4317: 4290: 4252: 4231: 4210: 4189: 4168: 4144: 4123: 4102: 4081: 4060: 4039: 4020: 3995: 3974: 3955: 3949:269909 3947: 3916: 3878: 3851: 3830: 3809: 3775: 3751: 3690: 3635: 3614: 3545: 3499:Pindar 3473: 3453: 3306: 3294:: 30. 3158: 2921: 2872:Digest 2769: 2398:Amores 2396:Ovid, 2092:6.16.2 2057:642422 2055: 1825:"1.75" 1789: 1698:Judaea 1692:, and 1634:Pindar 1579:stadia 1527:vases. 1394:Leukoí 1389:Λευκοὶ 1298:. The 1259:Church 1193:Horses 1154:infans 1115:virtus 987:Totila 985:king, 855:mosaic 765:editor 745:Trajan 647:editor 605:Consus 597:Sabine 506:Athens 496:, the 492:, the 457:xystis 453:xystis 419:Pindar 381:Sicily 342:Heroon 284:Pindar 280:Eleans 272:Attica 268:hydria 249:Pelops 237:Pindar 214:Sparta 200:, the 148:Totila 146:king, 86:, and 4830:Polos 4820:Keles 4815:Kalpe 4800:Apene 3953:S2CID 3945:JSTOR 3465:Homer 3304:JSTOR 2919:JSTOR 2053:JSTOR 1586:four 1584:stade 1364:demes 1296:spina 1216:spina 1130:] 1055:spina 945:bigae 907:spina 867:plebs 811:spina 788:spina 761:spina 668:spina 522:Argos 379:, in 297:keles 270:from 225:slave 194:Argos 185:Iliad 176:Homer 125:Roman 84:Roman 69:Latin 55:Greek 4517:2011 4496:link 4467:ISBN 4446:ISBN 4420:2011 4397:ISBN 4376:ISBN 4334:ISBN 4315:ISBN 4288:ISBN 4273:2011 4250:ISBN 4229:ISBN 4208:ISBN 4187:ISBN 4166:ISBN 4142:ISBN 4121:ISBN 4100:ISBN 4079:ISBN 4058:ISBN 4037:ISBN 4018:ISBN 3993:ISBN 3972:ISBN 3914:ISBN 3876:ISBN 3849:ISBN 3828:ISBN 3807:ISBN 3773:ISBN 3749:ISBN 3688:ISBN 3662:link 3633:ISBN 3612:ISBN 3543:ISBN 3451:ISBN 3205:See 3175:The 3156:ISBN 2767:ISBN 1787:ISBN 1688:and 1592:wide 1349:Doge 1327:The 1310:The 1290:The 1203:Lyon 1150:meta 1104:and 1102:Nero 1042:Mars 966:Nero 915:falx 891:Ovid 817:meta 809:The 786:The 735:and 714:biga 681:the 575:ludi 561:meta 398:Zeus 377:Gela 371:for 361:The 218:hero 74:ludi 4357:doi 3937:doi 3707:doi 3296:doi 2911:doi 2763:674 2109:1.1 2045:doi 861:. 671:or 512:of 504:in 488:in 350:of 212:of 192:of 5301:: 4507:. 4492:}} 4488:{{ 4353:67 4351:. 4309:. 4305:. 4016:. 3951:. 3943:. 3933:78 3931:. 3899:54 3897:. 3893:. 3874:. 3728:47 3726:. 3722:. 3705:. 3658:}} 3654:{{ 3581:. 3562:. 3501:. 3487:. 3467:. 3302:. 3290:. 3133:. 2917:. 2907:53 2905:. 2891:^ 2818:, 2812:. 2802:^ 2765:. 2625:^ 2570:^ 2509:^ 2445:^ 2377:^ 2336:^ 2180:^ 2160:, 2107:, 2090:, 2084:. 2051:. 2041:15 2039:. 2020:. 1953:. 1865:^ 1850:^ 1827:. 1809:, 1755:^ 1402:, 1392:, 1382:, 1372:, 1128:de 1118:. 1100:, 1069:. 877:(" 778:. 480:, 468:. 318:, 306:, 196:, 82:, 71:: 67:; 63:, 57:: 4698:e 4691:t 4684:v 4589:e 4582:t 4575:v 4519:. 4498:) 4475:. 4454:. 4422:. 4405:. 4384:. 4363:. 4359:: 4342:. 4323:. 4311:2 4296:. 4275:. 4258:. 4237:. 4216:. 4195:. 4174:. 4150:. 4129:. 4108:. 4087:. 4066:. 4045:. 4026:. 4001:. 3980:. 3959:. 3939:: 3922:. 3884:. 3857:. 3836:. 3815:. 3781:. 3757:. 3713:. 3709:: 3696:. 3664:) 3641:. 3620:. 3591:. 3574:. 3551:. 3531:. 3520:. 3509:. 3495:. 3480:. 3459:. 3310:. 3298:: 3292:4 3164:. 3135:8 2925:. 2913:: 2822:. 2820:9 2775:. 2467:. 2322:. 2250:. 2111:. 2094:. 2059:. 2047:: 2024:. 1957:. 1939:. 1831:. 1813:. 1795:. 1730:. 1623:. 563:. 53:( 20:)

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