Assyrian people - Knowledge

4532: 2490: 4783: 707: 2176: 3651: 4404: 4434: 4468: 1984:), the Assyrians suffered heavy losses due to deportations and mass killings organized by the Ottoman Turks. Several representatives of the Assyrian people participated in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 after the war had ended. These representatives aimed to free Assyria and sought to influence the victorious powers to place it under one mandatory power. Although many felt sympathy for the Assyrians, none of their demands were implemented. The Assyrians failed in their efforts due to geographical and denominational differences among themselves, as well as the fact that the major powers, Britain and France, had their own plans for the territories where the Assyrians lived. 3421: 82: 2290: 1999: 1837: 2510: 1043: 14971: 2481:

approved by the Education Authority. Closure methods ranged from officially shutting down schools to having armed men enter the schools and shut them down forcefully. An Assyrian educator named Isa Rashid was later badly beaten outside of his home for rejecting the Kurdish self-administration's curriculum. The Assyrian Policy Institute claimed that an Assyrian reporter named Souleman Yusph was arrested by Kurdish forces for his reports on the Dawronoye-related school closures in Syria. Specifically, he had shared numerous photographs on Facebook detailing the closures.

1471: 3432: 1696: 4250: 491: 4503: 2734: 14960: 2070: 3000: 3091: 96: 1319:. Although her exact ethnic background is not definitively established, some sources suggest she was of Assyrian origin. She played a significant role in advocating for women's rights and social reforms. Theodora is particularly remembered for her efforts to improve the status of women, including legislation against forced prostitution and support for widows and orphans. She was a key supporter of her husband's efforts to restore and expand the Byzantine Empire from their capital, 2030:. Despite being heavily outnumbered and outgunned the Assyrians fought successfully, scoring a number of victories over the Turks and Kurds. This situation continued until their Russian allies left the war, and Armenian resistance broke, leaving the Assyrians surrounded, isolated and cut off from lines of supply. The sizable Assyrian presence in south eastern Anatolia which had endured for over four millennia was thus reduced significantly by the end of World War I. 1346: 1611: 17226: 3977: 1928: 1209: 1917: 778:), which was the oldest and largest city of the ancient Assyrian Empire, together with several other towns and cities, existed as early as the 25th century BC. They appear to have been Sumerian-ruled administrative centres at this time rather than independent states. The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) population. An Assyrian identity distinct from other neighboring groups appears to have formed during the 17236: 14982: 2236: 3923:, which means: "Peace be upon you" in Neo-Aramaic. Others are greeted with a handshake with the right hand only; according to Middle Eastern customs, the left hand is associated with evil. Similarly, shoes may not be left facing up, one may not have their feet facing anyone directly, whistling at night is thought to waken evil spirits, etc. A parent will often place an eye pendant on their baby to prevent "an evil eye being cast upon it". 4951:, researchers found that, "the Semitic populations (Assyrians and Syrians) are very distinct from each other according to both axes. This difference supported also by other methods of comparison points out the weak genetic affinity between the two populations with different historical destinies." A 2008 study on the genetics of "old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia", including 340 subjects from seven ethnic communities ("Assyrian, Jewish, 4681: 15884: 5104: 3888: 4855: 16106: 3442: 786: 4574: 17246: 3571:" religion. Thus Jacques de Vitry wrote of them in 1220/1 that "they denied that Mary was the Mother of God and claimed that Christ existed in two persons. They consecrated leavened bread and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language". Until the second half of the 19th century, the term "Chaldean" continued in general use for East Syriac Christians, whether "Nestorian" or Catholic. In 1840, upon visiting Mesopotamia, 17256: 14816: 15872: 2992: 1868:, a member of the family that for centuries had provided the patriarchs of the legitimist "Eliya line", who had won over most of the followers of that line. Thus the patriarchal line of those who in 1553 entered communion with Rome are now patriarchs of the "traditionalist" wing of the Church of the East, that which in 1976 officially adopted the name " 4531: 4010:. After being conquered by the Assyrians, many people, including the Arameans, were deported to the Assyrian heartland and elsewhere. Due to a large number of Aramaic-speaking people, the Aramaization of Assyria began. The relationship between Arameans and Assyrians grew stronger, with Aramean scribes working with Assyrian ones. 4804:

Other Sharras (special festivals) include: Sharra d'Mart Shmuni, Sharra d'Mar Shimon Bar-Sabbaye, Sharra d'Mar Mari, and Shara d'Mar Zaia, Mar Bishu, Mar Sawa, Mar Sliwa, Mar Odisho, and many more. Each town or city also have their own Sharras based on the patron saints of the churches, monasteries,

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was started by the Assyrian community, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an optional language of instruction in public schools, which then started with the 2016/17 academic year. With that academic year, states the Rojava Education Committee, "three curriculums have replaced the old one, to

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and other parts of Anatolia, by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. These attacks caused the death of over thousands of Assyrians and the forced "Ottomanisation" of the inhabitants of 245 villages. The Turkish troops looted the remains of the Assyrian settlements and these were later stolen and occupied by Kurds.

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and conversion to Islam were subject to severe religious, ethnic, and cultural discrimination and had certain restrictions imposed upon them. Assyrians were excluded from specific duties and occupations reserved for Muslims. They did not enjoy the same political rights as Muslims, and their word was

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Roman/Byzantine and Persian spheres of influence divided Syriac-speaking Christians into two groups: those who adhered to the Miaphysite Syriac Orthodox Church (the so-called Jacobite Church), or West Syrians, and those who adhered to the Church of the East, the so-called Nestorian Church. Following

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Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, Kauffman E, Bonné-Tamir B, Bertranpetit J, Francalacci P, Ibrahim M, Jenkins T, Kidd JR, Mehdi SQ, Seielstad MT, Wells RS, Piazza A, Davis RW, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ (2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history

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is similar to other Middle Eastern cuisines, and is rich in grains, meat, potato, cheese, bread and tomatoes. Typically, rice is served with every meal, with a stew poured over it. Tea is a popular drink, and there are several dishes of desserts, snacks, and beverages. Alcoholic drinks such as wine

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of 1986–1989 in Iraq, which was intended to target Kurdish opposition, resulted in 2,000 Assyrians being murdered through its gas campaigns. Over 31 towns and villages, 25 Assyrian monasteries and churches were razed to the ground. Some Assyrians were murdered, others were deported to large cities,

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By tradition, a patriarch could be ordained only by someone of archiepiscopal (metropolitan) rank, a rank to which only members of that one family were promoted. For that reason, Sulaqa travelled to Rome, where, presented as the new Patriarch elect, he entered communion with the Catholic Church and

487:. It has influenced other languages such as Hebrew and Arabic, and, through cultural and religious exchanges, it has had some influence on Mongolian and Uighur. Aramaic itself is the oldest continuously spoken and written language in the Middle East, with a history stretching back over 3,000 years. 11942:

was found to be high for this population through determination of the heterogeneity coefficient (+0,6867), Our study supports earlier findings indicating the relatively closed nature of the Assyrian community as a whole, which as a result of their religious and cultural traditions, have had little

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In the 19th cent. A. H. Layard, the excavator of Nineveh, first suggested that the local *Syriac Christian communities in the region were descended from the ancient Assyrians, and the idea was later popularized by W. A. Wigram, a member of the Abp. Of Canterbury's Mission to the Church of the East

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The Assyrians, although closely associated with their Christian religion, are divided among a number of Christian sects. The largest denominations are the Chaldean Catholic Church with about 45% of the Assyrian population, the Syriac Orthodox with 26%, the Assyrian Church of the East with 19%, the

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A 2018 report stated that Kurdish authorities in Syria, in conjunction with Dawronoye officials, had shut down several Assyrian schools in Northern Syria and fired their administration. This was said to be because these schooled failed to register for a license and for rejecting the new curriculum

1557:, the Ottomans started viewing Assyrians and other Christians on their eastern front as a potential threat. The Kurdish Emirs sought to consolidate their power by attacking Assyrian communities, which were already well-established there. Scholars estimate that tens of thousands of Assyrians in the 4983:

clustered together, but away from the other Northern Iraqi populations analyzed in the study, and largely in between the West Asian and Southeastern European populations. According to the study, "contemporary Assyrians and Yazidis from northern Iraq may in fact have a stronger continuity with the

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Around 700 B.C., the Aramaic alphabet replaced cuneiform and became the official writing system of the Assyrian empire. Aramaic was the language of commerce, trade, and communication and became the vernacular language of Assyria in classical antiquity. By the 1st century AD, Akkadian was extinct,

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Assyrian clothing varies from village to village. Clothing is usually blue, red, green, yellow, and purple; these colors are also used as embroidery on a white piece of clothing. Decoration is lavish in Assyrian costumes, and sometimes involves jewellery. The conical hats of traditional Assyrian

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They were banned from spreading their religion further or building new churches in Muslim-ruled lands, but were expected to adhere to the same laws of property, contract, and obligation as the Muslim Arabs. They could not seek the conversion of a Muslim, a non-Muslim man could not marry a Muslim

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returned to their ancestral land in Hakkari in 1922, shortly after World War I without permission from the Turkish government. This led to clashes between the Assyrians and the Turkish army with their Kurdish allies that grew into a rebellion in 1924, it ended with the Assyrians being forced to

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The 14th century massacres of Timur devastated the Assyrian people. Timur's massacres and pillages of all that was Christian drastically reduced their existence. At the end of the reign of Timur, the Assyrian population had almost been eradicated in many places. Toward the end of the thirteenth

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which originated from a geographical zone that includes northeastern Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey from where it expanded to the rest of the Near East and North Africa has been measured at 55% among Assyrians of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and diaspora; while it has been found at 11% among

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and Turkish being the greatest influences overall. Only Turkey is reported to be experiencing a population increase of Assyrians in the four countries constituting their historical homeland, largely consisting of Assyrian refugees from Syria and a smaller number of Assyrians returning from the

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equivalent of "Assyrians" appears in ancient Georgian, Armenian and Russian documents. This correlates with the theory of the nations to the East of Mesopotamia knew the group as Assyrians, while to the West, beginning with Greek influence, the group was known as Syrians. Syria being a Greek

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in 1963, introducing laws aimed at suppressing the Assyrian national identity via arabization policies. The giving of traditional Assyrian names was banned and Assyrian schools, political parties, churches and literature were repressed. Assyrians were heavily pressured into identifying as

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in particular saw the Assyrians accepted into mainstream society. Many urban Assyrians became successful businessmen, others were well represented in politics and the military, their towns and villages flourished undisturbed, and Assyrians came to excel, and be over represented in sports.

1541:. Assyrians were increasingly marginalized, persecuted and gradually became a minority in their homeland. Conversion to Islam was a result of heavy taxation, which also resulted in decreased revenue from their rulers. As a result, the new converts migrated to Muslim garrison towns nearby. 4931:

and that an individual Assyrian's genetic makeup is relatively close to that of the Assyrian population as a whole. "The genetic data are compatible with historical data that religion played a major role in maintaining the Assyrian population's separate identity during the

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Assyrians practice unique marriage ceremonies. The rituals performed during weddings are derived from many different elements from the past 3,000 years. An Assyrian wedding traditionally lasted a week. Today, weddings in the Assyrian homeland usually last 2–3 days. In the

4084:, Assyrians are typically multilingual, speaking both their native language and learning those of the societies they reside in. While many Assyrians have fled from their traditional homeland recently, a substantial number still reside in Arabic-speaking countries speaking 1797:

in Eastern Syria"; "Patriarch of the Church of the Chaldeans of Mosul"; "Patriarch of the Chaldeans"; "Patriarch of Mosul"; or "Patriarch of the Eastern Assyrians", this last being the version given by Pietro Strozzi on the second-last unnumbered page before page 1 of his

5870: 2136:, being revived for the first time in millennia for this force. The Assyrians were prized by the British rulers for their fighting qualities, loyalty, bravery and discipline, and were used to help the British put down insurrections among the Arabs and Kurds. During 1766:(still belonging to the Syriac Orthodox Church) and thus not far from the residence of the Eliya line of Patriarchs of the Church of the East. From 1533, the holder of the office was known as the Maphrian of Mosul, to distinguish him from the Maphrian of the 1573:, invaded their region. After a later massacre in 1846, western powers forced the Ottomans into intervening in the region, and the ensuing conflict destroyed the Kurdish emirates and reasserted the Ottoman power in the area. The Assyrians were subject to the 3567:, made in Aramaic, and which decreed that "nobody shall in future dare to call Chaldeans, Nestorians". Previously, when there were as yet no Catholic Aramaic speakers of Mesopotamian origin, the term "Chaldean" was applied with explicit reference to their " 2722:, where an estimated 300,000 Assyrians live. This is a decline from an estimate of 1,100,000 Assyrians in the 1980’s, following instability caused by the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. In Iran and Turkey, only small populations remain, with only 20,000 2183:

Levies, who volunteered in 1946 for service as ground crew with the Royal Air Force, look over the side of the ORBITA as it pulls into the docks at Liverpool. Left to right, they are: Sergeant Macko Shmos, Lance Corporal Adoniyo Odisho and Corporal Yoseph

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of unarmed men, women and children by Muslim Turks and Kurds in the late 19th century at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and its associated (largely Kurdish and Arab) militias, which further greatly reduced numbers, particularly in southeastern Turkey.

4754:, the Assyrian New Year, traditionally on April 1, though usually celebrated on January 1. Assyrians usually wear traditional costumes and hold social events including parades and parties, dancing, and listening to poets telling the story of creation. 1549:

conducted a religiously motivated massacre against Assyrians. After, no records of Assyrians remained in Assur according to the archaeological and numismatic record. From this point, the Assyrian population was dramatically reduced in their homeland.

4905:, with most dishes being similar to the cuisines of the area in which those Assyrians live/originate from. It is rich in grains such as barley, meat, tomato, herbs, spices, cheese, and potato as well as herbs, fermented dairy products, and pickles. 452:, one of the key civilizations of Mesopotamia. While they are distinct from other Mesopotamian groups, such as the Babylonians, they share in the broader cultural heritage of the Mesopotamian region. Modern Assyrians may culturally self-identify as 2332:". This process became an object of controversy, cited by some critics as the biggest American mistake made in the immediate aftermath of the Invasion of Iraq, and as one of the main causes in the deteriorating security situation throughout Iraq. 11903:

Banoei, M. M.; Chaleshtori, M. H.; Sanati, M. H.; Shariati, P; Houshmand, M; Majidizadeh, T; Soltani, N. J.; Golalipour, M (February 2008). "Variation of DAT1 VNTR alleles and genotypes among old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia to the Oxus region".

10187:, see "Eastern Syrians" and "Western Syrians" respectively. Modern terminology within the group is Western Assyrians and Eastern Assyrians respectively, while those who reject the Assyrian identity opt for Syriac or Aramean rather than Assyrian. 1957:

which occurred during the First World War. Between 275,000 and 300,000 Assyrians were estimated to have been slaughtered by the armies of the Ottoman Empire and their Kurdish allies, totalling up to two-thirds of the entire Assyrian population.

1258:. Those who for any reason refused to accept one or other of these councils were called Nestorians or Monophysites, while those who accepted both councils, held under the auspices of the Roman emperors, were called Melkites (derived from Syriac 12182:

Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud; Sanati, Mohammad Hossein; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella (2012).

6052: 2473:, an Assyrian militia operating in Syria, established in January 2013 to protect and stand up for the national rights of Assyrians in Syria as well as working together with the other communities in Syria to change the current government of 706: 1463:

woman, and the child of such a marriage would be considered a Muslim. They could not own an enslaved Muslim and had to wear different clothing from Muslims to be distinguishable. In addition to the jizya tax, they were required to pay the

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dress have changed little over millennia from those worn in ancient Mesopotamia, and until the 19th and early 20th centuries the ancient Mesopotamian tradition of braiding or platting of hair, beards and moustaches was still commonplace.

3824:), dating to the eighth century BC. In this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his Assyrian overlords. The Luwian inscription reads "Sura/i" whereas the Phoenician translation reads 4694:

Assyrians have numerous traditional dances which are performed mostly for special occasions such as weddings. Assyrian dance is a blend of ancient indigenous and general Near Eastern elements. Assyrian folk dances are mainly made up of

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languages of Lishan Didan and Lishanid Noshan share a partial intelligibility with these varieties. The mutual intelligibility between Suret and Surayt/Turoyo is, depending on the dialect, limited to partial, and may be asymmetrical.

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Syriac Christians of the Middle East and diaspora employ different terms for self-identification based on conflicting beliefs in the origin and identity of their respective communities. During the 19th century, English archaeologist

953:, part of the Northwest Semitic languages. Around 700 BC, Aramaic slowly replaced Akkadian in Assyria, Babylonia and the Levant. Widespread bilingualism among Assyrian nationals was already present before the fall of the Empire. The 5862: 2628:) in Turkey, among others. Some of the cities are presently under Kurdish control and some still have an Assyrian presence, namely those in Iraq, as the Assyrian population in southeastern Turkey (such as those in Hakkari) was 3137:. As a result of this, the Assyrian population in the Middle East has decreased dramatically. As of today there are more Assyrians in the diaspora than in their homeland. The largest Assyrian diaspora communities are found in 2232:. Assyrians were not recognized as an ethnic group by the governments and they fostered divisions among Assyrians along religious lines (e.g. Assyrian Church of the East vs. Chaldean Catholic Church vs Syriac Orthodox Church). 4392:

During the "Seyfo" genocide, there were a number of Assyrians who were forced to convert to Islam. They reside in Turkey, and practice Islam but still retain their identity. A small number of Assyrian Jews exist as well.

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Assyrians remained dominant in Upper Mesopotamia as late as the 14th century, and the city of Assur was still occupied by Assyrians during the Islamic period until the mid-14th century when the Muslim Turco-Mongol ruler

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in the Ottoman Empire, resentment at the comparative wealth of the ancient indigenous Christian communities, and a fear that they would attempt to secede from the tottering Ottoman Empire. Assyrians were massacred in

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Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Maccioni L, Triantaphyllidis C, Shen P, Oefner PJ, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS:

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Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near

5687: 5368: 1781:, who were dissatisfied with reservation of patriarchal succession to members of a single family, even if the designated successor was little more than a child, elected as a rival patriarch the abbot of the 6612: 4433: 3736:, and this term was also applied to areas west of Euphrates which had been an Assyrian colony, and from this point the Greeks applied the term without distinction between the Assyrians of Mesopotamia and 4978:

shared by Marsh Arabs, Iraqis, and Assyrians, "supporting a common local background." In a 2017 study focusing on the genetics of Northern Iraqi populations, it was found that Iraqi Assyrians and Iraqi

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Worldwide population changes of the Assyrian population, showing a steep decline in areas where Assyrians lived historically, however a sharp increase in the overall population of the Assyrian diaspora.

8562: 5666: 10564: 6285: 5783: 4403: 6049:"According to the 1989 population census, there were 5,200 Assyrians in Georgia (0.1 percent); according to the 2002 census, their number dropped to 3,299, while their percentage remained the same" 6050: 2367:, the majority of its Assyrian population has either fled abroad or to northern Iraq, or has been murdered. Islamic resentment over the United States' occupation of Iraq, and incidents such as the 8595: 11964:"In the less frequent J1-M267* clade, only marginally affected by events of expansion, Marsh Arabs shared haplotypes with other Iraqi and Assyrian samples, supporting a common local background." 8966: 3895:

Assyrian culture is largely influenced by Christianity. There are many Assyrian customs that are common in other Middle Eastern cultures. Main festivals occur during religious holidays such as

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Members of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Ancient Church of the East celebrate Easter on a Sunday between April 4 and May 8 inclusively on the Gregorian calendar, March 22 and April 25 on the

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eventually drifted away from Rome and in 1662 adopted a profession of faith incompatible with that of Rome. Leadership of those who wished communion with Rome passed to the Archbishop of Amid

4923:, Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza, "shows that Assyrians have a distinct genetic profile that distinguishes their population from any other population." Genetic analyses of the Assyrians of 2416:

which have large Assyrian populations. There have been reports of atrocities committed by ISIL terrorists since, including; beheadings, crucifixions, child murders, rape, forced conversions,

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Gansell, AR. FROM MESOPOTAMIA TO MODERN SYRIA: ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FEMALE ADORNMENT DURING RITES. Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context. 2007 – Brill Academic Publishers.

8896: 8674: 4703:, which is routinely danced as the bride and groom are welcomed into the wedding reception. Most of the circle dances allow unlimited number of participants, with the exception of the 1189:. Its head was declared to be the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, who in the acts of the council was referred to as the Grand or Major Metropolitan and who soon afterward was called the 8868: 921:

had a relatively low level of integration with the local population in Mesopotamia, which allowed their cultures to survive. Semi-independent kingdoms influenced by Assyrian culture (

6315: 6437: 4389:; after seven days another gathering commemorates their death. A close family member wears only black clothes for forty days and nights, or sometimes a year, as a sign of mourning. 11955:

Al-Zahery et al., BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:288, "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq"

1723:. Syriac Christians, however, were often considered one millet alongside Armenians until the 19th century, when Nestorian, Syriac Orthodox and Chaldeans gained that right as well. 7883:, George V. Yana (Bebla) presented as a "correction" of Strozzi's statement a quotation from an unrelated source (cf. p. xxiv) that Sulaqa was called "Patriarch of the Chaldeans". 1965:, and Iraq (where they were to suffer further violent assaults at the hands of the Arabs and Kurds), as well as other neighbouring countries in and around the Middle East such as 11227: 8846: 5338: 4014:

although its influence on contemporary Eastern Neo-Aramaic languages spoken by Assyrians is significant and some loaned vocabulary still survives in these languages to this day.

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There are three main Assyrian subgroups: Eastern, Western, Chaldean. These subdivisions are only partially overlapping linguistically, historically, culturally, and religiously.

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Wigram, W.A., "The Ashiret Highlands of Hakkari (Mesopotamia)," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1916, Vol. III, pg. 40. – The Assyrians and their Neighbors (London, 1929)

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rather than of Assyria, but using both cuneiform and the dialect is the best indication of Assyrian presence. Over 20,000 cuneiform tablets have been recovered from the site.

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Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area.

8523: 8386: 16488: 11097: 2192:. The tension reached its peak shortly after the formal declaration of independence when hundreds of Assyrian civilians were slaughtered during the Simele massacre by the 5840: 14467:

Comparative Etymological Studies in the Western Neo-Syriac (Ṭūrōyo) Lexicon: With Special Reference to Homonyms, Related Words and Borrowings with Cultural Signification

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The Assyrians initially experienced periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after the 7th century

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script. Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has received some revival since the 10th century, and it has been added to the

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in 2014, many Assyrian organizations also formed their own independent fighting forces to combat ISIL and potentially retake their "ancestral lands." These include the

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Lashgary Z, Khodadadi A, Singh Y, Houshmand SM, Mahjoubi F, Sharma P, Singh S, Seyedin M, Srivastava A, Ataee M, Mohammadi ZS, Rezaei N, Bamezai RN, Sanati MH (2011).

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form of the alphabet, which is often translated as "contemporary", reflecting its use in writing modern Neo-Aramaic. The West Syriac dialect is usually written in the

2420:, robbery, and extortion in the form of illegal taxes levied upon non-Muslims. Assyrians in Iraq have responded by forming armed militias to defend their territories. 6650: 6620: 3039:, there was indiscriminate slaughter of tens of thousands of Assyrians and destruction of the Assyrian population of northwestern Iran and central and northern Iran. 2489: 1265:

All three groups existed among the Syriac Christians, the East Syriacs being called Nestorians and the West Syriacs being divided between the Monophysites (today the

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withdrew from the short-lived province Assyria and its neighboring provinces in 118 AD. Following a successful campaign in 197–198, Severus converted the kingdom of

5360: 9242: 9204: 3755:. Meanwhile, some scholars has disclaimed the theory of Syrian being derived from Assyrian as "simply naive", and detracted its importance to the naming conflict. 5974: 5519: 5443: 1467:

tax on their land, which was heavier than the jizya. However, they were protected, given religious freedom, and to govern themselves according to their own laws.

13914: 11872:"Yepiskoposian et al., Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 10, Number 2, 2006, pp. 191–208(18), "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia"" 8786: 5502: 5545: 2745:, there are only 2,500 Assyrians left. Down from 50,000 in the 1960 census, but up from 1,000 in 1992. This sharp decline is due to an intense conflict between 8812: 8279: 7378: 5483:"The Assyrian population in Iraq, estimated at approximately 200,000, constitutes the largest remaining concentration of the ethnic group in the Middle East." 1945:

The Assyrians suffered a number of religiously and ethnically motivated massacres throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, culminating in the large-scale

1860:, recognized first by the Turkish civil authorities (1677) and then by Rome itself (1681). A century and a half later, in 1830, headship of the Catholics (the 4502: 4088:

alongside the Neo-Aramaic languages and is also spoken by many Assyrians in the diaspora. The most commonly spoken languages by Assyrians in the diaspora are

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was ordained by the Pope and recognized as Patriarch. The title or description under which he was recognized as Patriarch is given variously as "Patriarch of

15792: 8554: 6153: 5658: 4323:. The group is traditionally characterized as adhering to various churches of Syriac Christianity and speaking Neo-Aramaic languages. It is subdivided into: 3457:

believed that the native Christian communities in the historical region of Assyria were descended from the ancient Assyrians, a view that was also shared by

1751: 12379:(1841). "An Account of a Visit to the Chaldeans, Inhabiting Central Kurdistán; And of an Ascent of the Peak of Rowándiz (Ṭúr Sheïkhíwá) in Summer in 1840". 11392:

Although there are some atheists among Assyrians, they are usually associated with specific communities based on the adherence to a concrete religious sect.

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J. Martin Bailey, Betty Jane Bailey, Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? p. 163: "more than two thirds" out of "nearly a million" Christians in Iraq.

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original genetic stock of the Mesopotamian people, which possibly provided the basis for the ethnogenesis of various subsequent Near Eastern populations".

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Many members of the following churches consider themselves Assyrian. Ethnic identities are often deeply intertwined with religion, a legacy of the Ottoman

16517: 14720: 8426: 5728: 13152:"Neither Syriac-speaking nor Syrian Orthodox Christians: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression" 12038:"A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis" 11976:"A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis" 11669: 11127: 8585: 6537: 16787: 9610: 9570:"Sweden has also one of the largest exile communities of Assyrian and Syriac Christians (also known as Chaldeans) with a population of around 100,000." 3801:), dating to the 8th century BC. Originally published by Tekoglu and Lemaire (2000), it was more recently the subject of a 2006 paper published in the 2816:

The Chaldean subgroup is a subgroup of the Eastern one. The group is often equated with the adherents of the Chaldean Catholic Church, however not all

1789:. This was by no means the first schism in the Church of the East. An example is the attempt to replace Timothy I (779–823) with Ephrem of Gandīsābur. 606:

and the occupation of a significant portion of the Assyrian homeland resulted in another major wave of Assyrian displacement due to events such as the

8958: 8163:

Our Smallest Ally; Wigram, W[illiam] A[inger]; A Brief Account of the Assyrian Nation in the Great War. Introd. by General H.H. Austin

7264: 6129: 4723:

is the most prominent of the celebrations. Members of the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syriac Catholic Church follow the

1227:. It is recognized as one of the oldest Christian monasteries in existence. It is famous for its magnificent library and a considerable collection of 3547:, and was still the normal terminology in the nineteenth century. Only in 1445 did it begin to be used to designate Aramaic speakers who had entered 2385:. As a result, Assyrians have taken up arms alongside other groups, such as the Kurds, Turcomans and Armenians, in response to unprovoked attacks by 670: 10434: 3834:

The modern terminological problem goes back to colonial times, but it became more acute in 1946, when with the independence of Syria, the adjective

2175: 16401: 14900: 14225: 12864:

The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire

11783:"Dr. Joel J. Elias, Emeritus, University of California, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East" 4782: 4316:

and other Protestant/Reform Orthodox Assyrian groups. While there are some atheist Assyrians, they tend to still associate with some denomination.

2378:, have resulted in Muslims attacking Assyrian communities. Since the start of the Iraq war, at least 46 churches and monasteries have been bombed. 11525: 2967:

were historically Assyrian cities with an Assyrian majority, this is no longer the case today. Outside of the area of core Assyrian settlement in

2477:. However, many Assyrians and the organizations that represent them, particularly those outside of Syria, are critical of the Dawronoye movement. 15921: 6921: 5597: 4385:

in Jewish communities. After a death, a gathering is held three days after burial to celebrate the ascension to heaven of the dead person, as of

2081:

The majority of Assyrians living in what is today modern Turkey were forced to flee to either Syria or Iraq after the Turkish victory during the

14851: 8704: 6871: 3521:, named after their ethnicity as the descendants of the ancient Assyrian people, is advocated by followers from within all Middle Eastern based 825:

does not directly mention it, and there is no mention in Assyrian records, which date as far back as the 25th century BC. What is known is that

14856: 11495: 10158: 9823: 9795: 7742: 14324: 8457: 6307: 3938:

marriages are not perceived as a taboo, unless the foreigner is of a different religious background, especially a Muslim. Throughout history,

3480:

Today, Assyrians and other minority ethnic groups in the Middle East, feel pressure to identify as "Arabs", "Turks" and "Kurds". In addition,

1813:

in the same year and fixed his seat in Amid. Before being imprisoned for four months and then in January 1555 put to death by the governor of

833:

c. 1365 BC and the Assyrians benefited from this development by taking control of the eastern portion of Mitanni territory and later annexing

8893: 8682: 7693: 5943: 3016:, Christians in Persia were viewed with suspicion as potential Roman subversives, resulting in persecutions while at the same time promoting 2368: 8872: 6414: 6098: 4967:") found that Assyrians were homogeneous with respect to all other ethnic groups sampled in the study, regardless of religious affiliation. 12590: 11957: 11194: 8764: 3842:

like English "Assyrian" vs. "Aramaean", but also applies to self-designation in Neo-Aramaic, the minority "Aramaean" faction endorses both

1588:—the Assyrians have endured much hardship throughout their recent history as a result of religious and ethnic persecution by these groups. 1236: 13738:

The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers

9725: 1825:, he ordained two metropolitans and three other bishops, thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the 1662:, the noted Assyrian scholar and hierarch, found "much quietness" in his diocese in Mesopotamia. Syria's diocese, he wrote, was "wasted." 13821: 3012:

Due to their Christian faith and ethnicity, the Assyrians have been persecuted since their adoption of Christianity. During the reign of

12949: 6689: 5413: 11219: 5635: 5485:

Assyrian Policy Institute's Erasing the Legacy of the Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria

5334: 4072:

between Suret dialects. Therefore, these "languages" would generally be considered to be dialects rather than separate languages. The

3946:, as both groups have practised Christianity since ancient times and have suffered through persecution under Muslim rulers. Therefore, 1829:. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the see, after many changes, in the isolated village of 11581: 8648: 7352: 17300: 16405: 15684: 14939: 14846: 11730: 8842: 8618: 6000: 4999:

Assyrians of Iran. the same haplogroup also have high prevalence among Iraqi Arabs which is "indicative of their indigenous nature".

4132: 1297:

the split, they developed distinct dialects, mainly based on the pronunciation and written symbolization of vowels. With the rise of

14841: 10357: 8923: 5913: 1301:, eastern Aramaic enjoyed a renaissance as a classical language in the 2nd to 8th centuries, and varieties of that form of Aramaic ( 657:. In northern Syria, Assyrian groups have been taking part both politically and militarily in the Kurdish-dominated but multiethnic 17310: 16777: 14836: 8339: 7159: 6021: 3805:, in which the author, Robert Rollinger, lends support to the age-old debate of the name "Syria" being derived from "Assyria" (see 2762: 13225: 10262: 9268: 9122: 6371: 5318: 3650: 599:

was triggered by genocidal events throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as religious persecution by Islamic extremists.

15117: 12449: 8393: 5173: 2995:

With its many historic churches & monasteries, Tur Abdin is considered the spiritual centre of the Syriac Orthodox Assyrians.

2531: 2457: 13438: 12549:

Hostages in the Homeland, Orphans in the Diaspora: Identity Discourses Among the Assyrian/Syriac Elites in the European Diaspora

11089: 9883: 9713:

Deniz, F. 2000, 'Maintenance and Transformation of Ethnic Identity: the Assyrian Case', The Assyrian Australian Academic Journal

9356: 15432: 15426: 11645: 9070: 8224: 8024: 6590: 5832: 2861: 14869: 12486:

Andrade, Nathanael J. (2014). "Assyrians, Syrians and the Greek Language in the late Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods".

9776: 9454: 9402: 7960: 5464:"Prior to the start of the war in Syria, it is estimated that the country was home to approximately 200,000 ethnic Assyrians" 17330: 16093: 14797: 14773: 14636: 14615: 14591: 14568: 14531: 14510: 14475: 14386: 14363: 14211: 14188: 14139: 14079: 13999: 13963: 13940: 13900: 13879: 13815: 13792: 13769: 13650: 13617: 13594: 13568: 13544: 13521: 13498: 13475: 13409: 13388: 13338: 13317: 13163: 13140: 13084: 13063: 13026: 12918: 12872: 12848: 12799: 12776: 12755: 12724: 12666: 12645: 12557: 12536: 12476: 12341: 12317: 11855: 11763: 11606: 11475: 11450: 11425: 11385: 10922: 10871: 10651: 10500: 10428: 10134: 10077: 9983: 9853: 9653: 9427:

The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 1. Library Information and Research Service. Northumberland Press, 2002. Page 491.

9330: 9099: 9008: 8370: 7646: 7619: 7517: 7426: 7297: 7123: 7004: 6837: 6768: 6729: 6512: 5297: 5287: 2703:

in Syria, occurred in the early 1930s, when they fled from northern Iraq after they were targeted and slaughtered during the

2680: 1712: 1642:

in 1258. The Mongol khans were sympathetic with Christians and did not harm them. The most prominent among them was probably

16071: 14085: 13969: 13706: 13676: 13656: 13623: 13344: 12805: 12347: 11878: 11782: 10981: 9044:

Dodge, Bayard, "The Settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabur," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, July 1940, pp. 301–320.

6735: 5237: 3484:

often makes no mention of any ethnic identity of the Christians in the region, and simply call refer to them as Christians,

2220: 1673:. Subsequently, all Assyrians, like with the rest of the ethnicities living in the former Aq Qoyunlu territories, fell into 1455:

not equal to that of a Muslim in legal and civil matters. As Christians, they were subject to payment of a special tax, the

17325: 16529: 16436: 14893: 12147:

Yepiskoposian L, Khudoyan A, Harutyunian A (2006). "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia".

9436:

Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora. Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale. Routledge, 2005. Page 228.

9182: 8257: 6642: 3747:. The question has a long history of academic controversy, but majority mainstream opinion currently strongly favours that 2758: 2390: 13110: 10533: 7056: 4772:

Kalu d'Sulaqa, feast of the Bride of the Ascension, celebrates Assyrian resistance to the invasion of Assyria by Tamerlane

461: 17320: 17315: 16431: 15914: 15767: 14764:

Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2017). "Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War".

11624: 8497: 6953: 5575: 3609:. To note, ancient Arameans were a separate ethnic group that lived concurrently with the Assyrian empire in what is now 2424: 2375: 2284: 453: 10174: 6032:

Iraqi Assyrians in London: Beyond the 'Immigrant/Refugee' Divide; Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1995

4778:

Sharra d'Mart Maryam, usually on August 15, a festival and feast celebrating St. Mary with games, food, and celebration.

2259:, and then joined up with the Iraqi-Kurdistan Front in the early 1990s. Yonadam Kanna in particular was a target of the 16782: 16698: 16421: 16386: 15444: 13366:

A Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament: With an Introduction Giving a Short History of Hebrew Lexicography

12692: 11150:"Understanding recent movements of Christians from Syria and Iraq to other countries across the Middle East and Europe" 9155: 7246:

Theodora the "Believing Queen:" A Study in Syriac Historiographical Tradition, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, p. 216, 217, 218.

7184: 5966: 5707: 5515: 5435: 4914: 1940: 623: 13918: 13275: 13245: 12999: 12974: 11555: 11160: 10846: 9704:

Kinarah: Twentieth Anniversary of Assyrian Australian Association 1989, Assyrian Australian Association, Edensor Park.

8790: 6254: 16826: 14766:

Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire

14304: 13746: 11443:

Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire

11297: 10103: 8998: 8207: 7663: 7453: 6988: 6346: 5541: 4699:

that are performed in a line, which may be straight, curved, or both. The most common form of Assyrian folk dance is

14970: 11335: 9631:

Assyrian Australian Association & Ettinger House 1997, Settlement Issues of the Assyrian Community, AAA, Sydney.

8820: 7876: 7386: 5809: 5057:

and assimilation/integration of different peoples carrying haplogroup R, while explain its frequency as a result of

3694:

considered "Syria" west of the Euphrates. Starting from the 2nd century BC onwards, ancient writers referred to the

3386:

speakers, who also originate from Iraq. Assyrians in such European countries as Sweden and Germany would usually be

3047: 1580:

Being culturally, ethnically, and linguistically distinct from their Muslim neighbors in the Middle East—the Arabs,

1574: 17305: 16914: 16899: 16495: 16483: 15826: 14820: 9580: 6520:

free Orthodox Church of Antioch or Syriac Catholic Church with 4%, and various Protestant sects with a combined 6%.

4769:

Somikka, All Saints Day, is celebrated to motivate children to fast during Lent through use of frightening costumes

4508: 4224:

form of the alphabet. Most of the letters are clearly derived from ʾEsṭrangēlā, but are simplified, flowing lines.

3193: 13865: 9559: 6974:

Parpola, Simo, National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times.

6150: 5468: 1711:

The Ottomans secured their control over Mesopotamia and Syria in the first half of the 17th century following the

17295: 16772: 16758: 16510: 16160: 15112: 14886: 11632: 7554: 7016: 6804: 4305: 3939: 3802: 3165: 3133:, many Assyrians have left the Middle East entirely for a more safe and comfortable life in the countries of the 2927:. Historic Assyrian villages, some of which are still inhabited by Assyrians in Turabdin, include the following: 2381:

In recent years, the Assyrians in northern Iraq and northeast Syria have become the target of extreme unprovoked

2317: 2313: 1059: 615: 10051: 9317:

Christian mission to Muslims: the record: Anglican and Reformed approaches in India and the Near East, 1800–1938

6072: 17290: 17285: 16376: 15907: 15507: 15492: 15474: 15450: 15355: 15180: 14748: 14688: 14659: 12615: 10700: 9913: 8418: 5398: 5138: 4640: 3085: 2640:. Those who survived fled to unaffected areas of Assyrian settlement in northern Iraq, with others settling in 2428: 1690: 1308: 682: 646: 14832:

YouTube-Video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren elaborates on the history and origin of the Assyrian people

14705: 14151:"A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present" 14110: 12910:

The Church of the East and the Church of England: A History of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Assyrian Mission

12891: 2911:. Today there are also evangelical groups that have founded their own churches in the diaspora. Historically, 902:

are the primary source of information about that battle, makes no mention of Assyrians in connection with it.

15361: 15322: 15236: 15107: 14150: 11917: 11673: 10490: 8726: 6534: 5487: 3721:

This version of the name took hold in the Hellenic lands to the west of the old Assyrian Empire, thus during

3249: 2207:

The period from the 1940s through to 1963 saw a period of respite for the Assyrians. The regime of President

1879:

in the south eastern corner of the Ottoman Empire were massacred by the Kurdish emirs of Hakkari and Bohtan.

1857: 1178: 9755: 7509:

Hidden Treasures And Intercultural Encounters: Studies On East Syriac Christianity In China And Central Asia

5761: 4741:

Assyrians celebrate a number of festivals unique to their culture and traditions as well as religious ones:

2513:

The Assyro-Chaldean Delegation's map of an independent Assyria, presented at the Paris Peace Conference 1919

2224: 16522: 15846: 15821: 15757: 15521: 14352:"The Memory of Sayfo and Its Relation to the Identity of Contemporary Assyrian/Aramean Christians in Syria" 12185:"Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians" 9674: 7256: 6121: 5420:"Erasing the Legacy of Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria". 3743:

The question of ethnic identity and self-designation is sometimes connected to the scholarly debate on the

3679: 3328: 3189: 3142: 3081: 2252: 821:, progenitor of the ancient Assyrians. However, there is no other historical basis for this assertion. The 649:

was formed and many Assyrians joined the force to defend themselves. The organization later became part of

12744:"The Ancient Near East in the Late Antique Near East: Syriac Christian Appropriation of the Biblical East" 8055: 6535:

Joel J. Elias, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East

6034: 626:, nearly 40% were indigenous Assyrians, even though Assyrians accounted for only around 3% of the pre-war 17071: 16836: 16799: 16731: 16500: 15831: 15777: 15640: 15338: 15057: 15032: 15026: 14949: 14787: 14445: 10408: 8590: 7322:"A Bestiary Tale: Text and Image of the Unicorn in the Kitāb naʿt al-hayawān (British Library, or. 2784)" 6757:

Michel, Cécile (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Old Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).

6493:

Khan, Geoffrey (2012), The Language of the Modern Assyrians: The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialect group.

5143: 4707:, which require three at most. Assyrian dances would vary from weak to strong, depending on the mood and 4328: 4313: 4309: 4282: 4270: 3992: 3138: 2778: 2577: 2201: 2188:

However, this cooperation with the British was viewed with suspicion by some leaders of the newly formed

2082: 2049: 1876: 1869: 1786: 1558: 1350: 1034:, the language was largely confined to scholars and priests working in temples in Assyria and Babylonia. 905:

Despite the influx of foreign elements, the presence of Assyrians is confirmed by the worship of the god

806: 654: 14240: 12768:

Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism

8096:

The Plight of Religious Minorities: Can Religious Pluralism Survive? – Page 51 by United States Congress

17249: 16924: 16904: 16746: 16736: 16726: 16426: 16416: 16195: 15841: 15063: 13036: 11285: 6799: 4564: 4332: 4286: 4274: 3509: 3233: 3181: 2453: 15486: 11517: 8287: 7419:

The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

6928: 6196:"The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia" 3020:

Christianity as a buffer between the Churches of Rome and Persia. Persecutions and attempts to impose

16876: 16721: 16291: 16086: 14783: 14063: 13423: 12422: 12408: 12376: 11841: 11362: 6863: 6466:

Naby, Eden (2016), The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East.

5188: 5053:

in Iranian Assyrians as well as in other Assyrian communities (~23%) as a consequence of mixing with

4920: 4738:, Assyrians are encouraged to fast for 50 days from meat and any other foods which are animal based. 4439: 4154:

Assyrians predominantly use the Syriac script, which is written from right to left. It is one of the

2749:

in the 1980s. However, there are an estimated 25,000 Assyrians in all of Turkey, with most living in

2280: 1366: 1340: 1171: 1136: 712: 479:, which are among the oldest continuously spoken and written languages in the world. Aramaic was the 14226:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" 13401:

Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I

11491: 11261: 10462: 9819: 7735: 6922:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" 4181:

used to indicate vowels. The vowel sounds are supplied either by the reader's memory or by optional

2002:

Assyrian troops led by Agha Petros (saluting) with a captured Turkish banner in the foreground, 1918

1886:

occurred between 1894 and 1897 by Turkish troops and their Kurdish allies during the rule of Sultan

17280: 16963: 16934: 16578: 15762: 15300: 15051: 14826: 14356:

Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War

13491:

Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War

12678:"Assyrians in Middle America: A Historical and Demographic Study of the Chicago Assyrian Community" 12631: 12529:

Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War

9567: 8387:"Coaliton [sic] Provisional Authority Order Number 1 – De-Ba'Athification Of Iraqi Society" 8317: 8150:

Lundgren, Svante (2020), THE FAILURE OF THE ASSYRIAN LOBBIES AT THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE IN 1919.

7214: 6711: 4481: 4473: 4346: 4278: 4266: 3772: 3288: 3237: 2821: 2802: 2469:

include teaching in three languages: Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian." Associated with the SUP is the

1961:

This led to a large-scale migration of Turkish-based Assyrian people into countries such as Syria,

1861: 1782: 1378: 1077: 658: 494: 14959: 7017:"Woods C. 2006 "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian." In S. L. Sanders (ed) 5935: 2824:

dialects, however there are some Turoyo speakers. In Iraq, Chaldean Catholics inhabit the western

1998: 1305:) are still spoken by a few small groups of Jacobite and Nestorian Christians in the Middle East. 17191: 16939: 16603: 16336: 15851: 15385: 15373: 15246: 15145: 13956:

The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery

13732: 13702: 13672: 12792:

The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery

6721: 6406: 5784:"2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016" 4320: 4258: 3699: 3371: 2527: 2470: 2289: 1763: 1720: 1639: 1523: 1398: 1274: 1198: 969: 17: 12568: 11954: 11292:. Boston: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, reprinted in 2002 by Gorgias Press. p. 24. 11186: 9322: 8756: 8707:. Syriac International News Agency. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 6094: 5046: 16894: 16753: 16623: 16598: 16468: 16220: 15606: 15218: 15020: 15014: 14922:

with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans

10457: 9831: 9722: 7257:"Theodora | Empress, Biography, Accomplishments, Justinian, & Facts | Britannica" 5996: 4878: 4663: 4601: 4537: 4443: 4413: 4370: 4356: 4294: 4290: 4262: 3686:. The Greeks used the terms "Syrian" and "Assyrian" interchangeably to indicate the indigenous 3497: 3201: 3043: 2908: 2904: 2857: 2700: 2641: 2401: 1767: 1735: 1686: 1562: 1266: 1100:

in 363, who abandoned the region after concluding a hasty peace agreement with the Sassanians.

1069: 850: 15122: 14579: 13803: 13509: 12743: 12333:

Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire

11703: 11596: 10641: 9532: 8905: 7636: 7507: 7287: 3758:

Rudolf Macuch points out that the Eastern Neo-Aramaic press initially used the term "Syrian" (

3420: 2335:

Social unrest and chaos resulted in the unprovoked persecution of Assyrians in Iraq mostly by

1327:, although full reconciliation with this Christian sect was not achieved during her lifetime. 1007: 81: 17259: 16998: 16866: 16478: 16351: 16330: 16250: 16210: 16101: 15983: 15930: 15230: 15206: 14541: 13757: 12929: 12821: 12102:"Y chromosome diversity among the Iranian religious groups: a reservoir of genetic variation" 11755:

Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals

11377: 10912: 10695: 10183: 9517: 9503: 7609: 6685: 5168: 4659:

performs its songs in the Assyrian language whilst using a western style of instrumentation.

4409: 4069: 3981: 3971: 3790: 3659: 3539:

is a term that was used for centuries by western writers and scholars as designation for the

3493: 3466: 3458: 3209: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2920: 2509: 2305: 2149: 2052:

that began on the 3rd of September 1924 and ended on the 28th of September. The Assyrians of

1865: 1302: 898: 873: 865: 607: 370: 14339: 9695:

Fairfield City Council 2003, State of the Community Report, Fairfield City Council, Wakeley.

5627: 3366:

are growing in size in Sydney after a huge influx of new arrivals in 2016, who were granted

1836: 1726:

The Aramaic-speaking Mesopotamian Christians had long been divided between followers of the

1242:

Soon afterward, Christians in the Roman Empire were divided by their attitude regarding the

17093: 16975: 16909: 16871: 16767: 16693: 16688: 16613: 16461: 16079: 15947: 15813: 15799: 15747: 15722: 15712: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15456: 15150: 13857:

Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan

13843:

Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan

12196: 12049: 11987: 11577: 11005:

Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974), The Akkadian influences on Aramaic. University of Chicago Press

9806: 7833:

De dogmatibus chaldaeorum disputatio ad Patrem ... Adam Camerae Patriarchalis Babylonis ...

7321: 7089: 5038: 5006: 4995: 4577: 4277:, with some 100,000 members. The churches that constitute the East Syriac rite include the 4109: 3996: 3947: 3605:

Churches. Furthermore, Assyrians identifying as Aramean have obtained recognition from the

3489: 3485: 3403: 3383: 3379: 2928: 2436: 1402: 1251: 1212: 1159: 1042: 627: 14981: 9053:

Rowlands, J., "The Khabur Valley," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1947, pp. 144–149.

6582: 2936: 653:

and played a key role in liberating areas previously held by the Islamic State during the

8: 17035: 16993: 16919: 16794: 16716: 16245: 16215: 16200: 16037: 15888: 15772: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15717: 15635: 15397: 15306: 15224: 15212: 15160: 15155: 14995: 14975: 14934: 13851: 13837: 11799: 11046: 9243:"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te" 9205:"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te" 7147: 5905: 5178: 5109: 5085: 5010: 4675: 4581: 4568: 4382: 4244: 4166: 3831:

or "Ashur" which, according to Rollinger (2006), "settles the problem once and for all".

3787: 3783: 3706:

explicitly as Syria and ruled the Syrians as indigenous populations residing west of the

3560: 3556: 3530: 3454: 3367: 3336: 3320: 3253: 3245: 3177: 2940: 2888: 2727: 2664: 2493:

Maunsell's map, a Pre-World War I British Ethnographical Map of the Middle East showing "

2348: 2023: 2010:

and lured by British and Russian promises of an independent nation, the Assyrians led by

1993: 1615: 1298: 1228: 1202: 1055: 1027: 1019: 861: 790: 779: 701: 409: 14485: 13642:

Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts

13514:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

12200: 12053: 11991: 8347: 6983:

E. Bilgic and S Bayram, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri II, Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1995,

6246: 4727:

and as a result celebrate Easter on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25 inclusively.

4189:

script where some, but not all, letters connect within a word. It was used to write the

2089:

and instead demanded their recognition as a nation within a nation. The Assyrian leader

571:. A majority of modern Assyrians have migrated to other regions of the world, including 17166: 17161: 17146: 17108: 17083: 17020: 16881: 16816: 16451: 16260: 16175: 15787: 15707: 15628: 15601: 15318: 14944: 14545: 14296: 14260: 14053: 14037: 14029: 13910: 13578: 13554: 13374: 13217: 13197: 12716: 12511: 12503: 12396: 12268: 12219: 12184: 12164: 12129: 12072: 12037: 12010: 11975: 11929: 11818: 11801: 10557:"Neither Arab nor Jew: Israel's Unheard Minorities Speak Up After the Nation-state Law" 10258: 10152: 9321:. The William Carey Library series on Islamic studies. William Carey Library. pp. 9315: 9276: 7611:

The fire, the star, and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early modern Iran

7344: 6453: 6151:

State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census

5436:"Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East" 5315: 5279: 5148: 5049:, were also frequent at 29.2% each. Lashgary et al. explain the presence of haplogroup 4757: 4724: 4541: 4485: 3999:, the lingua franca in the later phase of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which displaced the 3910:

People often greet and bid relatives farewell with a kiss on each cheek and by saying "

3806: 3771:

corruption of Assyria. The debate appears to have been settled by the discovery of the

3606: 3276: 3213: 3146: 2817: 2715: 2708: 2660: 2629: 2449: 2404:

groups. In 2014 Islamic terrorists of ISIL attacked Assyrian towns and villages in the

2208: 2141: 2118: 2074: 2045: 2039: 1946: 1727: 1511: 1470: 1243: 1186: 1031: 992: 885: 723:

is the homeland of the Assyrian people, located in the ancient Near East. The earliest

650: 634: 457: 434: 17008: 14415:"Report of a Visit of the Rev. H. Southgate to the Syrian Church of Mesopotamia, 1841" 12437: 7847: 7716: 4719:

Assyrian festivals tend to be closely associated with their Christian faith, of which

4308:

in the 20th century, possibly due to British influences, and are now organised in the

2932: 2644:

to the south. Though many also immigrated to neighbouring countries in and around the

1311:, who lived from April 1, 527 A.D. to June 28, 548 A.D., was a notable empress of the 622:, which began in 2011. Of the one million or more Iraqis who have fled Iraq since the 17235: 17186: 17151: 16988: 16929: 16831: 16741: 16711: 16706: 16573: 16568: 16552: 16441: 16381: 16301: 16296: 16205: 16030: 16023: 16016: 16009: 15782: 15752: 15579: 15530: 15516: 15367: 15170: 14793: 14769: 14632: 14611: 14587: 14564: 14527: 14506: 14471: 14430: 14410: 14396: 14382: 14359: 14300: 14207: 14184: 14135: 14075: 14041: 13995: 13959: 13936: 13896: 13875: 13811: 13788: 13765: 13742: 13646: 13613: 13590: 13564: 13540: 13517: 13494: 13471: 13453: 13405: 13384: 13334: 13313: 13221: 13173: 13159: 13136: 13080: 13059: 13022: 12914: 12868: 12844: 12795: 12772: 12751: 12730: 12720: 12662: 12641: 12553: 12532: 12515: 12472: 12337: 12313: 12260: 12224: 12133: 12121: 12077: 12015: 11921: 11851: 11823: 11759: 11602: 11471: 11446: 11421: 11381: 11293: 10918: 10647: 10496: 10424: 10140: 10130: 9979: 9879: 9649: 9346: 9326: 9004: 8816: 8720: 8366: 8220: 7642: 7615: 7513: 7449: 7422: 7293: 7119: 7000: 6984: 6833: 6764: 6725: 6508: 6352: 6342: 5293: 5153: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5065: 5042: 5030: 5002: 4886: 4834: 4822: 4813: 4512: 4446: 4155: 4136: 4105: 4054: 4007: 4003: 3988: 3767: 3744: 3711: 3572: 3462: 3391: 3355: 3284: 3185: 3130: 3075: 3063: 3055: 2730:, where 25,000 Assyrians live, mostly in the cities and not the ancient settlements. 2723: 2719: 2656: 2633: 2537: 2523: 2405: 2382: 2336: 2329: 2133: 2128:

were founded by the British in 1928, with ancient Assyrian military rankings such as

2098: 2094: 2027: 2007: 1970: 1954: 1936: 1743: 1374: 1370: 1239:

was independent of "Western" ecclesiastical authorities (those of the Roman Empire).

1167: 999: 980: 954: 854: 720: 552: 548: 395: 391: 177: 128: 12363:

Abramtsov, David (1960). "The Assyrians of Persia and the Russian Orthodox Church".

12272: 12101: 11933: 11652: 8524:"Christians in Iraq Forming Militia to Defend, and Possibly Retake, Ancestral Lands" 8199: 8032: 7686:

Fortescue, Adrian Henry Timothy Knottesford. "4. The Nestorian Church in the Past".

7229: 4612:, but has expanded to include guitars, pianos, violins, synthesizers (keyboards and 3431: 2585: 2255:

took up armed struggle against the Iraqi government in 1982 under the leadership of

1514:

was considered to be one of the major Christian powerhouses in the world, alongside

17078: 17013: 17003: 16677: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16588: 16563: 15727: 15312: 15165: 15137: 15043: 15006: 14866: 14288: 14165: 14021: 13419: 13209: 12941: 12580: 12495: 12388: 12252: 12214: 12204: 12156: 12113: 12067: 12057: 12005: 11995: 11913: 11813: 11370:

Beyond Globalisation: Exploring the Limits of Globalisation in the Regional Context

10416: 9670:"Fairfield's Assyrian Resource Centre has secured $ 40,000 to fund its renovations" 9446: 8462: 8256:. Committee of the 50th Anniversary of the Patriarchate of Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII. 8216: 7953: 7687: 7336: 7209: 7146:, Turkey) within the Roman Empire, where, at the request of the Roman emperor, the 7139: 7115: 6946:"The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East" 6449: 5230:"Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Syriacs" 5069: 4992: 4902: 4865: 4859: 4849: 4620: 4360: 4336: 4162: 4117: 4113: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4081: 4042: 3882: 3602: 3540: 3526: 3522: 3363: 3292: 3241: 3225: 3161: 2912: 2900: 2806: 2782: 2742: 2417: 2352: 2197: 2106: 2090: 1773:

In 1552, a group of bishops of the Church of the East from the northern regions of

1519: 1312: 1290: 1097: 1096:, into a frontier Roman province. Roman influence in the area came to an end under 965: 889: 755: 619: 517: 513: 490: 387: 152: 15665: 13926: 10875: 10073: 9857: 8959:"Kurdish Self-Administration in Syria: Release Assyrian Journalist Souleman Yusph" 6278:"Assyrer: At vi har vores eget sted, styrker min følelse af at høre til i Danmark" 5659:"Statministerns folkmordsbesked kan avgöra kommunvalet: "Underskatta inte frågan"" 3962:, and as well as in the diaspora with adjacent Armenian and Assyrian communities. 1695: 1665:

The region was later controlled by the in Iran-based Turkic confederations of the

1135:, ceased to be ethnically distinct in Sasanian times. Most of the population were 972:, dated to the 20th century BC. Most of the archaeological evidence is typical of 17176: 17141: 17025: 16944: 16855: 16593: 16446: 16358: 16346: 16270: 16265: 16255: 16190: 16165: 16150: 16137: 16125: 15989: 15655: 15480: 15270: 15264: 15127: 15102: 15082: 14873: 14626: 14605: 14556: 14521: 14489: 14465: 14434: 14414: 14400: 14374: 14351: 14199: 14178: 14127: 14067: 14009: 13989: 13951: 13930: 13890: 13869: 13855: 13841: 13780: 13736: 13721: 13691: 13640: 13605: 13582: 13558: 13532: 13486: 13465: 13427: 13399: 13378: 13364: 13328: 13305: 13301: 13271: 13241: 13193: 13177: 13151: 13130: 13074: 13051: 13040: 13016: 12908: 12862: 12858: 12836: 12825: 12787: 12766: 12656: 12635: 12547: 12524: 12466: 12426: 12412: 12331: 12305: 12209: 12117: 12062: 12000: 11961: 11938:

The relationship probability was lowest between Assyrians and other communities.

11845: 11786: 11753: 11628: 11309: 10974: 10178: 9802: 9783: 9729: 9563: 9095: 8900: 8250:"Biography of His Holiness, The Assyrian Martyr, The Late Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII" 8161: 7880: 7831: 7746: 7667: 7443: 6827: 6758: 6715: 6541: 6157: 6056: 6038: 6027: 5715: 5711: 5491: 5472: 5322: 5183: 5089: 5014: 4944: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4809: 4731: 4613: 4249: 4190: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4149: 4093: 4085: 4050: 4038: 4034: 3695: 3552: 3359: 3221: 3157: 3059: 2892: 2877: 2873: 2704: 2637: 2541: 2474: 2216: 2189: 2125: 2114: 2110: 1739: 1716: 1674: 1534: 1438: 1426: 1418: 1336: 1286: 1270: 1182: 1132: 1112: 988: 938: 914: 826: 794: 767: 751: 736: 525: 13360: 8249: 6308:"Assyrian Community in Kazakhstan Survived Dark Times, Now Focuses on Education" 6195: 5229: 4927:

demonstrated that they were "closed" with little "intermixture" with the Muslim

3812:

The object on which the inscription is found is a monument belonging to Urikki,

1953:

The most significant recent persecution against the Assyrian population was the

17156: 17131: 16411: 16341: 15876: 15535: 15462: 15438: 15326: 15097: 15092: 13095: 12160: 10420: 9828:

From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series

9820:

Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area

9481: 9178: 8869:"Rojava administration launches new curriculum in Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian" 8586:"Iraqi Assyrian Christians Form Anti-ISIS Militia, and You Can Legally Chip In" 7052: 6484:

Barr, James, WHICH LANGUAGE DID JESUS SPEAK? SOME REMARKS OF A SEMITIST, p. 29.

5312: 5050: 4956: 4873:

are organically produced and drunk. Assyrian cuisine is primarily identical to

4624: 4228: 4208:

Standard in September, 1999. The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the

4073: 4046: 3794: 3702:

or King of the Syrians. The Seleucids designated the districts of Seleucis and

3548: 3340: 3205: 3169: 3156:

By ethnic percentage, the largest Assyrian diaspora communities are located in

3051: 3021: 2825: 2746: 2325: 2267: 2260: 2102: 2015: 1887: 1883: 1841: 1597: 1585: 1581: 1538: 1320: 1282: 1278: 1220: 1073: 1063: 1047: 869: 662: 642: 14831: 13533:"The Church Across the Border: The Church of the East and its Chaldean Branch" 13132:

Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century

12507: 11621: 10523: 10099: 9170: 8489: 7340: 6945: 5567: 5516:"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Turkey" 5505:"An estimated 25,000 Syriacs live in Turkey, while Syria boasts some 877,000." 4808:

Yoma d'Sah'deh (Day of Martyrs), commemorating the thousands massacred in the

853:(14th to 10th century BC) spread Assyrian culture, people and identity across 17274: 17229: 17181: 17171: 17136: 17088: 17065: 17040: 16804: 16633: 16628: 16505: 16306: 16155: 16056: 16051: 16002: 15993: 15977: 15953: 15379: 14986: 14964: 14601: 13985: 13487:"The Targeting of Assyrians during the Christian Holocaust in Ottoman Turkey" 12734: 12327: 11339: 11030: 10171: 10144: 9599: 9176: 5058: 5022: 4948: 4933: 4882: 4874: 4636: 4062: 3762:) and only much later, with the rise of nationalism, switched to "Assyrian" ( 3481: 3445: 3424: 3415: 3411: 3134: 2924: 2810: 2757:

due to the centuries of persecution by the neighboring Muslims. Prior to the

2754: 2684: 2663:, Israel and Lebanon, among other modern countries, due to the sprawl of the 2360: 2309: 2256: 2069: 1920: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1566: 1483: 1255: 1108: 1011: 814: 611: 603: 572: 528:

as their liturgical language. The Assyrians were among the early converts to

502: 480: 414: 86: 15645: 14789:

The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950

12677: 12585: 11548:"שואת אחינו האשוריים | הדרך המהירה שבין תרבות ישראל לתרבות אשור | יעקב מעוז" 10803: 9843:

B. Furze, P. Savy, R. Brym, J. Lie, Sociology in Today's World, 2008, p. 349

9584: 9147: 7176: 6356: 5997:"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации" 5704: 5542:"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Iran" 4775:

Nusardyl, commemorating the baptism of the Assyrians of Urmia by St. Thomas.

4037:. All are classified as Neo-Aramaic languages and are usually written using 3090: 2972: 2733: 2613: 1750:", holding the highest rank in the Syriac Orthodox Church after that of the 1185:, organised the Christians within that Empire into what became known as the 937:) sprung up in the east under Parthian rule, lasting until conquests by the 95: 17055: 16821: 16618: 16326: 16321: 16311: 16145: 16044: 15965: 15403: 14453:

Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

14221: 14049: 13952:"Living Between the Fronts: The Turkish-Kurdish Conflict and the Assyrians" 13290: 13260: 12991: 12966: 12748:

Antiquity in Antiquity: Jewish and Christian Pasts in the Greco-Roman World

12264: 12228: 12125: 12081: 12019: 11925: 11547: 11418:

Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923

11149: 10835: 10529: 9834:. Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2004. p. 2/32. Retrieved on November 8, 2013. 7403:

Indianapolis, 1973, p. 204' Meri, Josef W. and Jere L. Bacharach, Editors,

5018: 4940: 4696: 4232: 4058: 4000: 3568: 3375: 3032: 3025: 3017: 2999: 2845: 2790: 2688: 2432: 2137: 1891: 1731: 1670: 1659: 1647: 1605: 1529:

From the 7th century AD onwards, Mesopotamia saw a steady influx of Arabs,

1515: 1495: 1247: 1155: 918: 822: 732: 529: 521: 498: 437: 14273: 13042:

A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament

11827: 11758:. Boston, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 545–552. 11578:"Qenshrin.com: Guide to the Christian congregations in Aleppo (in Arabic)" 10888:

Chamberlain, AF. "Notes on Some Aspects of the Folk-Psychology of Night".

7954:"Fred Aprim, "Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq"" 7661: 6020:"This figure is an estimate from the Assyrian Cultural and Advice Centre" 2581: 2073:

Assyrian refugees on a wagon moving to a newly constructed village on the

17239: 17201: 17050: 16886: 16811: 16608: 16170: 15650: 15288: 15282: 14919: 14169: 13915:"Socialization for Ingroup Identity among Assyrians in the United States" 13467:

A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam

12945: 10074:"Arab American Institute Still Deliberately Claiming Assyrians Are Arabs" 9733: 8555:"Militias of Iraqi Christians resist Islamic State amid sectarian strife" 6717:

Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation

6438:"The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac people of Iraq: an ethnic identity problem" 5801: 5227: 4971: 4960: 4952: 4745: 4652: 4628: 4301: 3904: 3715: 3703: 3655: 3470: 3435: 3407: 3013: 2798: 2649: 2394: 2097:

to recognize the right of the Assyrians to govern the area known as the "

2085:. In 1932, Assyrians refused to become part of the newly formed state of 2011: 1810: 1491: 1451: 1324: 1316: 1104: 1023: 906: 763: 693: 441: 15899: 14264: 14206:. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–536. 14180:

Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression

14132:

Syriac Encounters: Papers from the Sixth North American Syriac Symposium

11800:

Akbari M.T.; Papiha Sunder S.; Roberts D.F.; Farhud Daryoush D. (1986).

9796:

Fairfield struggles to cope after threefold increase in refugee arrivals

7715:

Baumstark, Anton, ed. (2004). "Patriarcha de Mozal in Syria orientali".

6853:"Artifacts show rivals Athens and Sparta," Yahoo News, December 5, 2006. 5361:"Assyrians: "3,000 Years of History, Yet the Internet is Our Only Home"" 4666:

was held in Lebanon in August 2008 for Assyrian people internationally.

4253:

Historical divisions within Syriac Christian Churches in the Middle East

4029:

or a similar regional variant. A wide variety of dialects exist, mainly

2593: 2324:

military, security, and intelligence infrastructure of former President

1345: 16316: 15616: 15611: 15409: 14128:"Classical Syriac and the Syriac Churches: A Twentieth-Century History" 14068:"Chaldeans and Assyrians: The Church of the East in the Ottoman Period" 14055:

The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century

14033: 12658:

The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity

12569:"Aramaic as a Lingua Franca During the Persian Empire (538-333 B.C.E.)" 12400: 12168: 10358:"Histoire critique de la creance et des coûtumes des nations du Levant" 10202: 9556: 8924:"Closure of Syrian Schools: Another Bleak Sign for Christians in Syria" 8622: 8108:

The Armenian Genocide: Wartime Radicalization Or Premeditated Continuum

7348: 6643:"Video: Iraqi troops liberate Christian town of Bartella from IS group" 5503:

Turkey-Syria deal allows Syriacs to cross border for religious holidays

5465: 4870: 4684: 4632: 4589: 4378: 3934:, meaning they generally marry within their own ethnic group, although 3838:

referred to an independent state. The controversy is not restricted to

3626: 3351: 3332: 3264: 2869: 2676: 2193: 2169: 2129: 2022:

tribe, fought alongside the Allies against Ottoman forces known as the

1927: 1908:

Unarmed Assyrian women and children were raped, tortured and murdered.

1900: 1896: 1666: 1618:

in the Middle East and Central Asia until being largely annihilated by

1601: 1386: 1323:. Additionally, Theodora worked towards alleviating the persecution of 1190: 1151: 1084:. Still, after a Parthian-inspired Assyrian rebellion, the new emperor 964:, which were written in Old Assyrian, preserve some loanwords from the 877: 798: 747: 638: 596: 541: 509: 14402:

Narrative of a Tour Through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia and Mesopotamia

12428:

Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia

12414:

Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia

11120:"The inside story of how 226 Assyrian Christians were freed from ISIS" 10937:

The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia, Garnik Asatryan, Victoria Arakelova.

9123:"Assyrians Continue to Struggle to Survive Post-U.S. Invasion of Iraq" 7027: 6794: 5037:

comprising 48 Assyrian male subjects from Iran, the Y-DNA haplogroups

4643:. Assyrian artists that traditionally sing in other languages include 4227:

Furthermore, for practical reasons, Assyrian people sometimes use the

2589: 2271:

and their lands and homes then being appropriated by Arabs and Kurds.

1610: 1433:

of the Abbasid Caliphs were often Assyrians, such as the long-serving

1208: 961: 17126: 17098: 17045: 16583: 16275: 16235: 15836: 15670: 15550: 15391: 15332: 14251:

Rollinger, Robert (2006a). "Assyrios, Syrios, Syros und Leukosyros".

13429:

Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures

13096:"Ethno-cultural and Religious Identity of Syrian Orthodox Christians" 12181: 11699: 11242: 10690: 10043: 9933: 9931: 7869: 6999:

K. R. Veenhof, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri V, Turk Tarih Kurumu, 2010,

6613:"U.S. Gov't Watchdog Urges Protection for Iraq's Assyrian Christians" 6069:"Georgia – ecoi.net – European Country of Origin Information Network" 5158: 5061:

due to small population size and endogamy due to religious barriers.

5054: 4975: 4644: 4597: 4593: 4515: 4477: 4450: 4420: 4416: 4377:

Baptism and First Communion are celebrated extensively, similar to a

4182: 4125: 3976: 3951: 3900: 3707: 3691: 3622: 3324: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3260: 3197: 3150: 2968: 2884: 2837: 2696: 2617: 2444: 2398: 2235: 1700: 1651: 1619: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1414: 1394: 1194: 1143: 1116: 1015: 984: 893: 838: 724: 580: 533: 445: 14740: 14676: 14647: 14025: 13380:

Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text

12607: 12392: 9905: 8280:"Iraq: Information on treatment of Assyrian and Chaldean Christians" 6565: 6563: 5390: 4680: 3887: 2765:

official, it was estimated that 300,000 Assyrians remained in Iraq.

1916: 1103:

The Assyrians were Christianized in the first to third centuries in

16643: 16473: 16456: 16230: 16225: 15941: 15621: 15594: 15567: 15555: 15540: 15294: 15241: 14436:

Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian (Jacobite) Church of Mesopotamia

14292: 14102: 13213: 13052:"The Atrocities against the Assyrians in 1915: A Legal Perspective" 12883: 12499: 11939: 11090:"Australia's only Assyrian school is giving refugees a fresh start" 10409:"11. Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites" 9739: 9351: 7577: 5163: 5077: 5073: 5034: 4928: 4656: 4177:. It has 22 letters representing consonants, three of which can be 4121: 3943: 3931: 3924: 3737: 3725: 3687: 3671: 3598: 3474: 2984: 2955:, Hah, Marbobo, Salah, Sare and Hapsis. In addition, the cities of 2865: 2750: 2672: 2668: 2652:

like Armenia, Syria, Georgia, southern Russia, Lebanon and Jordan.

2645: 2465: 2386: 1830: 1747: 1503: 1406: 1224: 1216: 1163: 1124: 1120: 1068:

From the 1st century BC, Assyria was the theatre of the protracted

973: 926: 881: 846: 842: 834: 633:

The Islamic State was driven out from the Assyrian villages in the

592: 14878: 14444:

Tekoğlu, Recai; Lemaire, André; İpek, İsmet; Tosun, Kazım (2000).

13330:

Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923

12256: 9928: 9148:"Ishtar: Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community" 9035:

Betts, Robert Brenton, Christians in the Arab East (Atlanta, 1978)

8843:"Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools" 6407:"ASSYRIAN CHRISTIANS, CHALDEANS AND JACOBITES | Facts and Details" 5729:"Assyrian and Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan" 5033:, making it major haplogroup among Iranian Assyrians. Yet another 4854: 3601:, is advocated by some followers from within Middle Eastern based 2667:

in the region. Though recent settlement of Christian Assyrians in

555:

and the Zab rivers, a region currently divided between modern-day

17103: 17060: 16240: 16185: 15883: 15276: 15198: 15078: 14861: 14586:. Vol. 1. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 107–109. 14505:. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 237–77, 293–294. 11373: 9943: 9747: 9177:

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (13 October 2010).

8742:

Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain

7721:. Vol. IV:1. Rome and Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz. p. 277. 7143: 6560: 6170: 5753: 5484: 5267: 5118: 5103: 4980: 4688: 4573: 4519: 4205: 4186: 3935: 3839: 3821: 3798: 3614: 3272: 3229: 3217: 2841: 2833: 2597: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2364: 2356: 2298: 2294: 2153: 1966: 1814: 1802:, of which an English translation is given in Adrian Fortescue's 1680: 1554: 1475: 1390: 1089: 1085: 1003: 950: 930: 830: 818: 810: 785: 771: 697: 468: 449: 422: 31: 14503:

Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan

12146: 10606: 10289: 7445:

Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates

5316:

estimate for the "ethnic population" associated with Neo-Aramaic

4766:, the Nineveh fast, is a three-day period of fasting and prayer. 3817: 3441: 2960: 1746:(565–649) as 17 dioceses under a "Metropolitan of the East" or " 742:

The history of Assyria begins with the formation of the city of

16983: 16638: 15959: 15856: 15660: 15589: 15562: 15545: 14815: 14741:"The Assyrian Linguistic Heritage and its Survival in Diaspora" 14523:

The lure of anti-Semitism: hatred of Jews in present-day France

12099: 11902: 10778: 9067:"Al-Monitor: Ethnic dimension of Iraqi Assyrians often ignored" 8286:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from 8063: 7448:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 162, 163. 6031: 4964: 4924: 4720: 4700: 4489: 4454: 4424: 4120:

and a smaller number of Assyrians that remain in Iran, Turkey (

3918: 3896: 3813: 3722: 3667: 3638: 3630: 3618: 3564: 3544: 3390:-speakers or Western Assyrians, and tend to be originally from 3387: 3344: 3308: 3296: 3280: 3268: 3173: 2980: 2956: 2916: 2896: 2853: 2829: 2786: 2659:-speaking Assyrians have existed in what is now Syria, Jordan, 2621: 2609: 2601: 2557: 2413: 2180: 2161: 2145: 2057: 1974: 1818: 1778: 1755: 1646:, a diplomat, astrologer, and head of the Christian affairs in 1570: 1487: 1464: 1446: 1410: 1382: 1147: 1128: 1093: 1081: 910: 666: 588: 584: 576: 560: 537: 476: 380: 13018:

The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Aramaeans

11220:"Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture" 10815: 10754: 9609:. Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). Archived from 5335:"Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture" 3583:, and in some later works also noted the same origin of local 3514:

Below are terms commonly used by Assyrians to self-identify:.

2439:. The latter two of these militias were eventually disbanded. 2164:. The Assyrian Levies played a major role in subduing the pro- 1890:. The motives for these massacres were an attempt to reassert 1875:

In the 1840s many of the Assyrians living in the mountains of

909:. References to the name survive into the 3rd century AD. The 17196: 16180: 15584: 15572: 15468: 14607:

Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide: A History

13810:. Vol. 1. New York-London: Routledge. pp. 149–150. 13610:

Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century

11802:"Genetic Differentiation among Iranian Christian Communities" 10766: 10190: 9096:"مسؤول مسيحي: عدد المسيحيين في العراق تراجع الى ثلاثمائة الف" 7983: 7981: 5688:"Diskussion zum Thema 'Aaramäische Christen' im Kapitelshaus" 5081: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4708: 4609: 4605: 4545: 4458: 4386: 4158: 4030: 3610: 3316: 3295:, pocket-sized Assyrian communities are scattered throughout 3036: 2943:, Beth Sbirino, Dayro da-Slibo, Hrabemishka, Qartmin, Arkah, 2794: 2692: 2625: 2573: 2569: 2549: 2545: 2409: 2344: 2248: 2240: 2157: 2053: 2019: 1981: 1904: 1845: 1794: 1759: 1704: 1546: 1530: 1507: 1499: 1456: 1354: 934: 922: 775: 759: 743: 728: 568: 484: 472: 418: 376: 14109:. Vol. 4. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2304–2309. 13762:

Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia

12710: 11693: 11691: 11314:

Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar

11224:

Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture

10742: 10489:

Castellino, Joshua; Cavanaugh, Kathleen A. (25 April 2013).

10100:"In Court, Saddam Criticizes Kurdish Treatment of Assyrians" 10013: 10011: 8675:"Inside the Christian Militias Defending the Nineveh Plains" 7993: 3180:, where they are the leading ethnic group in the suburbs of 3042:

More recent persecutions since the 19th century include the

2991: 2204:

to the United States where resided until his death in 1975.

1553:

From the 19th century, after the rise of nationalism in the

1369:. Assyrians contributed to Islamic civilizations during the 957:

has influenced the Aramaic that the modern Assyrians speak.

746:, perhaps as early as the 25th century BC. During the early 16391: 16368: 16111: 16105: 15971: 14706:"Los Asirio-Caldeos, Cristianos orientales arameoparlantes" 14204:

The Cambridge History of Christianity: Eastern Christianity

11840: 10672: 10277: 7898: 5068:

has been measured at 13.4%, which is commonly found in the

4799: 4735: 4648: 4549: 4523: 4493: 3959: 3955: 3634: 3331:

mainly live in the east of the country, in the province of

2976: 2849: 2605: 2340: 2321: 2165: 2086: 1962: 1882:

Another major massacre of Assyrians (and Armenians) in the

1774: 1358: 564: 556: 14745:

The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence

13418: 11777: 11775: 11397: 11035:

A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: the dialect of the Jews of Arbel

10910: 10470: 10325: 10301: 10208: 8813:"The Syriacs are taught their language for the first time" 8363:

The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence

7978: 6829:

The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach

6583:"Assyrian Christians 'Most Vulnerable Population' in Iraq" 6475:

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aramaic language.

4604:. Instruments traditionally used by Assyrians include the 2711:

and title to their established land until late the 1940s.

2247:

In response to Baathist persecution, the Assyrians of the

1273:) and those who accepted both councils, primarily today's 1154:, the Assyrians were among the first people to convert to 483:

of West Asia for centuries and was the language spoken by

14496:. Vol. 11. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. pp. 157–323. 13707:"The Bible and the Assyrians: It Kept their Memory Alive" 13606:"The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East" 11948: 11688: 10376: 10008: 8005: 7922: 7751: 5026: 4265:, which has over 1 million members around the world, the 3927:

on anyone or their belongings is seen as a grave insult.

3645: 2820:

identify as Chaldean. They are traditionally speakers of

14148: 13587:

Semitica: Serta philologica Constantino Tsereteli dicata

11918:

10.3378/1534-6617(2008)80[73:VODVAA]2.0.CO;2

10945: 10943: 10718: 10706: 10596: 10594: 10579: 10388: 10313: 9296: 9294: 8309: 5289:

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook

2448:

modernization movement has influenced Assyrian identity

30:"Syriac people" redirects here. Not to be confused with 14443: 13871:

The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion

12381:

The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London

11772: 10809: 10337: 10238: 10165: 10023: 9996: 9955: 9550: 8787:"Syriac Christians revive ancient language despite war" 8062:. Assyrian American National Federation. Archived from 7811: 7487: 5568:"Assyrian Genocide Resolution Read in Arizona Assembly" 4289:, whereas the churches of the West Syriac rite are the 3674:

subject rulers referred to their Assyrian overlords as

3559:, which accepted the profession of faith that Timothy, 3358:, whilst those in Chicago and Sydney are predominantly 3003:

A map depicting Assyrian relocation after Seyfo in 1914

14381:. London: Sheffield Academic Press. pp. 276–287. 13056:

The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies

12996:

Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage

12971:

Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage

12310:

The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies

11864: 11057: 11013: 11011: 10730: 10660: 10623: 10621: 9383: 8649:"Westerners join Iraqi Christian militia to 'crusade'" 7763: 7675:

Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage

7589: 5906:"Iraq's Forgotten Christians Face Exclusion in Greece" 4947:

populations, including, for comparison, Assyrians and

4218: 4210: 4198: 4017:

To the native speaker, the language is usually called

3473:

that the Syriac Christians are the descendants of the

2971:, there were also sizable populations in the towns of 2805:

dialects and are religiously diverse, adhering to the

1634:, the region eventually came under the control of the 1450:) in a greater Arab Islamic state. Those who resisted 968:. Those loanwords are the earliest attestation of any 933:) and perhaps semi-autonomous Assyrian vassal states ( 464:

for religious, geographic, and tribal identification.

14058:. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute. 13103:

Chronos: Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand

10940: 10591: 9291: 9017: 8411: 7934: 7886: 7799: 7787: 7775: 7379:"Assyrians Contributions To The Islamic Civilization" 7071: 6548: 4619:

Some well known Assyrian singers in modern times are

4196:

The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is the

1809:

Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern

1752:

Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East

448:. Modern Assyrians descend directly from the ancient 14325:"Российская православная миссия в Урмии (1898–1918)" 13398:

Gaunt, David; Beṯ-Şawoce, Jan; Donef, Racho (2006).

13397: 13058:. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 106–136. 12614:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 268–274. 11468:

The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies

11021:. The Israel academy of Science and Humanities 1988. 10955: 9716: 9469: 8441: 7910: 7583: 7526: 5869:. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021. 5257: 5255: 5099: 3751:

is indeed ultimately derived from the Assyrian term

3690:, Assyrians and other inhabitants of the Near East, 2580:(a large region which comprises the modern towns of 2196:

in August 1933. The events lead to the expulsion of

1293:

and was not as closely aligned with Constantinople.

758:-speaking peoples, including the Assyrians, and the 70: 62: 54: 46: 14628:

Ancient and Modern Assyrians: A Scientific Analysis

14446:"La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy" 14379:

Mesopotamia and the Bible: Comparative Explorations

14358:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 305–326. 14149:Mutlu-Numansen, Sofia; Ossewaarde, Marinus (2019). 12890:. Malden: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 599–612. 12531:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 215–232. 12312:. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 92–105. 12241: 11723:"An Ancient Empire Gets New Life — on a Food Truck" 11008: 10618: 10488: 10226: 10041: 9371: 9223: 8619:"Iraq's Christian paramilitaries split in IS fight" 8360: 8170: 8078: 6095:"Syriacs still going strong – Syriacs in Palestine" 1444:

Indigenous Assyrians became second-class citizens (

14842:A virtual Assyria: Christians from the Middle East 14747:. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet. pp. 201–220. 14125: 14100: 14062: 12788:"Minority Rights in Turkey: Quo Vadis, Assyrians?" 11069: 10914:Pre-marital Counselling In a Multicultural Society 10214: 9937: 9314: 7289:Arabic literature to the end of the Umayyad period 7204: 7202: 6886: 6496: 5383: 5273: 1762:for half a century, before settling in the nearby 14648:"The Assyrians: A Historical and Current Reality" 14519: 14134:. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 119–148. 13493:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 41–60. 13312:. Milano: Università di Bologna. pp. 75–78. 12834: 11363:"Assyrian Ethnic Identity in a Globalizing World" 11248: 10355: 9639: 9637: 8705:"The establishment of Nineveh Plain Forces – NPF" 8419:"Mullen's Plain Talk About U.S. Mistakes in Iraq" 7848:"A Chronicle Of The Carmelites In Persia (vol I)" 7474: 7472: 7279: 5891: 5496: 5252: 3860:, while the majority "Assyrian" faction endorses 3579:consider themselves to be descended from ancient 2718:, where an estimated 400,000 Assyrians live, and 1080:from 116 AD to 118 AD following the conquests of 1022:around the 8th century BC, being marginalized by 995:for religious, artistic, and scholarly purposes. 671:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 17272: 13909: 13612:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 601–620. 13158:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 359–369. 11214: 11212: 10911:Dr. Joseph Adebayo Awoyemi (14 September 2014). 10833: 9261: 9090: 9088: 8744:, Assyrian Policy Institute, p. 38 & 39 6369: 5025:. According to a 2011 study by Lashgary et al., 4805:or other holy sites in the settlement or nearby. 3891:An Assyrian child dressed in traditional clothes 3196:. There is also a sizable Assyrian community in 2456:(SUP) has become a major political actor in the 1626:After initially coming under the control of the 14200:"Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East" 14074:. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 146–164. 13932:Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur 11552:JOKOPOST | עיתון המאמרים והבלוגים המוביל בישראל 10967: 10259:"Council of Basel 1431–45 A.D. Council Fathers" 9269:"Statement on Assyrians/Syriacs in Turkey/Iraq" 8835: 7638:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 7199: 6864:"The Persian Wars by Herodotus: Book 6 – ERATO" 6275: 5228:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 4812:and the hundreds of thousands massacred in the 4588:Assyrian music is a combination of traditional 3775:in favour of Syria being derived from Assyria. 2408:of northern Iraq, together with cities such as 1131:element in the cities, still strong during the 14557:"The Syriac Church Denominations: An Overview" 14520:Wieviorka, Michel; Bataille, Philippe (2007). 13801: 13787:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 78–88. 13539:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 41–55. 13537:Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East 13072: 12837:"Writing Syriac: Manuscripts and Inscriptions" 11465: 11368:. In Mácha, Přemysl; Kopeček, Vincenc (eds.). 9634: 9061: 9059: 8138:The Political Dictionary of Modern Middle East 7829: 7469: 7138:Seleucia-Ctesiphon is not to be confused with 6710: 6569: 5428: 4592:and western contemporary music genres, namely 4349:following the East Syriac Rite, also known as 3710:in contrast to Assyrians who had their native 2239:Celebration at a Syriac Orthodox monastery in 1681:From Iranian Safavid to confirmed Ottoman rule 1510:where they established numerous churches. The 1490:, the Assyrians were forced into preaching in 1235:Another council held in 424 declared that the 1123:in the far south and the western deserts, and 16087: 15915: 14894: 14677:"The Aramaic Language and Its Classification" 14014:Iraq: British Institute for the Study of Iraq 12998:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 93. 12973:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 45. 12525:"Assyrian Genocide from a Gender Perspective" 11316:. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. . 11209: 9976:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 9777:The facts about Syrian refugees and Fairfield 9085: 6221:"2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Assyrian" 5041:, found in its greatest concentration in the 4974:of Iraq, researchers identified Y chromosome 4786:Assyrians celebrating Mesopotamian New Year ( 4273:, with an estimated 400,000 members, and the 4135:exist in the Neo-Aramaic languages, with the 3940:relations between the Assyrians and Armenians 3339:, small groups of Assyrians mostly reside in 2883:The Western subgroup, historically inhabited 2452:. The largest proponent of the movement, the 1817:at the instigation of the rival Patriarch of 1201:, each of which was under the authority of a 637:Valley and the areas surrounding the city of 547:The ancestral indigenous lands that form the 14918:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the 14763: 14584:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 14372: 14197: 12750:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 394–415. 12608:"Assyria and the West: Syria and the Levant" 11415: 10904: 10639: 10612: 10295: 9487: 9312: 8458:"Exodus of Christians hits Baghdad district" 7421:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. 7096:6.7 p. 303, Penguin Classics, Translated by 5885: 4970:In a 2011 study focusing on the genetics of 4919:Late-20th-century DNA analysis conducted by 3987:The Neo-Aramaic languages, which are in the 3911: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3397: 2777:The Eastern subgroup historically inhabited 2714:Sizable Assyrian populations only remain in 2148:. The Parachute Company was attached to the 1911: 1591: 1197:was also used. Dioceses were organised into 13764:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. pp. 30–33. 13516:. London-New York: Routledge. p. 517. 13094:Donabed, Sargon G.; Mako, Shamiran (2009). 13093: 13073:Donabed, Sargon G.; Donabed, Ninos (2006). 12630: 12140: 11896: 11850:. Princeton University Press. p. 243. 11697: 11594: 11440: 10476: 10307: 10283: 9967: 9573: 9056: 8917: 8915: 8894:Syriacs establish military council in Syria 8517: 8515: 8200:"Contested nations: Iraq and the Assyrians" 7928: 7628: 7292:. Cambridge University Press. p. 501. 6507:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206. 6247:"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel" 4300:A small minority of Assyrians accepted the 4133:loanwords from the aforementioned languages 860:The Assyrian people, after the fall of the 100:World distribution of the Assyrian diaspora 16094: 16080: 15922: 15908: 14901: 14887: 14271: 14250: 14183:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 14107:The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization 12675: 12421: 12407: 12306:"The Term Seyfo in Historical Perspective" 11844:; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). 11672:. syrianorthodoxchurch.org. Archived from 11184: 10821: 10760: 10748: 10413:Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies 10356:Simon (oratorien), Richard (3 July 1684). 10331: 10157:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9745: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8871:. ARA News. 7 October 2016. Archived from 8789:. ARA News. 19 August 2016. Archived from 8748: 8242: 7738:Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana 7544:According to Georges Roux and Simo Parpola 6505:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C 5903: 5897: 5802:"Lebanon | Assyrian Policy Institute" 4816:. It is commemorated annually on August 7. 3903:. There are also secular holidays such as 2140:, eleven Assyrian companies saw action in 2117:, established numerous villages along the 1166:despite becoming, from the 8th century, a 94: 80: 16402:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 15929: 14484: 14429: 14409: 14395: 13892:The Assyrians: From Nineveh to Södertälje 13755: 13577: 13553: 13373: 13333:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13135:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 12637:The Church of the East: A Concise History 12584: 12471:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12375: 12362: 12218: 12208: 12071: 12061: 12009: 11999: 11817: 11751: 11063: 10772: 10461: 10394: 10382: 10319: 10196: 10044:"Iraqi Assyrians: Barometer of Pluralism" 10017: 9140: 8616: 8166:. Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 7757: 7714: 7607: 7319: 7109: 6832:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6704: 6531:For Assyrians as a Christian people, see 6341:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 6276:Fenger-Grøndahl, Af Malene (1 May 2017). 4877:, as well as being very similar to other 4761: 4749: 4100:. Historically many Assyrians also spoke 1758:until 1089, when he moved to the city of 1650:. He spent some time in Persia under the 1205:. Six such areas were instituted in 410. 1037: 864:in 609 BC, were under the control of the 16226:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 13888: 13864: 13583:"The Modern Assyrians - Name and Nation" 13436: 13014: 12989: 12964: 12934:The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 12794:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 99–120. 12771:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 12468:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World 12442:The Assyrian Australian Academic Journal 12435: 12095: 12093: 12091: 11847:The History and Geography of Human Genes 11662: 11019:The Aramaic Dialect of the Jews of Zakho 10999: 10600: 10244: 10002: 9978:. Oxford University Press. p. 119. 9643: 8912: 8512: 8365:. Uppsala University. pp. 288–289. 8017: 7999: 6223:. Statistics New Zealand. Archived from 4853: 4781: 4679: 4572: 4248: 3975: 3886: 3649: 3440: 3430: 3419: 3259:Small Assyrian communities are found in 3089: 2998: 2990: 2763:Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council 2732: 2508: 2488: 2288: 2234: 2174: 2068: 1997: 1926: 1915: 1835: 1694: 1609: 1469: 1344: 1207: 1119:was a mixed one, composed of Assyrians, 1041: 784: 770:(2335–2154 BC). The cities of Assur and 705: 687: 489: 14827:BetNahrain – Assyrian Center in Armenia 14703: 14674: 14563:. London: Routledge. pp. 119–133. 14554: 14470:. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library. 14220: 14008: 13958:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 63–71. 13850: 13836: 13778: 13149: 13128: 12927: 12906: 12843:. London: Routledge. pp. 243–265. 12830:. London-New York: Ward, Lock & Co. 12820: 12785: 12485: 12464: 12303: 12175: 11708:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IX, Fasc. 6 11470:. Transaction Publishers. p. 268. 11403: 11142: 11087: 10949: 10678: 10666: 10406: 10343: 10256: 10029: 9961: 9949: 9812: 9300: 9120: 8996: 8946: 8845:. The Syrian Observer. 3 October 2016. 8552: 8272: 8197: 8105: 7904: 7817: 7505: 7483:. Oxford University Press. p. 219. 7441: 7285: 6916: 6914: 6502: 6339:In the world of Sumer: an autobiography 6122:"Learning the language of Jesus Christ" 5656: 5285: 5174:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq 4828: 3658:and Mesopotamia in the 1st century AD, 2532:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq 2458:Democratic Federation of Northern Syria 1931:The burning of bodies of Assyrian women 1441:were of Assyrian Christian background. 14: 17273: 14738: 14645: 14600: 14540: 14500: 14405:. Vol. 2. London: Tilt and Bogue. 14048: 13984: 13935:. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. 13925: 13808:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 13731: 13701: 13671: 13603: 13530: 13507: 13463: 13326: 13035: 12764: 12741: 12654: 12431:. Vol. 2. London: John W. Parker. 12417:. Vol. 1. London: John W. Parker. 12326: 12031: 12029: 11720: 11598:Monks and Monasteries of the Near East 10987:from the original on 21 September 2018 10784: 10712: 10627: 10554: 10232: 10209:Gesenius & Prideaux-Tregelles 1859 9389: 8583: 8521: 8470:from the original on 24 September 2015 8260:from the original on 27 September 2011 8176:Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281 8159: 8084: 7987: 7916: 7892: 7805: 7793: 7781: 7769: 7732:Chaldaeorum ecclesiae Musal Patriarcha 7641:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 255. 7595: 7532: 7493: 7416: 7077: 7059:from the original on 29 September 2018 7019:Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture 6908:, Chicago University Press, 1959, p.39 6825: 6756: 6554: 6435: 6336: 6213: 5703:70,000 Syriac Christians according to 5681: 5261: 3766:). According to Tsereteli, however, a 3646:Assyrian vs. Syrian naming controversy 2741:In Tur Abdin, a traditional centre of 2707:. The Assyrians in Syria did not have 1987: 1474:Assyrian Church of Our Virgin Lady in 1072:. Much of the region would become the 880:soldiers for the Persian Empire under 849:territories. The rise and rule of the 27:Ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia 16961: 16853: 16675: 16550: 16123: 16075: 15903: 14882: 14782: 14691:from the original on 5 September 2022 14662:from the original on 27 February 2022 14631:. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation. 14610:. New York: Oxford University Press. 14463: 14176: 13949: 13638: 13589:. Torino: Zamorani. pp. 99–114. 13359: 13310:Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena 13049: 12881: 12857: 12835:Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise (2019). 12711:BetGivargis-McDaniel, Maegan (2007). 12698:from the original on 27 February 2008 12640:. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. 12522: 12088: 12035: 11973: 11360: 11100:from the original on 20 December 2019 11075: 11054:. Cambridge University Press, London. 10364:from the original on 17 November 2020 10265:from the original on 17 November 2020 10257:Fathers, Council (14 December 1431). 10220: 10124: 9973: 9886:from the original on 10 November 2001 9646:The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Swedenq 9519:A Short World History of Christianity 9475: 9377: 9359:from the original on 28 November 2020 9185:from the original on 21 December 2019 9158:from the original on 21 December 2019 9023: 8754: 8739: 8320:from the original on 3 September 2016 8230:from the original on 19 February 2018 8047: 8011: 7940: 7836:ex typographia Bartholomaei Zannetti. 7685: 7634: 7478: 7358:from the original on 24 November 2020 7286:Beeston, Alfred Felix Landon (1983). 7166:(New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005). 7009: 6692:from the original on 17 November 2020 6653:from the original on 16 February 2022 6487: 6119: 5964: 5843:from the original on 14 December 2022 5697: 5548:from the original on 18 December 2019 3469:claimed during their travels through 3031:During the eras of Mongol rule under 2768: 2753:. Most Assyrians currently reside in 2033: 949:Modern Assyrian derives from ancient 941:in the region in the 3rd century AD. 17255: 17197:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 14681:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 14652:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 14624: 14577: 14494:Dictionnaire de théologie catholique 14349: 14322: 14310:from the original on 10 October 2017 14233:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 14101:Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2011) . 14088:from the original on 15 January 2023 13972:from the original on 15 January 2023 13824:from the original on 15 January 2023 13714:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13684:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13659:from the original on 15 January 2023 13626:from the original on 15 January 2023 13484: 13446:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13347:from the original on 15 January 2023 13300: 13283:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13270: 13253:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13240: 13228:from the original on 5 February 2021 13192: 13172: 13156:Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context 13116:from the original on 27 January 2021 12808:from the original on 15 January 2023 12685:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 12605: 12545: 12350:from the original on 15 January 2023 11943:intermixture with other populations. 11595:Leroy, Jules; Collin, Peter (2004). 11290:An album of dated Syriac manuscripts 11230:from the original on 11 January 2020 11166:from the original on 10 October 2017 10852:from the original on 10 October 2017 10736: 10724: 10585: 10567:from the original on 18 October 2019 10536:from the original on 19 October 2019 10106:from the original on 14 October 2007 10080:from the original on 26 January 2021 9758:from the original on 17 October 2013 9457:from the original on 20 January 2023 9339: 9229: 9102:from the original on 8 February 2020 8934:from the original on 29 October 2019 8921: 8651:. World Bulletin. 18 February 2015. 8617:Henderson, Peter (30 October 2014). 8500:from the original on 16 January 2008 8490:"Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004" 7740:(Rome 1725), vol. 3, part 1, p. 661) 7565:from the original on 10 October 2017 7187:from the original on 7 December 2018 7094:A shameful peace concluded by Jovian 6911: 6892: 6593:from the original on 8 December 2012 6386:from the original on 10 October 2017 6288:from the original on 16 October 2021 6257:from the original on 22 January 2019 6101:from the original on 7 November 2022 5946:from the original on 16 October 2021 5830: 5812:from the original on 16 October 2021 5764:from the original on 17 October 2013 5446:from the original on 15 January 2020 5371:from the original on 20 January 2017 5341:from the original on 11 January 2020 3912: 3865: 3856: 3847: 2915:was centred in two monasteries near 2759:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2048:was an uprising by the Assyrians in 884:, playing a significant role in the 122:Regions with significant populations 17245: 14908: 14274:"The Terms Assyria and Syria Again" 14126:Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2015). 13991:The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours 13860:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. 13846:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. 12930:"The Church of the East since 1914" 12566: 12552:. Leiden: Leiden University Press. 12026: 11745: 11601:. Gorgias Press. pp. 166–167. 11187:"The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin" 10975:"Akkadian Words in Modern Assyrian" 10961: 10456:"Syriac Universal Alliance". 2003. 9121:McBride, Julian (4 February 2023). 8969:from the original on 14 August 2020 8819:. 24 September 2016. Archived from 8757:"The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin" 8565:from the original on 10 August 2020 8429:from the original on 8 January 2009 8135: 7736:Giuseppe Simone Assemani (editor), 6417:from the original on 4 October 2022 6379:. The University of Chicago Press. 5873:from the original on 3 January 2023 4881:and Caucasian cuisines, as well as 3503: 3350:To note, the Assyrians residing in 2423:In response to the Islamic State's 2376:Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy 2285:2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul 1842:massacre of Armenians and Assyrians 874:Neo-Babylonian or "Chaldean" Empire 24: 14751:from the original on 25 April 2022 14726:from the original on 23 April 2021 14547:The Assyrians and Their Neighbours 14113:from the original on 26 March 2023 14012:(1983). "Assyrians and Arameans". 13783:. In Casiday, Augustine M. (ed.). 13079:. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. 13076:Assyrians of Eastern Massachusetts 13002:from the original on 1 August 2021 12977:from the original on 17 April 2022 12618:from the original on 17 April 2022 12593:from the original on 26 March 2021 12452:from the original on 30 April 2015 12290:Am J Hum Genet 2004, 74:1023–1034. 11806:American Journal of Human Genetics 11584:from the original on 1 March 2011. 11498:from the original on 1 August 2019 10492:Minority Rights in the Middle East 10437:from the original on 23 April 2021 9786:by SSI News Blog, 23 February 2017 9505:This History of the Medieval World 9347:"Who are the Chaldean Christians?" 8655:from the original on 14 April 2019 8584:Nelson, Steven (6 February 2015). 7966:from the original on 7 August 2017 7696:from the original on 21 April 2023 7584:Gaunt, Beṯ-Şawoce & Donef 2006 7376: 7267:from the original on 15 April 2023 7103: 6956:from the original on 18 April 2023 6874:from the original on 13 April 2018 6807:from the original on 16 April 2021 6763:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 6738:from the original on 18 April 2023 6454:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x 6318:from the original on 30 March 2021 5967:"Die christlichen Assyrer zu Wien" 5916:from the original on 30 March 2019 5522:from the original on 25 April 2020 5401:from the original on 23 April 2023 5005:has been measured at 15.09% among 4915:Genetic history of the Middle East 4269:, with about 600,000 members, the 4068:There is a considerable amount of 2263:Ba'ath government for many years. 1941:Assyrian struggle for independence 1719:. Non-Muslims were organised into 1707:plain village of Geogtapa, c. 1831 1614:A map of the Aramaic language and 782:, in the 21st or 20th century BC. 87:Ethnic flag used by most Assyrians 25: 17342: 14808: 14768:. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–32. 14373:Schniedewind, William M. (2002). 13781:"The Assyrian Church of the East" 13404:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 13369:. London: Williams & Norgate. 13021:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 12952:from the original on 7 March 2021 12894:from the original on 8 April 2022 12036:Dogan, Serkan (3 November 2017). 11974:Dogan, Serkan (3 November 2017). 11558:from the original on 22 July 2019 11518:"Crypto-Assyrians: Who are they?" 11492:"Muslim Assyrians? Who are they?" 11197:from the original on 10 July 2019 10555:Aderet, Ofer (9 September 2018). 10042:Jonathan Eric Lewis (June 2003). 9916:from the original on 29 July 2019 9522:by Robert Bruce Mullin, pp. 82–85 9069:. 10 October 2014. Archived from 8922:Safi, Marlo (25 September 2018). 8767:from the original on 10 July 2019 8629:from the original on 4 March 2016 8598:from the original on 24 July 2022 8534:from the original on 1 April 2015 7092:The Later Roman Empire (354–378) 6132:from the original on 23 July 2019 5977:from the original on 24 June 2019 5936:"Assyrische Bevölkerung weltweit" 5904:Tzilivakis, Kathy (10 May 2003). 5638:from the original on 4 March 2020 5608:from the original on 23 July 2020 5578:from the original on 7 March 2020 4165:and shares similarities with the 3954:is quite common, most notably in 3500:, a label rejected by Assyrians. 3327:has a small number of Assyrians. 2905:Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch 2425:invasion of the Assyrian homeland 2363:, a neighborhood in southwestern 2152:and were involved in fighting in 2064: 1269:, also known as Jacobites, after 1193:of the East. Later, the title of 727:sites in Assyria belonged to the 508:Assyrians are almost exclusively 17301:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 17254: 17244: 17234: 17225: 17224: 16530:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 16104: 15882: 15870: 15827:Assyrian Democratic Organisation 14980: 14969: 14958: 14852:Assyrian Iraqi Document Projects 14814: 14375:"The Rise of the Aramean States" 13608:. In Leustean, Lucian N. (ed.). 12279: 12235: 11967: 11834: 11793: 11714: 11638: 11615: 11588: 11570: 11540: 11528:from the original on 3 July 2019 11510: 11484: 11466:G. Hovannisian, Richard (2011). 11459: 11434: 11409: 11354: 11328: 11319: 11303: 11279: 11254: 11178: 11112: 11081: 11040: 11024: 10931: 10895: 10882: 10864: 10827: 10790: 10684: 10640:Nigel Wilson (31 October 2013). 10633: 10548: 10516: 10482: 10449: 10400: 10349: 10250: 10118: 10092: 10066: 10054:from the original on 4 July 2008 10035: 9898: 9872: 9846: 9837: 9789: 9770: 9707: 9698: 9689: 9662: 9644:Lundgren, Svante (15 May 2019). 9625: 9525: 9511: 9497: 9439: 9430: 9421: 9409:from the original on 11 May 2023 9395: 9306: 9235: 9197: 9114: 9047: 9038: 9029: 9003:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 8990: 8981: 8887: 8861: 8849:from the original on 14 May 2021 8805: 8779: 8733: 8697: 8667: 8641: 8610: 8577: 8546: 8522:Burger, John (4 December 2014). 8482: 8450: 8379: 8361:Certrez; Donabed; Makko (2012). 8354: 8332: 8302: 8221:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2000.00363.x 8191: 8179: 8153: 8144: 8129: 8120: 8114: 8099: 8090: 8053: 7946: 7862: 7840: 7823: 7725: 7708: 7679: 7671:"Maphrian Catholicos [Syr. Orth. 7655: 7635:Parry, Kenneth (15 April 2008). 7601: 7547: 7407:Vol.1, A-K, Index, 2006, p. 304. 6404: 6001:Federal State Statistics Service 5466:Syria: Assyrian Policy Institute 5102: 5009:. The haplogroup is frequent in 4530: 4509:Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows 4501: 4466: 4432: 4402: 4065:, are spoken by Assyrian Jews. 3682:corruption of the original term 3216:, Assyrians are mostly found in 2200:the Catholicos Patriarch of the 2105:period, some Assyrians, fleeing 1330: 1170:in their homeland following the 471:, specifically dialects such as 17311:Indigenous peoples of West Asia 17009:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 16432:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 16422:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 16161:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 14281:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13802:Laing-Marshall, Andrea (2005). 13756:Kalpakian, Jack Vahram (2011). 13437:Gewargis, Odisho Malko (2002). 13202:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13015:Courtois, Sebastien de (2004). 12488:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11721:Mandel, Pam (5 December 2017). 11633:United States Naval Observatory 11420:. Berghahn Books. p. 109. 11338:. Adherents.com. Archived from 10836:"The Assyrian Academic Society" 9906:"CHALDEAN FLAG ... from A to Z" 9880:"Syriac-Aramaic People (Syria)" 9607:"American FactFinder – Results" 9403:"FACTBOX: Christians in Turkey" 8553:Jeffrey, Paul (29 April 2016). 8160:Wigram, William Ainger (1920). 7538: 7499: 7435: 7410: 7393: 7370: 7313: 7249: 7240: 7222: 7169: 7153: 7132: 7083: 7045: 6993: 6977: 6968: 6938: 6898: 6856: 6847: 6819: 6787: 6778: 6750: 6678: 6665: 6635: 6605: 6575: 6525: 6478: 6469: 6460: 6429: 6398: 6363: 6330: 6300: 6269: 6239: 6188: 6163: 6144: 6120:Shams, Alex (2 November 2015). 6113: 6087: 6061: 6043: 6014: 5989: 5958: 5928: 5855: 5831:Miri, Adhid (27 January 2021). 5824: 5794: 5776: 5746: 5721: 5694:(archived link, 8 October 2011) 5669:from the original on 9 May 2018 5650: 5620: 5590: 5560: 5534: 5508: 5477: 5458: 5292:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 5240:from the original on 3 May 2019 5202: 5029:has been measured at 40% among 3803:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 3666:As early as the 8th century BC 2987:as well as some other villages. 2797:, and parts of the Nineveh and 2699:and a few other small towns in 2484: 2318:Coalition Provisional Authority 2274: 2101:" in northern Iraq. During the 1742:. The latter were organised by 1060:History of Eastern Christianity 641:in Syria by 2015, and from the 16292:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 15493:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 15356:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 14158:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 14072:The Christian Heritage of Iraq 13874:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. 13677:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms?" 12867:. London-New York: Routledge. 12634:; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). 12465:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). 11266:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 10890:American Journal of Psychology 10643:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 9856:. Crwflags.com. Archived from 9508:by Susan Wise Bauer, pg. 85–87 9313:Vander Werff, Lyle L. (1977). 8681:. 7 March 2015. Archived from 8447:Henderson & Tucker, p. 19. 8123:Not Even My Name: A True Story 6436:Hanish, Shak (22 March 2008). 5965:Özkan, Duygu (31 March 2012). 5353: 5327: 5306: 5221: 5139:Assyrian independence movement 4987: 4794:, April 1st 2019) in Nohadra ( 4373:following the West Syriac Rite 4128:) and Armenia still do today. 4041:, a derivative of the ancient 3086:Assyrian population by country 3048:massacres of Diyarbakır (1895) 3024:continued during the reign of 3007: 2429:Nineveh Plain Protection Units 2293:Assyrian Genocide Memorial in 2168:Iraqi forces at the battle of 1691:Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895) 1486:was punishable by death under 1437:dynasty. Many scholars of the 1018:, began to decline during the 683:History of the Assyrian people 647:Nineveh Plain Protection Units 645:in Iraq by 2017. In 2014, the 13: 1: 16551: 15237:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 14847:Traditional Assyrian Costumes 14550:. London: G. Bell & Sons. 13994:. New York: Delacorte Press. 13246:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms" 13198:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms" 12573:Journal of Universal Language 11752:Edelstein, Sari, ed. (2011). 11445:. Berghahn Books. p. 2. 11416:N. Shirinian, George (2017). 11336:"Assyrian Church of the East" 10798:Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk 10701:s:History of Herodotus/Book 7 9648:. Nineveh Press. p. 14. 9179:"Iran: Last of the Assyrians" 8997:Sherman (13 September 2013). 7874:, Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2000 p. 80 7858:– via Internet Archive. 7481:Legal Traditions of the World 7405:Medieval Islamic Civilization 7401:Philosophy in the Middle Ages 6906:History of the Persian Empire 6442:Digest of Middle East Studies 5892:Wieviorka & Bataille 2007 5598:"Arizona HCR2006 – TrackBill" 5215: 4395: 4161:directly descending from the 3965: 2728:Assyrian population in Turkey 1713:Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39) 1179:Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 983:was preserved by the ancient 979:From 1700 BC and onward, the 532:, along with Jews, Arameans, 17331:Oriental Orthodoxy in Turkey 16788:in ISIL-controlled territory 16676: 15847:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) 15822:Assyrian Democratic Movement 14837:A virtual Assyria: Cyberland 14555:Winkler, Dietmar W. (2019). 14425:: 163–174, 246–251, 276–280. 13895:. Södertälje: Tigris Press. 13785:The Orthodox Christian World 13604:Hunter, Erica C. D. (2014). 13327:Frazee, Charles A. (2006) . 12210:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252 12118:10.3109/03014460.2010.535562 12063:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408 12001:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408 11646:"AUA Release March 26, 2006" 10525:אנחנו לא ערבים - אנחנו ארמים 9974:Cross, Frank Leslie (2005). 9748:"Brief History of Assyrians" 9533:"Nestorian (Christian sect)" 9417:– via www.reuters.com. 9249:(in Turkish). 6 October 2023 9211:(in Turkish). 6 October 2023 8740:Hanna, Reine (1 June 2020), 8591:U.S. News & World Report 8106:Hovannisian, Richard (ed.). 6337:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). 6171:"Brief History of Assyrians" 5863:"Canada Census Profile 2021" 5833:"Chaldeans in Europe Part V" 5754:"Brief History of Assyrians" 4714: 4257:Assyrians belong to various 4219: 4211: 4199: 4004:Assyrian dialect of Akkadian 3461:. Although at the same time 3329:Assyrians in the Netherlands 3082:List of Assyrian settlements 2253:Assyrian Democratic Movement 1848:, Ottoman Empire, April 1909 1262:, king), meaning royalists. 876:in 539 BC. Assyrians became 872:, which consumed the entire 512:, with most adhering to the 71: 63: 55: 47: 7: 17326:Oriental Orthodoxy in Syria 16962: 16854: 16699:Council of Representatives 16437:Weapons of mass destruction 16124: 15832:Assyrian Universal Alliance 15058:Assyrian Church of the East 15033:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 15027:Assyrian Evangelical Church 14950:Terms for Syriac Christians 14792:. Oxford University Press. 14272:Rollinger, Robert (2006b). 13779:Kitchen, Robert A. (2012). 13563:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. 13150:Donabed, Sargon G. (2017). 13129:Donabed, Sargon G. (2015). 12990:Coakley, James F. (2011b). 12965:Coakley, James F. (2011a). 12913:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 12661:. London-New York: Tauris. 12436:Al-Jeloo, Nicholas (1999). 11670:"Three Day Fast of Nineveh" 11554:(in Hebrew). 18 July 2019. 11441:O. Barthoma, Soner (2017). 8755:Drott, Carl (25 May 2015). 7689:The Lesser Eastern Churches 5867:Census Profile, 2021 Census 5657:Nyheter, SVT (9 May 2018). 5286:Simmons, Mary Kate (1998). 5144:Assyrian Universal Alliance 5095: 4908: 4655:. Assyrian-Australian band 4329:Assyrian Church of the East 4314:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 4310:Assyrian Evangelical Church 4283:Assyrian Church of the East 4271:Assyrian Church of the East 4238: 3993:Afroasiatic language family 3563:of the Aramaic speakers in 3354:and Russia tend to be from 3069: 2939:, Miden, Arnas, Beth Debe, 2517: 2202:Assyrian Church of the East 2144:and another four served in 2083:Turkish War of Independence 1870:Assyrian Church of the East 1730:, commonly referred to as " 1381:to Syriac and afterward to 944: 807:Assyrian Church of the East 444:, a geographical region in 10: 17347: 17321:Oriental Orthodoxy in Iraq 17316:Oriental Orthodoxy in Iran 16427:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 15842:Syriac Union Party (Syria) 15064:Ancient Church of the East 14501:Travis, Hannibal (2010) . 14198:O'Mahony, Anthony (2006). 14064:Murre van den Berg, Heleen 13917:(Abstract). Archived from 13720:(1): 70–76. Archived from 13690:(2): 37–43. Archived from 13452:(1): 77–95. Archived from 13424:Prideaux-Tregelles, Samuel 13289:(1): 69–70. Archived from 13259:(2): 30–36. Archived from 12928:Coakley, James F. (1996). 12907:Coakley, James F. (1992). 12655:Baumer, Christoph (2006). 12336:. Amherst: Cambria Press. 12296: 12161:10.1163/157338406780345899 11842:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca 11727:Jewish in Seattle Magazine 11185:Carl Drott (25 May 2015). 10917:. Lulu.com. pp. 75–. 10646:. Routledge. p. 652. 10421:10.31826/9781463238933-014 7479:Glenn, H. Patrick (2007). 7164:Ahmad's War, Ahmad's Peace 6800:World History Encyclopedia 6722:Oxford University Press US 4912: 4875:Iraqi/Mesopotamian cuisine 4847: 4843: 4832: 4673: 4616:), and other instruments. 4565:Assyrian/Syriac folk music 4562: 4333:Ancient Church of the East 4287:Ancient Church of the East 4275:Ancient Church of the East 4242: 4147: 3995:, ultimately descend from 3969: 3880: 3876: 3793:, uncovered from Çineköy, 3728:rule from 323 BC the name 3597:, named after the ancient 3510:Names of Syriac Christians 3507: 3401: 3079: 3073: 2726:, and a small but growing 2521: 2278: 2037: 1991: 1934: 1754:. The Maphrian resided at 1684: 1595: 1334: 1053: 809:, they are descended from 691: 680: 676: 29: 17220: 17119: 16974: 16970: 16957: 16862: 16849: 16684: 16671: 16559: 16546: 16367: 16284: 16136: 16132: 16119: 15937: 15865: 15812: 15683: 15515: 15506: 15419: 15348: 15255: 15196: 15179: 15136: 15077: 15042: 15005: 14994: 14956: 14927: 14916: 14239:(2): 5–22. Archived from 14177:Nisan, Mordechai (2002). 13889:Lundgren, Svante (2016). 12304:Abdalla, Michael (2017). 10512:– via Google Books. 10372:– via Google Books. 8963:Assyrian Policy Institute 8725:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7651:– via Google Books. 7608:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006). 7506:Winkler, Dietmar (2009). 7442:Bennett, Clinton (2005). 7341:10.1163/22118993-90000037 7110:Etheredge, Laura (2011). 6826:Düring, Bleda S. (2020). 6370:A. Leo Oppenheim (1964). 5422:Assyrian Policy Institute 5189:World Council of Arameans 4440:Mar Assia al-Hakim Church 4193:from the 1st century AD. 4143: 3398:Identity and subdivisions 3378:intake. The Assyrians in 3094:Assyrian world population 2864:, they live scattered in 2355:aimed at Assyrians & 2281:Assyrian exodus from Iraq 1912:World War I and aftermath 1800:De Dogmatibus Chaldaeorum 1592:Mongolian and Turkic rule 1367:Muslim conquest of Persia 1341:Muslim conquest of Persia 1215:(Dayro d-Mor Mattai) in, 1172:Muslim conquest of Persia 1142:Along with the Arameans, 805:In the traditions of the 713:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 407: 402: 369: 364: 356: 348: 340: 332: 324: 316: 308: 300: 292: 284: 276: 268: 260: 252: 244: 236: 228: 220: 212: 204: 196: 188: 175: 167: 159: 147: 139: 126: 121: 110: 105: 93: 79: 16778:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 16689:Administrative divisions 15362:Muslim conquest of Syria 15052:Chaldean Catholic Church 14625:Yana, George V. (2008). 14578:Wolk, Daniel P. (2008). 14338:: 73–112. Archived from 14103:"Syriac Orthodox Church" 13531:Healey, John F. (2010). 13470:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. 13383:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. 13178:"Assyriens ou Araméens?" 12882:Butts, Aaron M. (2017). 12786:Beitrag, Onders (2012). 12765:Becker, Adam H. (2015). 12742:Becker, Adam H. (2008). 12713:Assyrians of New Britain 12438:"Who are the Assyrians?" 11704:"FESTIVALS ix. Assyrian" 10524: 10360:. Chez Frederic Arnaud. 9952:, p. IX-X, 38, 241. 9568:Swedish Language Council 8198:Zubaida, S (July 2000). 7745:19 December 2019 at the 7320:Contadini, Anna (2003). 7234:Encyclopaedia Britannica 7215:Encyclopaedia Britannica 5628:"HCR2006 – 542R – I Ver" 5365:www.culturalsurvival.org 5195: 4687:in an Assyrian party in 4669: 4662:The first international 4558: 4482:Chaldean Catholic Church 4474:Rabban Hormizd Monastery 4347:Chaldean Catholic Church 4279:Chaldean Catholic Church 4267:Chaldean Catholic Church 3997:Late Old Eastern Aramaic 3289:London Borough of Ealing 3238:West Bloomfield Township 2887:. They mainly speak the 2852:. In Syria they live in 2822:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 2803:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 2761:, in a 2013 report by a 2328:and began a process of " 1862:Chaldean Catholic Church 1783:Rabban Hormizd Monastery 1734:", and followers of the 1677:hands from 1501 and on. 1385:. They also excelled in 1377:by translating works of 1315:and the wife of Emperor 1277:, which has adopted the 1111:. The population of the 987:and Assyrians only as a 659:Syrian Democratic Forces 17306:Ethnic groups in Turkey 16337:Mandate for Mesopotamia 16211:First Babylonian Empire 15889:Christianity portal 15852:Syriac Military Council 15451:Massacres of Diyarbekir 15386:Principality of Antioch 15339:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 15146:Assyrian folk/pop music 14704:Yildiz, Efrem (2000b). 14675:Yildiz, Efrem (2000a). 13645:. Münster: LIT Verlag. 13639:Jakob, Joachim (2014). 13464:Gzella, Holger (2015). 12827:The World's Inhabitants 12606:Bagg, Ariel M. (2017). 12586:10.22425/jul.2004.5.1.1 12567:Bae, Chul-hyun (2004). 12243:of human populations". 11960:5 November 2015 at the 10872:"The Assyrian New Year" 10787:, p. 89, 206, 233. 10477:Donabed & Mako 2009 10407:Akopian, Arman (2017). 10308:Baum & Winkler 2003 10284:Baum & Winkler 2003 9938:Murre van den Berg 2015 9736:, The America Spectator 8208:Nations and Nationalism 8025:"The Old Assyrian Flag" 7929:Baum & Winkler 2003 7830:Pietro Strozzi (1617). 7704:– via Wikisource. 7666:22 October 2020 at the 7177:"Definition of melkite" 6503:Minahan, James (2002). 6156:24 October 2019 at the 6037:28 October 2020 at the 6026:1 November 2020 at the 5490:28 October 2020 at the 5471:31 October 2020 at the 5274:Murre van den Berg 2011 5208:(ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ, Sūrāyē/Sūrōyē) 4939:In a 2006 study of the 4544:located in the city of 4259:Christian denominations 3718:east of the Euphrates. 3555:. This happened at the 3100: more than 500,000 2913:Syriac Orthodox culture 2528:List of Assyrian tribes 2471:Syriac Military Council 2230:Iraqi/Syrian Christians 1804:Lesser Eastern Churches 1764:Monastery of Mar Mattai 1699:Mar Elias (Eliya), the 1575:massacres of Diyarbakır 1399:Eutychius of Alexandria 1275:Eastern Orthodox Church 1254:(451), which condemned 1246:(431), which condemned 1008:Assyrian and Babylonian 731:culture c. 7100 BC and 17296:Ethnic groups in Syria 16496:Insurgency (2011–2013) 16417:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 16221:Middle Assyrian Empire 15607:Al-Hasakah Governorate 15445:Massacres of Badr Khan 15219:Middle Assyrian Empire 15021:Syriac Catholic Church 15015:Syriac Orthodox Church 14739:Yildiz, Efrem (2012). 14646:Yildiz, Efrem (1999). 14542:Wigram, William Ainger 14490:"L'Église nestorienne" 14419:The Spirit of Missions 13560:Studies in Neo-Aramaic 13276:"Reply to John Joseph" 12888:A Companion to Assyria 12612:A Companion to Assyria 11249:Briquel-Chatonnet 2019 10834:ASSYRIANS OF CHICAGO. 10800:, Moscow: Nauka, 1964. 10127:A companion to Assyria 10125:Frahm, Eckart (2017). 9832:Wayne State University 9557:Demographics of Sweden 8899:6 October 2014 at the 8340:"The Anfal Offensives" 7870:"Myth vs. Reality" to 7512:. LIT Verlag Münster. 6760:A Companion to Assyria 5733:ChristianHeadlines.com 5321:2 January 2012 at the 4862: 4802: 4691: 4664:Aramaic Music Festival 4602:electronic dance music 4585: 4371:Syriac Catholic Church 4357:Syriac Orthodox Church 4302:Protestant Reformation 4295:Syriac Catholic Church 4291:Syriac Orthodox Church 4263:Syriac Orthodox Church 4254: 4070:mutual intelligibility 3984: 3950:between Assyrians and 3892: 3663: 3654:The proximity between 3449: 3438: 3428: 3271:in the United States, 3126: 3124: less than 10,000 3044:massacres of Badr Khan 3004: 2996: 2909:Syriac Catholic Church 2903:churches, such as the 2899:). Most adhere to the 2858:Al-Hasakah Governorate 2738: 2701:Al-Hasakah Governorate 2514: 2506: 2460:. In August 2016, the 2402:Islamic Fundamentalist 2301: 2244: 2185: 2078: 2003: 1932: 1924: 1849: 1768:Patriarch of Tur Abdin 1736:Syriac Orthodox Church 1708: 1687:Massacres of Badr Khan 1623: 1479: 1362: 1267:Syriac Orthodox Church 1237:Catholicos of the East 1232: 1051: 1038:Early Christian period 970:Indo-European language 851:Middle Assyrian Empire 802: 754:united all the native 717: 505: 17291:Ethnic groups in Iraq 17286:Ethnic groups in Iran 16783:in post-invasion Iraq 16489:U.S. troop withdrawal 16251:Neo-Babylonian Empire 15931:Ethnic groups in Iran 15475:Independence movement 15231:Post-imperial Assyria 15207:Early Assyrian period 14439:. New York: Appleton. 14350:Sato, Noriko (2018). 14323:Садо, Стефан (1996). 13508:Hanish, Shak (2015). 12884:"Assyrian Christians" 12546:Atto, Naures (2011). 12523:Atman, Sabri (2018). 12423:Ainsworth, William F. 12409:Ainsworth, William F. 12377:Ainsworth, William F. 12149:Iran and the Caucasus 11378:University of Ostrava 11361:Boháč, Artur (2010). 10184:Catholic Encyclopedia 9801:6 August 2018 at the 9000:The West in the World 8965:. 30 September 2018. 8423:National Public Radio 8350:on 28 September 2011. 8187:Blood Sweat and Tears 7417:Brague, Rémi (2009). 7389:on 27 September 2013. 6540:13 March 2018 at the 5169:Neo-Aramaic languages 4913:Further information: 4857: 4785: 4683: 4576: 4410:Mor Hananyo Monastery 4398:Assyrian Christianity 4252: 3979: 3972:Neo-Aramaic languages 3890: 3660:Alain Manesson Mallet 3653: 3467:George Thomas Bettany 3459:William Ainger Wigram 3444: 3434: 3423: 3402:Further information: 3106: 100,000–500,000 3093: 3002: 2994: 2919:(west of Tur Abdin), 2736: 2512: 2492: 2359:). In places such as 2306:2003 Invasion of Iraq 2292: 2238: 2178: 2150:Royal Marine Commando 2072: 2001: 1930: 1919: 1839: 1698: 1613: 1596:Further information: 1473: 1348: 1335:Further information: 1303:Neo-Aramaic languages 1211: 1181:, the capital of the 1054:Further information: 1045: 866:Neo-Babylonian Empire 788: 709: 688:Pre-Christian history 608:2003 invasion of Iraq 602:The emergence of the 551:are those of ancient 493: 371:Neo-Aramaic languages 151:200,000–877,000 (pre- 16732:Council of Ministers 16614:Mesopotamian Marshes 15151:Music of Mesopotamia 15098:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 15093:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 14823:at Wikimedia Commons 14580:"Assyrian Americans" 14464:Tezel, Aziz (2003). 14253:Die Welt des Orients 14246:on 28 November 2007. 13950:Makko, Aryo (2012). 13050:Demir, Sara (2017). 12946:10.7227/BJRL.78.3.14 11658:on 19 November 2011. 11524:. 28 November 2016. 11494:. 23 November 2016. 11047:Maclean, Arthur John 10415:. pp. 217–222. 10177:17 July 2018 at the 9805:by Penny Timms from 9782:21 July 2018 at the 8823:on 24 September 2016 7868:In his contribution 7383:christiansofiraq.com 7090:Ammianus Marcellinus 6934:on 19 November 2020. 6314:. 19 December 2014. 6126:Roads & Kingdoms 5710:25 June 2008 at the 5391:"Population Project" 5007:Assyrians in Armenia 4943:DNA of six regional 4829:Traditional clothing 4825:they last 1–2 days. 4578:Traditional clothing 4140:diaspora in Europe. 3745:etymology of "Syria" 3575:reported that local 3543:. It was so used by 3404:Assyrian nationalism 3112: 50,000–100,000 2437:Nineveh Plain Forces 2349:Kurdish nationalists 2251:movement within the 2243:, early 20th century 1980:During World War I ( 1403:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu 1252:Council of Chalcedon 1213:Mor Mattai Monastery 1160:Eastern Christianity 1026:during the reign of 892:in 490 BC. However, 855:northern Mesopotamia 735:, the centre of the 520:liturgical rites of 16994:Mesopotamian Arabic 16800:Freedom of religion 16246:Neo-Assyrian Empire 16216:Old Assyrian Period 16201:Neo-Sumerian Empire 15457:Rise of nationalism 15398:Jalayirid Sultanate 15225:Neo-Assyrian Empire 15213:Old Assyrian period 15156:Syriac sacral music 14976:Aramean-Syriac flag 14935:Assyrian continuity 14345:on 10 October 2017. 14332:Христианское чтение 13579:Heinrichs, Wolfhart 13555:Heinrichs, Wolfhart 13485:Halo, Thea (2018). 13375:Gallagher, Edmon L. 12201:2012PLoSO...741252G 12054:2017PLoSO..1287408D 11992:2017PLoSO..1287408D 11710:. pp. 561–563. 11522:The Armenian Weekly 11037:. Leiden: EJ Brill. 10812:, p. 961-1007. 10810:Tekoğlu et al. 2000 9723:Thrown to the Lions 9675:The Daily Telegraph 9613:on 12 February 2020 9451:textbook.surayt.com 9405:. 22 January 2009. 9279:on 20 November 2008 9247:www.hurriyet.com.tr 9209:www.hurriyet.com.tr 8906:Hürriyet Daily News 8685:on 7 September 2016 7148:Council of Seleucia 7055:. G. W. Bowersock. 6649:. 23 October 2016. 6623:on 11 December 2007 6570:Laing-Marshall 2005 6411:factsanddetails.com 6373:Ancient Mesopotamia 6227:on 24 December 2018 5179:Syriac Christianity 5110:Christianity portal 5045:, and the northern 5011:Middle Eastern Jews 4963:in Iran, Iraq, and 4676:Assyrian folk dance 4582:Assyrian folk dance 4569:Syriac sacral music 4245:Syriac Christianity 4185:marks. Syriac is a 3784:Hieroglyphic Luwian 3780:Çineköy inscription 3773:Çineköy inscription 3557:Council of Florence 3531:Syriac Christianity 3494:Christians in Syria 3455:Austen Henry Layard 3448:, published in 1999 3436:Syriac-Aramean flag 3118: 10,000–50,000 2889:Central Neo-Aramaic 2665:Neo-Assyrian empire 2630:ethnically cleansed 2544:cities of Nineveh ( 2353:Dohuk Riots of 2011 2024:Assyrian volunteers 2006:In reaction to the 1994:Assyrian volunteers 1988:Assyrian volunteers 1864:) was conferred on 1622:in the 14th century 1616:Syriac Christianity 1429:) and the personal 1299:Syriac Christianity 1203:metropolitan bishop 1056:Syriac Christianity 1028:Tiglath-Pileser III 1020:Neo-Assyrian Empire 862:Neo-Assyrian Empire 791:Neo-Assyrian Empire 780:Old Assyrian period 702:Neo-Assyrian Empire 567:, and northeastern 410:Syriac Christianity 76: 16925:Telecommunications 16900:Foreign Investment 16837:Wars and conflicts 16773:in pre-Saddam Iraq 16737:Presidency Council 16523:2019–2021 protests 16452:Invasion of Kuwait 16276:Sassanid Asorestan 16271:Parthian Babylonia 16266:Seleucid Babylonia 16261:Achaemenid Assyria 16176:Jemdet Nasr period 15877:History portal 15319:Church of the East 15108:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic 14945:Chaldean Catholics 14872:2018-03-18 at the 14857:Who Are Assyrians? 14431:Southgate, Horatio 14411:Southgate, Horatio 14397:Southgate, Horatio 14170:10.1093/hgs/dcz045 13439:"We Are Assyrians" 13432:. London: Bagster. 13174:Fiey, Jean Maurice 12822:Bettany, George T. 12717:Arcadia Publishing 11884:on 17 October 2015 11789:on 16 August 2000. 11698:Piroyan, William; 11676:on 25 October 2012 11627:2011-08-14 at the 11622:The Date of Easter 11251:, p. 243–265. 10824:, p. 283–287. 10775:, p. 106–107. 10763:, p. 283-287. 10727:, p. 281–285. 10681:, p. 299–317. 10615:, p. 276-287. 10588:, p. 141–160. 10298:, p. 526-527. 10199:, p. 123-141. 10172:"Eastern Churches" 9860:on 12 October 2008 9728:2013-08-08 at the 9562:2 May 2019 at the 9073:on 17 October 2015 8559:CatholicPhilly.com 8290:on 19 October 2012 8136:Korbani, Agnes G. 8066:on 7 February 2005 8014:, p. 215-232. 8002:, p. 105-107. 7990:, p. 218-219. 7907:, p. 126-127. 7879:2020-07-13 at the 7718:Oriens Christianus 7555:"History of Ashur" 7261:www.britannica.com 7230:"Aramaic language" 7218:. 29 January 2024. 6724:. pp. 20–21. 6617:The Christian Post 6587:The Christian Post 6572:, p. 149-150. 6282:Kristeligt Dagblad 6075:on 5 November 2014 6055:2021-10-25 at the 5149:The Last Assyrians 4929:Persian population 4863: 4803: 4725:Gregorian calendar 4692: 4586: 4486:Church of the East 4476:: is an important 4412:: is an important 4255: 4049:varieties such as 3985: 3942:have tended to be 3907:(vernal equinox). 3893: 3807:Etymology of Syria 3797:, Turkey (ancient 3664: 3607:Israeli government 3498:Turkish Christians 3490:Iranian Christians 3450: 3439: 3429: 3372:Federal Government 3127: 3005: 2997: 2818:Chaldean Catholics 2769:Assyrian subgroups 2747:Turkey and the PKK 2739: 2709:Syrian citizenship 2655:In ancient times, 2515: 2507: 2454:Syriac Union Party 2337:Islamic extremists 2302: 2245: 2209:Abd al-Karim Qasim 2186: 2121:during the 1930s. 2079: 2046:Assyrian rebellion 2040:Assyrian rebellion 2034:Assyrian rebellion 2004: 1947:Hamidian massacres 1933: 1925: 1850: 1738:, commonly called 1728:Church of the East 1715:and the resulting 1709: 1624: 1518:in Europe and the 1516:Latin Christianity 1512:Church of the East 1480: 1379:Greek philosophers 1375:Abbasid Caliphates 1363: 1244:Council of Ephesus 1233: 1187:Church of the East 1070:Roman–Persian Wars 1052: 1032:Hellenistic period 993:classical language 886:Battle of Marathon 803: 718: 651:Iraqi Armed forces 506: 495:Chaldean Catholics 224:61,000 (2020 est.) 42: 17268: 17267: 17216: 17215: 17212: 17211: 17202:Mandaean New Year 16953: 16952: 16845: 16844: 16827:Political parties 16722:Foreign relations 16667: 16666: 16574:Lower Mesopotamia 16569:Upper Mesopotamia 16542: 16541: 16538: 16537: 16302:Abbasid Caliphate 16297:Umayyad Caliphate 16206:Isin-Larsa period 16069: 16068: 15897: 15896: 15808: 15807: 15524: 15502: 15501: 15469:Assyrian genocide 15368:Abbasid Caliphate 15190: 15073: 15072: 14940:Assyrian diaspora 14819:Media related to 14799:978-0-19-965522-9 14775:978-1-78533-499-3 14713:Dialogo Ecumenico 14638:978-1-4653-1629-5 14617:978-0-19-063346-2 14593:978-1-4129-2694-2 14570:978-1-138-89901-8 14533:978-90-04-16337-9 14512:978-1-59460-436-2 14486:Tisserant, Eugène 14477:978-91-554-5555-2 14388:978-0-567-08231-2 14365:978-1-4632-0730-4 14213:978-0-521-81113-2 14190:978-0-7864-5133-3 14141:978-90-429-3046-9 14081:978-1-60724-111-9 14001:978-0-440-01769-1 13965:978-3-643-90268-9 13942:978-3-11-005959-5 13902:978-91-983441-2-7 13881:978-90-429-0859-8 13852:Layard, Austen H. 13838:Layard, Austen H. 13817:978-1-135-19388-1 13794:978-0-415-45516-9 13771:978-1-59884-362-0 13741:. Leiden: Brill. 13652:978-3-643-50616-0 13619:978-1-317-81866-3 13596:978-88-7158-024-1 13570:978-1-55540-430-7 13546:978-1-135-19371-3 13523:978-1-317-46400-6 13500:978-1-4632-0730-4 13477:978-90-04-28510-1 13459:on 21 April 2003. 13420:Gesenius, Wilhelm 13411:978-1-59333-301-0 13390:978-90-04-22802-3 13340:978-0-521-02700-7 13319:978-88-8483-107-1 13306:"Mapping Assyria" 13165:978-90-429-3164-0 13142:978-0-7486-8605-6 13086:978-0-7385-4480-9 13065:978-1-138-28405-0 13028:978-1-59333-077-4 12920:978-0-19-826744-7 12874:978-1-134-15907-9 12850:978-1-138-89901-8 12801:978-3-643-90268-9 12778:978-0-226-14531-0 12757:978-3-16-149411-6 12726:978-0-7385-5012-1 12668:978-1-84511-115-1 12647:978-1-134-43019-2 12559:978-90-8728-148-9 12538:978-1-4632-0730-4 12478:978-1-107-24456-6 12343:978-1-60497-583-3 12319:978-1-138-28405-0 11857:978-0-691-08750-4 11765:978-0-7637-5965-0 11635:(March 27, 2007). 11608:978-1-59333-276-1 11477:978-1-4128-3592-3 11452:978-1-78533-499-3 11427:978-1-78533-433-7 11406:, p. 92-105. 11387:978-80-7368-717-5 11342:on 1 October 2003 11262:"Syriac alphabet" 10924:978-1-291-83577-9 10653:978-1-136-78800-0 10613:Schniedewind 2002 10532:. 9 August 2013. 10502:978-0-19-967949-2 10430:978-1-4632-3893-3 10136:978-1-118-32524-7 10048:Middle East Forum 9985:978-0-19-280290-3 9655:978-91-984101-7-4 9355:. 13 March 2008. 9332:978-0-87808-320-6 9010:978-1-259-15705-9 8909:, 2 February 2013 8875:on 7 October 2016 8817:Hawar News Agency 8793:on 18 August 2016 8425:. 1 August 2007. 8372:978-91-554-8303-6 8035:on 5 January 2006 8029:Chaldeans On Line 7648:978-0-470-76639-2 7621:978-1-84511-056-7 7519:978-3-643-50045-8 7428:978-0-226-07080-3 7299:978-0-521-24015-4 7210:"Syriac language" 7125:978-1-61530-304-5 7021:: 91–120 Chicago" 7005:978-975-16-2235-8 6839:978-1-108-47874-8 6770:978-1-118-32524-7 6731:978-0-19-953222-3 6514:978-0-313-32109-2 6097:. 28 March 2017. 5714:(of which 55,000 5690:Borkener Zeitung 5442:. 28 April 2014. 5395:Shlama Foundation 5367:. 25 March 2010. 5299:978-90-411-0223-2 5154:List of Assyrians 5134:Assyrian homeland 5129:Assyrian genocide 5124:Assyrian diaspora 5043:Arabian peninsula 5031:Assyrians in Iran 5003:Haplogroup T-M184 4887:Levantine cuisine 4835:Assyrian clothing 4823:Assyrian diaspora 4814:Assyrian genocide 4538:Saint Mary Church 4513:Chaldean Catholic 4451:Al-Jdayde quarter 4369:adherents of the 4355:adherents of the 4345:adherents of the 4327:adherents of the 4137:Iranian languages 4061:, written in the 3982:Assyrian dialects 3573:Horatio Southgate 3463:Horatio Southgate 3427:, adopted in 1968 3362:. More recently, 3323:, the commune of 3250:Stanislaus County 3186:Fairfield Heights 3149:(80,000), and in 3131:Assyrian genocide 3076:Assyrian Diaspora 3064:al-Anfal campaign 3056:Assyrian genocide 2844:, as well as the 2724:Assyrians in Iran 2634:Assyrian genocide 2572:(Erbil) in Iraq, 2538:Assyrian homeland 2524:Assyrian homeland 2406:Assyrian Homeland 2383:Islamic terrorism 2372:Muhammad cartoons 2330:de-Baathification 2107:ethnic cleansings 2099:Assyrian triangle 2095:League of Nations 2061:retreat to Iraq. 2028:Our Smallest Ally 2008:Assyrian Genocide 1955:Assyrian genocide 1937:Assyrian genocide 1744:Marutha of Tikrit 1563:massacred in 1843 1289:, which kept its 1168:minority religion 1113:Sasanian province 1000:Akkadian language 981:Sumerian language 955:Akkadian language 797:(dark green) and 549:Assyrian homeland 524:. Both rites use 428: 427: 178:Assyrian diaspora 129:Assyrian homeland 16:(Redirected from 17338: 17258: 17257: 17248: 17247: 17238: 17228: 17227: 16972: 16971: 16959: 16958: 16890: 16851: 16850: 16702: 16673: 16672: 16659:Sinjar Mountains 16649:Zagros Mountains 16589:Hamrin Mountains 16548: 16547: 16511:Mosul liberation 16484:Iraqi insurgency 16406:National Command 16395: 16231:Simurrum culture 16134: 16133: 16121: 16120: 16110: 16109: 16108: 16096: 16089: 16082: 16073: 16072: 16059: 16047: 16040: 16033: 16026: 16019: 16012: 16005: 15924: 15917: 15910: 15901: 15900: 15887: 15886: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15520: 15513: 15512: 15487:Post-Saddam Iraq 15313:Nestorian schism 15307:Christianization 15279:(132 BCE–244 CE) 15273:(247 BCE–224 CE) 15233:(609 BCE–240 CE) 15194: 15193: 15184: 15044:East Syriac Rite 15007:West Syriac Rite 15003: 15002: 14984: 14973: 14962: 14903: 14896: 14889: 14880: 14879: 14862:Assyrian History 14818: 14803: 14784:Üngör, Uğur Ümit 14779: 14760: 14758: 14756: 14735: 14733: 14731: 14725: 14719:(112): 263–282. 14710: 14700: 14698: 14696: 14671: 14669: 14667: 14642: 14621: 14597: 14574: 14561:The Syriac World 14551: 14537: 14516: 14497: 14481: 14460: 14450: 14440: 14426: 14406: 14392: 14369: 14346: 14344: 14329: 14319: 14317: 14315: 14309: 14278: 14268: 14247: 14245: 14230: 14217: 14194: 14173: 14155: 14145: 14122: 14120: 14118: 14097: 14095: 14093: 14059: 14045: 14010:Millard, Alan R. 14005: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13946: 13922: 13921:on 10 June 2007. 13913:(29 July 2004). 13911:MacDonald, Kevin 13906: 13885: 13866:Lipiński, Edward 13861: 13847: 13833: 13831: 13829: 13798: 13775: 13752: 13728: 13727:on 15 July 2020. 13726: 13711: 13698: 13697:on 15 July 2020. 13696: 13681: 13668: 13666: 13664: 13635: 13633: 13631: 13600: 13574: 13550: 13527: 13504: 13481: 13460: 13458: 13443: 13433: 13415: 13394: 13370: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13323: 13302:Frye, Richard N. 13297: 13296:on 11 July 2020. 13295: 13280: 13272:Frye, Richard N. 13267: 13266:on 13 July 2020. 13265: 13250: 13242:Frye, Richard N. 13237: 13235: 13233: 13194:Frye, Richard N. 13189: 13169: 13146: 13125: 13123: 13121: 13115: 13100: 13090: 13069: 13046: 13045:. London: Asher. 13037:Davies, Benjamin 13032: 13011: 13009: 13007: 12986: 12984: 12982: 12961: 12959: 12957: 12924: 12903: 12901: 12899: 12878: 12859:Bryce, Trevor R. 12854: 12841:The Syriac World 12831: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12782: 12761: 12738: 12707: 12705: 12703: 12697: 12682: 12676:Benjamin, Yoab. 12672: 12651: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12588: 12563: 12542: 12519: 12482: 12461: 12459: 12457: 12432: 12418: 12404: 12372: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12323: 12291: 12283: 12277: 12276: 12239: 12233: 12232: 12222: 12212: 12179: 12173: 12172: 12144: 12138: 12137: 12097: 12086: 12085: 12075: 12065: 12048:(11): e0187408. 12033: 12024: 12023: 12013: 12003: 11986:(11): e0187408. 11971: 11965: 11952: 11946: 11945: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11883: 11877:. Archived from 11876: 11868: 11862: 11861: 11838: 11832: 11831: 11821: 11797: 11791: 11790: 11785:. Archived from 11779: 11770: 11769: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11729:. Archived from 11718: 11712: 11711: 11695: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11666: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11651:. Archived from 11650: 11642: 11636: 11619: 11613: 11612: 11592: 11586: 11585: 11574: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11563: 11544: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11514: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11503: 11488: 11482: 11481: 11463: 11457: 11456: 11438: 11432: 11431: 11413: 11407: 11401: 11395: 11394: 11367: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11332: 11326: 11323: 11317: 11310:Nestle, Eberhard 11307: 11301: 11283: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11258: 11252: 11246: 11240: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11216: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11182: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11171: 11165: 11154: 11146: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11130:on 29 March 2019 11126:. Archived from 11116: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11088:O'Brien, Abbie. 11085: 11079: 11073: 11067: 11061: 11055: 11044: 11038: 11028: 11022: 11015: 11006: 11003: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10992: 10986: 10979: 10971: 10965: 10959: 10953: 10947: 10938: 10935: 10929: 10928: 10908: 10902: 10899: 10893: 10886: 10880: 10879: 10874:. Archived from 10868: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10851: 10840: 10831: 10825: 10819: 10813: 10807: 10801: 10794: 10788: 10782: 10776: 10770: 10764: 10758: 10752: 10751:, p. 72-82. 10746: 10740: 10739:, p. 30–36. 10734: 10728: 10722: 10716: 10715:, p. 37-43. 10710: 10704: 10688: 10682: 10676: 10670: 10664: 10658: 10657: 10637: 10631: 10625: 10616: 10610: 10604: 10598: 10589: 10583: 10577: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10520: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10486: 10480: 10474: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10404: 10398: 10392: 10386: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10353: 10347: 10341: 10335: 10329: 10323: 10317: 10311: 10305: 10299: 10293: 10287: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10218: 10212: 10206: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10169: 10163: 10162: 10156: 10148: 10122: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10039: 10033: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10006: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9971: 9965: 9959: 9953: 9947: 9941: 9935: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9882:. Crwflags.com. 9876: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9865: 9850: 9844: 9841: 9835: 9816: 9810: 9809:, 3 January 2017 9793: 9787: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9746:Peter BetBasoo. 9743: 9737: 9720: 9714: 9711: 9705: 9702: 9696: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9641: 9632: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9583:. Archived from 9577: 9571: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9529: 9523: 9515: 9509: 9501: 9495: 9485: 9479: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9443: 9437: 9434: 9428: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9320: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9275:. Archived from 9265: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9239: 9233: 9227: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9092: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9063: 9054: 9051: 9045: 9042: 9036: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9014: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8955: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8919: 8910: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8839: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8737: 8731: 8730: 8724: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8614: 8608: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8519: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8463:The Boston Globe 8454: 8448: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8415: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8398: 8392:. Archived from 8391: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8346:. Archived from 8336: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8229: 8204: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8157: 8151: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8103: 8097: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8031:. Archived from 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7965: 7958: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7683: 7677: 7672: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7551: 7545: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7503: 7497: 7496:, p. 48-49. 7491: 7485: 7484: 7476: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7414: 7408: 7399:Hyman and Walsh 7397: 7391: 7390: 7385:. Archived from 7374: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7357: 7326: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7206: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7173: 7167: 7160:Michael Goldfarb 7157: 7151: 7150:was held in 359. 7140:Seleucia Isauria 7136: 7130: 7129: 7116:Rosen Publishing 7107: 7101: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7033:on 29 April 2013 7032: 7026:. Archived from 7025: 7013: 7007: 6997: 6991: 6981: 6975: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6927:. Archived from 6926: 6918: 6909: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6860: 6854: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6791: 6785: 6782: 6776: 6774: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6688:. Max Mallowan. 6682: 6676: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6619:. Archived from 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6500: 6494: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6476: 6473: 6467: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6378: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6312:The Astana Times 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6167: 6161: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6071:. Archived from 6065: 6059: 6047: 6041: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5786:. Archived from 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5725: 5719: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5481: 5475: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5331: 5325: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5225: 5209: 5206: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5070:Fertile Crescent 4993:Y-DNA haplogroup 4903:Armenian cuisine 4866:Assyrian cuisine 4860:Assyrian cuisine 4850:Assyrian cuisine 4763: 4751: 4621:Ashur Bet Sargis 4614:electronic drums 4580:may be worn for 4540:: is an ancient 4534: 4505: 4470: 4436: 4406: 4363:, also known as 4361:West Syriac Rite 4339:, also known as 4337:East Syriac Rite 4231:, especially in 4222: 4214: 4202: 4175:Arabic alphabets 4163:Aramaic alphabet 3915: 3914: 3883:Assyrian culture 3868: 3867: 3859: 3858: 3850: 3849: 3828: 3740:of the Levant. 3603:West Syriac Rite 3593:, also known as 3541:Aramaic language 3527:West Syriac Rite 3504:Self-designation 3486:Iraqi Christians 3364:Syrian Assyrians 3234:Sterling Heights 3162:Stockholm County 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 2783:Zagros Mountains 2781:in the northern 2743:Assyrian culture 2418:ethnic cleansing 2219:seized power in 2198:Shimun XXI Eshai 2132:, Rab-talia and 2091:Shimun XXI Eshai 1866:Yohannan Hormizd 1520:Byzantine Empire 1313:Byzantine Empire 1291:West Syriac Rite 1229:Syriac Christian 1002:, with its main 966:Hittite language 628:Iraqi population 620:Syrian civil war 526:Classical Syriac 467:Assyrians speak 394:(in antiquity), 388:Classical Syriac 384: 184:Numbers can vary 153:Syrian civil war 135:Numbers can vary 106:Total population 98: 84: 77: 74: 66: 58: 50: 41: 21: 17346: 17345: 17341: 17340: 17339: 17337: 17336: 17335: 17281:Assyrian people 17271: 17270: 17269: 17264: 17208: 17192:Public holidays 17115: 16966: 16949: 16888: 16858: 16841: 16700: 16680: 16663: 16594:Iraqi Kurdistan 16584:Euphrates river 16555: 16534: 16501:War (2014–2017) 16447:Operation Opera 16393: 16363: 16359:Arab Federation 16347:Kingdom of Iraq 16280: 16256:Fall of Babylon 16191:Akkadian Empire 16166:Samarra culture 16151:Hassuna culture 16128: 16115: 16103: 16102: 16100: 16070: 16065: 16057: 16045: 16038: 16031: 16024: 16017: 16010: 16003: 15933: 15928: 15898: 15893: 15881: 15871: 15869: 15861: 15804: 15679: 15656:Mardin Province 15519: 15498: 15481:Simele massacre 15415: 15344: 15309:(1st to 3rd c.) 15291:(64 BCE–637 CE) 15285:(66 BCE–217 CE) 15271:Parthian Empire 15265:Seleucid Empire 15257: 15251: 15247:Assyrian tribes 15215:(2025–1364 BCE) 15209:(2600–2025 BCE) 15188: 15186: 15183: 15175: 15132: 15085: 15069: 15038: 14997: 14990: 14989: 14985: 14979: 14978: 14974: 14968: 14967: 14963: 14954: 14923: 14912: 14910:Assyrian people 14907: 14874:Wayback Machine 14867:Aramean History 14821:Assyrian people 14811: 14806: 14800: 14776: 14754: 14752: 14729: 14727: 14723: 14708: 14694: 14692: 14665: 14663: 14639: 14618: 14594: 14571: 14534: 14513: 14478: 14448: 14389: 14366: 14342: 14327: 14313: 14311: 14307: 14276: 14243: 14228: 14214: 14191: 14153: 14142: 14116: 14114: 14091: 14089: 14082: 14026:10.2307/4200184 14002: 13975: 13973: 13966: 13943: 13903: 13882: 13827: 13825: 13818: 13795: 13772: 13749: 13733:Joseph, John B. 13724: 13709: 13703:Joseph, John B. 13694: 13679: 13673:Joseph, John B. 13662: 13660: 13653: 13629: 13627: 13620: 13597: 13571: 13547: 13524: 13501: 13478: 13456: 13441: 13412: 13391: 13350: 13348: 13341: 13320: 13293: 13278: 13263: 13248: 13231: 13229: 13182:L'Orient Syrien 13166: 13143: 13119: 13117: 13113: 13098: 13087: 13066: 13029: 13005: 13003: 12980: 12978: 12955: 12953: 12921: 12897: 12895: 12875: 12851: 12811: 12809: 12802: 12779: 12758: 12727: 12701: 12699: 12695: 12680: 12669: 12648: 12621: 12619: 12596: 12594: 12560: 12539: 12479: 12455: 12453: 12393:10.2307/1797632 12353: 12351: 12344: 12320: 12299: 12294: 12284: 12280: 12245:Nature Genetics 12240: 12236: 12180: 12176: 12145: 12141: 12098: 12089: 12034: 12027: 11972: 11968: 11962:Wayback Machine 11953: 11949: 11901: 11897: 11887: 11885: 11881: 11874: 11870: 11869: 11865: 11858: 11839: 11835: 11798: 11794: 11781: 11780: 11773: 11766: 11750: 11746: 11736: 11734: 11719: 11715: 11696: 11689: 11679: 11677: 11668: 11667: 11663: 11655: 11648: 11644: 11643: 11639: 11631:. Article from 11629:Wayback Machine 11620: 11616: 11609: 11593: 11589: 11576: 11575: 11571: 11561: 11559: 11546: 11545: 11541: 11531: 11529: 11516: 11515: 11511: 11501: 11499: 11490: 11489: 11485: 11478: 11464: 11460: 11453: 11439: 11435: 11428: 11414: 11410: 11402: 11398: 11388: 11365: 11359: 11355: 11345: 11343: 11334: 11333: 11329: 11324: 11320: 11308: 11304: 11284: 11280: 11270: 11268: 11260: 11259: 11255: 11247: 11243: 11233: 11231: 11218: 11217: 11210: 11200: 11198: 11183: 11179: 11169: 11167: 11163: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11133: 11131: 11124:Catholic Herald 11118: 11117: 11113: 11103: 11101: 11086: 11082: 11074: 11070: 11062: 11058: 11045: 11041: 11029: 11025: 11017:Avenery, Iddo, 11016: 11009: 11004: 11000: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10977: 10973: 10972: 10968: 10964:, p. 1–20. 10960: 10956: 10948: 10941: 10936: 10932: 10925: 10909: 10905: 10900: 10896: 10892:, 1908 – JSTOR. 10887: 10883: 10870: 10869: 10865: 10855: 10853: 10849: 10838: 10832: 10828: 10822:Rollinger 2006b 10820: 10816: 10808: 10804: 10795: 10791: 10783: 10779: 10771: 10767: 10761:Rollinger 2006b 10759: 10755: 10749:Rollinger 2006a 10747: 10743: 10735: 10731: 10723: 10719: 10711: 10707: 10689: 10685: 10677: 10673: 10665: 10661: 10654: 10638: 10634: 10626: 10619: 10611: 10607: 10599: 10592: 10584: 10580: 10570: 10568: 10553: 10549: 10539: 10537: 10526: 10522: 10521: 10517: 10507: 10505: 10503: 10487: 10483: 10475: 10471: 10463:10.1.1.694.4099 10455: 10454: 10450: 10440: 10438: 10431: 10405: 10401: 10393: 10389: 10381: 10377: 10367: 10365: 10354: 10350: 10342: 10338: 10332:Ainsworth 1842b 10330: 10326: 10318: 10314: 10306: 10302: 10294: 10290: 10282: 10278: 10268: 10266: 10255: 10251: 10243: 10239: 10231: 10227: 10219: 10215: 10207: 10203: 10195: 10191: 10179:Wayback Machine 10170: 10166: 10150: 10149: 10137: 10129:. Hoboken, NJ. 10123: 10119: 10109: 10107: 10098: 10097: 10093: 10083: 10081: 10072: 10071: 10067: 10057: 10055: 10040: 10036: 10028: 10024: 10016: 10009: 10001: 9997: 9986: 9972: 9968: 9960: 9956: 9948: 9944: 9936: 9929: 9919: 9917: 9904: 9903: 9899: 9889: 9887: 9878: 9877: 9873: 9863: 9861: 9852: 9851: 9847: 9842: 9838: 9817: 9813: 9803:Wayback Machine 9794: 9790: 9784:Wayback Machine 9775: 9771: 9761: 9759: 9744: 9740: 9730:Wayback Machine 9721: 9717: 9712: 9708: 9703: 9699: 9694: 9690: 9680: 9678: 9668: 9667: 9663: 9656: 9642: 9635: 9630: 9626: 9616: 9614: 9605: 9604: 9600: 9590: 9588: 9587:on 5 March 2015 9579: 9578: 9574: 9564:Wayback Machine 9555: 9551: 9541: 9539: 9531: 9530: 9526: 9516: 9512: 9502: 9498: 9486: 9482: 9474: 9470: 9460: 9458: 9445: 9444: 9440: 9435: 9431: 9426: 9422: 9412: 9410: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9388: 9384: 9376: 9372: 9362: 9360: 9345: 9344: 9340: 9333: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9292: 9282: 9280: 9267: 9266: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9241: 9240: 9236: 9228: 9224: 9214: 9212: 9203: 9202: 9198: 9188: 9186: 9175: 9171: 9161: 9159: 9146: 9145: 9141: 9131: 9129: 9127:Geopolitics.com 9119: 9115: 9105: 9103: 9094: 9093: 9086: 9076: 9074: 9065: 9064: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9043: 9039: 9034: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9011: 8995: 8991: 8986: 8982: 8972: 8970: 8957: 8956: 8947: 8937: 8935: 8928:National Review 8920: 8913: 8901:Wayback Machine 8892: 8888: 8878: 8876: 8867: 8866: 8862: 8852: 8850: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8826: 8824: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8796: 8794: 8785: 8784: 8780: 8770: 8768: 8753: 8749: 8738: 8734: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8708: 8703: 8702: 8698: 8688: 8686: 8679:Warisboring.com 8673: 8672: 8668: 8658: 8656: 8647: 8646: 8642: 8632: 8630: 8615: 8611: 8601: 8599: 8582: 8578: 8568: 8566: 8551: 8547: 8537: 8535: 8520: 8513: 8503: 8501: 8488: 8487: 8483: 8473: 8471: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8446: 8442: 8432: 8430: 8417: 8416: 8412: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8359: 8355: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8323: 8321: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8293: 8291: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8261: 8248: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8202: 8196: 8192: 8184: 8180: 8175: 8171: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8134: 8130: 8119: 8115: 8104: 8100: 8095: 8091: 8083: 8079: 8069: 8067: 8052: 8048: 8038: 8036: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7903: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7881:Wayback Machine 7867: 7863: 7853: 7851: 7846: 7845: 7841: 7828: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7747:Wayback Machine 7730: 7726: 7713: 7709: 7699: 7697: 7684: 7680: 7670: 7668:Wayback Machine 7660: 7656: 7649: 7633: 7629: 7622: 7606: 7602: 7594: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7568: 7566: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7504: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7477: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7440: 7436: 7429: 7415: 7411: 7398: 7394: 7375: 7371: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7284: 7280: 7270: 7268: 7255: 7254: 7250: 7245: 7241: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7208: 7207: 7200: 7190: 7188: 7175: 7174: 7170: 7158: 7154: 7137: 7133: 7126: 7108: 7104: 7098:Walter Hamilton 7088: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7060: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7015: 7014: 7010: 6998: 6994: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6969: 6959: 6957: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6912: 6903: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6824: 6820: 6810: 6808: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6732: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6693: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6670: 6666: 6656: 6654: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6542:Wayback Machine 6530: 6526: 6515: 6501: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6405:Hays, Jeffrey. 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6349: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6319: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6274: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6158:Wayback Machine 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6118: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6057:Wayback Machine 6048: 6044: 6039:Wayback Machine 6028:Wayback Machine 6019: 6015: 6005: 6003: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5963: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5902: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5806:Assyrian Policy 5800: 5799: 5795: 5790:on 9 July 2017. 5782: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5716:Syriac Orthodox 5712:Wayback Machine 5702: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5492:Wayback Machine 5482: 5478: 5473:Wayback Machine 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5323:Wayback Machine 5311: 5307: 5300: 5284: 5280: 5276:, p. 2304. 5272: 5268: 5260: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5184:Syriac language 5108: 5101: 5098: 5090:Iranian plateau 4990: 4917: 4911: 4899:Israeli cuisine 4895:Iranian cuisine 4891:Turkish cuisine 4852: 4846: 4837: 4831: 4810:Simele massacre 4758:Sauma d-Ba'utha 4732:Julian calendar 4717: 4678: 4672: 4571: 4563:Main articles: 4561: 4556: 4553: 4542:Assyrian church 4535: 4526: 4506: 4497: 4471: 4462: 4444:Syriac Catholic 4437: 4428: 4414:Syriac Orthodox 4407: 4306:Reform Orthodox 4247: 4241: 4191:Syriac language 4152: 4150:Syriac alphabet 4146: 4051:Lishanid Noshan 3974: 3968: 3885: 3879: 3826: 3732:was altered to 3648: 3553:Catholic Church 3529:Churches. (see 3512: 3506: 3418: 3400: 3360:Iraqi Assyrians 3194:Greenfield Park 3145:(100,000), the 3125: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3095: 3088: 3078: 3072: 3060:Simele massacre 3010: 2895:(also known as 2878:Mardin Province 2874:Sirnak Province 2771: 2705:Simele massacre 2638:First World War 2534: 2522:Main articles: 2520: 2487: 2475:Bashar al-Assad 2464:in the city of 2370:Jyllands-Posten 2287: 2279:Main articles: 2277: 2190:Kingdom of Iraq 2179:Three Assyrian 2126:Assyrian Levies 2115:Simele massacre 2067: 2042: 2036: 1996: 1990: 1943: 1935:Main articles: 1914: 1844:in the city of 1787:Yohannan Sulaqa 1717:Treaty of Zuhab 1693: 1683: 1640:fall of Baghdad 1608: 1594: 1535:Iranian peoples 1524:Greek Orthodoxy 1482:As non-Islamic 1439:House of Wisdom 1427:Thomas of Marga 1419:Babai the Great 1351:Mar Toma Church 1343: 1337:Fall of Babylon 1333: 1287:Maronite Church 1285:, but also the 1271:Jacob Baradaeus 1183:Sasanian Empire 1137:Eastern Aramaic 1133:Parthian Empire 1066: 1040: 1014:of the Ancient 947: 939:Sasanian Empire 868:and later, the 827:Ashur-uballit I 795:Shalmaneser III 768:Akkadian Empire 752:Sargon of Akkad 737:Hassuna culture 716:, c. 645–635 BC 704: 692:Main articles: 690: 685: 679: 563:, northwestern 559:, southeastern 412: 386: 374: 373: 143:142,000–200,000 101: 89: 44: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17344: 17334: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17266: 17265: 17263: 17262: 17252: 17242: 17232: 17221: 17218: 17217: 17214: 17213: 17210: 17209: 17207: 17206: 17205: 17204: 17199: 17189: 17184: 17179: 17174: 17169: 17164: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17123: 17121: 17117: 17116: 17114: 17113: 17112: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17081: 17076: 17075: 17074: 17069: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17018: 17017: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16986: 16980: 16978: 16968: 16967: 16955: 16954: 16951: 16950: 16948: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16930:Transportation 16927: 16922: 16920:Stock Exchange 16917: 16915:Reconstruction 16912: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16895:Infrastructure 16892: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16863: 16860: 16859: 16847: 16846: 16843: 16842: 16840: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16808: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16791: 16790: 16780: 16775: 16765: 16764: 16763: 16762: 16761: 16754:Prime Minister 16751: 16750: 16749: 16739: 16734: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16696: 16691: 16685: 16682: 16681: 16669: 16668: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16560: 16557: 16556: 16544: 16543: 16540: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16533: 16532: 16527: 16526: 16525: 16515: 16514: 16513: 16508: 16498: 16493: 16492: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16471: 16466: 16465: 16464: 16462:1991 uprisings 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16412:Saddam Hussein 16409: 16398: 16397: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16373: 16371: 16365: 16364: 16362: 16361: 16356: 16355: 16354: 16344: 16342:Mandatory Iraq 16339: 16334: 16331:Mamluk dynasty 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16288: 16286: 16282: 16281: 16279: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16196:Gutian dynasty 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16142: 16140: 16130: 16129: 16117: 16116: 16099: 16098: 16091: 16084: 16076: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16061: 16054: 16049: 16042: 16035: 16028: 16021: 16014: 16007: 15997: 15987: 15981: 15975: 15969: 15963: 15957: 15951: 15945: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15927: 15926: 15919: 15912: 15904: 15895: 15894: 15892: 15891: 15879: 15866: 15863: 15862: 15860: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15818: 15816: 15810: 15809: 15806: 15805: 15803: 15802: 15797: 15796: 15795: 15785: 15783:United Kingdom 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15689: 15687: 15681: 15680: 15678: 15677: 15676: 15675: 15674: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15633: 15632: 15631: 15626: 15625: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15599: 15598: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15577: 15576: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15559: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15536:Nineveh Plains 15527: 15525: 15510: 15504: 15503: 15500: 15499: 15497: 15496: 15490: 15484: 15478: 15472: 15466: 15463:Adana massacre 15460: 15454: 15448: 15442: 15439:Schism of 1552 15436: 15433:Ottoman Empire 15430: 15427:Safavid Empire 15423: 15421: 15417: 15416: 15414: 15413: 15407: 15401: 15395: 15389: 15383: 15377: 15374:Emirs of Mosul 15371: 15365: 15359: 15352: 15350: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15342: 15336: 15330: 15316: 15310: 15304: 15298: 15292: 15286: 15280: 15274: 15268: 15261: 15259: 15253: 15252: 15250: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15228: 15222: 15221:(1363–912 BCE) 15216: 15210: 15203: 15201: 15191: 15177: 15176: 15174: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15142: 15140: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15089: 15087: 15075: 15074: 15071: 15070: 15068: 15067: 15061: 15055: 15048: 15046: 15040: 15039: 15037: 15036: 15030: 15024: 15018: 15011: 15009: 15000: 14992: 14991: 14957: 14955: 14953: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14931: 14929: 14925: 14924: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14906: 14905: 14898: 14891: 14883: 14877: 14876: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14810: 14809:External links 14807: 14805: 14804: 14798: 14780: 14774: 14761: 14736: 14701: 14672: 14643: 14637: 14622: 14616: 14602:Yacoub, Joseph 14598: 14592: 14575: 14569: 14552: 14538: 14532: 14517: 14511: 14498: 14482: 14476: 14461: 14459:(3): 961–1007. 14441: 14427: 14407: 14393: 14387: 14370: 14364: 14347: 14320: 14293:10.1086/511103 14287:(4): 283–287. 14269: 14248: 14218: 14212: 14195: 14189: 14174: 14164:(3): 412–428. 14146: 14140: 14123: 14098: 14080: 14060: 14046: 14020:(1): 101–108. 14006: 14000: 13986:Millar, Fergus 13982: 13964: 13947: 13941: 13927:Macuch, Rudolf 13923: 13907: 13901: 13886: 13880: 13862: 13848: 13834: 13816: 13799: 13793: 13776: 13770: 13753: 13747: 13729: 13699: 13669: 13651: 13636: 13618: 13601: 13595: 13575: 13569: 13557:, ed. (1990). 13551: 13545: 13528: 13522: 13505: 13499: 13482: 13476: 13461: 13434: 13416: 13410: 13395: 13389: 13371: 13357: 13339: 13324: 13318: 13298: 13268: 13238: 13214:10.1086/373570 13208:(4): 281–285. 13190: 13170: 13164: 13147: 13141: 13126: 13091: 13085: 13070: 13064: 13047: 13033: 13027: 13012: 12987: 12962: 12940:(3): 179–198. 12925: 12919: 12904: 12879: 12873: 12855: 12849: 12832: 12818: 12800: 12783: 12777: 12762: 12756: 12739: 12725: 12708: 12673: 12667: 12652: 12646: 12628: 12603: 12564: 12558: 12543: 12537: 12520: 12508:10.1086/677249 12500:10.1086/677249 12494:(2): 299–317. 12483: 12477: 12462: 12433: 12419: 12405: 12373: 12360: 12342: 12328:Aboona, Hirmis 12324: 12318: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12292: 12278: 12234: 12174: 12155:(2): 191–208. 12139: 12106:Ann. Hum. Biol 12087: 12025: 11966: 11947: 11895: 11863: 11856: 11833: 11792: 11771: 11764: 11744: 11733:on 3 June 2019 11713: 11687: 11661: 11637: 11614: 11607: 11587: 11569: 11539: 11509: 11483: 11476: 11458: 11451: 11433: 11426: 11408: 11396: 11386: 11380:. p. 71. 11353: 11327: 11318: 11302: 11286:Hatch, William 11278: 11253: 11241: 11226:(in Turkish). 11208: 11177: 11141: 11111: 11080: 11068: 11064:Heinrichs 1990 11056: 11039: 11031:Khan, Geoffrey 11023: 11007: 10998: 10966: 10954: 10939: 10930: 10923: 10903: 10894: 10881: 10878:on 2 May 2006. 10863: 10826: 10814: 10802: 10789: 10777: 10773:Heinrichs 1993 10765: 10753: 10741: 10729: 10717: 10705: 10683: 10671: 10659: 10652: 10632: 10617: 10605: 10590: 10578: 10547: 10515: 10501: 10495:. OUP Oxford. 10481: 10469: 10448: 10429: 10399: 10395:Southgate 1844 10387: 10385:, p. 249. 10383:Southgate 1842 10375: 10348: 10346:, p. 260. 10336: 10334:, p. 272. 10324: 10320:Ainsworth 1841 10312: 10300: 10288: 10286:, p. 112. 10276: 10249: 10237: 10225: 10213: 10201: 10197:Gallagher 2012 10189: 10164: 10135: 10117: 10091: 10065: 10034: 10032:, p. 491. 10022: 10020:, p. 179. 10018:Southgate 1840 10007: 9995: 9984: 9966: 9964:, p. 237. 9954: 9942: 9940:, p. 127. 9927: 9897: 9871: 9845: 9836: 9811: 9788: 9769: 9738: 9715: 9706: 9697: 9688: 9661: 9654: 9633: 9624: 9598: 9572: 9549: 9537:Britannica.com 9524: 9510: 9496: 9480: 9468: 9447:"Šlomo Surayt" 9438: 9429: 9420: 9394: 9392:, p. 238. 9382: 9370: 9338: 9331: 9305: 9290: 9260: 9234: 9222: 9196: 9169: 9139: 9113: 9084: 9055: 9046: 9037: 9028: 9026:, p. 439. 9016: 9009: 8989: 8980: 8945: 8911: 8886: 8860: 8834: 8804: 8778: 8747: 8732: 8696: 8666: 8640: 8609: 8576: 8545: 8511: 8481: 8449: 8440: 8410: 8378: 8371: 8353: 8331: 8301: 8271: 8241: 8190: 8185:Len Dieghton, 8178: 8169: 8152: 8143: 8128: 8125:. p. 131. 8113: 8110:. p. 272. 8098: 8089: 8077: 8046: 8016: 8004: 7992: 7977: 7945: 7943:, p. 604. 7933: 7921: 7909: 7897: 7885: 7861: 7839: 7822: 7820:, p. 127. 7810: 7798: 7786: 7774: 7772:, p. 248. 7762: 7760:, p. 228. 7758:Tisserant 1931 7750: 7724: 7707: 7678: 7654: 7647: 7627: 7620: 7614:. I.B.Tauris. 7600: 7598:, p. 105. 7588: 7576: 7546: 7537: 7525: 7518: 7498: 7486: 7468: 7454: 7434: 7427: 7409: 7392: 7377:Brague, Rémi. 7369: 7312: 7298: 7278: 7248: 7239: 7221: 7198: 7181:Dictionary.com 7168: 7152: 7131: 7124: 7118:. p. 72. 7102: 7082: 7080:, p. 211. 7070: 7044: 7008: 6992: 6976: 6967: 6937: 6910: 6897: 6885: 6855: 6846: 6838: 6818: 6786: 6777: 6769: 6749: 6730: 6712:Deutscher, Guy 6703: 6677: 6671:Georges Roux, 6664: 6634: 6604: 6574: 6559: 6557:, p. 517. 6547: 6545: 6544: 6524: 6513: 6495: 6486: 6477: 6468: 6459: 6428: 6397: 6362: 6347: 6329: 6299: 6268: 6238: 6212: 6200:www.armstat.am 6187: 6162: 6143: 6112: 6086: 6060: 6042: 6013: 5988: 5957: 5927: 5896: 5894:, pp. 166 5884: 5854: 5823: 5793: 5775: 5745: 5720: 5696: 5680: 5665:(in Swedish). 5649: 5619: 5589: 5559: 5533: 5507: 5495: 5476: 5457: 5427: 5412: 5382: 5352: 5326: 5313:SIL Ethnologue 5305: 5298: 5278: 5266: 5251: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5097: 5094: 4989: 4986: 4921:Cavalli-Sforza 4910: 4907: 4879:Middle Eastern 4848:Main article: 4845: 4842: 4833:Main article: 4830: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4806: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4755: 4716: 4713: 4674:Main article: 4671: 4668: 4625:Sargon Gabriel 4560: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4536: 4529: 4527: 4507: 4500: 4498: 4472: 4465: 4463: 4438: 4431: 4429: 4408: 4401: 4399: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4359:following the 4353: 4343: 4335:following the 4261:, such as the 4243:Main article: 4240: 4237: 4229:Latin alphabet 4148:Main article: 4145: 4142: 4074:Jewish Aramaic 4043:Aramaic script 3991:branch of the 3970:Main article: 3967: 3964: 3948:mixed marriage 3930:Assyrians are 3881:Main article: 3878: 3875: 3795:Adana Province 3647: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3599:Aramean people 3595:Syriac-Aramean 3588: 3534: 3508:Main article: 3505: 3502: 3399: 3396: 3382:are primarily 3341:Krasnodar Kray 3206:Meadow Heights 3170:Fairfield City 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3074:Main article: 3071: 3068: 3052:Adana massacre 3022:Zoroastrianism 3009: 3006: 2989: 2988: 2881: 2826:Nineveh Plains 2814: 2770: 2767: 2556:/Beth Garmai ( 2519: 2516: 2486: 2483: 2442:In Syria, the 2326:Saddam Hussein 2320:disbanded the 2276: 2273: 2268:Anfal campaign 2261:Saddam Hussein 2103:French mandate 2066: 2065:Modern history 2063: 2038:Main article: 2035: 2032: 2016:Malik Khoshaba 1992:Main article: 1989: 1986: 1913: 1910: 1888:Abdul Hamid II 1884:Ottoman Empire 1703:bishop of the 1682: 1679: 1598:Timurid Empire 1593: 1590: 1569:, the emir of 1539:Turkic peoples 1332: 1329: 1321:Constantinople 1279:Byzantine Rite 1074:Roman province 1039: 1036: 946: 943: 870:Persian Empire 829:overthrew the 739:, c. 6000 BC. 689: 686: 681:Main article: 678: 675: 663:Khabour Guards 643:Nineveh Plains 426: 425: 408:Predominantly 405: 404: 400: 399: 398:(in antiquity) 390:(liturgical), 367: 366: 362: 361: 358: 354: 353: 350: 346: 345: 342: 338: 337: 334: 330: 329: 326: 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16729: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16701:(legislative) 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16686: 16683: 16679: 16674: 16670: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16634:Syrian Desert 16632: 16630: 16629:Shatt al-Arab 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16564:Faw peninsula 16562: 16561: 16558: 16554: 16549: 16545: 16531: 16528: 16524: 16521: 16520: 16519: 16516: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16506:Fall of Mosul 16504: 16503: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16479:U.S. invasion 16477: 16476: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16463: 16460: 16459: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16442:Iran–Iraq War 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16407: 16403: 16400: 16399: 16396: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16370: 16366: 16360: 16357: 16353: 16350: 16349: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16332: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16307:Buyid dynasty 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16289: 16287: 16283: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16156:Halaf culture 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16143: 16141: 16139: 16135: 16131: 16127: 16122: 16118: 16113: 16107: 16097: 16092: 16090: 16085: 16083: 16078: 16077: 16074: 16060: 16055: 16053: 16052:Afro-Iranians 16050: 16048: 16043: 16041: 16036: 16034: 16029: 16027: 16022: 16020: 16015: 16013: 16008: 16006: 16001: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15994:Turkic people 15991: 15988: 15985: 15982: 15979: 15976: 15973: 15970: 15967: 15964: 15961: 15958: 15955: 15952: 15949: 15946: 15943: 15940: 15939: 15936: 15932: 15925: 15920: 15918: 15913: 15911: 15906: 15905: 15902: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15878: 15868: 15867: 15864: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15819: 15817: 15815: 15811: 15801: 15798: 15794: 15791: 15790: 15789: 15788:United States 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15690: 15688: 15686: 15682: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15658: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15638: 15637: 15634: 15630: 15627: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15609: 15608: 15605: 15604: 15603: 15600: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15582: 15581: 15578: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15538: 15537: 15534: 15533: 15532: 15529: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15518: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15505: 15494: 15491: 15488: 15485: 15482: 15479: 15476: 15473: 15470: 15467: 15464: 15461: 15458: 15455: 15452: 15449: 15446: 15443: 15440: 15437: 15434: 15431: 15428: 15425: 15424: 15422: 15418: 15411: 15408: 15405: 15402: 15399: 15396: 15393: 15390: 15387: 15384: 15381: 15380:Buyid amirate 15378: 15375: 15372: 15369: 15366: 15363: 15360: 15357: 15354: 15353: 15351: 15347: 15340: 15337: 15334: 15331: 15328: 15324: 15320: 15317: 15314: 15311: 15308: 15305: 15302: 15301:Roman Assyria 15299: 15296: 15293: 15290: 15287: 15284: 15281: 15278: 15275: 15272: 15269: 15266: 15263: 15262: 15260: 15254: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15232: 15229: 15227:(911–609 BCE) 15226: 15223: 15220: 15217: 15214: 15211: 15208: 15205: 15204: 15202: 15200: 15195: 15192: 15182: 15178: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15139: 15135: 15129: 15128:Syriac script 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15090: 15088: 15084: 15080: 15076: 15065: 15062: 15059: 15056: 15053: 15050: 15049: 15047: 15045: 15041: 15034: 15031: 15028: 15025: 15022: 15019: 15016: 15013: 15012: 15010: 15008: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14993: 14988: 14987:Chaldean flag 14983: 14977: 14972: 14966: 14965:Assyrian flag 14961: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14932: 14930: 14926: 14921: 14915: 14911: 14904: 14899: 14897: 14892: 14890: 14885: 14884: 14881: 14875: 14871: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14822: 14817: 14813: 14812: 14801: 14795: 14791: 14790: 14785: 14781: 14777: 14771: 14767: 14762: 14750: 14746: 14742: 14737: 14722: 14718: 14714: 14707: 14702: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14673: 14661: 14657: 14653: 14649: 14644: 14640: 14634: 14630: 14629: 14623: 14619: 14613: 14609: 14608: 14603: 14599: 14595: 14589: 14585: 14581: 14576: 14572: 14566: 14562: 14558: 14553: 14549: 14548: 14543: 14539: 14535: 14529: 14525: 14524: 14518: 14514: 14508: 14504: 14499: 14495: 14491: 14487: 14483: 14479: 14473: 14469: 14468: 14462: 14458: 14454: 14447: 14442: 14438: 14437: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14420: 14416: 14412: 14408: 14404: 14403: 14398: 14394: 14390: 14384: 14380: 14376: 14371: 14367: 14361: 14357: 14353: 14348: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14326: 14321: 14306: 14302: 14298: 14294: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14275: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14249: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14227: 14223: 14222:Parpola, Simo 14219: 14215: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14196: 14192: 14186: 14182: 14181: 14175: 14171: 14167: 14163: 14159: 14152: 14147: 14143: 14137: 14133: 14129: 14124: 14112: 14108: 14104: 14099: 14087: 14083: 14077: 14073: 14069: 14065: 14061: 14057: 14056: 14051: 14050:Mooken, Aprem 14047: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14031: 14027: 14023: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14003: 13997: 13993: 13992: 13987: 13983: 13971: 13967: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13948: 13944: 13938: 13934: 13933: 13928: 13924: 13920: 13916: 13912: 13908: 13904: 13898: 13894: 13893: 13887: 13883: 13877: 13873: 13872: 13867: 13863: 13859: 13858: 13853: 13849: 13845: 13844: 13839: 13835: 13823: 13819: 13813: 13809: 13805: 13800: 13796: 13790: 13786: 13782: 13777: 13773: 13767: 13763: 13759: 13754: 13750: 13748:90-04-11641-9 13744: 13740: 13739: 13734: 13730: 13723: 13719: 13715: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13693: 13689: 13685: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13658: 13654: 13648: 13644: 13643: 13637: 13625: 13621: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13602: 13598: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13566: 13562: 13561: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13529: 13525: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13506: 13502: 13496: 13492: 13488: 13483: 13479: 13473: 13469: 13468: 13462: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13440: 13435: 13431: 13430: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13407: 13403: 13402: 13396: 13392: 13386: 13382: 13381: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13367: 13362: 13361:Fürst, Julius 13358: 13346: 13342: 13336: 13332: 13331: 13325: 13321: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13299: 13292: 13288: 13284: 13277: 13273: 13269: 13262: 13258: 13254: 13247: 13243: 13239: 13227: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13167: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13148: 13144: 13138: 13134: 13133: 13127: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13097: 13092: 13088: 13082: 13078: 13077: 13071: 13067: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13048: 13044: 13043: 13038: 13034: 13030: 13024: 13020: 13019: 13013: 13001: 12997: 12993: 12988: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12963: 12951: 12947: 12943: 12939: 12935: 12931: 12926: 12922: 12916: 12912: 12911: 12905: 12893: 12889: 12885: 12880: 12876: 12870: 12866: 12865: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12833: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12819: 12807: 12803: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12784: 12780: 12774: 12770: 12769: 12763: 12759: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12709: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12679: 12674: 12670: 12664: 12660: 12659: 12653: 12649: 12643: 12639: 12638: 12633: 12632:Baum, Wilhelm 12629: 12617: 12613: 12609: 12604: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12565: 12561: 12555: 12551: 12550: 12544: 12540: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12521: 12517: 12513: 12509: 12505: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12489: 12484: 12480: 12474: 12470: 12469: 12463: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12434: 12430: 12429: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12361: 12349: 12345: 12339: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12302: 12301: 12289: 12282: 12274: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12257:10.1038/81685 12254: 12251:(3): 358–61. 12250: 12246: 12238: 12230: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12195:(7): e41252. 12194: 12190: 12186: 12178: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12143: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12112:(3): 364–71. 12111: 12107: 12103: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12083: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12032: 12030: 12021: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11970: 11963: 11959: 11956: 11951: 11944: 11941: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11899: 11880: 11873: 11867: 11859: 11853: 11849: 11848: 11843: 11837: 11829: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11796: 11788: 11784: 11778: 11776: 11767: 11761: 11757: 11756: 11748: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11717: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11694: 11692: 11675: 11671: 11665: 11654: 11647: 11641: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11623: 11618: 11610: 11604: 11600: 11599: 11591: 11583: 11579: 11573: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11543: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11513: 11497: 11493: 11487: 11479: 11473: 11469: 11462: 11454: 11448: 11444: 11437: 11429: 11423: 11419: 11412: 11405: 11400: 11393: 11389: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11341: 11337: 11331: 11322: 11315: 11311: 11306: 11299: 11298:1-931956-53-7 11295: 11291: 11287: 11282: 11267: 11263: 11257: 11250: 11245: 11229: 11225: 11221: 11215: 11213: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11181: 11162: 11158: 11151: 11145: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11115: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11072: 11065: 11060: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11036: 11032: 11027: 11020: 11014: 11012: 11002: 10983: 10976: 10970: 10963: 10958: 10951: 10946: 10944: 10934: 10926: 10920: 10916: 10915: 10907: 10898: 10891: 10885: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10848: 10844: 10837: 10830: 10823: 10818: 10811: 10806: 10799: 10793: 10786: 10781: 10774: 10769: 10762: 10757: 10750: 10745: 10738: 10733: 10726: 10721: 10714: 10709: 10702: 10698: 10697: 10696:The Histories 10692: 10687: 10680: 10675: 10669:, p. 28. 10668: 10663: 10655: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10636: 10629: 10624: 10622: 10614: 10609: 10602: 10601:Lipiński 2000 10597: 10595: 10587: 10582: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10551: 10535: 10531: 10528:(in Hebrew). 10527: 10519: 10504: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10485: 10479:, p. 75. 10478: 10473: 10464: 10459: 10452: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10403: 10397:, p. 80. 10396: 10391: 10384: 10379: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10345: 10340: 10333: 10328: 10322:, p. 36. 10321: 10316: 10310:, p. 63. 10309: 10304: 10297: 10296:O'Mahony 2006 10292: 10285: 10280: 10264: 10260: 10253: 10247:, p. 93. 10246: 10245:Coakley 2011b 10241: 10234: 10229: 10222: 10217: 10210: 10205: 10198: 10193: 10186: 10185: 10180: 10176: 10173: 10168: 10160: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10132: 10128: 10121: 10105: 10101: 10095: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10026: 10019: 10014: 10012: 10005:, p. 45. 10004: 10003:Coakley 2011a 9999: 9992: 9987: 9981: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9958: 9951: 9946: 9939: 9934: 9932: 9915: 9911: 9910:Chaldean Flag 9907: 9901: 9885: 9881: 9875: 9859: 9855: 9849: 9840: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9797: 9792: 9785: 9781: 9778: 9773: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9724: 9719: 9710: 9701: 9692: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9665: 9657: 9651: 9647: 9640: 9638: 9628: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9586: 9582: 9576: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9553: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9521: 9520: 9514: 9507: 9506: 9500: 9494:, p. 19. 9493: 9491: 9484: 9478:, p. 15. 9477: 9472: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9442: 9433: 9424: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9391: 9386: 9379: 9374: 9358: 9354: 9353: 9348: 9342: 9334: 9328: 9324: 9319: 9318: 9309: 9302: 9297: 9295: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9264: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9232:, p. 83. 9231: 9226: 9210: 9206: 9200: 9184: 9180: 9173: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9143: 9128: 9124: 9117: 9101: 9097: 9091: 9089: 9072: 9068: 9062: 9060: 9050: 9041: 9032: 9025: 9020: 9012: 9006: 9002: 9001: 8993: 8984: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8918: 8916: 8908: 8907: 8902: 8898: 8895: 8890: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8848: 8844: 8838: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8766: 8762: 8761:Warscapes.com 8758: 8751: 8743: 8736: 8728: 8722: 8706: 8700: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8613: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8587: 8580: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8549: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8518: 8516: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8453: 8444: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8399:on 9 May 2008 8395: 8388: 8382: 8374: 8368: 8364: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8344:indict.org.uk 8341: 8335: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8215:(3): 363–82. 8214: 8210: 8209: 8201: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8173: 8165: 8164: 8156: 8147: 8139: 8132: 8124: 8117: 8109: 8102: 8093: 8086: 8081: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8050: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 8000:Courtois 2004 7996: 7989: 7984: 7982: 7962: 7955: 7949: 7942: 7937: 7930: 7925: 7918: 7913: 7906: 7901: 7895:, p. 56. 7894: 7889: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7865: 7850:. 11 May 1939 7849: 7843: 7835: 7834: 7826: 7819: 7814: 7808:, p. 57. 7807: 7802: 7796:, p. 33. 7795: 7790: 7784:, p. 45. 7783: 7778: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7733: 7728: 7720: 7719: 7711: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7682: 7676: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7650: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7631: 7623: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7604: 7597: 7592: 7586:, p. 32. 7585: 7580: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7541: 7535:, p. XI. 7534: 7529: 7521: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7502: 7495: 7490: 7482: 7475: 7473: 7457: 7455:0-8264-5481-X 7451: 7447: 7446: 7438: 7430: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7301: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7282: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7127: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7074: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7029: 7022: 7020: 7012: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6990: 6989:975-16-0246-7 6986: 6980: 6971: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6930: 6923: 6917: 6915: 6907: 6901: 6895:, p. 30. 6894: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6868:parstimes.com 6865: 6859: 6850: 6841: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6822: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6781: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6707: 6691: 6687: 6681: 6674: 6668: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6556: 6551: 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They speak 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791:Sapna valleys 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685:Al Darbasiyah 2682: 2681:Al-Qahtaniyah 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2576:in Iran, and 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2540:includes the 2539: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2511: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450:in the region 2447: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2391:Islamic State 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2257:Yonadam Kanna 2254: 2250: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2071: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1929: 1922: 1921:Assyrian flag 1918: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:Isa Kelemechi 1641: 1637: 1636:Mongol Empire 1633: 1632:Buyid dynasty 1629: 1628:Seljuk Empire 1621: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567:Bedr Khan Beg 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484:proselytising 1477: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1331:Arab conquest 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1256:Monophysitism 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:Roman Assyria 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1092:, centred on 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1049: 1044: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:lingua franca 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 962:Kültepe texts 958: 956: 952: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 900: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 813:'s grandson, 812: 808: 801:(light green) 800: 796: 792: 789:A map of the 787: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 715: 714: 708: 703: 699: 695: 684: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635:Khabour River 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612:United States 609: 605: 604:Islamic State 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 573:North America 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 504: 503:Baghdad, Iraq 500: 497:praying in a 496: 492: 488: 486: 482: 481:lingua franca 478: 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 436: 432: 424: 420: 416: 415:Protestantism 411: 406: 401: 397: 393: 389: 382: 378: 372: 368: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 240:25,000–35,000 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 189:United States 187: 183: 180: 179: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 131: 130: 125: 120: 117: 113: 109: 104: 97: 92: 88: 83: 78: 75: 73: 67: 65: 59: 57: 51: 49: 37: 33: 19: 17094:Christianity 17030: 16976:Demographics 16910:Oil reserves 16905:Oil Industry 16872:Central Bank 16768:Human rights 16694:Constitution 16639:Tigris river 16619:Persian Gulf 16327:Ottoman Iraq 16312:Qara Qoyunlu 16146:Ubaid period 15966:Mazandaranis 15948:Azerbaijanis 15404:Qara Qoyunlu 15267:(312–63 BCE) 14998:Christianity 14909: 14788: 14765: 14753:. 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2485:Demographics 2479: 2462:Ourhi Centre 2461: 2443: 2441: 2433:Dwekh Nawsha 2422: 2380: 2369: 2334: 2303: 2275:21st century 2265: 2246: 2229: 2217:Ba'ath Party 2214: 2206: 2187: 2138:World War II 2123: 2119:Khabur River 2080: 2075:Khabur River 2043: 2005: 1979: 1960: 1952: 1944: 1892:Pan-Islamism 1881: 1874: 1853: 1851: 1826: 1822: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1772: 1725: 1710: 1671:Kara Koyunlu 1664: 1660:Bar Hebraeus 1656: 1625: 1606:Kara Koyunlu 1579: 1577:soon after. 1561:region were 1552: 1543: 1537:, and later 1528: 1496:Central Asia 1481: 1461: 1445: 1443: 1364: 1307: 1295: 1264: 1259: 1248:Nestorianism 1241: 1234: 1177:In 410, the 1176: 1156:Christianity 1141: 1102: 1067: 1050:(226–637 AD) 997: 978: 959: 948: 904: 897: 859: 823:Hebrew Bible 804: 774:(modern-day 741: 733:Tell Hassuna 719: 711: 710:Part of the 632: 601: 546: 530:Christianity 522:Christianity 507: 499:Holy Qurbana 466: 438:ethnic group 430: 429: 176: 171:7,000–17,000 127: 115: 111: 69: 61: 53: 45: 39:Ethnic group 36: 17250:WikiProject 17051:Marsh Arabs 17036:Circassians 16717:Foreign aid 16609:Mesopotamia 16171:Uruk period 16039:Circassians 15763:New Zealand 15758:Netherlands 15522:Settlements 15435:(1555–1917) 15412:(1453–1501) 15406:(1375–1468) 15400:(1335–1432) 15394:(1258–1335) 15388:(1098–1268) 15349:Middle ages 15289:Roman Syria 15283:Syrian Wars 14920:Middle East 14755:25 November 14730:25 November 14695:25 November 14666:25 November 14117:28 February 13804:"Assyrians" 13758:"Assyrians" 13510:"Assyrians" 13006:28 February 12992:"Chaldeans" 12981:28 February 12967:"Assyrians" 12702:12 February 12622:30 November 10856:16 November 10796:Tsereteli, 10785:Macuch 1976 10713:Joseph 1997 10628:Gzella 2015 10233:Davies 1872 10110:16 November 10084:16 November 10058:18 February 9890:16 November 9864:16 November 9734:Doug Bandow 9617:18 February 9591:18 February 9390:Travis 2010 9273:sor.cua.edu 9106:18 February 9077:22 December 8504:16 November 8474:18 February 8403:10 February 8324:18 February 8294:18 February 8085:Yacoub 2016 7988:Aboona 2008 7917:Joseph 2000 7893:Frazee 2006 7872:JAA Studies 7806:Frazee 2006 7794:Mooken 2003 7782:Healey 2010 7770:Baumer 2006 7596:Aboona 2008 7533:Aboona 2008 7494:Joseph 2000 7078:Millar 1967 6657:16 February 6627:31 December 6555:Hanish 2015 6322:18 February 6160:(Ukrainian) 6079:18 February 5910:Athens News 5847:14 December 5692:(in German) 5663:SVT Nyheter 5450:18 February 5262:Baumer 2006 5064:Haplogroup 4988:Haplogroups 4972:Marsh Arabs 4953:Zoroastrian 4746:Kha b-Nisan 4711:of a song. 4705:Sabre Dance 4653:Aril Brikha 4629:Evin Agassi 4600:, but also 4383:Bar Mitzvah 4304:and became 4200:ʾEsṭrangēlā 3905:Kha b-Nisan 3716:Mesopotamia 3704:Coele-Syria 3656:Roman Syria 3471:Mesopotamia 3408:Arabization 3374:'s special 3210:Craigieburn 3190:Prairiewood 3141:(100,000), 3014:Yazdegerd I 3008:Persecution 2961:Beth Zabday 2941:Beth Kustan 2921:Mor Gabriel 2901:West Syriac 2807:East Syriac 2650:Middle East 2632:during the 2395:Nusra Front 2113:during the 2018:of the Bit- 2012:Agha Petros 1854:Shimun line 1827:Shimun line 1811:Mesopotamia 1492:Transoxiana 1452:Arabization 1325:Miaphysites 1317:Justinian I 1231:manuscripts 1158:and spread 1105:Roman Syria 1024:Old Aramaic 1010:, once the 985:Babylonians 764:Mesopotamia 694:Mesopotamia 655:War in Iraq 553:Mesopotamia 518:West Syriac 442:Mesopotamia 333:New Zealand 304:1,500–5,000 288:3,000–4,000 272:2,500–5,000 237:Netherlands 17275:Categories 17167:Television 17147:Literature 17109:Irreligion 17084:Secularism 17021:Minorities 16889:(currency) 16882:Corruption 16727:Government 16518:Insurgency 16317:Aq Qoyunlu 16138:Chronology 15999:Others 1% 15992:and other 15646:Diyarbakır 15617:Tell Tamer 15612:Al-Hasakah 15508:By country 15420:Modern era 15410:Aq Qoyunlu 15382:(945–1055) 15376:(905–1383) 15370:(750–1258) 15185:(including 15161:Folk dance 14314:7 December 14092:1 February 13976:2 February 13828:29 October 13663:1 February 13232:17 January 13188:: 141–160. 13120:18 January 13109:: 69–111. 12956:1 February 12898:18 January 12812:2 February 12597:17 January 12371:: 155–169. 12365:One Church 11700:Naby, Eden 11680:1 February 11076:Tezel 2003 10991:12 October 10699:, VII.63, 10571:12 October 10508:12 October 10368:8 November 10221:Fürst 1867 9681:31 January 9476:Üngör 2011 9378:Nisan 2002 9283:6 December 9024:Bryce 2009 8623:Al-Monitor 8528:Aletia.org 8012:Atman 2018 7970:12 October 7941:Butts 2017 7362:6 November 7305:20 January 7191:6 December 7037:12 October 6904:Olmatead, 6878:9 December 6597:5 December 6390:8 November 6180:11 October 6105:7 November 5940:bethnahrin 5440:Al-Monitor 5216:References 5088:, and the 5084:, coastal 4976:haplotypes 4871:wheat beer 4685:Folk dance 4633:Janan Sawa 4590:folk music 4379:Brit Milah 4341:Nestorians 4285:, and the 4167:Phoenician 3932:endogamous 3788:Phoenician 3370:under the 3352:California 3333:Overijssel 3265:Sacramento 3158:Södertälje 3153:(46,000). 3129:Since the 3080:See also: 3062:, and the 2973:Diyarbakır 2870:Diyarbakir 2677:Al-Hasakah 2614:Diyarbakır 2503:Nestorians 2435:, and the 2397:and other 2304:After the 2194:Iraqi Army 2130:Rab-shakeh 2093:asked the 1923:, c. 1920 1901:Hasankeyef 1897:Diyarbakir 1823:Eliya line 1732:Nestorians 1685:See also: 1667:Aq Qoyunlu 1648:Yuan China 1638:after the 1602:Aq Qoyunlu 1533:and other 1431:physicians 1387:philosophy 1250:, and the 1191:Catholicos 1152:Nabataeans 1139:speakers. 989:liturgical 878:front line 839:Babylonian 799:Esarhaddon 766:under the 748:Bronze Age 639:Al-Hasakah 624:occupation 618:, and the 616:its allies 597:Emigration 542:Nabataeans 440:native to 435:indigenous 413:Minority: 357:Kazakhstan 116:5+ million 17187:Squatting 17152:Education 17099:Mandaeism 17068:/Turkoman 17046:Mandaeans 17031:Assyrians 17026:Armenians 16989:Languages 16877:Companies 16832:Judiciary 16742:President 16712:Elections 16707:Democracy 16553:Geography 16469:Sanctions 16387:2003–2011 16382:1968–2003 16377:1958–1968 16236:Babylonia 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BRILL. 14301:162760021 14259:: 72–82. 14042:192959948 13854:(1849b). 13840:(1849a). 13630:24 August 13222:161323237 12735:156908771 12516:163755644 12456:19 August 12425:(1842b). 12411:(1842a). 12387:: 21–76. 12134:207460555 11191:Warscapes 10737:Frye 1997 10725:Frye 1992 10691:Herodotus 10586:Fiey 1965 10540:3 October 10458:CiteSeerX 10153:cite book 10145:962025766 9854:"Assyria" 9461:12 August 9253:7 October 9230:Atto 2011 9215:7 October 9162:3 October 8879:7 October 8853:5 October 8797:19 August 8711:5 January 8689:8 January 8314:zowaa.org 8056:"HISTORY" 7335:: 17–33. 7053:"Hadrian" 6893:Yana 2008 6742:26 August 6686:"Nineveh" 6647:France 24 6421:4 October 6006:31 August 5971:DiePresse 5877:3 January 5159:Mandaeans 5055:Armenians 5023:Somalians 5015:Georgians 4734:. During 4715:Festivals 4645:Melechesh 4598:soft rock 4516:cathedral 4478:monastery 4421:Tur Abdin 4417:monastery 4365:Jacobites 4351:Chaldeans 4183:diacritic 4126:Tur Abdin 4082:stateless 3980:A map of 3952:Armenians 3936:exogamous 3913:ܫܠܡܐ ܥܠܝܟ 3901:Christmas 3791:bilingual 3708:Euphrates 3692:Herodotus 3623:West Bank 3585:Jacobites 3581:Assyrians 3577:Chaldeans 3569:Nestorian 3551:with the 3549:communion 3325:Sarcelles 3313:Wiesbaden 3305:Stuttgart 3301:Frankfurt 3261:San Diego 3212:) In the 3198:Melbourne 3182:Fairfield 3178:Australia 3168:, and in 3151:Australia 3018:Nestorian 2969:Tur Abdin 2891:language 2885:Tur Abdin 2862:In Turkey 2838:Tel Keppe 2697:Tel Tamer 2661:Palestine 2618:Tur Abdin 2612:, Amida ( 2582:Yüksekova 2499:Jacobites 2495:Chaldeans 2445:Dawronoye 2399:terrorist 2172:in 1941. 2170:Habbaniya 2142:Palestine 1821:, of the 1740:Jacobites 1701:Nestorian 1658:century, 1652:Ilkhanate 1620:Tamerlane 1584:, Kurds, 1435:Bukhtishu 1423:Nestorius 1415:Bardaisan 1409:(such as 1395:Masawaiyh 1349:Assyrian 1199:provinces 1195:Patriarch 1144:Armenians 1117:Asoristan 1064:Asōristān 1048:Asōristān 1046:A map of 1030:. By the 1016:Near East 915:Parthians 899:Histories 894:Herodotus 760:Sumerians 725:Neolithic 581:Australia 534:Armenians 510:Christian 458:Chaldeans 450:Assyrians 446:West Asia 431:Assyrians 365:Languages 301:Palestine 221:Australia 43:Assyrians 17230:Category 17079:Religion 17056:Persians 16940:Railways 16935:Airlines 16817:Military 16678:Politics 16654:Wildlife 16644:Umm Qasr 16474:Iraq War 16457:Gulf War 16369:Republic 16322:Safavids 16285:638–1958 15990:Turkmens 15942:Persians 15814:Politics 15685:Diaspora 15666:Mazıdağı 15622:Qamishli 15595:Sanandaj 15568:Shaqlawa 15556:Bartella 15541:Qaraqosh 15517:Homeland 15315:(5th c.) 15297:(15–116) 15295:Adiabene 15242:Arameans 15197:Ancient 15171:Clothing 15113:Hertevin 14928:Identity 14870:Archived 14786:(2011). 14749:Archived 14721:Archived 14689:Archived 14660:Archived 14604:(2016). 14544:(1929). 14488:(1931). 14433:(1844). 14413:(1842). 14399:(1840). 14305:Archived 14265:25684050 14224:(2004). 14111:Archived 14086:Archived 14066:(2009). 14052:(2003). 13988:(1967). 13970:Archived 13929:(1976). 13868:(2000). 13822:Archived 13735:(2000). 13705:(1998). 13675:(1997). 13657:Archived 13624:Archived 13581:(1993). 13426:(1859). 13377:(2012). 13363:(1867). 13351:13 March 13345:Archived 13304:(2002). 13274:(1999). 13244:(1997). 13226:Archived 13196:(1992). 13176:(1965). 13111:Archived 13039:(1872). 13000:Archived 12975:Archived 12950:Archived 12892:Archived 12861:(2009). 12824:(1888). 12806:Archived 12693:Archived 12616:Archived 12591:Archived 12579:: 1–20. 12450:Archived 12348:Archived 12330:(2008). 12273:12893406 12265:11062480 12229:22815981 12189:PLOS ONE 12126:21329477 12082:29099847 12042:PLOS ONE 12020:29099847 11980:PLOS ONE 11958:Archived 11940:Endogamy 11934:10417591 11926:18505046 11906:Hum Biol 11737:21 March 11702:(1999). 11625:Archived 11582:Archived 11556:Archived 11526:Archived 11496:Archived 11312:(1888). 11288:(1946). 11228:Archived 11195:Archived 11161:Archived 11134:14 March 11104:14 March 11098:Archived 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7265:Archived 7185:Archived 7057:Archived 6960:18 April 6954:Archived 6872:Archived 6805:Archived 6736:Archived 6714:(2007). 6690:Archived 6675:, p. 187 6651:Archived 6591:Archived 6538:Archived 6415:Archived 6381:Archived 6357:17726815 6316:Archived 6292:31 March 6286:Archived 6255:Archived 6231:13 March 6154:Archived 6130:Archived 6099:Archived 6053:Archived 6035:Archived 6024:Archived 5975:Archived 5944:Archived 5914:Archived 5871:Archived 5841:Archived 5810:Archived 5762:Archived 5708:Archived 5667:Archived 5642:27 April 5636:Archived 5612:27 April 5606:Archived 5582:27 April 5576:Archived 5546:Archived 5520:Archived 5488:Archived 5469:Archived 5444:Archived 5399:Archived 5369:Archived 5339:Archived 5319:Archived 5238:Archived 5234:Refworld 5164:Mhallami 5096:See also 5078:Anatolia 5074:Caucasus 5035:DNA test 4945:Armenian 4909:Genetics 4858:Typical 4750:ܚܕ ܒܢܝܣܢ 4657:Azadoota 4484:and the 4293:and the 4239:Religion 4212:Maḏnḥāyā 4173:and the 4122:Istanbul 4106:Armenian 4008:Sumerian 3966:Language 3925:Spitting 3816:king of 3768:Georgian 3753:Aššūrāyu 3738:Arameans 3726:Seleucid 3712:homeland 3696:Seleucid 3688:Arameans 3684:Assyrian 3672:Cilician 3537:Chaldean 3519:Assyrian 3475:Arameans 3384:Chaldean 3070:Diaspora 2985:Adiyaman 2929:Aynwardo 2907:and the 2866:Istanbul 2856:and the 2755:the West 2751:Istanbul 2673:Qamishli 2669:Nisabina 2657:Akkadian 2646:Caucasus 2604:/Urhoy ( 2594:Şemdinli 2518:Homeland 2501:", and " 2393:(ISIL), 2387:Al Qaeda 2374:and the 2312:and its 2077:in Syria 1858:Joseph I 1831:Qochanis 1748:Maphrian 1630:and the 1582:Persians 1504:Mongolia 1407:theology 1309:Theodora 1217:Bartella 1164:Far East 1125:Persians 1121:Arameans 1004:dialects 974:Anatolia 945:Language 927:Adiabene 896:, whose 890:Darius I 882:Xerxes I 750:period, 593:Caucasus 591:and the 462:Arameans 403:Religion 396:Sumerian 392:Akkadian 72:ʾĀšōrāyē 64:ʾĀṯōrāyē 17260:Commons 17177:Smoking 17142:Culture 17137:Cuisine 17120:General 17104:Yazidis 17061:Solluba 17014:Persian 17004:Kurdish 16999:Aramaic 16964:Society 16945:Tourism 16856:Economy 16604:Islands 16579:Borders 16404: ( 16394:present 16329:(incl. 16241:Assyria 16186:Subartu 16126:History 15984:Balochs 15800:Uruguay 15793:Detroit 15748:Lebanon 15728:Germany 15723:Georgia 15713:Finland 15703:Belgium 15693:Armenia 15641:Hakkari 15495:(2014–) 15489:(2003–) 15477:(1919–) 15447:(1840s) 15277:Osroene 15199:Assyria 15187:related 15181:History 15166:Cuisine 15138:Culture 15079:Aramaic 15066:(1968–) 15060:(1692–) 15054:(1552–) 15035:(1940–) 15029:(1870–) 15023:(1662–) 14034:4200184 12401:1797632 12354:20 June 12297:Sources 12220:3399854 12197:Bibcode 12169:4030922 12073:5669434 12050:Bibcode 12011:5669434 11988:Bibcode 11828:3456196 11819:1684716 11562:22 July 11374:Ostrava 11271:16 June 11234:5 March 10561:Haaretz 9824:Archive 9762:7 April 9132:4 March 8070:21 June 8039:21 June 7569:12 June 7349:1523325 7144:Silifke 6795:"Ashur" 6136:23 July 5981:24 June 5950:24 June 5920:7 April 5119:Assyria 4981:Yazidis 4957:Turkmen 4949:Syrians 4844:Cuisine 4764:‎ 4752:‎ 4689:Chicago 4520:Baghdad 4511:: is a 4480:of the 4442:: is a 4206:Unicode 4187:cursive 4156:Semitic 4118:Persian 4114:Kurdish 4102:Turkish 4098:Swedish 4090:English 4023:Soureth 3989:Semitic 3877:Culture 3871:Sūryāyē 3862:Āṯūrāyē 3853:Ārāmayē 3844:Sūryāyē 3840:exonyms 3822:Cilicia 3820:(i.e., 3799:Cilicia 3764:atorêta 3760:suryêta 3730:Assyria 3615:Lebanon 3591:Aramean 3380:Detroit 3293:Germany 3273:Toronto 3254:Turlock 3246:Modesto 3242:Phoenix 3230:Detroit 3218:Chicago 3143:Germany 2949:Mizizah 2842:Tesqopa 2834:Batnaya 2795:Nuhadra 2779:Hakkari 2720:in Iraq 2636:of the 2598:Uludere 2590:Çukurca 2586:Hakkâri 2578:Hakkari 2566:Tesqopa 2562:Al Qosh 2554:Arrapha 2542:ancient 2365:Baghdad 2357:Yazidis 2299:Armenia 2295:Yerevan 2184:Odisho. 2154:Albania 2050:Hakkari 1971:Georgia 1967:Armenia 1877:Hakkari 1815:Amadiya 1721:millets 1675:Safavid 1559:Hakkari 1555:Balkans 1476:Baghdad 1391:science 1371:Umayyad 1221:Nineveh 1162:to the 1090:Osroene 1086:Hadrian 1078:Assyria 951:Aramaic 931:Osroene 847:Hurrian 843:Amorite 835:Hittite 831:Mitanni 819:Jokshan 817:son of 811:Abraham 772:Nineveh 756:Semitic 721:Assyria 698:Assyria 677:History 610:by the 469:Aramaic 454:Syriacs 433:are an 423:Judaism 349:Denmark 325:Armenia 309:Ukraine 293:Georgia 269:Austria 229:Lebanon 205:Germany 200:150,000 192:600,000 56:Suryoye 32:Syrians 18:Syriacs 17240:Portal 17182:Sports 17157:Health 17132:Cinema 16984:Iraqis 16887:Dinar 16822:Police 16624:Places 16114:topics 16058:Zagari 16004:Talysh 15960:Gilaks 15857:Sutoro 15778:Sweden 15773:Russia 15753:Mexico 15743:Jordan 15738:Israel 15733:Greece 15718:France 15708:Canada 15661:Mardin 15651:Elazığ 15636:Turkey 15629:Khabur 15590:Salmas 15563:Ankawa 15546:Alqosh 15483:(1933) 15465:(1909) 15453:(1895) 15364:(630s) 15358:(630s) 15123:Mlaḥsô 15118:Senaya 15103:Turoyo 15083:Syriac 15017:(518–) 14996:Syriac 14796: 14772: 14635: 14614: 14590: 14567: 14530: 14509: 14474: 14385: 14362: 14299: 14263: 14210: 14187: 14138: 14078: 14040: 14032: 13998: 13962: 13939: 13899: 13878: 13814: 13791: 13768: 13745: 13649: 13616: 13593: 13567: 13543: 13520: 13497: 13474: 13408: 13387: 13337: 13316: 13220: 13162: 13139: 13083: 13062: 13025: 12917: 12871: 12847: 12798: 12775: 12754: 12733: 12723: 12665: 12644: 12556: 12535: 12514: 12506: 12475: 12399: 12340: 12316: 12271: 12263: 12227: 12217: 12167: 12132: 12124: 12080: 12070: 12018: 12008: 11932: 11924: 11888:10 May 11854: 11826: 11816: 11762: 11605: 11532:4 July 11502:3 July 11474: 11449: 11424: 11384: 11296: 10921: 10650: 10499: 10460: 10441:10 May 10427: 10269:11 May 10143: 10133: 9982: 9652: 9490:et al. 9488:Gaunt 9413:11 May 9329: 9007: 8369: 8310:"زوعا" 8054:AANF. 7854:11 May 7700:11 May 7645: 7618: 7516: 7461:7 July 7452: 7425: 7347: 7296: 7271:11 May 7122: 7003: 6987: 6844:p. 145 6836: 6811:29 May 6767: 6728: 6511: 6355: 6345: 6261:7 June 5816:11 May 5768:11 May 5738:11 May 5673:11 May 5552:11 May 5526:11 May 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