681:, and in 1995, in cooperation with the Syrian government, it started a project to rehabilitate over a million hectares of degraded land in the Syrian Badia. In some areas, when grazing was restricted, there was a spontaneous return of many of the native plants. In other areas which were more heavily degraded, grazing restrictions were supplemented by reseeding and the planting of fodder species. By the time the project ended in 2010, nearly a quarter of a million hectares had been reseeded, and nearly a hundred thousand hectares had been planted with native fodder shrubs. The result has been a great success, with some herdsmen reporting tenfold increases in the productivity of their livestock.
475:
717:
693:
741:
729:
705:
753:
486:
91:
3471:
3481:
1789:
3925:
79:
103:
2351:
67:
3491:
38:
3501:
516:, and its people were renowned merchants who took advantage of its strategic position on the silk road linking the far east to the mediterranean, by taxing caravans that were passing by, establishing colonies on the silk road, and trading in the rare commodities from the far east, thus bringing enormous wealth to their city.
618:
presence in the Desert. As the resistance began to gain control of the surrounding areas, coalition spokesmen began to downplay the importance of the Syrian Desert as a center of operations; nevertheless the Syrian Desert remained one of the primary routes for smuggling equipment and insurgents due
623:. By September 2006, the resistance had gained control of virtually all of the Anbar Governorate and had moved most of their forces, equipment and leaders further east to resistance-controlled cities near the Euphrates river.
497:
tribes, and many tribes still remain in the region, their members living mainly in towns and settlements built near oases. Some
Bedouin still maintain their traditional way of life in the desert.
122:
2733:
360:
1569:
995:
2762:
505:
texts written by literate
Bedouin, are found throughout the Syrian Desert. These date approximately from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
3032:
2162:
647:
555:
to the
Mediterranean, thus playing a huge part in both the commercial and military connections between the two regions. It was, however, raided by the
4217:
2646:
1483:
674:
310:
646:. Starting in December 2016 and throughout 2017, several campaigns successfully retook the entire region from the terrorist group, leaving only
314:
974:
740:
4542:
368:
is under threat from drought, over-grazing, hunting and other human activities. Some native animals no longer inhabit this area, and many
270:. The eastern section of the Syrian Desert, that within borders of Iraq, can be referred to (within Iraqi context) as the Western Desert.
4193:
2157:
4213:
2650:
578:, large numbers of victims were deported across the Euphrates River into the desert to die. The Syrian desert was first traversed by
3022:
2213:
1562:
1177:
4233:
1774:
3537:
704:
4303:
4181:
2338:
1361:
1241:
916:
843:
728:
2316:
4403:
2774:
2681:
1434:
293:
The 700–900-metre high (2,300–3,000 ft) region in the middle of the desert is the Hamad
Plateau, a rather flat, stony
251:
to the east. In the north, the desert gives way to the more fertile areas and to the south it runs into the deserts of the
2676:
1904:
1555:
692:
716:
215:. It accounts for approx. 85% of the land area of Jordan and 55% of Syria. To the south, it borders and merges into the
4298:
4226:
4200:
3027:
2943:
2666:
2631:
5162:
1458:
1089:
The
Western Desert. The western reaches of Iraq form part of the "Badiyat al-Sham" or "al-Shamiya", the Syrian Desert.
4632:
3898:
3071:
1631:
1396:
1336:
1302:
1268:
1154:
1120:
951:
1509:
5402:
4464:
4123:
3159:
3144:
2740:
2728:
2295:
615:
5482:
752:
4590:
4349:
3550:
3017:
3003:
2755:
2405:
599:
4381:
5629:
4154:
3884:
2621:
2208:
2192:
639:
611:
587:
5583:
3873:
3747:
2234:
4362:
4188:
4113:
2767:
2244:
1979:
643:
115:
4393:
4386:
4241:
4101:
3316:
3081:
3044:
2976:
2745:
2300:
2182:
2177:
2112:
1788:
1526:
1025:
631:
5619:
4339:
4137:
3974:
3570:
3530:
3494:
3169:
3149:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2671:
2661:
2440:
2305:
1914:
4147:
562:
in the 250s, most of its citizens fled, and under
Sasanian rule, the city was subsequently abandoned.
474:
5614:
4974:
4417:
3949:
3890:
3121:
2966:
2536:
2331:
1989:
1804:
607:
638:
managed to occupy most of the desert region in both Iraq and Syria between 2013 and 2015 during the
5624:
5593:
5305:
5182:
4507:
4479:
4286:
3208:
3179:
2823:
1944:
1586:
4673:
4118:
4108:
3969:
3954:
3854:
3808:
3436:
3184:
2848:
2581:
2254:
2187:
2081:
1934:
1852:
1847:
779:
4142:
5512:
5464:
5265:
5255:
5210:
5192:
4931:
4853:
3995:
3990:
3904:
3659:
3575:
3139:
2998:
2868:
2843:
2713:
2465:
2285:
2137:
1896:
342:
1009:
5554:
5442:
5387:
5335:
5295:
4756:
4625:
4512:
4434:
4334:
4176:
4159:
4086:
3964:
3862:
3704:
3523:
3504:
3243:
3111:
2723:
2596:
2575:
2495:
2455:
2346:
1954:
1231:
1066:
The western desert of Iraq forms the eastern half of the
Badiyat ash-Sham (The Syrian Desert)
906:
620:
835:
5521:
5369:
5340:
5310:
5270:
4706:
4527:
4329:
4164:
3868:
3338:
3220:
3154:
3116:
3012:
2938:
2933:
2858:
2706:
2324:
2172:
2132:
1611:
1202:
595:
512:; first mentioned in the second millennium BC, the city was an important trading center in
354:
670:, graze about twelve million sheep and goats here, as well as a smaller number of camels.
8:
5392:
5360:
5230:
5044:
4964:
4886:
4547:
4537:
4429:
4091:
3699:
3694:
3280:
3238:
3164:
3039:
2961:
2490:
2460:
2445:
2259:
2167:
2142:
1949:
1924:
5546:
5149:
4688:
1105:
5566:
5422:
5382:
5320:
5285:
5275:
5260:
4678:
4489:
4439:
4398:
4258:
4246:
4171:
4132:
4096:
3959:
3933:
3591:
3411:
3406:
3391:
3353:
3328:
3265:
3126:
3061:
2696:
2505:
2420:
2249:
2218:
2117:
1964:
1881:
4811:
3253:
277:
has also been used for the Syrian Desert. The name has been translated in the past as
5492:
5477:
5417:
5250:
5235:
5215:
5135:
5016:
4820:
4776:
4559:
4344:
4268:
4074:
3878:
3813:
3768:
3621:
3480:
3431:
3396:
3233:
3174:
3076:
2986:
2956:
2951:
2818:
2813:
2797:
2686:
2626:
2546:
2541:
2450:
2239:
2096:
2091:
2076:
2011:
1929:
1886:
1606:
1601:
1392:
1367:
1357:
1332:
1298:
1264:
1237:
1150:
1116:
989:
947:
912:
839:
575:
325:
252:
188:
883:
328:, the Hamad Desert has been described as one of the most arid deserts of the world.
5588:
5280:
5245:
5039:
4858:
4618:
4583:
4564:
4499:
4317:
4281:
4051:
3910:
3803:
3783:
3778:
3724:
3596:
3558:
3323:
3258:
3248:
2922:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2833:
2808:
2152:
2147:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2026:
2016:
1832:
1689:
1674:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1626:
774:
627:
405:
visit the seasonal lakes. Small rodents are common, as are their predators such as
244:
829:
658:
With low rainfall and poor quality soils, today the region is principally used as
309:. The highest peaks of the Plateau are those of the 1,000 m (3,300 ft)+
5397:
5240:
5220:
5205:
5177:
5167:
5157:
5117:
5074:
4946:
4921:
4916:
4828:
4746:
4696:
4668:
4658:
4484:
4459:
4449:
4444:
4206:
3798:
3763:
3729:
3644:
3421:
3386:
3275:
3270:
3189:
3100:
2838:
2691:
2603:
2591:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2435:
2410:
2395:
2382:
2370:
2086:
2061:
2056:
2036:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1939:
1909:
1861:
1857:
1827:
1386:
1292:
1258:
1144:
1082:
1053:
941:
827:
801:
556:
528:
458:
369:
220:
161:
943:
The Harra and the Hamad : excavations and surveys in
Eastern Jordan, vol. 1
258:
Several parts of the Syrian Desert have been referred to separately such as the
5502:
5497:
5472:
5450:
5412:
5407:
5330:
5325:
5127:
5107:
5049:
5021:
4911:
4906:
4896:
4891:
4843:
4838:
4801:
4741:
4731:
4721:
4599:
4554:
4517:
4472:
4251:
4046:
4041:
3793:
3773:
3739:
3714:
3401:
3376:
2656:
2586:
2066:
1329:
The
Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria
769:
591:
571:
540:
380:
337:
240:
216:
4796:
5608:
5432:
5427:
5377:
5315:
5300:
5290:
5225:
5200:
5172:
5112:
5102:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5054:
4999:
4989:
4766:
4751:
4726:
4716:
4701:
4532:
4020:
4005:
3843:
3820:
3788:
3753:
3689:
3631:
3601:
3474:
3426:
3416:
3381:
3333:
3310:
3285:
3049:
2873:
2750:
2551:
2400:
1866:
1714:
1371:
678:
579:
402:
348:
236:
137:
124:
485:
5534:
5487:
5011:
5004:
4994:
4878:
4868:
4781:
4771:
4736:
4663:
4354:
4015:
3826:
3300:
3066:
2863:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2390:
1871:
1684:
1616:
1081:
Studies, Johns
Hopkins University School of Advanced International (1956).
937:
590:, with the Iraq portion of the desert becoming a primary stronghold of the
520:
513:
502:
394:
200:
96:
1412:
859:
547:
is a modern invention. The city prospered, mainly for its location on the
5350:
5345:
5097:
5064:
5059:
4979:
4969:
4901:
4711:
4521:
4293:
4276:
3719:
3679:
3611:
3606:
3484:
3446:
3295:
3131:
3056:
2853:
2415:
2290:
2280:
2071:
2003:
1876:
1764:
1578:
1462:
552:
294:
5529:
5031:
4984:
4926:
4791:
3654:
3616:
2561:
1822:
1817:
1051:
450:
195:, covering approx. 500,000 square kilometers (200,000 square miles) of
1547:
508:
One of the most important ancient settlements in the Syrian desert is
5559:
4956:
4000:
3709:
3371:
3343:
3290:
2828:
2520:
2480:
2127:
1812:
1699:
1636:
659:
548:
524:
414:
398:
365:
298:
248:
196:
4833:
3649:
3639:
2888:
2718:
2701:
2475:
2470:
2264:
1919:
1842:
1837:
1744:
1729:
1724:
1679:
1112:
860:"Jordan Badia | The Hashemite Fund for Development of jordan Badia"
603:
583:
559:
498:
410:
318:
4936:
4454:
3515:
3348:
3305:
2485:
2430:
2021:
1749:
1739:
1704:
1694:
663:
509:
494:
478:
446:
442:
438:
418:
305:
gravel. What little rain arrives on the plateau flows into local
263:
4610:
376:
with a lower nutritional value to livestock have replaced them.
37:
4941:
4786:
4653:
4642:
4056:
4010:
3684:
3669:
3228:
2883:
1769:
1719:
1641:
1209:
1030:. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1973. p. 476
454:
426:
306:
204:
192:
184:
84:
828:
Suttie, J.M.; Reynolds, Stephen G.; Batello, Caterina (2005).
4848:
4761:
3924:
3674:
3546:
3441:
2425:
2122:
1759:
1754:
1734:
667:
406:
390:
386:
373:
302:
208:
108:
481:
was an important trading center located in the Syrian desert
3664:
2636:
2613:
2356:
2350:
1709:
635:
422:
224:
212:
72:
1388:
The Syrian desert : caravans, travel and exploration
434:
430:
313:
in Saudi Arabia, and the 960-metre high (3,150 ft)
1527:"The grass is greener: rehabilitating the Syrian Badia"
1203:"Transboundary Aquifers, Challenges and New Directions"
519:
Another important ancient settlement is the city of
1233:
GEF Country Portfolio Evaluation: Syria (1994–2008)
1076:
1074:
586:, the desert served as a major supply line for the
527:. Originally a fortress, it was founded during the
746:Resafa ruins southwest of Raqqa and the Euphrates.
1087:. Pr. by Human Relations Area Files. p. 34.
5606:
1510:"The Regrouping of ISIS in the Deserts of Syria"
1071:
1052:Mudīrīyat al-Āthār al-Qadīmah al-ʻĀmmah (1964).
994:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
977:. Archived from the original on January 13, 2008
675:International Fund for Agricultural Development
1047:
1045:
802:"Syrian Desert | Map & Facts | Britannica"
4626:
3531:
2332:
1563:
1391:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 273.
904:
884:"The rangelands of the Syrian Arab Republic"
796:
794:
614:were relatively ineffective at removing the
27:
2158:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
1459:"WP: U.S. to reinforce troops in west Iraq"
1099:
1097:
1064:. Directorate General of Antiquities.: 10.
1042:
4633:
4619:
3538:
3524:
2339:
2325:
1570:
1556:
1432:
946:. England: Collis Publication. p. 1.
653:
2647:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
1435:"U.S. Will Reinforce Troops in West Iraq"
1356:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1256:
905:Harris, Nathaniel; Parker, Steve (2003).
791:
535:, which means "Fortress", but was called
493:The desert was historically inhabited by
51:500,000 km (190,000 sq mi)
2471:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1290:
1263:. Orlando: Academic Press. p. 216.
1094:
484:
473:
4234:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
1577:
1521:
1519:
1351:
1080:
932:
930:
928:
612:series of Coalition military operations
379:The Syrian Desert is the origin of the
324:Together with the other deserts of the
321:between Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia.
5607:
1413:"U.S. diplomat apologizes for remarks"
1326:
1294:The Great Empires of the Ancient World
1142:
1136:
219:. The land is open, rocky or gravelly
4614:
4242:Political status of the Golan Heights
3519:
3206:
3098:
2920:
2795:
2368:
2320:
1551:
1507:
1384:
1311:
1236:. GEF Evaluation Office. p. 17.
1108:Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives
936:
3500:
3442:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
1516:
1484:"Situation Called Dire in West Iraq"
925:
911:. Taylor & Francis. p. 49.
823:
821:
230:
3490:
1461:. MSNBC. 2006-05-30. Archived from
1224:
1149:. New York: Springer. p. 141.
1146:Groundwater in the Arab Middle East
165:
28:
13:
3545:
14:
5641:
4640:
1508:Khani, Shoresh (12 August 2021).
818:
666:herdsmen, many of whom are still
3923:
3499:
3489:
3479:
3470:
3469:
2775:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
2349:
2296:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
1787:
1433:Knickmeyer, Ellen (2006-05-29).
1385:Grant, Christina Phelps (2003).
1014:. Dodd, Mead. 1914. p. 795.
751:
739:
727:
715:
703:
691:
101:
89:
77:
65:
36:
3254:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
2677:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
2667:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
2406:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
1501:
1476:
1451:
1426:
1405:
1378:
1345:
1284:
1250:
1195:
1170:
734:Camels in the desert near Raqqa
710:Road in the desert near Palmyra
2537:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
1853:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
1848:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
1257:McPherson, Charles W. (1987).
1106:"Shamiyah+desert"&pg=PA11
1018:
1011:New International Encyclopedia
1002:
967:
898:
876:
852:
199:, including parts of northern
1:
2796:
2235:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
1632:Tigris–Euphrates river system
1178:"Jebel 'Aneiza, Saudi Arabia"
1103:
785:
531:and initially given the name
235:The desert is bounded by the
4382:Energy and mineral resources
4182:Supreme Constitutional Court
3033:in ISIL-controlled territory
2921:
908:Atlas of the World's Deserts
758:Rocks, unidentified location
457:. The large mammals are now
372:species have died out while
288:
7:
4404:Water supply and sanitation
4304:Weapons of mass destruction
4207:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
3207:
3099:
2944:Council of Representatives
2682:Weapons of mass destruction
2369:
2301:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
2183:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
2178:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
1512:. The Washington Institute.
1352:Naimark, Norman M. (2017).
763:
600:Multi-National Force – Iraq
331:
10:
5646:
4299:Chief of the General Staff
4227:National Progressive Front
3899:independent First Republic
2672:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
2306:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
1212:. December 2010. p. 4
684:
469:
464:
5579:
5545:
5520:
5511:
5463:
5441:
5368:
5359:
5191:
5148:
5126:
5073:
5030:
4955:
4877:
4819:
4810:
4687:
4649:
4577:
4498:
4425:
4416:
4374:
4325:
4316:
4267:
4082:
4073:
4034:
3983:
3945:
3941:
3932:
3921:
3853:
3836:
3738:
3630:
3584:
3566:
3557:
3465:
3364:
3219:
3215:
3202:
3107:
3094:
2929:
2916:
2804:
2791:
2612:
2529:
2381:
2377:
2364:
2273:
2227:
2201:
2105:
2002:
1895:
1803:
1796:
1785:
1667:
1594:
1585:
1354:Genocide: A World History
1291:Harrison, Thomas (2009).
1143:Wagner, Wolfgang (2011).
619:to its location near the
608:Second Battle of Fallujah
598:, particularly after the
565:
489:View of the Syrian Desert
417:; previously common were
114:
60:
55:
47:
42:Composite satellite image
35:
26:
21:
3023:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
2934:Administrative divisions
1327:Dirven, Lucinda (1999).
340:in the Syrian Badia are
247:to the west, and by the
4674:List of deserts by area
3809:Principality of Antioch
2582:Mandate for Mesopotamia
2456:First Babylonian Empire
1104:McIntosh, Jane (2005).
1027:Annual Review, Volume 2
831:Grasslands of the World
780:List of deserts by area
654:Economy and agriculture
644:Eastern Syria offensive
5256:Gran Desierto de Altar
4350:International rankings
3996:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
3660:Middle Assyrian Empire
2741:Insurgency (2011–2013)
2662:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2466:Middle Assyrian Empire
2138:Babylonian mathematics
1415:. NBC News. 2006-10-22
551:, importantly linking
490:
482:
343:Caroxylon vermiculatum
223:, cut with occasional
5630:Eastern Mediterranean
5555:North American Arctic
5296:North American Arctic
4155:Government ministries
3705:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3028:in post-invasion Iraq
2734:U.S. troop withdrawal
2496:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1084:Area Handbook on Iraq
722:Oasis near Al-Sukhnah
698:Desert around Palmyra
488:
477:
301:bedrock covered with
171:), also known as the
4467:(2011–present)
4363:Securities Exchange
4114:Council of Ministers
3869:Haj Fadel Government
2977:Council of Ministers
2859:Mesopotamian Marshes
2133:Babylonian astronomy
1612:Mesopotamian Marshes
1531:Rural Poverty Portal
864:www.badiafund.gov.jo
596:Al Anbar Governorate
582:in 1919. During the
355:Artemisia herba-alba
173:North Arabian Desert
5483:Los Médanos de Coro
5231:Channeled scablands
4854:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
4143:Golan Heights claim
3700:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3695:Syro-Hittite states
3585:Prehistorical Syria
3239:Mesopotamian Arabic
3045:Freedom of religion
2491:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2461:Old Assyrian Period
2446:Neo-Sumerian Empire
2214:Destruction by ISIL
2168:Sumerian literature
2143:Akkadian literature
1579:Ancient Mesopotamia
1260:Laboratory hamsters
648:sporadic skirmishes
361:Atriplex leucoclada
138:33.3333°N 38.8333°E
134: /
16:Desert in West Asia
5276:Jornada del Muerto
4679:Desert exploration
4394:Telecommunications
4387:Petroleum industry
3891:Mandatory Republic
3837:Early modern Syria
3592:Levantine corridor
3170:Telecommunications
3145:Foreign Investment
3082:Wars and conflicts
3018:in pre-Saddam Iraq
2982:Presidency Council
2768:2019–2021 protests
2697:Invasion of Kuwait
2521:Sassanid Asorestan
2516:Parthian Babylonia
2511:Seleucid Babylonia
2506:Achaemenid Assyria
2421:Jemdet Nasr period
2250:Mesopotamian myths
1439:Washingtonpost.com
806:www.britannica.com
677:aims to alleviate
543:. The combination
491:
483:
5620:Deserts of Jordan
5602:
5601:
5575:
5574:
5459:
5458:
5144:
5143:
4821:Arabian Peninsula
4777:Plaine des Sables
4608:
4607:
4573:
4572:
4412:
4411:
4312:
4311:
4201:Political parties
4138:Foreign relations
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
3919:
3918:
3879:Syrian Federation
3814:County of Tripoli
3769:Ikhshidid dynasty
3622:Yarmukian culture
3513:
3512:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3447:Mandaean New Year
3198:
3197:
3090:
3089:
3072:Political parties
2967:Foreign relations
2912:
2911:
2819:Lower Mesopotamia
2814:Upper Mesopotamia
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2547:Abbasid Caliphate
2542:Umayyad Caliphate
2451:Isin-Larsa period
2314:
2313:
2265:Ziggurat (Temple)
2240:Sumerian religion
1998:
1997:
1945:Middle Babylonian
1887:Kish civilization
1783:
1782:
1607:Lower Mesopotamia
1602:Upper Mesopotamia
1363:978-0-19-063771-2
1243:978-1-933992-24-2
1111:. Santa Barbara:
918:978-1-57958-310-1
845:978-92-5-105337-9
594:operating in the
576:Armenian genocide
326:Arabian Peninsula
253:Arabian Peninsula
231:Location and name
183:, is a region of
154:
153:
5637:
5615:Deserts of Syria
5518:
5517:
5366:
5365:
4817:
4816:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4612:
4611:
4593:
4586:
4468:
4423:
4422:
4366:
4365:(stock exchange)
4358:
4323:
4322:
4236:
4229:
4220:
4218:regional command
4209:
4080:
4079:
4052:Fertile Crescent
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3927:
3804:County of Edessa
3784:Mirdasid dynasty
3779:Hamdanid dynasty
3758:
3725:Palmyrene Empire
3710:Achaemenid Syria
3597:Natufian culture
3564:
3563:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3503:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3135:
3096:
3095:
2947:
2918:
2917:
2904:Sinjar Mountains
2894:Zagros Mountains
2834:Hamrin Mountains
2793:
2792:
2756:Mosul liberation
2729:Iraqi insurgency
2651:National Command
2640:
2476:Simurrum culture
2379:
2378:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2163:Sumerian cuisine
2153:Warfare in Sumer
2148:Economy of Sumer
1801:
1800:
1791:
1675:Fertile Crescent
1659:Sinjar Mountains
1654:Hamrin Mountains
1649:Zagros Mountains
1627:Taurus Mountains
1592:
1591:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1324:
1309:
1308:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1000:
999:
993:
985:
983:
982:
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
934:
923:
922:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
856:
850:
849:
825:
816:
815:
813:
812:
798:
775:Fertile Crescent
755:
743:
731:
719:
707:
695:
628:Syrian civil war
592:Sunni resistance
588:Iraqi resistance
557:Sasanian emperor
397:, small waders,
317:, at the border
283:Badiyat ash-Sham
260:Palmyrene desert
245:Harrat al-Shamah
177:Jordanian steppe
169:Bādiyat Ash-Shām
167:
149:
148:
146:
145:
144:
143:33.3333; 38.8333
139:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
107:
105:
104:
95:
93:
92:
83:
81:
80:
71:
69:
68:
40:
31:
30:
19:
18:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5625:Deserts of Iraq
5605:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5571:
5541:
5507:
5455:
5437:
5398:Nullarbor Plain
5355:
5266:Great Salt Lake
5211:Baja California
5187:
5158:Bardenas Reales
5140:
5122:
5075:Iranian Plateau
5069:
5026:
4951:
4932:Saryesik-Atyrau
4873:
4806:
4742:Farafra (White)
4683:
4669:List of deserts
4659:Desertification
4645:
4639:
4609:
4604:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4569:
4494:
4480:Public holidays
4466:
4408:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4308:
4263:
4232:
4225:
4212:
4205:
4061:
4030:
3979:
3928:
3915:
3905:Second Republic
3849:
3832:
3799:Crusader states
3764:Tulunid dynasty
3757:(Bilad al-Sham)
3756:
3754:Caliphal Syria
3748:Muslim conquest
3734:
3730:Byzantine Syria
3645:Akkadian Empire
3626:
3580:
3553:
3544:
3514:
3509:
3453:
3437:Public holidays
3360:
3211:
3194:
3133:
3103:
3086:
2945:
2925:
2908:
2839:Iraqi Kurdistan
2829:Euphrates river
2800:
2779:
2746:War (2014–2017)
2692:Operation Opera
2638:
2608:
2604:Arab Federation
2592:Kingdom of Iraq
2525:
2501:Fall of Babylon
2436:Akkadian Empire
2411:Samarra culture
2396:Hassuna culture
2373:
2360:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2315:
2310:
2269:
2223:
2197:
2106:Culture/society
2101:
1994:
1990:Muslim conquest
1960:Fall of Babylon
1891:
1792:
1779:
1663:
1581:
1576:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1488:Washington Post
1482:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1383:
1379:
1364:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1325:
1312:
1305:
1297:. p. 180.
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1102:
1095:
1079:
1072:
1050:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1008:
1007:
1003:
987:
986:
980:
978:
975:"Syrian Desert"
973:
972:
968:
958:
956:
954:
935:
926:
919:
903:
899:
889:
887:
882:
881:
877:
868:
866:
858:
857:
853:
846:
834:. FAO. p.
826:
819:
810:
808:
800:
799:
792:
788:
766:
759:
756:
747:
744:
735:
732:
723:
720:
711:
708:
699:
696:
687:
662:for livestock.
656:
630:and concurrent
568:
529:Seleucid Empire
472:
467:
459:locally extinct
334:
291:
279:Badiyat al-Sham
233:
221:desert pavement
142:
140:
136:
133:
128:
125:
123:
121:
120:
102:
100:
99:
90:
88:
87:
78:
76:
75:
66:
64:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5643:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5567:Russian Arctic
5564:
5563:
5562:
5551:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5526:
5524:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5388:Great Victoria
5385:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5336:Tule (Arizona)
5333:
5331:Tonopah Desert
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5306:Painted Desert
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5154:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5128:Southeast Asia
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4907:Dasht-e Naomid
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4638:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4594:
4587:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4462:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4378:
4376:
4375:Infrastructure
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4252:Syria (region)
4244:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4119:Prime Minister
4111:
4109:Vice President
4106:
4105:
4104:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4047:Southern Syria
4044:
4042:Syria (region)
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3885:State of Syria
3882:
3874:French Mandate
3871:
3866:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3794:Saljuqid Syria
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:Zangid dynasty
3771:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3744:
3742:
3740:Medieval Syria
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Seleucid Syria
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3576:Years in Syria
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3487:
3477:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3175:Transportation
3172:
3167:
3165:Stock Exchange
3162:
3160:Reconstruction
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:Infrastructure
3137:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2999:Prime Minister
2996:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2707:1991 uprisings
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:Saddam Hussein
2654:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2587:Mandatory Iraq
2584:
2579:
2576:Mamluk dynasty
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2441:Gutian dynasty
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2362:
2361:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Assyriologists
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2193:List of rulers
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Proto-Armenian
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:Middle Persian
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:Neo-Babylonian
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1935:Old Babylonian
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:Early Dynastic
1901:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1515:
1500:
1475:
1450:
1425:
1404:
1397:
1377:
1362:
1344:
1337:
1310:
1303:
1283:
1269:
1249:
1242:
1223:
1194:
1182:geographic.org
1169:
1155:
1135:
1121:
1115:. p. 11.
1093:
1070:
1041:
1017:
1001:
966:
952:
924:
917:
897:
875:
851:
844:
817:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
777:
772:
770:Arabian Desert
765:
762:
761:
760:
757:
750:
748:
745:
738:
736:
733:
726:
724:
721:
714:
712:
709:
702:
700:
697:
690:
686:
683:
655:
652:
640:Anbar campaign
572:Ottoman Empire
567:
564:
501:inscriptions,
471:
468:
466:
463:
381:golden hamster
364:. This desert
333:
330:
297:consisting of
290:
287:
241:volcanic field
237:Orontes Valley
232:
229:
217:Arabian Desert
211:, and western
152:
151:
118:
112:
111:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5642:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5513:Polar regions
5510:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5465:South America
5462:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5341:Tule (Nevada)
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5193:North America
5190:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4975:Gurbantünggüt
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:Rub' al Khali
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4026:Syrian Desert
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:Golan Heights
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3844:Ottoman Syria
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3821:Ayyubid Syria
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Fatimid Syria
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Aram-Damascus
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3632:Ancient Syria
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Halaf culture
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3506:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3311:Iraqi Turkmen
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2946:(legislative)
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:Syrian Desert
2877:
2875:
2874:Shatt al-Arab
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Faw peninsula
2807:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Fall of Mosul
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:U.S. invasion
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Iran–Iraq War
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Buyid dynasty
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Halaf culture
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
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679:rural poverty
676:
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621:Syrian border
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577:
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415:camel spiders
412:
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388:
384:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
356:
351:
350:
349:Stipa barbata
345:
344:
339:
338:climax plants
329:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
311:Khawr um Wual
308:
304:
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296:
286:
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158:Syrian Desert
147:
119:
117:
113:
110:
98:
86:
74:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
25:
22:Syrian Desert
20:
5535:Meyer Desert
5393:Little Sandy
5163:Cabo de Gata
5045:Indus Valley
4965:Badain Jaran
4887:Aral Karakum
4879:Central Asia
4869:Wahiba Sands
4863:
4782:Richtersveld
4707:Black Desert
4664:Polar desert
4513:Coat of arms
4435:Demographics
4335:Central Bank
4216: /
4177:High council
4160:Human rights
4087:Constitution
4025:
3965:Governorates
3863:Arab kingdom
3855:Modern Syria
3827:Mamluk Syria
3755:
3339:Christianity
3221:Demographics
3155:Oil reserves
3150:Oil Industry
3117:Central Bank
3013:Human rights
2939:Constitution
2884:Tigris river
2878:
2864:Persian Gulf
2572:Ottoman Iraq
2557:Qara Qoyunlu
2391:Ubaid period
2188:Royal titles
2113:Architecture
1950:Neo-Assyrian
1797:(Pre)history
1621:
1617:Persian Gulf
1535:. Retrieved
1530:
1503:
1492:. Retrieved
1490:. 2006-09-10
1487:
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1407:
1387:
1380:
1353:
1347:
1328:
1293:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1259:
1252:
1232:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1145:
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1107:
1088:
1083:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1032:. Retrieved
1026:
1020:
1010:
1004:
979:. Retrieved
969:
957:. Retrieved
942:
907:
900:
888:. Retrieved
878:
867:. Retrieved
863:
854:
830:
809:. Retrieved
805:
672:
657:
625:
569:
545:Dura-Europos
544:
536:
532:
521:Dura-Europos
518:
507:
503:proto-Arabic
492:
385:
378:
359:
353:
347:
341:
336:Some of the
335:
323:
315:Jebel Aneiza
292:
282:
278:
274:
272:
267:
259:
257:
234:
201:Saudi Arabia
180:
176:
172:
168:
157:
155:
97:Saudi Arabia
5443:New Zealand
5423:Sturt Stony
5383:Great Sandy
5321:Smoke Creek
5286:Lechuguilla
5271:Great Sandy
5261:Great Basin
4902:Betpak-Dala
4330:Agriculture
4287:air defense
4247:Nationalism
3907:(1950–1963)
3846:(1516–1918)
3829:(1260–1516)
3823:(1174–1260)
3720:Roman Syria
3612:Abu Hureyra
3607:Uruk period
3495:WikiProject
3296:Marsh Arabs
3281:Circassians
2962:Foreign aid
2854:Mesopotamia
2416:Uruk period
2291:Hittitology
2281:Assyriology
2202:Archaeology
2072:Old Persian
1882:Jemdet Nasr
1537:26 December
890:26 December
632:War in Iraq
626:During the
606:during the
602:capture of
570:During the
553:Mesopotamia
514:Roman times
401:, and also
295:semi-desert
268:Homs desert
207:, southern
189:semi-desert
166:بادية الشام
141: /
116:Coordinates
29:بادية الشام
5609:Categories
5530:Antarctica
5493:Patagonian
5478:La Guajira
5418:Strzelecki
5311:Red Desert
5251:Forty Mile
5236:Chihuahuan
5216:Black Rock
5032:South Asia
5017:Taklamakan
4792:Tanezrouft
4548:television
4430:Censorship
4357:(currency)
4189:Parliament
4148:Iskandaron
4092:Corruption
3655:Canaanites
3412:Television
3392:Literature
3354:Irreligion
3329:Secularism
3266:Minorities
3134:(currency)
3127:Corruption
2972:Government
2763:Insurgency
2562:Aq Qoyunlu
2383:Chronology
2255:Divination
1965:Achaemenid
1930:Isin-Larsa
1823:Trialetian
1818:Mousterian
1805:Prehistory
1494:2011-02-02
1469:2011-02-02
1444:2011-02-02
1419:2011-02-02
1276:2 February
1216:2 February
1187:2 February
1162:2 February
1128:3 February
1034:3 February
981:2008-01-13
959:2 February
869:2016-07-27
811:2022-11-07
786:References
616:insurgency
451:hartebeest
307:salt flats
266:, and the
203:, eastern
129:38°50′00″E
126:33°20′00″N
5560:Greenland
5522:Antarctic
5370:Australia
5246:Escalante
5183:Deliblato
5040:Cholistan
4957:East Asia
4757:Moçâmedes
4490:Squatting
4465:refugees
4440:Education
4399:Transport
4340:Companies
4282:Air force
4259:Terrorism
4172:Judiciary
4133:Elections
4097:President
4001:Euphrates
3991:Al-Jazira
3975:Volcanoes
3960:Districts
3934:Geography
3911:Civil war
3901:(1946–50)
3893:(1930–46)
3887:(1925–30)
3881:(1922–25)
3432:Squatting
3397:Education
3344:Mandaeism
3313:/Turkoman
3291:Mandaeans
3276:Assyrians
3271:Armenians
3234:Languages
3122:Companies
3077:Judiciary
2987:President
2957:Elections
2952:Democracy
2798:Geography
2714:Sanctions
2632:2003–2011
2627:1968–2003
2622:1958–1968
2481:Babylonia
2128:Cuneiform
2004:Languages
1813:Acheulean
1700:Babylonia
1637:Euphrates
1587:Geography
1372:960210099
1208:. Paris:
660:rangeland
549:Euphrates
525:Euphrates
411:scorpions
399:waterfowl
366:ecosystem
299:limestone
289:Geography
273:The name
249:Euphrates
197:West Asia
179:, or the
61:Countries
56:Geography
5589:Category
5241:Colorado
5221:Carcross
5206:Amargosa
5178:Tabernas
5168:Monegros
5118:Registan
4922:Moiynkum
4917:Kyzylkum
4829:Ad-Dahna
4747:Kalahari
4697:Algerian
4600:Category
4560:Religion
4485:Scouting
4460:diaspora
4345:Industry
4269:Military
4214:national
4194:Speakers
4075:Politics
3984:Features
3650:Arameans
3640:Amorites
3571:Timeline
3551:articles
3475:Category
3324:Religion
3301:Persians
3185:Railways
3180:Airlines
3062:Military
2923:Politics
2899:Wildlife
2889:Umm Qasr
2719:Iraq War
2702:Gulf War
2614:Republic
2567:Safavids
2530:638–1958
2274:Academia
2228:Religion
2097:Urartian
2092:Sumerian
2077:Parthian
2012:Akkadian
1985:Sasanian
1975:Parthian
1970:Seleucid
1920:Simurrum
1910:Akkadian
1843:Khiamian
1833:Natufian
1745:Simurrum
1730:Kassites
1725:Hittites
1680:Adiabene
1113:ABC-CLIO
990:cite web
940:(1996).
764:See also
604:Fallujah
584:Iraq War
560:Shapur I
499:Safaitic
332:Wildlife
319:tripoint
275:Shamiyah
239:and the
5594:Commons
5584:Project
5503:Tatacoa
5498:Sechura
5473:Atacama
5451:Rangipo
5413:Simpson
5408:Pedirka
5403:Painted
5361:Oceania
5326:Sonoran
5173:Oleshky
5050:Katpana
5022:Tengger
4947:Ustyurt
4937:Sarykum
4912:Karakum
4897:Barsuki
4892:Aralkum
4844:Judaean
4839:Arabian
4802:Western
4732:Eastern
4722:Danakil
4643:deserts
4584:Outline
4565:Smoking
4518:Cuisine
4500:Culture
4418:Society
4318:Economy
4035:Related
4021:Orontes
3950:Borders
3559:History
3505:Commons
3422:Smoking
3387:Culture
3382:Cuisine
3365:General
3349:Yazidis
3306:Solluba
3259:Persian
3249:Kurdish
3244:Aramaic
3209:Society
3190:Tourism
3101:Economy
2849:Islands
2824:Borders
2649: (
2639:present
2574:(incl.
2486:Assyria
2431:Subartu
2371:History
2260:Prayers
2245:Deities
2209:Looting
2052:Kassite
2047:Hurrian
2042:Hittite
2032:Elamite
2027:Eblaite
2022:Aramaic
2017:Amorite
1940:Kassite
1915:Gutians
1897:History
1862:Samarra
1858:Hassuna
1828:Zarzian
1750:Subartu
1740:Mitanni
1705:Chaldea
1695:Assyria
1668:Ancient
1054:"Sumer"
685:Gallery
668:nomadic
664:Bedouin
539:by the
537:Europos
523:on the
510:Palmyra
495:Bedouin
479:Palmyra
470:Ancient
465:History
447:cheetah
443:ostrich
441:, also
439:caracal
419:gazelle
403:raptors
374:grasses
264:Palmyra
262:around
150:
5547:Arctic
5433:Tirari
5428:Tanami
5378:Gibson
5316:Sevier
5301:Owyhee
5291:Mojave
5226:Carson
5201:Alvord
5150:Europe
5136:La Paz
5113:Polond
5108:Naomid
5055:Kharan
5012:Qaidam
5000:Kubuqi
4990:Kumtag
4942:Taukum
4864:Syrian
4797:Ténéré
4787:Sahara
4767:Nubian
4752:Libyan
4727:Djurab
4717:Chalbi
4702:Bayuda
4689:Africa
4654:Desert
4641:World
4508:Anthem
4455:People
4450:Hunger
4445:Health
4355:Pound
4057:Levant
4016:Hermon
4011:Hauran
3970:Rivers
3955:Cities
3865:(1920)
3685:Ugarit
3670:Yamhad
3549:
3485:Portal
3427:Sports
3402:Health
3377:Cinema
3229:Iraqis
3132:Dinar
3067:Police
2869:Places
2359:topics
2087:Sutean
2062:Median
2057:Luwian
2037:Gutian
1925:Ur III
1838:Nemrik
1775:Cities
1770:Urartu
1720:Hamazi
1715:Gutium
1690:Armani
1642:Tigris
1595:Modern
1533:. IFAD
1395:
1370:
1360:
1335:
1301:
1267:
1240:
1210:UNESCO
1153:
1119:
950:
915:
842:
566:Modern
541:Greeks
455:onager
427:jackal
407:snakes
395:cranes
391:herons
387:Storks
205:Jordan
193:steppe
191:, and
185:desert
181:Badiya
175:, the
162:Arabic
106:
94:
85:Jordan
82:
70:
5488:Monte
5103:Margo
5093:Leili
5088:Khash
5083:Kavir
5005:Mu Us
4995:Ordos
4849:Negev
4834:Nefud
4772:Nyiri
4762:Namib
4737:Ferlo
4591:Index
4555:Music
4543:State
4538:Media
4528:Films
4473:women
3750:(636)
3675:Qatna
3617:Aswad
3547:Syria
3417:Music
3407:Media
3334:Islam
3286:Kurds
3112:Banks
3050:Women
2844:Lakes
2637:2011–
2597:Kings
2426:Sumer
2173:Music
2123:Akitu
1980:Roman
1872:Ubaid
1867:Halaf
1765:Tukri
1760:Sumer
1755:Suhum
1735:Media
1685:Akkad
1206:(PDF)
886:. FAO
370:plant
303:chert
225:wadis
209:Syria
109:Syria
5351:Yuma
5346:Yuha
5281:Kaʻū
5065:Thar
5060:Thal
4980:Hami
4970:Gobi
4812:Asia
4712:Blue
4533:Flag
4522:wine
4294:Navy
4277:Army
4165:LGBT
4124:list
4102:list
3680:Mari
3665:Ebla
3317:Jews
3040:LGBT
3004:List
2992:List
2357:Iraq
2219:Tell
1877:Uruk
1710:Elam
1539:2015
1393:ISBN
1368:OCLC
1358:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1278:2017
1265:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1218:2017
1189:2017
1164:2017
1151:ISBN
1130:2017
1117:ISBN
1058:سومر
1036:2017
996:link
961:2017
948:ISBN
913:ISBN
892:2015
840:ISBN
673:The
642:and
636:ISIS
610:. A
533:Dura
453:and
437:and
423:wolf
413:and
358:and
281:(or
213:Iraq
156:The
73:Iraq
48:Area
5098:Lut
4985:Lop
4927:Ryn
3372:Art
3057:Law
2118:Art
836:453
574:'s
435:cat
431:fox
243:of
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