4023:
3798:
2719:
63:
40:
3710:... the Statute of 1633 completed the slavery of the other classes, by proclaiming the principle that 'the air enslaves the man,' in virtue of which every peasant who had lived for a year upon the estate of a noble was held to be his property. Nowhere in history - nowhere in the world - do we ever see a homogeneous nation organise itself in a form like that which has prevailed from the earliest times in Poland. But where there has been an intrusion of a dominant people, or settlers, who have not fused into the original population, there we find an exact counterpart of Polish society: the dominant settlers establishing themselves as an upper caste, all politically equal among themselves, and holding the lands (or, more frequently, simply drawing the rents) of the country.
6677:. Farms belonging to kmiecie were largely self-sufficient, although some of them were, to varying extents, engaged in production for the market. Other, less numerous, sections of the peasantry were the zagrodnicy (Latin: ortulani), or smallholders, and the ogrodnicy, or cottagers, who farmed small plots of land. These two categories of peasants were not able to support themselves and their families from their land, so they earned extra money as hired labourers on their landlords' land, or that of the kmiecie. Apart from the holders of large or small farms, Polish villages were also inhabited by so-called komornicy, landless lodgers who earned wages locally. This group included village craftsmen, while the wealthiest kmiecie included millers and innkeepers.
3112:
3323:
4012:
2293:. The law forbade commoners holding landed estates and promised such estates as a reward to denouncers. Trepka was himself an impoverished nobleman who lived a town dweller's life and documented hundreds of such false claims hoping to take over one of the usurped estates. He does not seem to have succeeded in his quest despite his employment as the king's secretary. Many sejms issued decrees over the centuries in an attempt to resolve this issue, but with little success. It is unknown what percentage of the Polish nobility came from the 'lower orders' of society, but there are historians who claim nobles of such base origins formed a 'significant' element of the szlachta.
1575:. For example, the family name of counts Litwiccy (Litwicki) was formed with the patronymic suffix -ic from the ethnic name Litwa, i.e. Lithuania, 'nation of Lithuanians'. It refers to the early modern empire of Central Europe, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648). In Polish "z Dąbrówki" and "Dąbrowski" mean the same thing: "of, from Dąbrówka." More precisely, "z Dąbrówki" means owning the patrimony or estate Dąbrówka, not necessarily originating from. Almost all the surnames of genuine Polish szlachta can be traced back to a patrimony or locality, despite time scattering most families far from their original home. John of
3344:
1210:, by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish warrior belonging to the military caste living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz" was almost strictly hereditary; the group of all such warriors was known as the "rycerstwo". Representing the wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes, this other group of rycerstwo, which became the szlachta ("szlachta" becomes the proper term for Polish
554:
4368:
2112:
3333:
3380:. In time, the penalties for poaching were commuted to fines and from around the 14th century, landowners acquired the right to hunt on their land. Small game, foxes, hare, badger and stoat etc. were 'fair game' to all comers. Hunting became one of the most popular social activities of the szlachta until the partitions, when different sets of restrictions in the three territories were introduced. This was with a view to curbing social interaction among the subject Poles. Over the centuries, at least two breeds of specialist hounds were bred in Poland. One was the
7191:'The kingdome of Polonia doth also consist of the said three sortes, that is, the king, nobility and people. But it is to be noted, that this word people includeth only knights and gentlemen.' This limitation of political rights to the szlachta, Goślicki argued, meant that the system was more balanced and virtuous since it was based on the best elements of society: ... 'The gentlemen of Polonia doe represent the popular state, for in them consisteth a great part of the government, and they are as a Seminarie from whence Councellors and Kinges are taken.'
1305:
1508:
3260:
85:
782:
2214:
115:
3506:
2199:
3010:
3623:
2885:
1543:
9458:
inheritance and so forth. The canons are in agreement with this (cap. Liberi, 32, qu. iv, in gloss.: cap. Inducens, De natis ex libero ventre) as also the law of Moses (Exodus 21). ... It is because the son derives honor from his father rather than from his mother that in the genealogies of
Scripture, and according to common custom, children are named after their father rather than from their mother. But in matters relating to slavery they follow the mother by preference.
4038:
3809:
991:
5008:
century), had no family crests, of which there was only a limited number. Each of these bore a name which had been the old word of call of the clan. In many instances, one crest belonged to more than a hundred families. The clan system survived in this way throughout the whole of Polish history. It is evident that the warrior class in Poland had quite a different origin and a different legal and social position from that of the feudal nobility of
Western Europe.
3177:
1724:, and there were only a limited number. Almost without exception, there were no family coat of arms. Each coat of arms bore a name, the clan's call word. In most instances, the coat of arms belonged to many families within the clan. The Polish state paralleled the Roman Empire, and the szlachta had a different origin and structure in law than Western Europe's feudal nobility. The clan/gens/ród system survived the whole of Polish history.
3641:
770:
10989:
2787:
1739:
10279:
4341:
8385:
Pan wsi mógł zawsze jednak usunąć chłopa z gospodarstwa. (The plot of land on which the peasants lived and resided was not their property. The owner was a particular estate: king, nobleman, or church. Therefore, the peasant was only a land user. Land use and residence was hereditary - the use transmitted to male descendants. However, the village master could always evict the peasant from the plot of land.)
5578:, one of the three greatest Polish Romantic poets in the 19th century (and a descendant of an aristocratic family). In the mid-19th century Krasiński wrote to his English friend Henry Reeve: 'Believe me and rest assured that apart from aristocracy there's nothing in Poland: no talent, no bright minds, nor sense of sacrifice. Our third state is nonsense; our peasants are machines. Only we are Poland.'
983:
1974:– The "old way" of ennoblement, popular in the 14th century, connected with adoption into an existing szlachta clan by an act of the king. The king granted a fragment of his own coat of arms establishing an alliance with the king's family, or a knight performed an adoption under their coat of arms, which required the confirmation of the king. This form of ennoblement was abolished in the 17th century.
5528:... the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth of Two Nations (from 1385 until the Third Partition of 1795) paralleled the Roman Empire in that -- whether we like it or not -- full rights of citizenship were limited to the governing elite, called szlachta in Polish ... It is not truly correct to consider the szlachta a class; they actually were more like a caste, the military caste, as in Hindu society.
1917:
973:"The kingdome of Polonia doth also consist of the said three sortes, that is, the king, nobility and people. But it is to be noted, that this word people includeth only knights and gentlemen. ... The gentlemen of Polonia doe represent the popular state, for in them consisteth a great part of the government, and they are as a Seminarie from whence Councellors and Kinges are taken."
3502:, inequality among nobles in terms of wealth and power was far greater in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania than in the Polish Kingdom. The further south and east one went, the more the territory was dominated by magnate families and other nobles. In the Lithuanian and Ruthenian palatinates, poor nobles were more likely to rent smallholdings from magnates than to own land themselves.
2952:.. Thus, out of about one million szlachta, only 200–300 persons could be classed as Magnates with country-wide possessions and influence. Of these some 30–40 were considered as having significant impact on Poland's politics. Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which greatly increased their wealth. Although such gifts were only temporary
2751:– "I accept nothing new except by common consent". This forbade the king to pass new laws without the consent of the representatives of the nobility in the assembled Sejm, thus greatly strengthening the nobility's powers. Essentially, this act marked the transfer of legislative power from the king to the Sejm. It also marks the beginning of the
3601:, date back to mid-XVII century. As the Chopovsky family multiplied, by 1861 they were already 3063 souls of both sexes. They were considered szlachta members, but neither their way of life nor their clothing distinguished them from the neighbouring peasants, except that they were more prosperous and possessed more of their own land . When
2399:. Casimir further decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes or have to use their own funds for foreign military expeditions. Casimir also promised that when the royal court toured, the king and the court would cover all expenses, instead of requiring facilities to be provided by the local nobility.
3148:, from western lodges, became established among the higher échelons of the szlachta, and in spite of membership of some clergy, it was intermittently but strongly opposed by the Catholic Church. After the partitions it became a cover for opposition to the occupying powers. Also in the 18th century there was a marked development in
3518:
Arguably, a common culture, the
Catholic religion and the Polish language were seen as the main unifying factors in the dual state. Prior to the Partitions there was said to have been no Polish national identity as such. Only szlachta members, irrespective of their ethnicity or culture of origin, were considered as "Poles".
8669:
8824:
8256:
It should not be difficult to understand then, why prince
Charles de Ligne from Belgium, who in 1784 was trying to receive the Polish nobility status, supposedly commented that: It is easier to become duke in Germany, then to be counted among Polish nobles . Indeed, from the moment of the prohibition
4914:
A deep division between enserfed peasants and gentry landowners had developed in the early modern Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth. The noble estate, the szlachta, monopolized the political rights and consequently only the szlachta, as constituted by the Commonwealth's sovereign, according to the early
5914:
But the
Parliament was at best a clumsy body, as the deputies were not free agents, but were bound by their mandates from the real sovereign bodies, the local Diets or Sejmiki. The representative of a Sejmik had the right of vetoing all legislation in the Sejm, since he spoke for a whole province or
5811:
While land provided the majority with a livelihood, it was not the only or even the predominant source of wealth for the magnates, whose estates were not large by the standards of the barons of
England or the great lords of France. ... The magnates only started accumulating property on a large scale
4792:
As the knights owned their land, there was no room or need for any intermediaries between them and the king. All of them were equal before the king; but they were not king's tenants, and the king was not their overlord. Their relationship to the king was not feudal, i.e., based on feudal dependence,
2261:
for reasons such as bravery in combat, service to the state, etc. There were claims some nobles were, in fact, usurpers who were commoners that moved to another part of the country and falsely claimed noble status. In the first half of the 16th century, hundreds of such "false nobles" were denounced
9457:
Now slavery is a condition of the body, since a slave is to the master a kind of instrument in working; wherefore children follow the mother in freedom and bondage; whereas in matters pertaining to dignity as proceeding from a thing's form, they follow the father, for instance in honors, franchise,
8047:
This peculiarity may be best illustrated by the example given by
Paprocki who mentions the Rosciszewski family which took a surname different from the names of the land properties it had owned. Those of the Rosciszewski family who settled in Chrapunia became known as Chrapunskis; those who settled
6190:
The article highlights the role of Latin as the language of communication of the nobility living in Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth. At the beginning discusses the concept 'latinitas', which meant not only the correct Latin, but also pointed to the ideological content of antiquity passed through the
3896:
In theory all szlachta members were social equals and were formally legal peers. Those who held civic appointments were more privileged but their roles were not hereditary. Those who held honorary appointments were superior in the hierarchy but these positions were only granted for a lifetime. Some
3617:
Convocation - 43 souls of both sexes switched to the Roman faith, while the rest of the
Chopovsky (86%) returned to Orthodoxy. The Heraldic Office of the Russian Senate declined to certify the Chopovsky family's noble status, but the land remained theirs. The exception were the Prokopenko-Chopovsky
3000:
and the rest of the szlachta was primarily one of wealth and life-style, as both belonged to the same legally defined class being members of the same clans. Consequently, any power wrested from the king by the magnates was consequently trickled down to the entirety of the szlachta. This often meant
2296:
Self-promotion and aggrandizement were not confined to commoners. Often, members of the lower szlachta sought further ennoblement from foreign, therefore less verifiable, sources. That is, they might acquire by legitimate means or otherwise, such as by purchase, one of a selection of foreign titles
2228:
Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new
1819:
granted to women, did not develop in Poland. By the 17th century, invariably, men and women inherited a coat of arms from their father. When mixed marriages developed after the partitions, that is between commoners and members of the nobility, as a courtesy, children could claim a coat of arms from
1799:
Families who had a common origin would also share a coat of arms. They would also share their crest with families adopted into the clan. Sometimes unrelated families would be falsely attributed to a clan on the basis of similarity of crests. Some noble families inaccurately claimed clan membership.
1716:
gives an example of the Rościszewski family taking different surnames from the names of various patrimonies or estates they owned. The branch of the Rościszewski family that settled in Chrapunia became the Chrapunski family, the branch of the Rościszewski family that settled in Strykwina became the
1550:
The Proto-Slavic suffix "-ьskъ" means "characteristic of", "typical of". This suffix exists in Polish as "-ski" (feminine: "-ska"). It's attached to surnames derived from a person's occupation, characteristics, patronymic surnames, or toponymic surnames (from a person's place of residence, birth or
8384:
Posiadanie ziemi * Ziemia na której gospodarowali chłopi nie stanowiła ich własności. Jej rzeczywistym właścicielem był pan określonych dóbr: król, zwykły szlachcic lub kościół. Chłop był więc tylko użytkownikiem ziemi. Zwyczajowo było to użytkowanie dziedziczne - przekazywane na męskich potomków.
1598:
of szlachta families became fixed and were inherited by following generations, remaining in that form until today. Prior to that time, a member of the family would simply use his Christian name (e.g., Jakub, Jan, Mikołaj, etc.), and the name of the coat of arms common to all members of his clan. A
7440:
Membership in the Polish szlachta was hereditary. ... (and the family knighthood, rycerstwo, in itself) ... The paramount principle regarding Polish nobility is that it was hereditary. ... one Rudolf Lambert had successfully proven his right to hereditary knighthood (szlachectwo) ... He was also
5474:
The Polish peasant in the past was a very humble member of the Polish community – in fact he scarcely belonged to it at all. He had for 350 years no civic rights whatever. He was the serf of his master. It was only the easy-going and patriarchal relations between squire and peasant that made life
4690:
These remark exactly express the view which we entertain in regard to the population of Poland. There we find an aristocracy of equals resting upon a basis of serfage, an upper caste drawing the rents of the land, monopolising the government, and composing the army of the country, and who, in the
3119:
Despite preoccupations with warring, politics and status, the szlachta in Poland, as did people from all social classes, played its part in contributing in fields ranging from literature, art and architecture, philosophy, education, agriculture and the many branches of science, to technology and
1899:
The close of the late 18th century (see below) was a period in which a definite increase in the number of ennoblements can be noted. This can most readily be explained in terms of the ongoing decline and eventual collapse of the Commonwealth and the resulting need for soldiers and other military
5007:
This military class was subdivided into clans, the members of each clan being bound together by strong ties of solidarity. Each clan had its name and crest. The Polish nobility, which sprang from this military class and which derived its family names from its landed properties (in the fifteenth
1828:
was rarely used. All children would inherit the coat of arms and title of their father. This partly accounts for the relatively large proportion of Polish families who had claim to a coat of arms by the 18th century. Another factor was the arrival of titled foreign settlers, especially from the
8350:
Since 1669 those who acquired the title of nobility were granted only a 'skartabellat' - that means a limited nobility conferred on foreigners - the title which limited a right to hold offices and to fulfill the duties of deputies up to the third generation only. In 1775 another obligation was
7490:
But between the gentry and the magnates there was only a difference of wealth and culture. Both belonged directly to the same class of the community, both were members of the same clans, and the gentry by its social character was destined rather to co-operate with the magnates than to struggle
7324:
Scutchions, and coats of Armes haereditary, where they have any eminent Priviledges, are Honourable; otherwise not: for their Power consisteth either in such Priviledges, or in Riches, or some such thing as is equally honoured in other men. This kind of Honour, commonly called Gentry, has been
7004:
A history of Poland from its foundation as a state to the present time; including a full account of the recent patriotic struggle to re-establish its independence. To which is prefixed, a descriptive view of the country, its natural history, cities and towns, and the manners and customs of its
5868:
A history of Poland from its foundation as a state to the present time; including a full account of the recent patriotic struggle to re-establish its independence. To which is prefixed, a descriptive view of the country, its natural history, cities and towns, and the manners and customs of its
5144:
A history of Poland from its foundation as a state to the present time; including a full account of the recent patriotic struggle to re-establish its independence. To which is prefixed, a descriptive view of the country, its natural history, cities and towns, and the manners and customs of its
4714:
A history of Poland from its foundation as a state to the present time; including a full account of the recent patriotic struggle to re-establish its independence. To which is prefixed, a descriptive view of the country, its natural history, cities and towns, and the manners and customs of its
3517:
It has been said that the ruling elites were the only socio-political milieu to whom a sense of national consciousness could be attributed. All szlachta members, irrespective of their cultural/ethnic background, were regarded as belonging to a single "political nation" within the Commonwealth.
3168:
High-born women in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth exerted political and cultural influence throughout history in their own country and abroad, as queens, princesses and the wives or widows of magnates. Their cultural activities came into sharper relief in the 18th century with their hosting of
3069:
was 34% above the market rates. All land taken from Polish peasants since 1846 was to be returned to them without redemption payments. The ex-serfs could only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta. 90% of the ex-serfs in the empire who actually gained land after 1861 lived in the 8 western
1984:
of the 17th century (since 1669), this was ennoblement into a sort of "conditional" or "graduated nobility" status. Skartabels could not hold public offices or be members of the Sejm, but after three generations, the descendants of these families would "mature" to full szlachta status. In 1775
3427:
Szlachta members were also proportionately more numerous than their equivalents in all other European countries, constituting 6–12% of the entire population. By contrast, nobles in other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1–3%. Most of the szlachta were "minor nobles" or
8670:
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R9s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA264&lpg=RA1-PA264&dq=history+of+wenlock+road+london&source=bl&ots=uW8GppyPPt&sig=9VPCpoOs-DxUyYd9Ke2hicpl84w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBoYifp5LZAhWHKsAKHetdCKs4FBDoAQgsMAE#v=onepage&q&f=false
9269:Грушевський М. С. Барська околична шляхта до к XVIII ст. : Етнографічний нарис / М. С. Грушевський // Грушевський, Михайло Сергійович. Твори: у 50 т. / М. С. Грушевський; редкол.: П. Сохань (голов. ред.), І. Гирич та ін. – Львів: Видавництво "Світ". – 2003. Т. 5. Т. 5. – C. 323 - 336
3529:
in the 17th-18th centuries, a large part of the lower szlachta managed to retain their cultural identity in various ways. Due to poverty most of the local szlachta had never had access to formal education nor to Polish language teaching and hence could not be expected to self-identify as
6350:
Warsaw, Oficyna Wydawnicza "Ajaks". 1995. p.14. . This monograph describes how during the 19th century the mass of "local" szlachta in the western borderlands of the Russian Empire were subjected to downward mobility and rank poverty through tsarist bureaucracy and a policy of social
3276:
The szlachta, no less than the rest of the population, placed a particular accent on food. It was at the centre of courtly and estate entertaining and in good times, at the heart of village life. During the Age of Enlightenment, King Stanislaw August Poniatowski emulated the French
529:
down to the impoverished with an aristocratic lineage, but with no land, no castle, no money, no village, and no subject peasants. Historian M.Ross wrote in 1835: "At least 60,000 families belong to this class, of which, however, only about 100 are wealthy; all the rest are poor."
4847:
Polish society had evolved from clannish structures, and the introduction of Christianity and all that went with it did not alter these significantly. The feudal system which regulated society all over Europe was never introduced into Poland, and this fact cannot be stressed too
6672:
The most important and the most numerous section of the peasantry in late medieval and early modern Poland was the kmiecie (Latin: cmethones), full peasant holders of hereditary farms with an average size in the region under study of half a mansus, which was equivalent to eight
1218:
secured more rights granting them favored status. They were absolved from particular burdens and obligations under ducal law, resulting in the belief only rycerstwo (those combining military prowess with high/aristocratic birth) could serve as officials in state administration.
3827:
sources 1,600 is the total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward, half of which were enacted in the final years of the late 18th century. Hutton and Bagehot,
9387:
It made the Polish gentleman more remote from the peasant, to whom he was not only a master, but a foreign, somewhat exotic, neighbour. The civilization of the manor, even allowing for social and cultural differences, had very little in common with the life of the
1717:
Strykwinski family, and the branch of the Rościszewski family that settled in Borkow became known as the Borkowski family. Each family shared a common ancestor and belonged to the same knights' clan, so they bore the same coat of arms as the Rościszewski family.
1884:
sources, the total number of lawful ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century is estimated at 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year, or only 0.000,000,14 – 0.000,001 of the historical population. Compare:
8305:
In its primary form it was a nobiliary adoption effected by the king (who granted a fragment of his own arms testifying thus an alliance with his family) or by the knight's family who practiced an adoption under their arms, which had to be confirmed by the
1995:, recognition of foreign noble status. A foreign noble, after acquiring indygenat status, received all privileges of a Polish szlachcic. In Polish history, 413 foreign noble families were recognized. Prior to the 17th century this was done by the King and
1963:
sources 1,600 is the total estimated number of all lawful ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century).
2568:, only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses. The Nieszawa Statutes also curbed the power of the magnates, as the Sejm, the national parliament, had the right to elect many officials, including judges,
1081:
with eminent privileges attached is an honor derived from the ancient Germans. Where Germans did not inhabit, and where German customs were unknown, no such thing existed. The usage of coats of arms in Poland was brought in by knights arriving from
6238:.... there we find an exact counterpart of Polish society: the dominant settlers establishing themselves as an upper caste, all politically equal among themselves, and holding the lands (or more frequently, simply drawing the rents) of the country.
1832:
Illegitimate children could adopt the mother's surname and title by the consent of the mother's father, but would sometimes be adopted and raised by the natural father's family, thereby acquiring the father's surname, though not the title or arms.
1414:
took place over a lengthy period. At first only the leading members of the nobility were involved. Gradually the wider population became affected. Major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility occurred after various sanctions were imposed by the
4639:
Ranging from the poorest landless yeomen to the great magnates, the szlachta insisted on the equality of all its members. As a political nation it was more numerous (8–10 percent) than the electorate of most European states even in the early 19th
2766:, seeking to oversee law enforcement, began to take shape. Its members sought to curb the power of the Magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of the monarch. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they forced the Magnates to return many leased
3843:
was said to hold enormous potential influence over the country's politics, far greater than that enjoyed by the citizens of modern democratic countries. Between 1652 and 1791, any nobleman could potentially nullify all the proceedings of a given
6847:
The peasants feared the reestablishment of a Polish state because they expected it to be the state of their landlords. Their memory of independent Poland, conveyed from one generation to the next, was one of landlord wilfulness and a lack of
5677:
Minor nobility: Linguistically, this category causes trouble. Some Polish writers refer to 'gentry', which doesn't quite sound right in English. Whereas some European writers use the term 'petty nobility' , but the adjective has unfortunate
8214:
In 1784, Prince Charles de Ligne from Belgium, who was trying to obtain Polish noble status, supposedly said, 'It is easier to become a duke in Germany, than to be counted among Polish nobles,' quoted in Kulikowski, Heraldyka szlachecka,
9491:
In ancient times, the nobility was the ruling class of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with the exclusive right to enjoy full citizenship. Nobility was hereditary in the male line, and the knight's shield was an outward sign of
3901:
of the Crown but held land from other lords were only peers "de iure". The poorest enjoyed the same rights as the wealthiest magnate. The exceptions were a few symbolically privileged families such as the Radziwiłł, Lubomirski and
628:
of Western Europe. Feudalism never took root in Poland. The szlachta did not rank below the king, as the szlachta's relationship to the Polish king was not feudal. The szlachta stood as equals before the king. The king was not an
5573:
The boundaries between nobility and peasants (and other social groups) persisted well into the 19th and 20th centuries. A shocking proof of how terribly effective this Sarmatian ideology was, can be found in a personal letter of
8048:
in Strykwina were known as Strykwinskis; and those who settled in Borkow became known as Borkowskis. Since they shared a common ancestor and belonged to the same clan - they were entitled to bear the same arms as Rosciszewskis.
1398:
tribes, but Sarmatians were considered enemies of the Romans. Thus, a new Roman-Sarmatian theory was created. Strong cultural ties with Polish nobility led to a new term for Lithuanian nobility appearing in the 16th century —
8869:
Robert, Frost (2011). ""Ut unusquisque qui vellet, ad illum venire possit". Nobility, Citizenship and Corporate Decision-making in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1454-1795". In Leonhard, Jörn; Wieland, Christian (eds.).
7970:
7896:
7010:
The peasants of Poland, as in all feudal countries, were serfs, or slaves; and the value of an estate was not estimated from its extent, but from the number of peasants, who were transferred, like cattle, from one master to
793:(perennial). Two popular historical theories about its origins have been put forward by its members and early historians and chroniclers. The first theory involved a presumed descent from the ancient Iranian tribe known as
8089:
Fig. 4 A selection of Polish coats-of-arms. These were never personal to the bearers; each was borne by all members of the family, and often by dozens of families of different names which may or may not have shared their
6576:
which enabled them 'To be active in contrast to the fatalistic Slavonic elements.' The implication was obvious: If the Polish elite were re-Germanized, then the mass of Polish people would be denied a dynamic leadership
2872:. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility as a class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuania, the
5849:
Minor nobility: ... The category includes men almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates, and all intervening levels down to the roving rascal with no castle, no money, no village, no peasants, one horse and pride
3697:
The condition of the country at the present day shows that the population consisted of two different peoples, between whom there was an impassable barrier. There is the Sliachta, or caste of nobles (the descendants of
197:
between 1333 and 1370 in the Kingdom of Poland until the decline and end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century. Apart from providing officers for the army, its chief civic obligations included
8433:
The knights, except in the few cases already referred to, possessed full ownership of their land, and the peasant small-holders, apart from an insignificant minority, were tenants, to whom the system of feudal tenure
7884:
The use of the Latin language was universal in Poland well into the eighteenth century, and many words from Latin have been assimilated by the Polish language and have added to its vocabulary and its expressiveness.
5769:
of northern India. ... unlike any other gentry in Europe, the szlachta was not limited by nor did it depend for its status on either wealth, or land, or royal writ. It was defined by its function, that of a warrior
3746:
of northern India. ... unlike any other gentry in Europe, the szlachta was not limited by nor did it depend for its status on either wealth, or land, or royal writ. It was defined by its function, that of a warrior
9770:(Ger). This is a reasonably modern and comprehensive list of 3000 Polish and settler szlachta families and their crests, sourced from, among others, Niesiecki, Paprocki and Boniecki. 598 pages. Accessed 2018-11-02.
5426:
In the past the nobility in Poland constituted the nation itself. It ruled the country without competition on the part of any other class, the middle class being small in numbers and wealth, and the peasants being
4557:
Estimates of the proportion of szlachta vary widely: 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century) or 6–8%.
2443:
were also reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, the privilege obliged the king to pay
2002:"secret ennoblement" – This was of questionable legal status and was often not recognized by many szlachta members. It was typically granted by the elected monarch without the required legal approval of the Sejm.
937:
argued an exact counterpart of szlachta society was the system of tenure of southern India—an aristocracy of equality—settled as conquerors among a separate race. Some elements of the Polish state paralleled the
4793:
but rather it was regulated by public law. ... From the fact that the knights were equal before the king, the theory of equality was evolved, which later became one of the important features of the constitution.
3918:
or the feminine equivalent. The other forms of address would be "Illustrious and Magnificent Lord", "Magnificent Lord", "Generous Lord" or "Noble Lord" in descending order, or simply "His/Her Grace Lord/Lady".
3074:, Polish landless or domestic serfs were the only ones to be given land after serfdom was abolished. All this was to punish the szlachta's role in the uprisings of 1830 and 1863. By 1864 80% of szlachta were
8888:
1480:
nobles were nominally equal to those enjoyed by the Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but they were put under cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism. It was a policy that was greatly eased in 1596 by the
3432:. In Lithuania the minor nobility made up to 3/4 of the total szlachta population. By the mid-16th century the szlachta class consisted of at least 500,000 persons (some 25,000 families). Polish historian
11212:
9554:
7802:
DĄBROWSCY h. RADWAN z Dąbrówki pod Piasecznem, w ziemi warszawskiej, w różnych stronach osiedli, przeważnie w ziemi rożańskiej. Przydomek ich "Żądło". Żyjący w połowie XV-go wieku Jakub z Dąbrówki, ...
6345:
6019:... through all modern Polish history it was Roman republicanism that formed the ideal of the republican gentry. The Roman precedent was even quoted to justify serfdom, which was a modified form of
3412:
The szlachta differed in many respects from the nobility in other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for
351:
in the Kingdom of Poland were bestowed by foreign monarchs, while in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, princely titles were mostly inherited by descendants of old dynasties. During the three successive
5640:
The fact that the Polish term obywatel ("citizen") could be used as a synonym for gentry landlords until the second half of the 19th century shows how strong this concept was within Polish culture.
2520:
was the nobles' guarantee that the throne would be inherited by one of his sons, who would be bound to honour the privileges granted earlier to the nobility. On 2 May 1447 the same king issued the
116:
11232:
1390:
consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century, some of the Lithuanian nobility claimed that they were descended from the Romans, and that the
415:
root for "slaughter", or the verb "to slug" – means "breeding" or "gender". Like many other Polish words pertaining to nobility, it derives from Germanic words: the Polish word for "knight" is
1256:, were economically elevated above the rycerstwo they originated from. The prior political structure was one of Polish tribes united into the historic Polish nation under a state ruled by the
1050:
The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly
11391:
4416:
culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life, peace and pacifism. It was also manifested in oriental-style apparel, the
11068:
7105:
7061:
6690:
4965:
One cannot substitute the terms 'nobility' or 'gentry' for szlachta because it had little in common with those classes in other European countries either in origin, composition or outlook.
7491:
against them. And, as both those elements occupied the same legal position, the power wrested from the king by the magnates became legally an acquisition of the whole of the nobility, ...
1134:
Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the
3078:– downward social mobility. One quarter of petty nobles were worse off than the average serf. While 48.9% of the land in Russian Poland was in peasant hands, nobles still held onto 46%.
7325:
derived from the Antient Germans. For there never was any such thing known, where the German Customes were unknown. Nor is it now any where in use, where the Germans have not inhabited.
231:
assemblies). Sejmiks performed various governmental functions at local levels, such as appointing officials and overseeing judicial and financial governance, including tax-raising. The
4691:
course of long centuries, have imparted much of their own spirit and ideas, and, with the license of a gay aristocracy, not a little of their blood also, to the subordinate population.
4022:
2335:
The szlachta secured many rights not secured to the nobility of other countries. Over time, each new monarch ceded to them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the
2948:" – from the crimson colour of their boots. A true Magnate had to be able to trace his ancestry for many generations and own at least 20 villages or estates. He also had to hold high
7996:
7914:
11033:
1140:, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. The election privilege was usually limited to elites.
11098:
8984:
5978:. But all these suggestions were not accepted. The composition of the king's council provides another distinction between the system in Poland and regular feudal systems elsewhere.
2459:), which established the inviolability of nobles' property. Their estates could not be confiscated except upon the verdict of a court. It also made him cede some jurisdiction over
687:
The fact the szlachta were equal before the king and deliberately opposed becoming a feudal nobility became a matter of law embedded as a constitutional principle of equality. The
9089:
Jan Molenda Chłopi – naród – niepodległość. Kształtowanie się postaw narodowych i obywatelskich chłopów w Galicji i Królestwie Polskim w przededniu odrodzenia Polski (Warsaw 1999)
6157:
8836:
7823:
7237:
8565:
In Polish with an English summary. The author shows it is likely a Ciechanowiecki ancestor either received a fashionable noble title in exchange for money while travelling on
3436:
carried out an estimation of the social structure of Poland based on the documents of 1770–1780s, such as tax registers, partial censuses, etc. His estimate for the number of
2805:
dynasty, all monarchs had to be elected from within the royal family. However, from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could potentially become a
3869:); but, children of a legitimate marriage followed the condition of the father, never the mother, therefore, only the father transmitted his nobility to his children. See
2128:)—not as a fief, conditional upon service to the liege Lord, but absolutely in perpetuity unless sold. The szlachta had a monopoly on land. Peasants did not own land. See
1267:
descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These
5713:
For the sake of precision therefore, it is essential that szlachta should be translated as 'Nobility', szlachcic as 'nobleman', and stan szlachecki as 'the noble estate'.
3682:
sources, the total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th and mid-18th century, is estimated at 800. This is an average of about two ennoblements per year.
1149:) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See
11008:
11028:
3678:
There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the attainment of nobility. The szlachta was not rigidly exclusive or closed as a class, but according to
11083:
11058:
8808:
2263:
943:
7704:. Although time has scattered most families far from their original home, nearly all the names of the genuinely Polish szlachta can be traced back to some locality.
4065:
3801:
11018:
9015:
8895:
1356:. They were the established local leaders and warlords. During the development of the state, they gradually became subordinated to higher dukes, and later to the
11073:
11053:
2395:
issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreeing that if Casimir had no male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew,
2636:
965:, and the szlachta and clergy believed they were genetically superior to peasants. The szlachta regarded peasants as a lower species. Quoting Bishop of Poznań,
11257:
7625:
Later on each family began to take the name of some village or town, with the addition of -ski, which is the Polish equivalent for the French de or German von.
2319:. Alternatively, they would simply appropriate a title by conferring it upon themselves. An example of this is cited in the case of the last descendant of the
1230:. They had the same political status and status in law as the rycerstwo from which they all originated and to which they would return were their wealth lost. (
2440:
1435:
the sanctions went further, and Russian officials announced that "Lithuanians were actually Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism" and began to intensify
7742:
Originally a member of the Polish szlachta used simply his Christian name, and the title of the coat of arms which was common to all the members of his clan.
1800:
The number of coats of arms in this system was comparatively low and did not exceed 200 in the late Middle Ages. There were 40,000 in the late 18th century.
2691:
was founded. Here again, the lesser nobility, lesser in wealth only – not in rank – attempted to reduce the power of the Magnates with a law that made them
447:, mentioned in Polish and Czech writings. The szlachta traced their descent from Lech, who allegedly founded the Polish kingdom in about the fifth century.
11186:
5975:
4719:
Once admitted within the pale of nobility, every honour of the state, and even the kingly office, was open, there being a perfect equality of civil rights.
2934:
681:
248:
9707:(Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language), first edition, Kraków, Krakowska Spółka Wydawnicza, 1927 (9th edition, Warsaw, Wiedza Powszechna, 2000).
9278:Тимошенко В. У лещатах двоглавого орла (Овруцька околична шляхта ХІХ – на початок ХХ ст.) / В.Тимошенко // Українознавство. – К., 2009 – No 2. – С. 55–59.
2439:. In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was effectively abolished: no new taxes would be levied without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth,
2368:
Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility upon their election to the throne – the privileges having been specified in the king-elect's
684:
were to receive the title of count. This attempt to introduce the hierarchy of noble titles common for European feudal systems for szlachta was rejected.
11181:
11121:
7587:
The Polish nobility, which sprang from this military class and which derived its family names from its landed properties (in the fifteenth century), ...
3128:
until the 20th century. Other international influences came through the more or less secretive and powerful Christian and lay organisations such as the
9514:
8588:
5971:
5544:
3120:
industry. Perhaps foremost among the cultural determinants of the nobility in Poland were its continuing international connections with the Rome-based
2918:
665:
9790:
6943:'by nature' are 'chained to the land and plow,' that even an educated peasant would always remain a peasant, because 'it is impossible to transform a
2960:— movement for the enforcement of the law – against usurping Magnates to force them to return leased lands back to their rightful owner, the monarch.
1054:
only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish clan name and cry ritualized the
900:"by nature" are "chained to the land and plow," that even an educated peasant would always remain a peasant, because "it is impossible to transform a
3450:
884:
In old Poland, there were two nations – szlachta and peasants. The szlachta were differentiated from the rural population. In harshly stratified and
7048:
I would also like to add, for myself, that the szlachta possessed the exclusive right to enter the clergy up until the time of the three partitions.
6885:
The nobleman's belief in the exclusive quality of his own estate led to practices which nowadays could only be described as an expression of Racism.
5390:... the Polish nobility was a closed group (apart from a few exceptions, many of which were contrary to the law), in which membership was inherited.
3722:... the Polish nobility was a closed group (apart from a few exceptions, many of which were contrary to the law), in which membership was inherited.
742:, meaning "local". Particularly impoverished szlachta families were often forced to become tenants of their wealthier peers. They were described as
9679:
6931:'z natury' są 'sprawieni do ziemi i do pługa', że nawet wykształcony chłop zawsze pozostanie chłopem, bo 'niepodobna przerobić psa na rysia'; ... (
6466:
3416:, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth a reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the king, and enabled the
3358:). Before the formation of Poland as a state, hunting was accessible to everyone. With the introduction of rulers and rules, big game, generically
2762:
In 1520 the Act of Bydgoszcz granted the Sejm the right to convene every four years, with or without the king's permission. At about that time the
6572:
The same bizarre logic was applied to the Polish intelligentsia, who led the Polish resistance movement. To the Nazis, these leaders were largely
3906:, who held honorary aristocratic titles bestowed by foreign courts and recognised in Poland which granted them use of titles such as "Prince" or "
3875:. A noble woman married to a commoner could not transmit her nobility to her husband and their children. Any individual could attain ennoblement (
458:
of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which constituted the nation itself, and ruled without competition. In official Latin documents of the old
11191:
7120:
7076:
6701:
3922:
The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish
3461:): 6.4 million, Jews (the fast growing group), e.g., 750,000 in 1764 and 900,000 in 1790. Korzon counted Armenians, Tatars, Greeks, and Russian
1807:, forty-seven families of Catholic Lithuanian lords and boyars were adopted by Polish szlachta families and allowed to use Polish coats of arms.
3487:
1869:
member of the Polish nobility. Initially, this privilege could be granted by the monarch, but from 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the
1527:
11136:
11116:
6128:
1098:. Migrations from here were the most frequent, and the time period was the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. However, unlike other European
569:
218:
8457:. Croxteth House, Liverpool, Lancashire county, Merseyside, North West England, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM: Order of St Stanislas. Archived from
8176:
7034:. Croxteth House, Liverpool, Lancashire county, Merseyside, North West England, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM: Order of St Stanislas. Archived from
5263:. Croxteth House, Liverpool, Lancashire county, Merseyside, North West England, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM: Order of St Stanislas. Archived from
11176:
11126:
2949:
2715:, armed opposition against the king or state officials if the nobles found that the law or their legitimate privileges were being infringed.
2146:
The right to travel freely anywhere in the old Commonwealth of the Polish and Lithuanian nobility; or outside it, as foreign policy dictated.
9289:
5157:, following no trade or commerce, and at liberty to choose the place of his habitation; so that this description includes all persons above
1165:) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often exercised with an assembly of elders. Strongholds called
304:
that was several times larger than most noble classes in other countries; by contrast, nobles in Italy and France encompassed 1% during the
10955:
10182:
6283:, on the other hand, wrote as follows: 'If from the deeds of the Polish nobility we took away excesses and the exclusiveness of caste, ...'
4183:
szlachta służebna – petty nobility who possessed land on the condition of military service (mainly of Ruthenian origin, in Eastern Poland)
1742:
11131:
8992:
2349:
were in the hands of members of a hereditary class. Poland was therefore the domain of this class, and not that of the king or the ruling
9910:
9703:
8952:
2718:
1780:, while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries. Polish Knighthood had its counterparts, links and roots in
11207:
9130:Дилема ідентичності, або історія про те, як "латинники" (не) стали українцями/поляками (Галичина, середина XIX – перша половина XX ст.)"
8919:
Bajer, Peter Paul (2008). "Scotsmen and the Polish nobility from the sixteenth century to eighteenth century". In Unger, Richard (ed.).
8545:
8481:
6330:
The Commonwealth gradually came to be dominated by the szlachta, which regarded the state as an embodiment of its rights and privileges.
3797:
2494:
privilege (25 April 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English
11247:
11166:
8580:
6177:
5188:, especially p. 59. In Polish but with a decent Summary in English about patterns of rural settlement in Poland since the Middle Ages.
2035:"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their
1599:
member of the family would be identified as, for example, "Jakub z Dąbrówki", herbu Radwan, (Jacob to/at Dąbrówki of the knights' clan
852:
759:
9405:"SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: SUPPLEMENT TO THE THIRD PART (SUPPLEMENTUM TERTIÆ PARTIS): QUESTION 52. THE IMPEDIMENT OF THE CONDITION OF SLAVERY"
9208:
9080:
Stauter-Halsted, Keely The Nation in the Village. The Genesis of Peasant National Identity in Austrian Poland, 1848–1914 (Ithaca 2001)
7537:
The National Idea in Lithuania from the 16th to the First Half of the 19th Century: The Problem of Cultural-Linguistic Differentiation
3893:. By the eighteenth century all these trends contributed to the great increase in the proportion of szlachta in the total population.
11161:
8840:
7410:
Polish coats of arms are utterly unlike those of European chivalry, and were held in common by whole clans which fought as regiments.
4249:
was also applied to wealthier landed peasants. Magnates, as owners of vast lands, generally were considered a separate social class.
3470:
The proportion of nobles in the population varied across regions. In the 16th century, the highest proportion of nobles lived in the
2956:, often the Magnates never returned them. This gave rise in the 16th century, to a self-policing trend by the szlachta, known as the
2616:, only members of that royal family were considered for election. Later, there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates.
2600:) of a king took place in 1492. In fact, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from assemblies such as those that put
9802:
6389:
5974:, should be given the title of prince and their sons the titles of barons and counts. The title of count was suggested by him for a
5509:
4061:): owners of part of a village or of no land at all, they were often referred to by a variety of colourful Polish terms, including:
3057:(literally "single-householders"). Despite this, 62.8% of all Russia's nobles were Polish szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897.
1195:(c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the
871:), this hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction and was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants (
11171:
11151:
7092:
To distance itself from the peasants, the nobility (and clergy) cultivated a belief in their genetic superiority over the peasants.
3061:
was abolished in Russian Poland on 19 February 1864. It was deliberately enacted with the aim of ruining the szlachta. Only in the
1721:
1222:
Select rycerstwo were distinguished above the other rycerstwo, because they descended from past tribal dynasties, or because early
1199:
tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well.
1171:
were built where the religious cult was powerful, where trials were conducted, and where clans gathered in the face of danger. The
8809:
https://rme.cbr.net.pl/index.php/archiwum-rme/53-wrzesien-pazdziernik-nr-45/kultura-i-tradycje-ludowe/85-sezon-mysliwski-we-dworze
3440:
was 725,000 of total population 8.8 million. For comparison with other social classes, Christian clergy counted 50,000, Christian
789:
The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure. As a result, its members often referred to it as
10235:
8142:
6898:
6730:
4167:, the Kashubian region, also one of the legal terms for legally separated lower nobility in late medieval and early modern Poland
3173:
in the French manner. They went on to publish as translators and writers and as facilitators of educational and social projects.
62:
39:
9582:, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600–1750, With a New Prologue,
9222:
8681:
8450:
7027:
5256:
3626:
11146:
11141:
10222:
8420:
5953:
5109:
4779:
1131:
with political power and extensive rights secured. Inclusion in the warrior caste was almost exclusively based on inheritance.
11023:
9530:
8231:
8022:
3396:
was so nostalgic about Polish hunting, that when he settled in France in the mid 19th century, and restored his estate at the
1214:
beginning about the 15th century), gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues. This rycerstwo/
11156:
10065:
9753:
8495:
8399:
7646:
7311:
6840:
6432:
6399:
6372:
5932:
5633:
5236:
5122:
The resistance to the royal policy was so strong however that by far the greater part of the land was held by the knights as
5088:
4907:
4758:
4196:
szlachta poddańcza – a step below the quit-rent szlachta: they required to work for the landlord who allotted them some land.
3883:) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalized as a Polish noble through the mechanism called the
3551:
888:
Polish society, the szlachta's sense of distinction led to practices that in later periods would be characterized as racism.
722:
szlachta became poorer, or were poorer than, their few rich peers with the same political status and status in law, and many
3133:
1237:
699:
of Poland, Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae. The szlachta, not as a feudal nobility or gentry, but as an electorate, and an
10257:
7151:(23 June 2011). "Nobility, Citizenship and Corporate Decision-Making in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1454-1795". In
6158:"Latin as the Language of Social Communication of the Polish Nobility (Based on the Latin Heraldic Work by Szymon Okolski)"
2905:
For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. In 1459
2581:
1933:
9177:
9146:
3865:
In old Poland, a nobleman could only marry a noblewoman, as intermarriage between "castes" was fraught with difficulties (
3471:
2668:. It bound the peasant to the land, and only one son though not the eldest, was permitted to leave the village. Townsfolk
10607:
10033:
9253:
6785:
and slaves. Above them there is a class of warriors, very strong numerically, from which the ruler chooses his officials.
4193:) – a class of impoverished szlachta who rented estates in the vast lands of magnates (predominantly in Ruthenian lands)
4031:
3786:
3495:
1890:
1272:
641:. Feudal dependence upon a Polish king did not exist for the szlachta and earlier in history some high-ranking szlachta (
7940:
7209:
3655:
However the era of sovereign rule by the szlachta ended earlier than in other countries, excluding France, in 1795 (see
3534:. It was common even for wealthy and in practice Polonised szlachta members still to refer to themselves as Lithuanian,
2019:
reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—
487:
simply translates as "nobility". In its broadest sense, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods and
9785:
9017:
Między społeczeństwem szlacheckim, a władzą. Problemy komunikacji społeczności lokalne — władza w epoce Jana Kazimierza
8343:
8298:
8207:
8195:
SCOTS IN THE POLISH–LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH, 16TH TO 18TH CENTURIES: THE FORMATION AND DISAPPEARANCE OF AN ETHNIC GROUP
7362:
7184:
6558:
6362:
2806:
1858:
459:
145:
55:
7992:
7910:
3132:, focused on hospital and other charitable activity. The most notable Polish Maltese Knight was the Pozńan commander,
1873:. Most often the individual being ennobled would join an existing noble szlachta clan and assume the undifferentiated
1244:'s division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the political structure where the great landowning szlachta (
443:. Some early Polish historians thought the term might have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief,
11217:
9723:
9404:
9349:
8964:
8936:
8082:
7519:
7403:
6422:
6273:
6265:
5873:
At least 60,000 families belong to this class , of which, however, only about 100 are wealthy; all the rest are poor.
5842:
5804:
5758:
5706:
5670:
5383:
5375:
5210:
5185:
5055:
4958:
4840:
3129:
3102:
2206:
1941:
1854:
966:
3374:' death. From the 13th century on the king would appoint a high-ranking courtier to the role of Master of the Hunt,
10948:
10796:
10175:
10122:
9618:
8791:
7136:
Nobility does not enter, or does so very unwillingly, into marriages with serfs, regarding them as a lower species.
6199:(Cracow 1641-1645). ... It concludes that Okolski consciously wrote his work in the language of the ancient Romans.
3986:
2900:
2888:
1436:
542:
312:
68:
33:
8363:
5560:
4915:
modern understanding of the concept, as well as the Polish nation and its members, were considered to be citizens.
3111:
311:
Despite often enormous differences in wealth and political influence, few distinctions in law existed between the
11406:
11222:
10008:
9903:
9603:
7307:
7287:
4536:
4046:
4027:
2452:
2436:
1886:
1382:, the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with its Polish counterparts. Over time they became increasingly
769:
3486:, the szlachta constituted nearly half of the population. Regions with the lowest percentage of nobles were the
3153:
2423:. He broadened the definition of membership of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (
2116:
1905:
957:—a body of citizens, a small merchant class, and a multitude of laborers. The laborers consisted of peasants in
11330:
9591:
8731:
8649:
8397:
Skwarczyński, Paweł (June 1956). "The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century".
6878:
5930:
Skwarczyński, Paweł (June 1956). "The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century".
5086:
Skwarczyński, Paweł (June 1956). "The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century".
4756:
Skwarczyński, Paweł (June 1956). "The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century".
4493:
3322:
2162:
1627:
1551:
family origin). In antiquity, the szlachta used topographic surnames to identify themselves. The expression "
1535:
510:" as "gentry" rather than "nobility". This mistaken practice began due to the inferior economic status of many
269:
47:
9820:
9566:
9470:
6989:
Their ideal was that of a Greek city State—a body of citizens, a small trading class, and a mass of labourers.
4011:
3220:
2707:
than the lesser nobility. Nobles as a whole were given the right to disobey the King or his representatives —
11315:
10852:
10819:
10771:
10666:
10147:
10040:
6280:
5189:
4460:
apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate a nobility of disparate provenance, as it sought to create a sense of
3911:
3756:
3310:. Polish food varied according to region, as elsewhere in Europe, and was influenced by settlers, especially
2973:
under English law, which ensured that a family which gained landed wealth could more easily preserve it. The
2910:
1641:
1253:
1207:
657:
638:
88:
9511:
9147:"ПОЛЬОВІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕТНОСОЦІАЛЬНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ДРІбНОЇ ШЛЯХТИ ГАЛИЧИНИ ВПРОДОВЖ ХІХ – НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ"
4016:
3759:
wrote: 'If from the deeds of the Polish nobility we took away excesses and the exclusiveness of caste, ...'.
1707:
1672:
1595:
1058:
i.e., the power to command an army; and they had been used sometime before 1244 to define knightly status. (
11396:
10229:
6462:
2155:
The right to interdict, in suitable ways, the passage of foreigners and townsmen through their territories.
1375:. This word is used to this day in Lithuania to refer to nobility in general, including those from abroad.
624:, as the szlachta fundamentally differed in law, rights, political power, origin, and composition from the
11048:
11003:
9877:
9850:
9827:
2510:
from a court of justice. The king could neither punish nor imprison any noble on a whim. King Władysław's
11401:
11310:
10941:
10300:
10245:
10168:
7754:
3672:
3086:
2836:
2680:
2353:. This arose in part because of the extinction of male heirs in the original royal dynasties: first, the
2087:
1651:
1308:
165:
9839:
9764:
Der Polnische Adel und die demselben hinzugetretenen andersländischen Adelsfamilien, General-Verzeichnis
8585:
3702:), on the one hand, and the serfs or peasantry, who constitute the bulk of the population, on the other.
11320:
10649:
9896:
9368:
8117:
Marian, Biskup (2005). "Polish Diplomacy during the Angewin and Jagiellonian Era (1370-1572): X-XX C".
7858:
7716:
7662:
7599:
7582:
7485:
6963:
6776:
6644:
6173:
6101:
5993:
5888:
5448:
5421:
5002:
4263:
2384:, a military call up. Poland's nobility thus accumulated a growing array of privileges and immunities.
2268:
1490:
948:
918:) sense -- "noble" in contrast to the people over whom they ruled after coming into contact with them.
833:, or regional leaders who had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, or aliens'.
11093:
6316:
6063:
4625:
4070:
2361:. As a result, the nobility took it upon itself to choose "the Polish king" from among the dynasties'
1953:
1776:
were very important to the szlachta. Its heraldic system evolved together with neighbouring states in
1286:"elevated those of a lower class over those who were noble born" entrusting them with state offices. (
11262:
10455:
10369:
9859:
9341:
7988:
7552:
William F. Hoffman, "POLISH SURNAMES: ORIGINS AND MEANINGS" (Chicago, Cook county, ILLINOIS, U.S.A.:
7176:
6870:
6832:
6717:
In Poland two, near-nations appeared – nobles and peasants, and between them there was a Jewish wall.
5698:
5625:
5047:
4899:
3343:
2728:
2593:
2346:
2202:
2194:
The right to try their peasants for major offences (reduced to minor offences only, after the 1760s).
1929:
1572:
1568:
1552:
712:
594:
301:
214:
17:
11063:
11038:
11013:
9319:
8872:
What Makes the Nobility Noble?: Comparative Perspectives from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century
7157:
WHAT MAKES THE NOBILITY NOBLE?: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES FROM THE SIXTEENTH TO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
6801:
5594:
4868:
3546:
Although born a Lithuanian and a Lithuanian I shall die, I must use the Polish idiom in my homeland.
2341:
in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was considered the 'nobility's
1473:
that was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanians.
11386:
11242:
11237:
11078:
10734:
10641:
9550:
9108:
6341:
3555:
2528:
2103:
2012:
1766:
1515:
1167:
444:
265:
153:
141:
51:
9064:
7697:
7503:
6606:
6505:
3001:
the rest of the szlachta tended to cooperate with the magnates rather than struggle against them.
2653:
1754:
1584:
1013:
515:
11267:
11252:
10504:
10498:
10491:
8569:
in Western Europe or, simply "conferred it upon himself" to hark back to a former higher status.
6813:
SOCIETAL CHANGE AND IDEOLOGICAL FORMATION AMONG THE RURAL POPULATION OF THE BALTIC AREA 1880-1939
6593:
6492:
6020:
5606:
SOCIETAL CHANGE AND IDEOLOGICAL FORMATION AMONG THE RURAL POPULATION OF THE BALTIC AREA 1880-1939
4880:
SOCIETAL CHANGE AND IDEOLOGICAL FORMATION AMONG THE RURAL POPULATION OF THE BALTIC AREA 1880-1939
3606:
3296:, kept until the 20th century, of estate owners laying on a festive banquet at the completion of
3269:
3106:
2811:
2369:
1981:
1477:
284:. As the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) evolved and expanded territorially after the
92:
7164:
6364:
British identities before nationalism: ethnicity and nationhood in the Atlantic world, 1600–1800
3577:
out of 800,000 in the whole country. 90% of them were Ukrainian-speaking and 80% were Ukrainian
2657:
2620:
1611:), herbu Radwan" (Jacob to/at Dąbrówki with the distinguishing name Żądło of the knights' clan
942:
in that full rights of citizenship were limited to the szlachta. According to British historian
11088:
11043:
10978:
10748:
10018:
9382:
8928:
7973:[DĄBROWSKI MANOR/MANSION IN MICHAŁOWICE - New Life of the Manor/Mansion (Exhibition)].
7936:
7899:[DĄBROWSKI MANOR/MANSION IN MICHAŁOWICE - New Life of the Manor/Mansion (Exhibition)].
7879:
7737:
7683:
7620:
7291:
7001:
Ross, M. (1835). "A Descriptive View of Poland: Character, Manners, and Customs of the Poles".
6984:
6936:
6924:
6299:
6224:
6122:
6046:
6014:
5909:
5469:
5335:
4676:
4608:
3897:
tenancies became hereditary and went with both privilege and title. Nobles who were not direct
3812:
3574:
3445:
3241:
3191:
Notable women members of the szlachta who exerted political and/or cultural influence include:
3082:
2542:
2320:
1519:
1394:
was derived from Latin. This led to a conundrum: Polish nobility claimed its own ancestry from
893:
243:
72:
9844:
Alphabetical Lists of naturalized non-citizens in Polish-Litvan Commonwealth during 1569-1792
9698:
9583:
8761:
8193:
7833:
7762:
7720:
7666:
7603:
7247:
6597:
6496:
6219:
5452:
5330:
4671:
4412:. This nostalgic belief system embracing chivalry and courtliness became an important part of
3478:(26,7%), while Galicia had numerically the largest szlachta population. In districts, such as
2963:
One of the most important victories of the Magnates was the late 16th century right to create
1563:(dominion) carried the same prestige as "de" in French names such as "de Châtellerault", and "
994:
300:
grew to encompass around 8% to 15% of Polish-Lithuanian society, which made the membership an
217:
also took part in the government of the Commonwealth via the lower legislative chamber of the
10570:
9950:
9372:
8682:
http://www.apkmuk.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=60
8553:
8074:
8064:
7862:
7395:
7385:
6967:
6820:
6259:
6105:
5997:
5892:
5863:
5796:
5786:
5750:
5740:
5613:
5369:
5139:
4950:
4940:
4887:
4832:
4822:
4709:
3989:, the wealthiest class: owners of vast lands, towns, many villages, and thousands of peasants
3582:
3578:
3393:
2798:
2741:
2673:
2392:
1688:
1110:), where heraldic devices came to be held in common by entire clans, fighting in regiments. (
1074:
499:
by courtesy or error, when they owned manorial estates, but were not in fact noble by birth.
194:
9125:
8920:
8826:
See p.94. This is a comparison of hunting as a social activity in Great Britain and Poland.
8446:
8104:
The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385-1569
7023:
5252:
3832:... for the barrier of exclusion was partly thrown down in the last days of the monarchy ...
2289:. Peasants were considered descendants of Ham, the son of Noah subject to bondage under the
1631:
11351:
10786:
10240:
10107:
9579:
9420:
8239:
8030:
7797:
6414:
6311:
6078:
6058:
4620:
4516:
4318:
4242:
4222:
3656:
3630:
3397:
3225:
3185:
3048:
3029:
2752:
2613:
2601:
2503:
2491:
2412:
2188:
2130:
1901:
1793:
1440:
1323:
962:
922:
864:
696:
439:, "to slaughter" or "to butcher", and was therefore related to the German word for battle,
352:
8819:
Cheda, Jacek. (2010) Łowiectwo i jego rola w życiu społecznym Wielkiej Brytanii i Polski.
7570:
7473:
6764:
5575:
5409:
5126:, not as feudal property, which is in striking contrast to the land conditions in England.
4990:
3914:. All other szlachta simply addressed each other by their given name or as "Brother, Sir"
3332:
2111:
1634:
and foreigners, hence why multiple surnames are associated with many Polish coat of arms.
813:'s sons. By contrast, the peasantry were said to be the offspring of another son of Noah,
8:
10754:
10700:
10636:
10565:
10527:
10117:
10097:
10082:
9436:
8666:
The Annual Register Or A View of the History of Politics and Literature for the Year 1837
7428:
7276:
6864:
6211:
5520:
5322:
5041:
4663:
4506:
4367:
4354:
3686:
3598:
3510:
3230:
3205:
2873:
2822:
2790:
2083:
2048:
1921:
1824:
side, but this was only tolerated and could not be passed on to the next generation. The
1758:
1750:
1681:
1666:
1612:
1600:
1391:
1299:
1215:
1211:
1192:
1128:
1067:
1032:
934:
830:
305:
273:
133:
122:
77:
9855:
9647:
Wasko, Andrzej. (2006) "Sarmatism or the Enlightenment, The Dilemma of Polish Culture".
4206:, i.e., the landless szlachta; the poorest szlachta considered the "lowest of the high."
3659:). Since then their legitimacy and fate depended on the legislation and policies of the
3215:
1804:
1379:
11108:
10814:
10781:
10659:
10654:
10631:
10476:
10390:
10337:
10217:
10142:
10077:
9980:
9767:
9741:
9307:
9036:
Liberty's Folly: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Eighteenth Century 1697-1795
8743:
Michniewski, A. " "Do czwartku", Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne 1772", v. 12, p. 1. Ed.
8424:
7785:
6656:
6543:
6470:
6448:
6303:
6050:
5957:
5113:
4783:
4612:
4481:
4310:
3664:
3570:
3455:
3381:
3348:
3065:
did peasants pay the market price for land redemption, the average for the rest of the
3037:
3013:
2506:
nisi jure victum". Henceforth, no member of the nobility could be imprisoned without a
2408:
2396:
2380:
2016:
1937:
1816:
1785:
1507:
1452:
1407:. Recently, Lithuanian linguists advocated dropping the usage of this Polish loanword.
1369:
1226:
endowments made them select beneficiaries. These rycerstwo of great wealth were called
1123:
553:
343:
who eventually took reign in most other European countries, the Polish king was not an
277:
9832:
Alphabetical Lists of ennobled persons in Polish-Litvan Commonwealth during 1569-1792
8783:
8323:
8278:
8150:
7758:
7342:
6906:
6738:
5967:
4082:, poorer members of the szlachta settled together in related families in one village,
2906:
2249:(this was abolished in 1633). The rarest way of achieving szlachta status was through
1245:
1227:
1121:
in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (
653:
11290:
10761:
10739:
10729:
10724:
10695:
10690:
10364:
10262:
10092:
10013:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9919:
9749:
9729:
9719:
9634:
9587:
9345:
9229:
8960:
8932:
8921:
8727:
8661:
8645:
8491:
8458:
8339:
8294:
8203:
8078:
7774:
Herbarz Polski - Część I.; Wiadomości Historyczno-Genealogiczne O Rodach Szlacheckich
7693:
7642:
7515:
7399:
7358:
7277:"Chapter X. Of Power, Worth, Dignity, Honour and Worthiness; To Honour and Dishonour"
7205:
7180:
7035:
6874:
6836:
6660:
6633:"Village court records and peasant credit in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Poland"
6554:
6453:
6428:
6395:
6368:
6269:
6082:
5838:
5824:
5800:
5754:
5702:
5666:
5652:
5629:
5379:
5264:
5232:
5206:
5181:
5162:
5051:
4954:
4903:
4836:
4374:
4294:
4238:
3859:
3671:. Their privileges became increasingly limited, and were ultimately dissolved by the
3668:
3413:
3278:
3259:
3235:
3170:
3137:
3062:
3041:
2817:
2546:
2420:
2284:
2246:
2233:, and statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 that prescribed the rights of commoners.
1925:
1580:
1428:
1357:
1315:
734:, a farm, often little different from a peasant's dwelling, sometimes referred to as
503:
also denotes the Ruthenian and Lithuanian nobility from before the old Commonwealth.
467:
340:
253:
137:
84:
9065:"Citizenship and National Identity: the Peasants of Galicia during the 19th Century"
6932:
6920:
6802:"Citizenship and National Identity: the Peasants of Galicia during the 19th Century"
6169:
5595:"Citizenship and National Identity: the Peasants of Galicia during the 19th Century"
4869:"Citizenship and National Identity: the Peasants of Galicia during the 19th Century"
3581:. In other parts of the Ukraine with a significant szlachta population, such as the
2213:
2175:
929:
was the name of Poland in antiquity, and the szlachta's own name for themselves was
889:
11300:
10988:
10806:
10801:
10705:
10625:
10593:
10576:
10560:
10385:
10314:
10132:
10127:
10102:
10023:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9935:
9652:
8771:
8243:
8199:
8172:
8070:
8034:
7875:
7733:
7701:
7679:
7616:
7391:
6980:
6824:
6808:
6648:
6589:
6550:
6538:
6534:
6488:
6307:
6118:
6085:, but in the Commonwealth it led to a szlachta democracy inspired by the ideals of
6054:
6010:
5905:
5792:
5746:
5617:
5601:
5465:
4946:
4891:
4875:
4828:
4616:
4498:
4442:
3996:): owners of one or more villages, often bearing official titles, or deputies from
3562:
According to Polish estimates from the 1930s, 300,000 members of the common nobles
3417:
3307:
3282:
3210:
3017:
2771:
2704:
2684:
2468:
2217:
2076:
2036:
1932:
received by Prandota the Old, probable founder of Saint John the Baptist church in
1895:"It is easier to become a duke in Germany, than to be counted among Polish nobles."
1713:
1588:
1432:
1304:
1066:"In Poland, the Radwanice were noted relatively early (1274) as the descendants of
814:
715:
as servants of a republic the szlachta regarded as the embodiment of their rights.
466:" from the Latin term, and could be compared in legal status to English or British
207:
9680:"STAROPOLSKA KONCEPCJA WOLNOŚCI I JEJ EWOLUCJA W MYŚLI POLITYCZNEJ XVIII W. p. 61"
8711:
7984:
7152:
4237:, including lesser nobility, and owned at least part of a village. Since titular
3648:
1637:
Example – Jakub: Radwan Żądło-Dąbrowski (sometimes Jakub: Radwan Dąbrowski-Żądło)
10964:
10776:
10602:
10554:
10422:
10045:
10028:
9940:
9816:
Descendants of the Great Sejm (genealogies of the most important Polish families)
9665:
9518:
8923:
Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795
8592:
8578:
Kieniewicz, Jan. (2017). "THE JAGIELLONIAN IDEA AND THE PROJECT FOR THE FUTURE",
8331:
8286:
7574:
7477:
7350:
7148:
7002:
6768:
6518:
Miano Szlachty, pochodzi od Lechitów (The name of the nobility, derived from the
5413:
5286:
5158:
4994:
4511:
4309:", which required those claiming noble status to provide evidence to the Russian
4298:
4233:– was a social class of landowners with manorial estates. The vast majority were
4042:
3793:
It is easier to become a duke in Germany, than to be counted among Polish nobles.
3499:
3483:
3337:
3306:, as a way of expressing an acknowledgment of their work. It was equivalent to a
3121:
2688:
1971:
1874:
1733:
1622:
in that full rights of citizenship were limited to the szlachta. The szlachta in
1502:
1335:
1276:
961:. The szlachta had the exclusive right to enter the clergy until the time of the
645:) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of
392:
336:
285:
199:
109:
8009:
Photographs from the family archive of Jan Majewski; Tadeusz Żądło Dąbrowski ...
7016:
6545:
Did the children cry? Hitler's war against Jewish and Polish children, 1939-1945
4400:, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, was manifested in its adoption of "
3789:, while trying to obtain Polish noble status, is supposed to have said in 1784,
2993:
often rivalled the estates of the king and were important power bases for them.
2198:
2137:
The right to join in political and military assemblies of the regional nobility.
1949:
1241:
781:
495:. Occasionally, 19th-century landowners of commoner descent were referred to as
203:
10766:
10684:
10620:
10614:
10510:
10450:
10321:
10137:
10087:
10003:
9970:
9945:
9400:
9184:
9153:
8412:
7819:
7793:
7233:
6215:
6196:
5945:
5828:
5656:
5326:
5101:
4771:
4667:
4465:
4436:
4305:
on 19 October 1831, titled "On the Division and Disposition of Nobility in the
4054:
3871:
3690:
3660:
3597:... The first official records of the Chopovsky family, as clan members of the
3505:
3433:
3367:
3311:
3254:
3066:
3058:
3033:
2978:
2865:
2767:
2724:
2700:
2507:
2362:
2342:
2337:
2254:
1847:
1777:
1746:
1482:
1416:
1280:
1028:
798:
598:
579:
561:
526:
514:
members compared to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also
480:(which now means "citizen") could be used as a synonym for szlachta landlords.
404:
261:
190:
161:
10516:
6652:
3028:
The notion of the szlachta's accrued sovereignty ended in 1795 with the final
1700:
11380:
11285:
10912:
10521:
9416:
9378:
9333:
8060:
7948:
7871:
7729:
7675:
7612:
7566:
7469:
7427:
Jakubowski, Theodore (Spring–Summer 1998). Suligowski, Leonard Joseph (ed.).
7381:
7272:
6976:
6860:
6760:
6295:
6114:
6042:
6006:
5901:
5782:
5736:
5690:
5508:
Jakubowski, Theodore (Spring–Summer 2002). Suligowski, Leonard Joseph (ed.).
5461:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5405:
5037:
4986:
4936:
4818:
4604:
4577:
4180:– those who had to work their fields themselves because they had no peasants.
3735:
3610:
3590:
3491:
3195:
3124:. It was from the ranks of the szlachta that were drawn the church's leading
3009:
2869:
2861:
2649:
2609:
2499:
2464:
2460:
2072:
1560:
1531:
1257:
1223:
1117:
Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the
826:
688:
646:
621:
613:
601:'s exit from the Senate chamber on 30 September 1773, in effect proclaiming,
565:
289:
9851:
The Polish Aristocracy: The Titled Families of Poland by Rafal Heydel-Mankoo
9803:
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 1180-1572: The Inexorable Political Rise of the
9733:
7947:. Kraków, POLAND, EU: Dr Minakowski Publikacje Elektroniczne. Archived from
5864:"A Descriptive View of Poland: Character, Manners, and Customs of the Poles"
5140:"A Descriptive View of Poland: Character, Manners, and Customs of the Poles"
4710:"A Descriptive View of Poland: Character, Manners, and Customs of the Poles"
4408:
that its origins reached back to the ancient tribe of an Iranic people, the
3866:
3622:
2884:
476:
175:
are obscure and the subject of several theories. Traditionally, its members
11356:
11305:
11227:
10907:
9412:
9098:Михайлов Грушевський Українська шляхта в Галичині на переломі XVI і XVII в.
7789:
7295:
7168:
6816:
6255:
6192:
6136:
6086:
5834:
5662:
5609:
5365:
4883:
4346:
4306:
4272:
4270:
voices in sejmiks by magnates to use them, e.g., in voting or in executing
4127:
3948:
3890:
3854:
3727:
3715:
3522:
3429:
3157:
3051:
reduced 64,000 of lesser szlachta to a particular commoner status known as
2802:
2775:
2712:
2641:
a Chamber of Deputies of 54 deputies representing their respective domains.
2561:
2512:
2290:
2242:
1977:
1773:
1628:
Roman naming convention of the tria nomina (praenomen, nomen, and cognomen)
1619:
1542:
1411:
1078:
939:
818:
708:
692:
574:
348:
149:
9444:
8371:
7160:
6940:
6928:
6619:
Kmiecie czyli lud pospolity wolny (Kmiecie is the common free people), ...
5436:
5231:(3rd ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 107.
5190:
http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/685/Wa51_5218_r1995-nr163_Prace-Geogr.pdf
4078:
4037:
3181:
2809:
monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign two documents: the
2068:
2056:
1687:
For example—Braniecki, Dąbrowski, Czcikowski, Dostojewski, Górski, Nicki,
1240:, which included nearly 200 years of fragmentation and which stemmed from
1184:
897:
533:
A few exceptionally wealthy and powerful szlachta members constituted the
10889:
10844:
10481:
7689:
6573:
4531:
4526:
4461:
3903:
3808:
3782:
3618:
branch of the family who were received into the Russian nobility in 1858,
3389:
3326:
3201:
3141:
3053:
3032:, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on the policies of the
2937:
were to receive the title of count. All these submissions were rejected.
2892:
2856:
Nobles' right to disobey the Monarch should s/he break any of these laws.
2734:
2696:
2692:
2495:
2472:
2250:
2221:
2140:
The right to form independent administrative councils for their locality.
2044:
1762:
1576:
1556:
1486:
1470:
998:
990:
860:
802:
700:
606:
455:
412:
8680:
Association of Polish Knights of Malta: History of the Order in Poland.
8613:
Seymour Becker, Nobility and Privilege in late Imperial Russia, page 182
7753:
6474:
2448:
to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.
2039:
to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men (
1469:'s nobility gradually rendered loyalty to the multilingual and cultural
872:
474:, "citizen". Until the second half of the 19th century, the Polish term
10881:
10070:
10058:
9051:
Constructing Lithuania: Ethnic Mapping in Tsarist Russia, ca. 1800-1914
8807:. Centralna Biblioteka Rolnicza im. Michała Oczapowskiego. (in Polish)
8428:
8351:
imposed on them - they had to possess (to acquire) the real properties.
7975:
7901:
7766:
7441:
Marshal of the Knighthood (using the word rycerz and not szlachcic ...)
7213:
6782:
5961:
5117:
4787:
4409:
3479:
3400:, he ordered a brace of Ogar Polski hounds from the Polish breeder and
3370:, deer and boar became the preserve of kings and princes on penalty of
3176:
2990:
2746:
2554:
2522:
2358:
2052:
1395:
925:, who allegedly founded the Polish kingdom in about the fifth century.
363:
elites became part of the nobilities of the three partitioning powers.
8889:"Polityka caratu wobec drobnej szlachty przed powstaniem listopadowym"
8788:
Food and Drink in Medieval Poland: Rediscovering a Cuisine of the Past
8523:
8066:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-year history of the Poles and their culture
7387:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-year history of the Poles and their culture
6956:
5788:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-year history of the Poles and their culture
5742:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-year history of the Poles and their culture
4942:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-year history of the Poles and their culture
4824:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-year history of the Poles and their culture
3889:, certified by the king. Later, from 1641, it could only be done by a
3302:
3289:
were gatherings for policy makers in science, education and politics.
3264:
2327:
title, but whose actual origins are shrouded in 18th-century mystery.
1985:
another requirement was imposed – they had to acquire a landed estate.
1893:, when trying to obtain Polish noble status, supposedly said in 1784,
1364:
in the middle of the 14th century, a new term for nobility appeared —
11346:
11295:
10863:
10267:
10160:
9888:
9746:
The Formation of the Polish State: The Period of Ducal Rule, 963–1194
9338:
GOD'S PLAYGROUND: A HISTORY OF POLAND, VOLUME I - THE ORIGINS TO 1795
8724:
Women in Early Modern Polish Society, Against the European Background
8586:
http://akademicka.pl/ebooks/free/40819e1fff1cbd6d9bee7d2a75425cd1.pdf
8487:
8408:
8225:
8223:
7639:
Kapliczki Matki Bożej w Ziemi Przysuskiej znakiem pobożności maryjnej
6605:(in Polish). Vol. I. (3rd? ed.). Leipzig, Saxony, GERMANY:
6504:(in Polish). Vol. I. (3rd? ed.). Leipzig, Saxony, GERMANY:
5970:
submitted a memorandum to the parliament (sejm), suggesting that the
5941:
5925:
5923:
5695:
GOD'S PLAYGROUND: A HISTORY OF POLAND, VOLUME I - THE ORIGINS TO 1795
5097:
5043:
God's Playground: A History of Poland, Volume I - The Origins to 1795
4767:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4477:
4401:
4379:
4358:
4330:
4186:
4175:
3885:
3764:
3475:
3463:
3421:
3149:
2965:
2573:
2445:
1988:
1383:
1327:
1319:
1264:
794:
630:
625:
590:
506:
In the past, a misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of "
344:
332:
157:
27:
Noble class in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
10406:
8531:
7980:
7906:
7829:
7243:
7116:
7072:
6866:
GOD'S PLAYGROUND: A HISTORY OF POLAND, VOLUME 1: THE ORIGINS TO 1795
6391:
God's Playground: A History of Poland; Volume I: The Origins to 1795
6288:
6165:
5153:, or who can prove his descent from ancestors formerly possessing a
3640:
3376:
3285:
for intellectuals and artists, drawn chiefly from the szlachta. His
2604:
on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections. Only
2483:
1660:
1523:
1144:
11367:
10309:
10252:
10202:
10191:
9927:
9815:
9478:
8985:"Zarys działalności Związku Szlachty Zagrodowej w latach 1938-1939"
8744:
7512:"We the Lithuania": nobility of Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 16th c.
7508:"Mes, Lietuva": Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVI a.
6632:
6519:
4447:
4397:
4164:
3824:
3699:
3679:
3526:
3371:
3156:, himself a freemason, and with the growth of social awareness, in
2982:
2970:
2914:
2786:
2517:
2428:
2306:
2302:
2280:
2091:
2060:
2040:
1960:
1881:
1604:
1466:
1462:
1361:
1283:
1268:
1196:
1157:
1099:
930:
868:
844:
726:
szlachta were worse off than commoners with land. They were called
661:
617:
616:
argues that the szlachta were not exactly the same as the European
492:
130:
10933:
10918:
8220:
7436:
White Eagle: Journal of the Polish Nobility Association Foundation
6094:
5920:
5517:
White Eagle: Journal of the Polish Nobility Association Foundation
4931:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4645:
4476:
of mixing Polish and Latin vocabulary, producing a form of Polish
4472:. It was marked furthermore by a linguistic affectation among the
4418:
4101:
3136:, founder in 1588 of the oldest school in Poland. One alumnus was
1738:
10835:
10486:
10428:
10053:
9865:
8416:
7971:"DWÓR DĄBROWSKICH W MICHAŁOWICACH - "Nowe życie dworu" (wystawa)"
7897:"DWÓR DĄBROWSKICH W MICHAŁOWICACH - "Nowe życie dworu" (wystawa)"
7303:
7172:
6795:
6793:
6674:
5949:
5538:
5536:
5428:
5105:
4775:
4430:
4424:
4283:
4045:; Year: 1856 – painting of a lesser szlachta/nobility homestead (
3953:
3771:
3614:
3602:
3363:
3297:
3293:
3140:. In the 18th century, after several false starts, international
3125:
3071:
2986:
2945:
2605:
2569:
2479:
2350:
2324:
2064:
2026:
2021:
1825:
1821:
1789:
1781:
1695:
1608:
1511:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1043:
958:
885:
840:
806:
642:
587:
583:
538:
293:
237:
181:
9555:"Deklasacja drobnej szlachty na Litwie i Białorusi w XIX wieku "
8622:
The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe, Jerome Blum, page 391.
8451:"It's Time to End the Myth That Polish Immigrants Were Peasants"
8439:
8257:
of private adoptions, Polish nobility became a closed cast [
7028:"It's Time to End the Myth That Polish Immigrants Were Peasants"
5257:"It's Time to End the Myth That Polish Immigrants Were Peasants"
3819:
from a sleepy fishing village into an international trade centre
206:
that would later evolve into the upper legislative chamber, the
10412:
10278:
9471:"An Introduction to The Polish Nobility Association Foundation"
9356:
Social mobility between the estates was fraught with obstacles.
8527:
8455:
West European Grand Priory, International Order of St Stanislas
8335:
8290:
8235:
8026:
7781:
7354:
7299:
7032:
West European Grand Priory, International Order of St Stanislas
6828:
5988:
5986:
5871:. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Pattison and Ross. p. 51.
5766:
5621:
5556:
5552:
5261:
West European Grand Priory, International Order of St Stanislas
5147:. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Pattison and Ross. p. 51.
4920:
4895:
4717:. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Pattison and Ross. p. 51.
4452:
4405:
4350:
4340:
4258:
3998:
3898:
3816:
3743:
3586:
3180:
Barbara Sanguszko, philanthropist, writer and salon hostess at
3090:
2922:
2661:
2632:
2628:
2557:
2374:
2354:
2315:
2043:). The newly formed noble families generally took up, as their
1623:
1458:
1387:
1352:
1017:
926:
856:
774:
669:
558:
347:
and not the szlachta's overlord. The relatively few hereditary
223:
9635:"Lwów i Wilno / [publ. by J. Godlewski]. (1948) nr 98"
8644:. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. Editions. Wroclaw 1991-97
6790:
6294:
6162:
The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
6041:
5533:
5400:
5398:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4603:
4245:, not all landed gentry had hereditary noble status. The term
2187:
The exclusive right to enter the clergy until the time of the
1815:
The tradition of differentiating between a coat of arms and a
982:
859:
racial ideology, which dictated the Polish elite were largely
805:. The second theory involved a presumed szlachta descent from
10899:
9440:
9432:
9428:
9291:РІЧПОСПОЛИТСЬКА ШЛЯХТА У КИЄВО-МОГИЛЯНСЬКІЙ АКАДЕМІЇ XVIII ст
8479:
8327:
8282:
8258:
7346:
6347:
Deklasacja drobnej szlachty na Litwie i Białorusi w XIX wieku
6156:
Milewska-Waźbińska, Barbara (2013). Sosnowski, Miłosz (ed.).
6132:
5278:
5154:
5150:
5123:
4302:
3962:
3923:
3907:
3731:
3085:
the privileges of the nobility were legally abolished by the
2953:
2930:
2926:
2665:
2531:
2310:
2298:
2125:
2031:
1249:
1203:
1136:
1102:, coats of arms were associated with Polish knights' clans' (
1009:
1005:
954:
914:
909:
837:
704:
677:
673:
634:
488:
328:
176:
9810:
9716:
Economy, Society, and Lordship in Medieval Poland: 1100-1250
8187:
8185:
7464:
7462:
7452:
Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,
7212:(ed.), THE POLISH NOBILITY IN THE MIDDLE AGES: ANTHOLOGIES,
5983:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4266:. The purpose of the move was to eliminate the purchases of
2168:
The right to sell their military or administrative services.
1865:) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a
1626:, where Latin was written and spoken far and wide, used the
1127:), thereby becoming within the kingdom a military caste and
10871:
10399:
9748:, Detroit, MICHIGAN, U.S.A.: Wayne State University Press,
9424:
7456:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987), p.20, 26-27
6948:
6424:
Bondage to the dead: Poland and the memory of the Holocaust
6127:
Poland was the great power of East Central Europe, and the
5395:
5282:
5149:
By the laws of Poland, a noble is a person who possesses a
4798:
4382:(1637). The subject's Polish identity and garb are unclear.
4313:. The result was a drastic decrease in the number of petty
4097:
4004:
2703:
of 25 October did more to strengthen the Magnate-dominated
2564:
new laws, raise taxes, or call for a mass military call up
2388:
2330:
2258:
2230:
2178:" (mobilization of the szlachta for defence of the nation).
1996:
1916:
1870:
1677:
1656:
1151:
905:
822:
810:
9780:
9178:"ПОЛЯКИ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ПРАВОбЕРЕЖЖЯ: ДО ПРОбЛЕМИ АСИМІЛЯЦІЇ"
8803:
Szymańska, Aleksandra (2018) "Sezon myśliwski we dworze".
6643:(1). Cambridge, East of England, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM:
6588:
6487:
5588:
5586:
5503:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5354:
2940:
Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as Magnates,
8823:: rocznik filozoficzno-spoleczny, 5. 91-105. (in Polish)
8182:
7459:
7422:
7420:
7418:
6944:
6151:
6149:
6147:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5483:
4853:
3096:
2850:
Official posts restricted to Polish and Lithuanian nobles
2152:
The right to spiritual semi-independence from the clergy.
1564:
1555:" (meaning "from" sometimes "at") plus the name of one's
901:
491:
titles granted by other European monarchs, including the
423:, meaning "rider". The Polish word for "coat of arms" is
193:
throughout its history, beginning with the reign of King
11392:
Ruthenian nobility of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
9718:. New York, NEW YORK: Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc.
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
2161:
Special rights in Polish courts, including freedom from
2055:
of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the
1279:
chronicle, there is noted the nobility's alarm when the
359:
began to lose legal privileges and social status, while
9296:
ichpospolytska shliakhta u Kyievo-Mohylianskii akademii
7581:. Cambridge, East of England, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM:
7553:
7484:. Cambridge, East of England, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM:
7376:
7374:
6775:. Cambridge, East of England, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM:
5583:
5545:"Slavery vs. Serfdom, or Was Poland a Colonial Empire?"
5351:
5001:. Cambridge, East of England, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM:
3858:– Latin for "I do not allow" – except in the case of a
2534:
the same rights as those already secured by the Polish
2158:
The right of priority over the courts of the peasantry.
1179:, p. 44) The family unit of a tribe is called the
1035:, with my well-disposed knowledge and the cry , , the
633:, nor the szlachta's overlord, as szlachta land was in
7415:
7008:. Newcastle upon Tyne: PATTISON AND ROSS. p. 55.
6441:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6204:
6144:
5718:
5480:
5245:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4282:("half-lord"); also podpanek/pidpanek ("sub-lord") in
4262:. Its political rights were removed altogether by the
2774:. One of the most famous members of this movement was
2645:
The numbers of senators and deputies later increased.
2174:
The right to receive higher pay when entitled in the "
1999:, after the 17th century it was done only by the Sejm.
156:. Szlachta as a class differed significantly from the
8149:(in Polish). Warsaw: Artur Ornatowski. Archived from
7228:
7226:
7224:
7222:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4586:
4286:
and Ukrainian accent – a derogatory term for a petty
3467:
as separate social groups, totaling 250,000-300,000.
3089:
in 1921 and as such not reinstated by any succeeding
825:. Other fanciful theories included its foundation by
191:
substantial and increasing political power and rights
164:. The estate was officially abolished in 1921 by the
9768:
https://archive.org/details/derpolnischeade00szegoog
9766:. Published by Verlag v. Henri Grand. Hamburg 1900.
8642:
Dzieje Rezydencji na dawnych kresach Rzeczpospolitej
8604:
Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 181
7371:
7106:"A History of Polish Serfdom. Theses and Antitheses"
7062:"A History of Polish Serfdom. Theses and Antitheses"
6691:"A History of Polish Serfdom. Theses and Antitheses"
6461:(1). Champaign, Champaign county, ILLINOIS, U.S.A.:
5131:
4751:
4749:
4747:
3448:) counted 500,000, peasants of various categories (
3354:
One of the favourite szlachta pastimes was hunting (
2770:
to the king, and the king to create a standing army
2220:
on his way to his execution, 26 May 1584. Sketch by
1360:. Because of Lithuanian expansion into the lands of
1238:
The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314
649:
and constantly sought to undermine Piast authority.
9531:"Szlachta zagrodowa w Polsce południowo-wschodniej"
9109:"Вячеслав Липинський УКРАЇНА НА ПЕРЕЛОМІ 1657—1659"
8232:"POLISH NOBILITY AND ITS HERALDRY: AN INTRODUCTION"
8198:. Leiden, South Holland province, NETHERLANDS, EU:
8023:"POLISH NOBILITY AND ITS HERALDRY: AN INTRODUCTION"
7832:: Franciscus Caesarius. p. 572. Archived from
7548:
7546:
7246:: Franciscus Caesarius. p. 564. Archived from
6243:
6195:. ... We studied Latin armorial 'Orbis Polonus' by
5317:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4696:
2672:were prohibited from owning land. Positions in the
2619:In 1493 the Sejm, began meeting every two years at
2419:) to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter,
2149:
The right to demand information from Crown offices.
1911:
836:
Another theory describes its derivation from a non-
9870:
8631:Norman Davies, God's playground, pages 182 and 188
8140:
7429:"15th-Century Polish Nobility in the 21st Century"
7219:
6896:
6728:
6542:
6155:
5765:A more apt analogy might perhaps be made with the
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5194:
5064:
4970:
3742:A more apt analogy might perhaps be made with the
3407:
2829:and contained the basic laws of the Commonwealth:
2781:
2608:voted in the 1492 free election, which was won by
2402:
1522:by unknown artist. It is located at the church of
695:was the szlachta's ideal. Poland was known as the
335:, involving no requirement of feudal service to a
7814:
7812:
7810:
7636:
6624:
6264:. Budapest, Central Hungary region, HUNGARY, EU:
6077:Throughout most of Europe the medieval system of
5032:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5016:
4216:who earned a living in towns like other townsfolk
2275:"Liber generationis plebeanorum (Liber chamorum)"
1042:and I established them in the said land of mine,
977:
707:, with no feudal dependence on a king, exercised
11378:
9666:From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans
9653:http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/497/wasko.html
9287:
8874:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 142, 144.
8364:"FOLWARK SZLACHECKI I CHŁOPI W POLSCE XVI WIEKU"
8318:Jelinska-Marchal, D. (1988). Judycki, Z. (ed.).
8317:
8273:Jelinska-Marchal, D. (1988). Judycki, Z. (ed.).
8272:
7543:
7337:Jelinska-Marchal, D. (1988). Judycki, Z. (ed.).
7336:
7104:Kuligowski, Waldemar Tadeusz (2 February 2017).
7060:Kuligowski, Waldemar Tadeusz (2 February 2017).
6689:Kuligowski, Waldemar Tadeusz (2 February 2017).
6467:Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America
6451:(Winter 1964). "Sarmatians in the Polish Past".
5883:
5881:
5861:
4724:
4241:were also open to burgers of certain privileged
3609:in 1839 - The Russian government liquidated the
3163:
2935:Castellans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1027:"I received my good servitors from the land of
682:Castellans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
288:, its membership grew to include the leaders of
9567:"Polska Encyklopedia Historyczno-Genealogiczna"
8712:http://www.legitymizm.org/freemasonry-in-poland
8696:. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warsaw-Kraków. 2000.
8543:
8242:, POLAND: podolska.neostrada.pl. Archived from
8033:, POLAND: podolska.neostrada.pl. Archived from
6394:. Columbia University Press. pp. 161–163.
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
5294:
2925:. Sons of the prince were to receive titles of
2455:was constrained by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (
2247:adopted into a noble clan by an act of the King
1496:
1175:was the territory occupied by a single tribe. (
1070:, a knight active a few decades earlier. ..."
851:) within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (
843:class, forming a distinct element known as the
797:, who in the 2nd century AD, occupied lands in
572:session and nullifying any legislation passed (
462:, the hereditary szlachta were referred to as "
235:assumed various governing positions, including
221:, composed of representatives elected at local
8483:A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change
7807:
5013:
3024:rulership on Polish lands in the 19th century.
2919:Voivodes of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2124:The right to hold outright ownership of land (
2071:and others. These families were granted their
1202:Another group of knights were granted land in
666:Voivodes of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
525:included those rich and powerful enough to be
10949:
10176:
9904:
9821:The Elegant Downfall of the Polish Sarmatians
9013:
8136:
8134:
8132:
8130:
8128:
7446:
6210:
5878:
5855:
5321:
4662:
4130:, often little more than a peasant's dwelling
3004:
2821:, named after the first freely elected king,
2184:The right of importing duty-free goods often.
2090:in state politics and limited entry into the
1846:The number of lawfully granted ennoblements (
1630:to distinguish Polish citizens/szlachta from
1594:At least since the 17th century the surnames/
672:. Sons of a prince were to receive titles of
9399:
8883:
8881:
8754:
8445:
8396:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8160:
7022:
6028:
5929:
5251:
5085:
4755:
4256:were sometimes excluded from taking part in
3877:
3244:(1767–1810), poet, playwright and translator
2853:Taxes and monopolies set up by the Sejm only
1946:Liber Genesos illustris Familiae Shidlovicae
821:. The Jews were considered the offspring of
8143:"Niektóre dane z historii szlachty i herbu"
7514:] (in Lithuanian). Kronta. p. 64.
6089:, to which parallels were constantly drawn.
5289:, but absolutely in perpetuity unless sold.
2847:A royal advisory council chosen by the Sejm
2793:, first elected monarch of Poland-Lithuania
2580:in exchange for their participation in the
2313:, all readily translatable into the Polish
2006:
1485:. See, for example, the careers of Senator
1246:możni/Magnates, both ecclesiastical and lay
10956:
10942:
10183:
10169:
9911:
9897:
9740:
9546:
9544:
9506:
9504:
9502:
9500:
8708:Freemasonry in Poland - Formerly and Today
8125:
7929:
7426:
7103:
7059:
6905:. Warsaw: Artur Ornatowski. Archived from
6899:"Niektóre dane z historii slachty i herbu"
6731:"Niektóre dane z historii slachty i herbu"
6688:
6447:
6367:. Cambridge University Press. p. 29.
5812:at the beginning of the fifteenth century.
5519:. Baltimore, MD. p. 5. Archived from
5507:
3982:The nobility were divided by wealth into:
3238:(1718–1791), poet, translator and moralist
2815:, the king's "pre-election pact", and the
2143:The right to cast a vote for Polish Kings.
2108:Specific rights of the szlachta included:
1924:in the 12th century by the Emperor of the
1338:sources. In Lithuanian, nobles were named
1287:
1231:
1176:
760:History of Poland during the Piast dynasty
709:supreme political power over that republic
9254:"Барская околичная шляхта до к. XVIII в."
9053:. Stockholm University Press. p. 18.
9027:
8878:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8858:
8157:
7641:(in Polish). KONTRAST. pp. 214–216.
7534:
7528:
7502:
7201:
7199:
6420:
4153:, owners of only part of a single village
3593:and earlier Polonization. As an example:
2378:leave to raise an extraordinary tax or a
2323:, who managed to restore a genuinely old
817:— and hence subject to bondage under the
746:, or "tenant nobles" who paid rent. See "
431:("heritage"). 17th-century Poles assumed
260:In 1413, following a series of tentative
93:18th century Poland and the Enlightenment
9875:
9048:
9033:
8059:
7747:
7380:
7208:, "Knight Clans in Medieval Poland," in
6630:
6427:. Syracuse University Press. p. 5.
6228:. London, England: Robson and Levey: 484
5823:
5781:
5735:
5651:
5200:
4935:
4817:
4680:. London, England: Robson and Levey: 484
4036:
4021:
4010:
3807:
3796:
3639:
3621:
3504:
3342:
3331:
3321:
3258:
3175:
3110:
3008:
2883:
2785:
2723:The Commonwealth's Power at Its Zenith,
2717:
2576:. These privileges were demanded by the
2331:Accretion of sovereignty to the szlachta
2236:
2212:
2197:
2110:
1915:
1737:
1706:Żądło (prior to the 17th century, was a
1541:
1506:
1465:became integrated with the Grand Duchy,
1303:
1260:, this dynasty appearing circa 850 A.D.
989:
981:
953:, the 16th-century szlachta ideal was a
780:
768:
747:
552:
83:
61:
38:
9713:
9692:
9541:
9497:
9367:
9057:
8982:
8978:
8976:
8119:The History of Polish Diplomacy: X-XX C
8106:. Oxford University Press. p. 115.
7857:
7818:
7715:
7661:
7598:
7565:
7468:
7232:
6962:
6759:
6381:
6100:
5992:
5887:
5542:
5447:
5404:
4985:
3292:There was a tradition, particularly in
2868:to reduce the enormous pressure on the
2687:. It was there that the tradition of a
2587:
1350:(dukes) — a loanword from Scandinavian
1111:
1059:
921:The szlachta traced their descent from
152:, dominated those states by exercising
46:in costumes of the voivodeships of the
14:
11379:
10190:
9918:
9871:Polish Nobility Association Foundation
9781:Association of the Belarusian Nobility
9704:Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego
9475:Polish Nobility Association Foundation
9332:
8868:
8855:
8480:Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries (1998).
8421:Modern Humanities Research Association
8116:
8069:(Fourth Printing ed.). New York:
7941:"Żądło-Dąbrowski z Dąbrówki h. Radwan"
7935:
7554:POLISH GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
7390:(Fourth Printing ed.). New York:
7271:
7216:; Wrocław, POLAND, EU; 1984, page 154.
7196:
6859:
6799:
6549:(Online excerpt from book). New York:
6387:
6254:
5954:Modern Humanities Research Association
5791:(Fourth Printing ed.). New York:
5745:(Fourth Printing ed.). New York:
5689:
5592:
5364:
5178:Morfogeneza Osiedli Wiejskich w Polsce
5110:Modern Humanities Research Association
5036:
4945:(Fourth Printing ed.). New York:
4866:
4827:(Fourth Printing ed.). New York:
4780:Modern Humanities Research Association
4573:
4571:
3977:
3852:by exercising his individual right of
3815:, banker and industrialist who turned
3726:Others assert the szlachta were not a
3097:Cultural and international connections
2977:that belonged to families such as the
2372:– and at other times, in exchange for
1850:) after the 15th century was minimal.
1829:German lands and the Habsburg Empire.
454:designated the formalized, hereditary
10937:
10164:
9892:
9007:
8918:
8407:(83). Salisbury House, Station Road,
8400:The Slavonic and East European Review
8191:
8121:. Sejm Publishing Office. p. 79.
8101:
7147:
6533:
6354:
5940:(83). Salisbury House, Station Road,
5933:The Slavonic and East European Review
5226:
5096:(83). Salisbury House, Station Road,
5089:The Slavonic and East European Review
4766:(83). Salisbury House, Station Road,
4759:The Slavonic and East European Review
3961:or, preserving the Polish original's
3685:According to two English journalists
2844:Foreign policy controlled by the Sejm
2676:hierarchy were restricted to nobles.
2165:and freedom from corporal punishment.
1443:the printing of books in Lithuanian.
9608:. Polski Instytut Historyczny. 1977.
8973:
8141:Jastrzębiec-Czajkowski, Leszek Jan.
7846:Dąbrowfcij, cognominati Zedlowie ...
7000:
6897:Jastrzębiec-Czajkowski, Leszek Jan.
6729:Jastrzębiec-Czajkowski, Leszek Jan.
6360:
5137:
4707:
4542:
3589:, the situation was similar despite
2879:
2825:. The latter document was a virtual
2560:– local parliaments. The king could
2502:, known from its own Latin name as "
1841:
1720:Each knights' clan/gens/ród had its
1183:, while a collection of tribes is a
963:three partitions of Poland–Lithuania
219:Sejm (bicameral national parliament)
10963:
9340:. New York City, NEW YORK, U.S.A.:
9223:"Język polski a tożsamość narodowa"
8473:
7945:Genealogia Potomków Sejmu Wielkiego
6869:. New York City, NEW YORK, U.S.A.:
6539:"Chapter IV. Germanization; Part I"
5543:Gliński, Mikołaj (8 October 2015).
5339:. London, England: Robson and Levey
4568:
4464:unity and pride in the szlachta's "
4456:a near-obligatory item of everyday
3972:is the province governor's equal."
3787:Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne
3513:on a Lithuanian commemorative stamp
1891:Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne
1749:(compiled before 1396), among them
1615:), or "Jakub Żądło, herbu Radwan".
1386:, although they did preserve their
967:Wawrzyniec Goślicki, herbu Grzymała
411:, "blow", "strike", and shares the
376:In Polish, a nobleman is called a "
355:between 1772 and 1795, most of the
24:
9786:Association of Lithuanian Nobility
9512:"Porozbiorowa szlachecka drobnica"
8668:, publ. J. Dodsley. London: 1838.
7995:. 12 December 2016. Archived from
7913:. 12 December 2016. Archived from
7454:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego
6737:. Artur Ornatowski. Archived from
5972:palatines, or provincial governors
5665:; New York City, NEW YORK, U.S.A.
5285:, conditional upon service to the
4551:
3785:in Commonwealth society, although
3115:Coat of arms of the Order of Malta
2131:Polish landed gentry (Ziemiaństwo)
908:." The szlachta were noble in the
470:, or to the ancient Roman idea of
25:
11418:
9823:by Wojciech Zembaty on Culture.pl
9799:(bunews.com.ua), 2016 (PDF file).
9774:
9302:– via shron1.chtyvo.org.ua.
8512:Osobowość autora - wartość dzieła
8229:
8020:
6266:Central European University Press
5510:"Claiming Inherited Noble Status"
5376:Central European University Press
5203:Urzędy i godności w dawnej Polsce
4212:– town-street nobility: landless
4041:"In Front of the Manor House" by
3970:"The noble behind his garden wall
3781:, could and did rise to official
3130:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
3103:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
2490:, based partially on his earlier
2011:In the late 14th century, in the
1342:. The higher nobility were named
730:, that is, "farm nobility", from
403:– which originally came from the
10987:
10277:
9672:
9658:
9641:
9627:
9612:
9596:
9573:
9559:
9523:
9463:
9443:: Thomas Aquinas. Archived from
9393:
9361:
9326:
9281:
9272:
9263:
9246:
9215:
9201:
9170:
9139:
9118:
9101:
9092:
9083:
9074:
9042:
8945:
8912:
8829:
8813:
8797:
8792:University of Pennsylvania Press
8777:
8737:
8716:
8700:
8686:
8674:
8654:
8634:
8625:
8616:
8607:
7822:(1643). "RADWAN alias WIRBOW.".
7767:"DĄBROWSCY h. RADWAN z Dąbrówki"
7579:RUSSIAN REALITIES & PROBLEMS
7539:. Poznań: Mickiewicz University.
7482:RUSSIAN REALITIES & PROBLEMS
7290:Shop, Sign of the Green Dragon,
7236:(1643). "RADWAN alias WIRBOW.".
7214:Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich
6781:The population consists of free
6773:RUSSIAN REALITIES & PROBLEMS
4999:RUSSIAN REALITIES & PROBLEMS
4366:
4339:
4140:, a small unit of land measure,
4002:(regional sejms) to the general
3804:, the richest noble of his time.
3763:Low-born individuals, including
3693:writing on the subject in 1864,
3152:of the arts during the reign of
2901:Magnates of Poland and Lithuania
2889:Magnates of Poland and Lithuania
2841:The Sejm to meet every two years
2553:, clarifying the legal basis of
2488:przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie
2478:In 1430, with the Privileges of
2229:taxes be approved by provincial
1912:Estimated number of ennoblements
1618:The Polish state paralleled the
1603:), or "Jakub z Dąbrówki, Żądło (
1403:, a direct loanword from Polish
1143:The tribes were ruled by clans (
777:in a 16th-century Polish woodcut
543:magnates of Poland and Lithuania
108:
34:Szlachta, Pomeranian Voivodeship
9866:The Polish Nobility Association
9014:Choińska-Mika, Jolanta (2002).
8760:Robert Strybel, Maria Strybel.
8598:
8572:
8537:
8504:
8390:
8356:
8311:
8266:
8110:
8095:
8053:
8014:
7993:Małopolska Institute of Culture
7963:
7911:Małopolska Institute of Culture
7889:
7851:
7709:
7655:
7630:
7592:
7559:
7496:
7330:
7314:from the original on 2013-11-17
7265:
7141:
7097:
7053:
6994:
6890:
6853:
6753:
6722:
6682:
6582:
6527:
6481:
6335:
5817:
5775:
5683:
5645:
5220:
5170:
4537:Ukrainian nobility from Galicia
4163:(i.e., lordling), term used in
3408:Demographics and stratification
2782:End of the Jagiellonian dynasty
2437:Old Polish units of measurement
2403:Privilege of Koszyce and others
1950:Illustrious Family Szydłowiecki
1887:historical demography of Poland
1810:
1322:, prior to the creation of the
995:Bolesław I the Tall (1127–1201)
296:. Over time, membership in the
11331:List of Polish titled nobility
11258:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
9811:Digital Library of Wielkpolska
8959:. Key Text Wydawnictwo. 2010.
8805:Rolniczy Magazyn Elektroniczny
8749:Poezja polska wieku Oświecenia
8516:Liber generationis plebeanorum
6631:Guzowski, Piotr (1 May 2014).
6421:Steinlauf, Michael C. (1997).
5418:RUSSIAN REALITIES AND PROBLEMS
4552:
4494:List of Polish titled nobility
2909:presented a memorandum to the
2086:confirmed the position of the
1859:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1836:
1607:) (later a przydomek/nickname/
1573:"von Weizsäcker" or "zu Rhein"
1536:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
978:Military caste and aristocracy
969:(between 1530 and 1540–1607):
656:presented a memorandum to the
548:
270:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
146:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
56:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
48:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
13:
1:
9762:Żernicki-Szeliga Emilian v.,
9619:"Konstytucja 3 maja -1791 r."
7790:Vistula land (Russian POLAND)
7765:, Adam Józef Feliks (1901).
7155:; Wieland, Christian (eds.).
7119:. p. 118. Archived from
7075:. p. 116. Archived from
6700:. p. 116. Archived from
6298:; Dawson, Andrew Hutchinson;
6045:; Dawson, Andrew Hutchinson;
5862:Ross (of Durham), M. (1835).
5229:Early Modern European Society
4607:; Dawson, Andrew Hutchinson;
4578:"Szlachta. Szlachta w Polsce"
4562:
4084:neighborhood/village nobility
4026:Middle nobility manor house (
3912:The Princely Houses of Poland
3645:Polish Nobleman with a Parrot
3248:
3164:Women as purveyors of culture
2623:. It comprised two chambers:
2551:statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie
2097:
1991:– from the Latin expression,
593:to cease legalization of the
564:(lower right), with szlachta
519:regarding wealth and nobility
58:in the 17th and 18th century.
9669:, p. 51, Yale Richmond, 1995
9288:Feshchenko-Chopivsky, Ivan.
8514:, Walerian Nekanda Trepka,
8320:THE POLISH ARMORIAL POLANAIS
8275:THE POLISH ARMORIAL POLANAIS
7438:. Baltimore, MD. p. 9.
7339:THE POLISH ARMORIAL POLANAIS
6463:University of Illinois Press
6220:"The Races of the Old World"
5331:"The Races of the Old World"
4672:"The Races of the Old World"
4484:" in everyday conversation.
4324:
4032:Żądło-Dąbrowski family manor
3673:March Constitution of Poland
3204:(1494-1557), second wife of
3154:Stanisław August Poniatowski
3014:The Peasant Uprising of 1846
2117:Stanisław August Poniatowski
1948:(Book of the Genesis of the
1906:Stanisław August Poniatowski
1497:Origins of szlachta surnames
1457:After the principalities of
1293:
1273:undermine princely authority
1031:, and from the clan called
1016:, identified members of the
718:Over time, numerically most
371:
7:
11311:Armorial of Polish nobility
9792:Central European Superpower
9049:Petronis, Vytautas (2007).
8991:(in Polish). Archived from
8955:Historia gospozarcza Polski
8839:(in Polish). Archived from
8726:. London: Routledge, 2017.
8706:Wojtowicz, Norbert. (1999)
7991:, Southern Poland, POLAND:
6594:de Bobrowicz, Jan Nepomucen
6493:de Bobrowicz, Jan Nepomucen
6304:Kondracki, Jerzy Aleksander
6296:Davies, Ivor Norman Richard
6051:Kondracki, Jerzy Aleksander
6043:Davies, Ivor Norman Richard
5201:Góralski, Zbigniew (1998).
4613:Kondracki, Jerzy Aleksander
4605:Davies, Ivor Norman Richard
4487:
4404:", a word derived from the
3714:Sociologist and historian,
3554:, in letter to his brother
2996:The difference between the
2088:Lithuanian Council of Lords
1727:
1676:(name of the family branch/
1655:(nomen gentile—name of the
1446:
1012:society. In the year 1244,
853:Indo-European caste systems
319:. The juridic principle of
10:
11423:
9023:. Neriton. pp. 20–21.
8837:"Historia Ogara Polskiego"
8338:: Albi Corvi. p. 12.
8293:: Albi Corvi. p. 12.
8192:Bajer, Peter Paul (2012).
7828:(in Latin). Vol. II.
7637:ks. Dariusz Pater (2010).
7583:Cambridge University Press
7486:Cambridge University Press
7357:: Albi Corvi. p. 11.
7242:(in Latin). Vol. II.
7177:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
6777:Cambridge University Press
6645:Cambridge University Press
6261:LIBERALISM AFTER COMMUNISM
6174:Polish Academy of Sciences
5422:Cambridge University Press
5371:LIBERALISM AFTER COMMUNISM
5279:outright ownership of land
5003:Cambridge University Press
4328:
4290:pretending to be wealthy.
4264:Constitution of 3 May 1791
4243:cities with royal charters
3317:
3300:for their staff, known as
3252:
3100:
3005:Szlachta loss of influence
2950:office in the Commonwealth
2898:
2709:non praestanda oboedientia
2612:. For the duration of the
2453:King Władysław II Jagiełło
2189:three partitions of Poland
2101:
1731:
1571:" in German names such as
1500:
1491:Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki
1450:
1297:
1008:, a military caste, as in
757:
753:
366:
154:political rights and power
31:
11365:
11339:
11276:
11200:
11107:
10996:
10985:
10971:
10898:
10880:
10862:
10843:
10834:
10715:
10677:
10586:
10547:
10540:
10466:
10440:
10378:
10357:
10350:
10330:
10293:
10286:
10275:
10210:
10199:
9979:
9926:
9797:Business Ukraine Magazine
9342:Columbia University Press
8102:Frost, Robert I. (2015).
7989:Lesser Poland voivodeship
7535:Ochmański, Jerzy (1986).
6871:Columbia University Press
6653:10.1017/S0268416014000101
5699:Columbia University Press
5475:tolerable for the latter.
5048:Columbia University Press
3802:Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł
2660:increased the nobility's
2471:, including the right to
2347:Royal elections in Poland
2203:Franciszek Salezy Potocki
1014:Bolesław, Duke of Masovia
997:with heraldic shield, by
881:) over which they ruled.
764:
738:, "petty nobles" or yet,
595:First Partition of Poland
323:equality existed because
202:and filling honorary and
71:During the Times of King
9551:Jolanta Sikorska-Kulesza
9369:Boswell, Alexander Bruce
9038:. Routledge. p. 13.
9034:Lukowski, Jerzy (2013).
8544:Andrzej Rachuba (2010).
8370:. POLAND. Archived from
7859:Boswell, Alexander Bruce
7717:Boswell, Alexander Bruce
7663:Boswell, Alexander Bruce
7600:Boswell, Alexander Bruce
7567:Dmowski, Roman Stanisław
7470:Dmowski, Roman Stanisław
6964:Boswell, Alexander Bruce
6761:Dmowski, Roman Stanisław
6342:Jolanta Sikorska-Kulesza
6281:Aleksander Świętochowski
6102:Boswell, Alexander Bruce
5994:Boswell, Alexander Bruce
5889:Boswell, Alexander Bruce
5449:Boswell, Alexander Bruce
5406:Dmowski, Roman Stanisław
4987:Dmowski, Roman Stanisław
4357:and a representative of
4317:, who were demoted into
3862:or confederated sejmik.
3757:Aleksander Świętochowski
3751:Jerzy Szacki continues,
3734:, among them, historian
3314:, and occupying armies.
2679:On 23 October 1501, the
2241:Nobles were born into a
2207:Order of the White Eagle
2013:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2007:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1079:hereditary coats of arms
896:(1621–1696), proclaimed
603:"Murder me, not Poland."
266:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
142:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
89:Michał Kazimierz Ogiński
52:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
11201:Cultural and historical
10201:(*) : state where
9862:-Sypniewska, née Knight
9714:Górecki, Piotr (1992).
9655:. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
8786:, William Woys Weaver.
8763:Polish Heritage Cookery
8751:, Warsaw. 1954 and 1956
8449:-Jakubowski, Theodore.
7937:Minakowski, Marek Jerzy
7026:-Jakubowski, Theodore.
6388:Davies, Norman (1982).
6317:Encyclopædia Britannica
6135:as despotically as the
6064:Encyclopædia Britannica
5255:-Jakubowski, Theodore.
4626:Encyclopædia Britannica
4321:required to pay taxes.
3942:renderable in English:
3270:Alfred Wierusz-Kowalski
3107:Enlightenment in Poland
2921:, receive the title of
2801:, the last king of the
2681:Polish–Lithuanian union
2264:Hieronim Nekanda Trepka
1954:Stanisław Samostrzelnik
1106:) names and war cries (
1020:' clan as members of a
944:Alexander Bruce Boswell
668:, receive the title of
204:advisory roles at court
11407:Social class in Poland
11248:Sandomierz Voivodeship
10979:Coat of arms of Poland
9840:"Noble naturalization"
9383:Dodd, Mead and Company
8546:"Panowie z Ciechanowa"
8522:), wyd. 2, opracował,
8332:Hauts-de-France region
8287:Hauts-de-France region
7880:Dodd, Mead and Company
7738:Dodd, Mead and Company
7684:Dodd, Mead and Company
7621:Dodd, Mead and Company
7351:Hauts-de-France region
6985:Dodd, Mead and Company
6607:Breitkopf & Härtel
6590:Niesiecki S.J., Kasper
6506:Breitkopf & Härtel
6489:Niesiecki S.J., Kasper
6123:Dodd, Mead and Company
6015:Dodd, Mead and Company
5910:Dodd, Mead and Company
5825:Michener, James Albert
5653:Michener, James Albert
5470:Dodd, Mead and Company
5176:Szulc, Halina. (1995)
4355:Grand Crown Chancellor
4050:
4034:
4019:
4017:Branicki family palace
3975:
3959:
3940:
3932:Szlachcic na zagrodzie
3878:
3837:
3820:
3805:
3795:
3761:
3749:
3724:
3718:said in this context,
3712:
3704:
3652:
3637:
3620:
3575:Second Polish Republic
3560:
3514:
3498:with 4,6%. Before the
3351:
3340:
3329:
3273:
3242:Tekla Teresa Lubienska
3188:
3134:Bartłomiej Nowodworski
3116:
3083:Second Polish Republic
3070:provinces. Along with
3025:
2896:
2833:Free election of kings
2794:
2737:
2695:before the Senate for
2648:On 26 April 1496 King
2225:
2210:
2120:
1967:Types of ennoblement:
1956:
1770:
1547:
1539:
1532:Lesser Poland province
1520:Srzeniawa coat of arms
1423:from the names of the
1311:
1309:Jogaila (Władysław II)
1072:
1048:
1001:
987:
975:
786:
778:
610:
380:" and a noblewoman a "
244:marshal of voivodeship
95:
81:
73:Augustus III of Poland
59:
9882:(Alphabetical Lists)
8983:Tomaszewski, Patryk.
8852:retrieved 2015-11-24.
8595:Retrieved 2018-11-11.
8413:Cambridgeshire county
7571:"Poland, Old And New"
7474:"Poland, Old And New"
7260:LINEA FAMILIAE RADWAN
6821:Huddinge municipality
6765:"Poland, Old And New"
6637:Continuity and Change
6308:Wandycz, Piotr Stefan
6256:Szacki, Jerzy Ryszard
6055:Wandycz, Piotr Stefan
5946:Cambridgeshire county
5614:Huddinge municipality
5374:. Budapest, Hungary:
5366:Szacki, Jerzy Ryszard
5277:1. The right to hold
5227:Kamen, Henry (2021).
5102:Cambridgeshire county
4991:"Poland, Old And New"
4888:Huddinge municipality
4772:Cambridgeshire county
4617:Wandycz, Piotr Stefan
4040:
4025:
4014:
3967:
3944:
3928:
3830:
3811:
3800:
3791:
3753:
3740:
3720:
3708:
3695:
3643:
3625:
3595:
3544:
3508:
3394:Count Xavier Branicki
3346:
3335:
3325:
3281:by holding his famed
3262:
3179:
3114:
3012:
2887:
2799:Sigismund II Augustus
2789:
2764:Executionist Movement
2759:-run "Commonwealth".
2749:nisi commune consensu
2742:Alexander I Jagiellon
2721:
2654:Privilege of Piotrków
2409:King Louis of Hungary
2393:Casimir III the Great
2321:Ciechanowiecki family
2237:Real and false nobles
2216:
2201:
2114:
2104:Szlachta's privileges
1919:
1755:Ogończyk coat of arms
1741:
1545:
1514:of szlachcic John of
1510:
1330:, nobles were called
1307:
1271:constantly sought to
1248:), whose land was in
1114:, pp. 183–185).
1064:
1062:, pp. 183–185).
1025:
993:
985:
971:
784:
772:
559:sejmik representative
556:
435:came from the German
195:Casimir III the Great
87:
65:
42:
32:For the village, see
11316:Polish coats of arms
11208:Augustów Voivodeship
10078:Hungary and Slovakia
9999:Austria and Slovenia
9693:General bibliography
9649:The Sarmatian Review
9580:Immanuel Wallerstein
9374:POLAND AND THE POLES
8694:Encyklopedia Krakowa
8664:, "King of Zinc" in
8552:: 33. Archived from
8490:. pp. 144–145.
8240:Masovian voivodeship
8230:Bajer, Piotr Paweł.
8031:Masovian voivodeship
8021:Bajer, Piotr Paweł.
7864:POLAND AND THE POLES
7722:POLAND AND THE POLES
7692:called himself John
7668:POLAND AND THE POLES
7605:POLAND AND THE POLES
7179:. pp. 148–149.
6969:POLAND AND THE POLES
6800:Struve, Kai (2008).
6361:Kidd, Colin (1999).
6300:Jasiewicz, Krzysztof
6212:Hutton, Richard Holt
6107:POLAND AND THE POLES
6047:Jasiewicz, Krzysztof
5999:POLAND AND THE POLES
5894:POLAND AND THE POLES
5593:Struve, Kai (2008).
5559:, EU. Archived from
5472:. pp. 116–117.
5454:POLAND AND THE POLES
5410:"Poland Old and New"
5323:Hutton, Richard Holt
4867:Struve, Kai (2008).
4664:Hutton, Richard Holt
4609:Jasiewicz, Krzysztof
4517:Polish landed gentry
4319:estates of the realm
4307:Western Governorates
4223:Polish landed gentry
4066:szlachta zaściankowa
3716:Jerzy Ryszard Szacki
3657:Partitions of Poland
3627:Elżbieta Czartoryska
3398:Chateau de Montresor
3388:. The other was the
3336:Elżbieta Potocka by
3226:Eleonora Czartoryska
3186:Marcello Bacciarelli
3030:Partitions of Poland
2753:First Rzeczpospolita
2683:was reformed by the
2658:Statutes of Piotrków
2614:Jagiellonian Dynasty
2588:First Royal Election
2525:, or Wilno Privilege
2504:neminem captivabimus
2457:przywilej czerwiński
2413:Privilege of Koszyce
1930:Odrowąż coat of arms
1902:Partitions of Poland
1794:Junosza coat of arms
1763:Ostoja knights' clan
1743:Polish coats of arms
1579:called himself John
1324:Kingdom of Lithuania
1234:, pp. 148–149)
1004:The szlachta were a
865:Boreyko coat of arms
773:A Polish peasant in
697:Most Serene Republic
568:right of ending any
516:Estates of the Realm
353:Partitions of Poland
280:formally joined the
278:Ruthenian nobilities
200:electing the monarch
11397:Lithuanian nobility
11213:Chełmno Voivodeship
11122:Kuyavian-Pomeranian
11024:Gorzów Wielkopolski
10263:South Africa (Zulu)
9856:The Polish Nobility
9742:Manteuffel, Tadeusz
9699:Aleksander Brückner
9437:University of Paris
7951:on 6 September 2019
7292:St Paul's Cathedral
6833:Södertörns högskola
6449:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
5626:Södertörns högskola
4900:Södertörns högskola
4507:Lithuanian nobility
4096:, from their grey,
3978:Szlachta categories
3687:Richard Holt Hutton
3599:Korwin coat of arms
3511:Konstanty Ostrogski
3496:Sieradz Voivodeship
3231:Izabela Czartoryska
3221:Elzbieta Lubomirska
3206:Sigismund I the Old
3198:(1373 ог 1374–1399)
2958:ruch egzekucji praw
2874:Lithuanian Tribunal
2837:Religious tolerance
2827:Polish constitution
2797:Until the death of
2744:granted the Act of
2740:On 3 May 1505 King
2582:Thirteen Years' War
2273:(1550–1630) in his
2084:Sigismund I the Old
2025:("nobles"; see the
1920:Ennoblement of the
1767:Nałęcz coat of arms
1759:Ostoja coat of arms
1751:Leliwa coat of arms
1663:or knights' clan):
1613:Radwan coat of arms
1601:Radwan coat of arms
1419:, such as removing
1392:Lithuanian language
1300:Lithuanian nobility
1193:Mieszko I of Poland
935:Richard Holt Hutton
831:Alexander the Great
748:Szlachta categories
399:. In modern German
306:early modern period
177:owned land (allods)
171:The origins of the
134:estate of the realm
11402:Ukrainian nobility
11233:Kalisz Voivodeship
10019:Estonia and Latvia
9928:Present monarchies
9920:Nobility of Europe
9517:2021-04-21 at the
9481:on 29 October 2016
9209:"POLACY I LITWINI"
8927:. BRILL. pp.
8591:2018-07-21 at the
7786:Warsaw governorate
7761:-Boniecki), herbu
7210:Antoni Gąsiorowski
7165:Göttingen district
6268:. pp. 45–46.
5912:. pp. 66–67.
5526:on 12 April 2017.
5005:. pp. 91–92.
4902:. pp. 76–77.
4311:Office of Heraldry
4239:manorial lordships
4191:szlachta czynszowa
4051:
4035:
4020:
3947:"The noble on the
3821:
3806:
3665:Kingdom of Prussia
3653:
3638:
3605:began joining the
3515:
3494:with (3%) and the
3488:Kraków Voivodeship
3420:to evolve into an
3382:Polish Hunting Dog
3352:
3349:Polish Hunting Dog
3341:
3330:
3274:
3189:
3117:
3087:March Constitution
3038:Kingdom of Prussia
3026:
2897:
2795:
2755:, the period of a
2738:
2566:pospolite ruszenie
2417:przywilej koszycki
2397:Louis I of Hungary
2381:pospolite ruszenie
2226:
2211:
2181:Educational rights
2121:
2017:Vytautas the Great
1957:
1786:Poraj coat of arms
1771:
1699:(nickname, Polish
1548:
1546:Szlachta 1228–1333
1540:
1528:Kraków Voivodeship
1453:Ruthenian nobility
1427:shortly after the
1312:
1124:pospolite ruszenie
1002:
988:
787:
779:
744:szlachta czynszowa
740:szlachta okoliczna
728:szlachta zagrodowa
611:
537:and were known as
468:peers of the realm
419:, from the German
166:March Constitution
96:
91:, a nobleman from
82:
60:
11374:
11373:
11321:Polish heraldists
11291:Heraldic adoption
11218:Central Lithuania
10931:
10930:
10927:
10926:
10830:
10829:
10744:Baltic countries
10536:
10535:
10346:
10345:
10158:
10157:
9981:Former monarchies
9795:, Henryk Litwin,
9755:978-0-8143-1682-5
9421:Ripa rione (ward)
8821:Civitas Hominibus
8768:Wildfowl and Game
8662:Piotr Steinkeller
8497:978-0-415-16111-4
7798:Gebethner i Wolff
7648:978-83-930803-0-4
7504:Kiaupienė, Jūratė
6842:978-91-85139-11-8
6829:KINGDOM OF SWEDEN
6809:Wawrzeniuk, Piotr
6535:Lukas, Richard C.
6465:on behalf of the
6454:The Polish Review
6434:978-0-8156-2729-6
6401:978-0-231-05351-8
6374:978-0-521-62403-9
5837:; New York City.
5697:. New York City:
5635:978-91-85139-11-8
5622:KINGDOM OF SWEDEN
5602:Wawrzeniuk, Piotr
5576:Zygmunt Krasiński
5238:978-0-415-15865-7
5138:Ross, M. (1835).
4909:978-91-85139-11-8
4896:KINGDOM OF SWEDEN
4876:Wawrzeniuk, Piotr
4708:Ross, M. (1835).
4543:Explanatory notes
4375:A Polish Nobleman
4295:Russian Partition
3992:middle nobility (
3936:równy wojewodzie.
3860:confederated sejm
3669:Habsburg monarchy
3567:zlachta zagrodowa
3525:in Lithuania and
3472:Płock Voivodeship
3414:absolute monarchy
3287:Wednesday Lunches
3236:Barbara Sanguszko
3138:John III Sobieski
3063:Russian Partition
3042:Habsburg monarchy
2911:Sejm (parliament)
2880:Magnate oligarchy
2818:Henrican articles
2807:Polish–Lithuanian
2637:other dignitaries
2547:Nieszawa Statutes
2527:, which gave the
2486:in 1433, Polish:
1942:Kingdom of Poland
1934:Prandocin village
1926:Holy Roman Empire
1857:and later in the
1855:Kingdom of Poland
1842:Kingdom of Poland
1429:November Uprising
1358:King of Lithuania
1316:Lithuania Propria
658:Sejm (parliament)
597:, by halting the
391:derived from the
341:absolute monarchs
327:land titles were
138:Kingdom of Poland
107:
16:(Redirected from
11414:
11301:Test of Nobility
11187:Warmian-Masurian
10991:
10958:
10951:
10944:
10935:
10934:
10890:Marshall Islands
10841:
10840:
10716:Central, Eastern
10545:
10544:
10355:
10354:
10291:
10290:
10281:
10185:
10178:
10171:
10162:
10161:
9913:
9906:
9899:
9890:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9847:
9843:
9835:
9831:
9758:
9737:
9712:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9676:
9670:
9662:
9656:
9645:
9639:
9638:
9631:
9625:
9623:Polska Tradycyja
9616:
9610:
9609:
9600:
9594:
9577:
9571:
9570:
9563:
9557:
9548:
9539:
9538:
9527:
9521:
9508:
9495:
9494:
9488:
9486:
9477:. Archived from
9467:
9461:
9460:
9454:
9452:
9397:
9391:
9390:
9365:
9359:
9358:
9330:
9324:
9323:
9317:
9313:
9311:
9303:
9301:
9285:
9279:
9276:
9270:
9267:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9250:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9240:
9234:
9228:. Archived from
9227:
9219:
9213:
9212:
9205:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9195:
9189:
9183:. Archived from
9182:
9174:
9168:
9167:
9165:
9164:
9158:
9152:. Archived from
9151:
9143:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9122:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9105:
9099:
9096:
9090:
9087:
9081:
9078:
9072:
9071:
9069:
9061:
9055:
9054:
9046:
9040:
9039:
9031:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9011:
9005:
9004:
9002:
9000:
8980:
8971:
8970:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8926:
8916:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8900:
8894:. Archived from
8893:
8885:
8876:
8875:
8866:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8848:
8833:
8827:
8817:
8811:
8801:
8795:
8781:
8775:
8772:Hippocrene Books
8758:
8752:
8741:
8735:
8720:
8714:
8704:
8698:
8697:
8690:
8684:
8678:
8672:
8658:
8652:
8640:Aftanazy Roman.
8638:
8632:
8629:
8623:
8620:
8614:
8611:
8605:
8602:
8596:
8576:
8570:
8564:
8562:
8561:
8541:
8535:
8510:Leszczyński, R.
8508:
8502:
8501:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8466:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8381:
8379:
8368:cpx.republika.pl
8360:
8354:
8353:
8328:Aisne department
8315:
8309:
8308:
8283:Aisne department
8270:
8264:
8263:
8253:
8251:
8227:
8218:
8217:
8200:Brill Publishers
8189:
8180:
8177:Leszek Pudłowski
8170:
8155:
8154:
8153:on 5 March 2016.
8138:
8123:
8122:
8114:
8108:
8107:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8071:Hippocrene Books
8057:
8051:
8050:
8044:
8042:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8006:
8004:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7956:
7933:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7922:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7869:
7855:
7849:
7848:
7843:
7841:
7816:
7805:
7804:
7771:
7751:
7745:
7744:
7727:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7673:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7634:
7628:
7627:
7610:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7575:Duff, James Duff
7563:
7557:
7550:
7541:
7540:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7478:Duff, James Duff
7466:
7457:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7433:
7424:
7413:
7412:
7392:Hippocrene Books
7378:
7369:
7368:
7347:Aisne department
7334:
7328:
7327:
7321:
7319:
7286:(Online eBook).
7281:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7255:
7230:
7217:
7203:
7194:
7193:
7149:Frost, Robert I.
7145:
7139:
7138:
7133:
7131:
7125:
7110:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7087:
7081:
7066:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7043:
7020:
7014:
7013:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6974:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6919:Podobnie głosił
6916:
6914:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6825:Stockholm county
6806:
6797:
6788:
6787:
6769:Duff, James Duff
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6712:
6706:
6695:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6669:
6667:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6614:
6604:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6569:
6567:
6551:Hippocrene Books
6548:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6515:
6513:
6503:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6358:
6352:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6325:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6252:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6233:
6218:(January 1864).
6208:
6202:
6201:
6191:language of the
6187:
6185:
6176:. Archived from
6153:
6142:
6141:
6131:dictated to the
6112:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6074:
6072:
6039:
6026:
6025:
6004:
5990:
5981:
5980:
5927:
5918:
5917:
5899:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5793:Hippocrene Books
5779:
5773:
5772:
5747:Hippocrene Books
5733:
5716:
5715:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5618:Stockholm county
5599:
5590:
5581:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5540:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5514:
5505:
5478:
5477:
5459:
5445:
5434:
5433:
5414:Duff, James Duff
5402:
5393:
5392:
5362:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5329:(January 1864).
5319:
5292:
5291:
5274:
5272:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5198:
5192:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5083:
5062:
5061:
5034:
5011:
5010:
4995:Duff, James Duff
4983:
4968:
4967:
4947:Hippocrene Books
4933:
4918:
4917:
4892:Stockholm county
4873:
4864:
4851:
4850:
4829:Hippocrene Books
4815:
4796:
4795:
4753:
4722:
4721:
4705:
4694:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4670:(January 1864).
4660:
4643:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4601:
4584:
4582:Encyklopedia PWN
4575:
4556:
4395:
4370:
4343:
4074:
4015:Magnate palace:
3994:średnia szlachta
3881:
3569:– inhabited the
3558:
3552:Janusz Radziwiłł
3459:
3418:political system
3308:harvest festival
3283:Thursday Lunches
3216:Anna Jabłonowska
3211:Zofia Lubomirska
3018:peasant uprising
2772:wojsko kwarciane
2705:Senate of Poland
2685:Union of Mielnik
2469:Senate of Poland
2441:district offices
2272:
2218:Samuel Zborowski
2171:Heraldic rights.
2163:arbitrary arrest
2077:Union of Horodlo
2037:military service
1980:– Introduced by
1805:Union of Horodło
1714:Bartosz Paprocki
1518:sealed with the
1433:January Uprising
1380:Union of Horodło
1332:die beste leuten
1269:możni (Magnates)
1265:możni (Magnates)
1228:możni (Magnates)
952:
591:autocratic might
450:The Polish term
427:from the German
387:The Polish term
120:
119:
118:
111:
105:
21:
11422:
11421:
11417:
11416:
11415:
11413:
11412:
11411:
11387:Polish nobility
11377:
11376:
11375:
11370:
11361:
11335:
11278:
11272:
11228:Duchy of Czersk
11223:Congress Poland
11196:
11192:West Pomeranian
11103:
10992:
10983:
10967:
10965:Polish heraldry
10962:
10932:
10923:
10894:
10876:
10858:
10826:
10717:
10711:
10673:
10615:The Netherlands
10582:
10532:
10462:
10436:
10374:
10342:
10326:
10282:
10273:
10206:
10195:
10189:
10159:
10154:
9975:
9922:
9917:
9883:
9845:
9838:
9833:
9826:
9777:
9756:
9726:
9710:
9695:
9690:
9682:
9678:
9677:
9673:
9663:
9659:
9646:
9642:
9633:
9632:
9628:
9617:
9613:
9602:
9601:
9597:
9578:
9574:
9565:
9564:
9560:
9549:
9542:
9529:
9528:
9524:
9519:Wayback Machine
9509:
9498:
9484:
9482:
9469:
9468:
9464:
9450:
9448:
9401:Aquinas, Thomas
9398:
9394:
9366:
9362:
9352:
9344:. p. 203.
9331:
9327:
9315:
9314:
9305:
9304:
9299:
9286:
9282:
9277:
9273:
9268:
9264:
9256:
9252:
9251:
9247:
9238:
9236:
9232:
9225:
9221:
9220:
9216:
9207:
9206:
9202:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9180:
9176:
9175:
9171:
9162:
9160:
9156:
9149:
9145:
9144:
9140:
9132:
9124:
9123:
9119:
9111:
9107:
9106:
9102:
9097:
9093:
9088:
9084:
9079:
9075:
9067:
9063:
9062:
9058:
9047:
9043:
9032:
9028:
9020:
9012:
9008:
8998:
8996:
8989:konserwatyzm.pl
8981:
8974:
8967:
8951:
8950:
8946:
8939:
8917:
8913:
8904:
8902:
8898:
8891:
8887:
8886:
8879:
8867:
8856:
8846:
8844:
8835:
8834:
8830:
8818:
8814:
8802:
8798:
8784:Maria Dembińska
8782:
8778:
8759:
8755:
8742:
8738:
8734:, 9781351871990
8722:Bogucka Maria.
8721:
8717:
8705:
8701:
8692:
8691:
8687:
8679:
8675:
8659:
8655:
8639:
8635:
8630:
8626:
8621:
8617:
8612:
8608:
8603:
8599:
8593:Wayback Machine
8577:
8573:
8559:
8557:
8550:Kronika Zamkowa
8542:
8538:
8509:
8505:
8498:
8478:
8474:
8464:
8462:
8444:
8440:
8395:
8391:
8377:
8375:
8362:
8361:
8357:
8346:
8324:Château-Thierry
8316:
8312:
8301:
8279:Château-Thierry
8271:
8267:
8249:
8247:
8228:
8221:
8210:
8202:. p. 315.
8190:
8183:
8171:
8158:
8139:
8126:
8115:
8111:
8100:
8096:
8085:
8058:
8054:
8040:
8038:
8019:
8015:
8002:
8000:
7969:
7968:
7964:
7954:
7952:
7934:
7930:
7920:
7918:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7867:
7856:
7852:
7839:
7837:
7820:Okolski, Szymon
7817:
7808:
7769:
7752:
7748:
7740:. p. 109.
7725:
7714:
7710:
7700:called himself
7686:. p. 109.
7671:
7660:
7656:
7649:
7635:
7631:
7623:. p. 109.
7608:
7597:
7593:
7564:
7560:
7551:
7544:
7533:
7529:
7522:
7501:
7497:
7467:
7460:
7451:
7447:
7431:
7425:
7416:
7406:
7379:
7372:
7365:
7343:Château-Thierry
7335:
7331:
7317:
7315:
7288:Andrew Crooke's
7279:
7270:
7266:
7253:
7251:
7234:Okolski, Szymon
7231:
7220:
7204:
7197:
7187:
7146:
7142:
7129:
7127:
7126:on 6 April 2020
7123:
7108:
7102:
7098:
7085:
7083:
7082:on 6 April 2020
7079:
7064:
7058:
7054:
7041:
7039:
7021:
7017:
6999:
6995:
6972:
6961:
6957:
6912:
6910:
6909:on 5 March 2016
6895:
6891:
6881:
6873:. p. 233.
6858:
6854:
6843:
6804:
6798:
6791:
6758:
6754:
6744:
6742:
6741:on 5 March 2016
6727:
6723:
6710:
6708:
6707:on 6 April 2020
6704:
6693:
6687:
6683:
6665:
6663:
6629:
6625:
6612:
6610:
6602:
6587:
6583:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6537:(1 July 2001).
6532:
6528:
6511:
6509:
6501:
6486:
6482:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6419:
6415:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6386:
6382:
6375:
6359:
6355:
6340:
6336:
6323:
6321:
6310:(2 June 2017).
6293:
6289:
6276:
6253:
6244:
6231:
6229:
6225:National Review
6216:Bagehot, Walter
6209:
6205:
6183:
6181:
6154:
6145:
6110:
6099:
6095:
6070:
6068:
6057:(2 June 2017).
6040:
6029:
6002:
5991:
5984:
5928:
5921:
5897:
5886:
5879:
5860:
5856:
5845:
5822:
5818:
5807:
5780:
5776:
5761:
5734:
5719:
5709:
5701:. p. 206.
5688:
5684:
5673:
5650:
5646:
5636:
5597:
5591:
5584:
5566:
5564:
5563:on 24 June 2017
5541:
5534:
5523:
5512:
5506:
5481:
5457:
5446:
5437:
5424:. p. 116.
5403:
5396:
5386:
5363:
5352:
5342:
5340:
5336:National Review
5327:Bagehot, Walter
5320:
5295:
5270:
5268:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5225:
5221:
5213:
5199:
5195:
5175:
5171:
5151:freehold estate
5136:
5132:
5084:
5065:
5058:
5035:
5014:
4984:
4971:
4961:
4934:
4921:
4910:
4871:
4865:
4854:
4843:
4816:
4799:
4754:
4725:
4706:
4697:
4683:
4681:
4677:National Review
4668:Bagehot, Walter
4661:
4646:
4632:
4630:
4619:(2 June 2017).
4602:
4587:
4576:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4545:
4512:Polish heraldry
4490:
4480:peppered with "
4393:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4371:
4363:
4362:
4344:
4333:
4327:
4299:Tsar Nicholas I
4268:szlachta-gołota
4200:szlachta-gołota
4068:
4059:drobna szlachta
4043:Wojciech Gerson
3980:
3974:
3971:
3958:
3951:
3939:
3934:
3777:, but not Jews
3607:Orthodox church
3579:Greek Catholics
3559:
3550:
3500:Union of Lublin
3474:(24,6%) and in
3453:
3410:
3338:Wojciech Kossak
3320:
3257:
3251:
3166:
3122:Catholic Church
3109:
3101:Main articles:
3099:
3007:
2903:
2882:
2823:Henry of Valois
2791:Henry of Valois
2784:
2699:. However, the
2689:coronation Sejm
2590:
2543:King Casimir IV
2492:Brześć Kujawski
2482:, confirmed at
2427:) a limit of 2
2405:
2333:
2266:
2257:) by a king or
2239:
2106:
2100:
2009:
1972:Adopcja herbowa
1952:). Painting by
1938:Duchy of Kraków
1914:
1861:, ennoblement (
1844:
1839:
1813:
1736:
1734:Polish heraldry
1730:
1587:called himself
1505:
1503:Polish surnames
1499:
1455:
1449:
1410:The process of
1302:
1296:
1290:, p. 149)
1288:Manteuffel 1982
1232:Manteuffel 1982
1177:Manteuffel 1982
980:
946:
767:
762:
756:
736:drobna szlachta
626:feudal nobility
551:
483:Today the word
393:Old High German
374:
369:
286:Union of Lublin
272:, the existing
262:personal unions
158:feudal nobility
114:
113:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11420:
11410:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11372:
11371:
11366:
11363:
11362:
11360:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11343:
11341:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11282:
11280:
11274:
11273:
11271:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11204:
11202:
11198:
11197:
11195:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11182:Świętokrzyskie
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11137:Lower Silesian
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11117:Greater Poland
11113:
11111:
11105:
11104:
11102:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11000:
10998:
10994:
10993:
10986:
10984:
10982:
10981:
10975:
10973:
10969:
10968:
10961:
10960:
10953:
10946:
10938:
10929:
10928:
10925:
10924:
10922:
10921:
10916:
10910:
10908:Samoan Islands
10904:
10902:
10896:
10895:
10893:
10892:
10886:
10884:
10878:
10877:
10875:
10874:
10868:
10866:
10860:
10859:
10857:
10856:
10849:
10847:
10838:
10832:
10831:
10828:
10827:
10825:
10824:
10823:
10822:
10817:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10752:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10721:
10719:
10713:
10712:
10710:
10709:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10681:
10679:
10675:
10674:
10672:
10671:
10670:
10669:
10667:United Kingdom
10664:
10663:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10626:United Kingdom
10623:
10618:
10612:
10611:
10610:
10605:
10597:
10590:
10588:
10584:
10583:
10581:
10580:
10574:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10551:
10549:
10542:
10538:
10537:
10534:
10533:
10531:
10530:
10525:
10519:
10514:
10508:
10502:
10496:
10495:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10470:
10468:
10464:
10463:
10461:
10460:
10459:
10458:
10453:
10444:
10442:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10432:
10425:
10417:
10416:
10415:
10410:
10403:
10393:
10388:
10382:
10380:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10361:
10359:
10352:
10348:
10347:
10344:
10343:
10341:
10340:
10334:
10332:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10324:
10319:
10318:
10317:
10315:post-Columbian
10312:
10304:
10297:
10295:
10288:
10284:
10283:
10276:
10274:
10272:
10271:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10249:
10248:
10238:
10233:
10227:
10226:
10225:
10214:
10212:
10208:
10207:
10200:
10197:
10196:
10188:
10187:
10180:
10173:
10165:
10156:
10155:
10153:
10152:
10151:
10150:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10074:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10062:
10061:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10037:
10036:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9985:
9983:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9973:
9968:
9966:United Kingdom
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9932:
9930:
9924:
9923:
9916:
9915:
9908:
9901:
9893:
9887:
9886:
9876:J. Lyčkoŭski.
9873:
9868:
9863:
9853:
9848:
9836:
9824:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9800:
9788:
9783:
9776:
9775:External links
9773:
9772:
9771:
9760:
9754:
9738:
9724:
9708:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9688:
9671:
9657:
9640:
9626:
9611:
9595:
9572:
9558:
9540:
9535:Ornatowski.com
9522:
9496:
9462:
9392:
9385:. p. 47.
9360:
9350:
9334:Davies, Norman
9325:
9280:
9271:
9262:
9245:
9214:
9200:
9169:
9138:
9117:
9100:
9091:
9082:
9073:
9056:
9041:
9026:
9006:
8995:on 17 May 2017
8972:
8965:
8944:
8937:
8911:
8877:
8854:
8828:
8812:
8796:
8776:
8753:
8736:
8715:
8699:
8685:
8673:
8653:
8633:
8624:
8615:
8606:
8597:
8571:
8567:the Grand Tour
8536:
8520:Liber chamorum
8503:
8496:
8472:
8461:on 4 July 2002
8438:
8389:
8355:
8345:978-2907771009
8344:
8310:
8300:978-2907771009
8299:
8265:
8219:
8209:978-9004212473
8208:
8181:
8156:
8147:Ornatowski.com
8124:
8109:
8094:
8083:
8061:Zamoyski, Adam
8052:
8013:
7999:on 3 June 2017
7962:
7928:
7917:on 5 June 2017
7888:
7882:. p. 47.
7868:(GOOGLE EBOOK)
7850:
7836:on 8 June 2017
7806:
7794:RUSSIAN EMPIRE
7746:
7726:(GOOGLE EBOOK)
7708:
7672:(GOOGLE EBOOK)
7654:
7647:
7629:
7609:(GOOGLE EBOOK)
7591:
7585:. p. 91.
7558:
7542:
7527:
7520:
7495:
7488:. p. 94.
7458:
7445:
7414:
7404:
7382:Zamoyski, Adam
7370:
7364:978-2907771009
7363:
7329:
7273:Hobbes, Thomas
7264:
7250:on 8 June 2017
7218:
7206:Janusz Bieniak
7195:
7186:978-3525310410
7185:
7153:Leonhard, Jörn
7140:
7096:
7052:
7038:on 4 July 2002
7015:
6993:
6987:. p. 66.
6973:(GOOGLE EBOOK)
6955:
6933:Wacław Potocki
6921:Wacław Potocki
6903:Ornatowski.com
6889:
6879:
6861:Davies, Norman
6852:
6841:
6835:. p. 78.
6789:
6779:. p. 91.
6752:
6735:Ornatowski.com
6721:
6681:
6623:
6599:HERBARZ POLSKI
6581:
6560:978-0781808705
6559:
6526:
6498:HERBARZ POLSKI
6480:
6440:
6433:
6413:
6400:
6380:
6373:
6353:
6334:
6287:
6274:
6242:
6203:
6193:ancient Romans
6180:on 8 June 2017
6170:Kórnik Library
6143:
6125:. p. 67.
6111:(GOOGLE EBOOK)
6093:
6027:
6017:. p. 47.
6003:(GOOGLE EBOOK)
5982:
5919:
5898:(GOOGLE EBOOK)
5877:
5854:
5843:
5816:
5805:
5783:Zamoyski, Adam
5774:
5759:
5737:Zamoyski, Adam
5717:
5707:
5691:Davies, Norman
5682:
5671:
5644:
5634:
5628:. p. 77.
5582:
5532:
5479:
5458:(GOOGLE EBOOK)
5435:
5394:
5384:
5378:. p. 48.
5350:
5293:
5267:on 4 July 2002
5244:
5237:
5219:
5211:
5193:
5169:
5130:
5063:
5056:
5038:Davies, Norman
5012:
4969:
4959:
4937:Zamoyski, Adam
4919:
4908:
4852:
4841:
4819:Zamoyski, Adam
4797:
4723:
4695:
4644:
4585:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4496:
4489:
4486:
4466:Golden Liberty
4437:pas kontuszowy
4372:
4365:
4364:
4345:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:Main article:
4326:
4323:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4204:naked nobility
4197:
4194:
4184:
4181:
4168:
4154:
4144:
4131:
4117:
4111:local nobility
4104:
4087:
4055:petty nobility
4009:
4008:
3990:
3979:
3976:
3968:
3945:
3929:
3872:patrilineality
3691:Walter Bagehot
3661:Russian Empire
3587:Ovruch regions
3573:region of the
3548:
3538:or Ruthenian,
3434:Tadeusz Korzon
3409:
3406:
3404:, Piotr Orda.
3319:
3316:
3312:Jewish cuisine
3255:Polish cuisine
3253:Main article:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3199:
3165:
3162:
3146:wolnomularstwo
3098:
3095:
3067:Russian Empire
3034:Russian Empire
3016:, the largest
3006:
3003:
2899:Main article:
2881:
2878:
2866:Crown Tribunal
2864:, created the
2860:In 1578 king,
2858:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2812:Pacta conventa
2783:
2780:
2733:. Painting by
2725:Golden Liberty
2713:confederations
2711:, and to form
2701:Act of Mielnik
2643:
2642:
2639:
2589:
2586:
2404:
2401:
2370:Pacta conventa
2338:Golden Liberty
2332:
2329:
2255:naturalization
2238:
2235:
2205:, wearing the
2196:
2195:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:Levée en masse
2172:
2169:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2102:Main article:
2099:
2096:
2082:In 1506, King
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1986:
1982:pacta conventa
1975:
1922:Odrowąż family
1913:
1910:
1900:leaders (see:
1877:of that clan.
1848:naturalization
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1812:
1809:
1778:Central Europe
1747:Gelre Armorial
1732:Main article:
1729:
1726:
1501:Main article:
1498:
1495:
1483:Union of Brest
1476:The rights of
1451:Main article:
1448:
1445:
1417:Russian Empire
1298:Main article:
1295:
1292:
979:
976:
890:Wacław Potocki
863:(the szlachta
855:). Similar to
799:Eastern Europe
766:
763:
755:
752:
599:Partition Sejm
562:Tadeusz Rejtan
550:
547:
527:great magnates
405:Proto-Germanic
373:
370:
368:
365:
313:great magnates
162:Western Europe
78:Jan Chełmiński
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11419:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11384:
11382:
11369:
11364:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11352:Landed gentry
11350:
11348:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11338:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11286:Heraldic clan
11284:
11283:
11281:
11275:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11203:
11199:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11177:Subcarpathian
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11127:Lesser Poland
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11114:
11112:
11110:
11106:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11001:
10999:
10995:
10990:
10980:
10977:
10976:
10974:
10970:
10966:
10959:
10954:
10952:
10947:
10945:
10940:
10939:
10936:
10920:
10917:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10905:
10903:
10901:
10897:
10891:
10888:
10887:
10885:
10883:
10879:
10873:
10870:
10869:
10867:
10865:
10861:
10854:
10851:
10850:
10848:
10846:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10833:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10750:
10746:
10745:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10714:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10676:
10668:
10665:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10643:
10642:Great Britain
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10616:
10613:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10592:
10591:
10589:
10585:
10578:
10575:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10550:
10546:
10543:
10539:
10529:
10526:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10512:
10509:
10506:
10503:
10500:
10497:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10474:
10472:
10471:
10469:
10465:
10457:
10456:Indo-European
10454:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10439:
10431:
10430:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10420:
10418:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10408:
10404:
10402:
10401:
10397:
10396:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10377:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10362:
10360:
10356:
10353:
10349:
10339:
10336:
10335:
10333:
10329:
10323:
10320:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10310:pre-Columbian
10308:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10299:
10298:
10296:
10292:
10289:
10285:
10280:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10247:
10244:
10243:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10231:
10228:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10209:
10204:
10198:
10193:
10186:
10181:
10179:
10174:
10172:
10167:
10166:
10163:
10149:
10146:
10145:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10060:
10057:
10056:
10055:
10052:
10051:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10035:
10032:
10031:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9978:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9914:
9909:
9907:
9902:
9900:
9895:
9894:
9891:
9879:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9861:
9858:by Margaret:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9841:
9837:
9829:
9828:"Ennoblement"
9825:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9806:
9801:
9798:
9794:
9793:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9778:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9725:0-8419-1318-8
9721:
9717:
9709:
9706:
9705:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9681:
9675:
9668:
9667:
9661:
9654:
9650:
9644:
9636:
9630:
9624:
9620:
9615:
9607:
9606:
9599:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9576:
9568:
9562:
9556:
9552:
9547:
9545:
9536:
9532:
9526:
9520:
9516:
9513:
9510:Jakub Wojas,
9507:
9505:
9503:
9501:
9493:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9466:
9459:
9447:on 7 May 2017
9446:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9417:Aventine Hill
9414:
9410:
9409:newadvent.org
9406:
9403:(1265–1274).
9402:
9396:
9389:
9384:
9380:
9379:New York City
9376:
9375:
9370:
9364:
9357:
9353:
9351:0-231-05351-7
9347:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9329:
9321:
9309:
9297:
9293:
9292:
9284:
9275:
9266:
9255:
9249:
9235:on 2019-02-14
9231:
9224:
9218:
9210:
9204:
9190:on 2015-05-10
9186:
9179:
9173:
9159:on 2021-10-22
9155:
9148:
9142:
9131:
9129:
9128:Олег Павлишин
9121:
9110:
9104:
9095:
9086:
9077:
9066:
9060:
9052:
9045:
9037:
9030:
9019:
9018:
9010:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8979:
8977:
8968:
8966:9788387251710
8962:
8958:
8957:
8954:
8948:
8940:
8938:9789004166233
8934:
8930:
8925:
8924:
8915:
8901:on 2018-11-03
8897:
8890:
8884:
8882:
8873:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8843:on 2017-03-16
8842:
8838:
8832:
8825:
8822:
8816:
8810:
8806:
8800:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8764:
8757:
8750:
8746:
8740:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8719:
8713:
8709:
8703:
8695:
8689:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8657:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8637:
8628:
8619:
8610:
8601:
8594:
8590:
8587:
8583:
8582:
8575:
8568:
8556:on 2018-12-01
8555:
8551:
8547:
8540:
8534:1995, p. 6-7.
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8499:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8484:
8476:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8442:
8435:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8401:
8393:
8386:
8374:on 2017-12-03
8373:
8369:
8365:
8359:
8352:
8347:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8314:
8307:
8302:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8269:
8262:
8260:
8246:on 4 May 2016
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8226:
8224:
8216:
8211:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8196:
8188:
8186:
8178:
8174:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8129:
8120:
8113:
8105:
8098:
8091:
8086:
8084:0-7818-0200-8
8080:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8067:
8062:
8056:
8049:
8037:on 4 May 2016
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8010:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7985:Kraków county
7982:
7979:(in Polish).
7978:
7977:
7972:
7966:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7932:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7905:(in Polish).
7904:
7903:
7898:
7892:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7872:New York City
7866:
7865:
7860:
7854:
7847:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7826:
7825:Orbis Polonus
7821:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7770:(online book)
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7730:New York City
7724:
7723:
7718:
7712:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7696:, Stephen of
7695:
7691:
7688:Thus John of
7685:
7681:
7677:
7676:New York City
7670:
7669:
7664:
7658:
7650:
7644:
7640:
7633:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7613:New York City
7607:
7606:
7601:
7595:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7562:
7555:
7549:
7547:
7538:
7531:
7523:
7521:9955-595-08-6
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7499:
7492:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7465:
7463:
7455:
7449:
7442:
7437:
7430:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7411:
7407:
7405:0-7818-0200-8
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7366:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7313:
7309:
7308:ANDREW CROOKE
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7261:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7240:
7239:Orbis Polonus
7235:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7202:
7200:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7144:
7137:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7049:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7019:
7012:
7007:
7006:
6997:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6977:New York City
6971:
6970:
6965:
6959:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6939:, proclaimed
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6856:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6794:
6786:
6784:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6756:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6725:
6718:
6703:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6676:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6609:. p. 430
6608:
6603:(online book)
6601:
6600:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6578:
6575:
6562:
6556:
6552:
6547:
6546:
6540:
6536:
6530:
6523:
6521:
6508:. p. 430
6507:
6502:(online book)
6500:
6499:
6494:
6490:
6484:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6444:
6436:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6417:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6384:
6376:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6357:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6331:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6291:
6284:
6282:
6277:
6275:9781858660165
6271:
6267:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6239:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6200:
6198:
6197:Simon Okolski
6194:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6115:New York City
6109:
6108:
6103:
6097:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6081:evolved into
6080:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6024:
6022:
6021:Roman slavery
6016:
6012:
6008:
6007:New York City
6001:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5926:
5924:
5916:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5902:New York City
5896:
5895:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5846:
5844:0-394-53189-2
5840:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5813:
5808:
5806:0-7818-0200-8
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5771:
5768:
5762:
5760:0-7818-0200-8
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5708:0-231-05351-7
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5679:
5678:connotations.
5674:
5672:0-394-53189-2
5668:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5648:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5587:
5579:
5577:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5537:
5529:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5462:New York City
5456:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5432:
5430:
5423:
5420:. Cambridge:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5391:
5387:
5385:9781858660165
5381:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5240:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5214:
5212:83-205-4533-1
5208:
5204:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5186:83-86682-00-0
5183:
5179:
5173:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5059:
5057:0-231-05351-7
5053:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4960:0-7818-0200-8
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4849:
4844:
4842:0-7818-0200-8
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4641:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4470:złota wolność
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4446:and made the
4445:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4332:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:hide nobility
4139:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:, similar to
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4094:grey nobility
4091:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3823:According to
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3736:Adam Zamoyski
3733:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3649:Józef Simmler
3646:
3642:
3636:
3635:Blue Marquise
3632:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3611:Uniate church
3608:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3591:Russification
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3571:subcarpathian
3568:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3492:Royal Prussia
3490:with (1,7%),
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3442:mieszczaństwo
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3196:Queen Jadwiga
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3047:In the 1840s
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2969:, similar to
2968:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:, submitting
2912:
2908:
2902:
2894:
2891:. Drawing by
2890:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:Stefan Batory
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:mieszczaństwo
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:John I Albert
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:John I Albert
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:wolna elekcja
2595:
2594:free election
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:habeas corpus
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2467:, later, the
2466:
2465:Royal Council
2462:
2461:fiscal policy
2458:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:approved the
2410:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:descendants.
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:ranging from
2294:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:coats of arms
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:According to
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:According to
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:Coats of arms
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:the peasantry
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:, Stephen of
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:Russification
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:kunigaikščiai
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:Gall Anonym's
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1258:Piast dynasty
1255:
1254:feudal tenure
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:feudal tenure
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:ius militare,
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
996:
992:
984:
974:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
950:
945:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
879:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
834:
832:
828:
827:Julius Caesar
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
783:
776:
771:
761:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
713:elected kings
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:republicanism
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:, submitting
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
639:feudal tenure
636:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:Adam Zamoyski
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:
571:
570:Senate (Sejm)
567:
563:
560:
555:
546:
544:
540:
536:
531:
528:
524:
520:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Ducal Prussia
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
240:
239:
234:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
117:
110:
103:
102:
94:
90:
86:
79:
75:
74:
70:
67:Journey of a
64:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
30:
19:
11357:Polish names
11325:
11306:Skartabellat
11099:Zielona Góra
10791:
10749:Ritterschaft
10747:
10718:and Caucasus
10427:
10405:
10398:
10205:still exists
10112:
10071:Early Modern
9971:Vatican City
9846:(in English)
9834:(in English)
9804:
9796:
9791:
9763:
9745:
9715:
9711:(in English)
9702:
9674:
9664:
9660:
9648:
9643:
9629:
9622:
9614:
9604:
9598:
9575:
9561:
9534:
9525:
9490:
9483:. Retrieved
9479:the original
9474:
9465:
9456:
9449:. Retrieved
9445:the original
9429:Lazio region
9413:Santa Sabina
9408:
9395:
9386:
9373:
9363:
9355:
9337:
9328:
9295:
9290:
9283:
9274:
9265:
9248:
9237:. Retrieved
9230:the original
9217:
9203:
9192:. Retrieved
9185:the original
9172:
9161:. Retrieved
9154:the original
9141:
9127:
9120:
9103:
9094:
9085:
9076:
9059:
9050:
9044:
9035:
9029:
9016:
9009:
8997:. Retrieved
8993:the original
8988:
8956:
8953:
8947:
8922:
8914:
8903:. Retrieved
8896:the original
8871:
8845:. Retrieved
8841:the original
8831:
8820:
8815:
8804:
8799:
8787:
8779:
8767:
8762:
8756:
8748:
8739:
8723:
8718:
8707:
8702:
8693:
8688:
8676:
8665:
8660:Entry about
8656:
8641:
8636:
8627:
8618:
8609:
8600:
8579:
8574:
8566:
8558:. Retrieved
8554:the original
8549:
8539:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8506:
8482:
8475:
8463:. Retrieved
8459:the original
8454:
8441:
8432:
8404:
8398:
8392:
8383:
8376:. Retrieved
8372:the original
8367:
8358:
8349:
8319:
8313:
8304:
8274:
8268:
8255:
8248:. Retrieved
8244:the original
8213:
8194:
8175:, number 5,
8151:the original
8146:
8118:
8112:
8103:
8097:
8088:
8065:
8055:
8046:
8039:. Retrieved
8035:the original
8016:
8008:
8001:. Retrieved
7997:the original
7974:
7965:
7953:. Retrieved
7949:the original
7944:
7931:
7919:. Retrieved
7915:the original
7900:
7891:
7883:
7863:
7853:
7845:
7838:. Retrieved
7834:the original
7824:
7801:
7777:
7773:
7749:
7741:
7721:
7711:
7687:
7667:
7657:
7638:
7632:
7624:
7604:
7594:
7586:
7578:
7561:
7536:
7530:
7511:
7507:
7498:
7489:
7481:
7453:
7448:
7439:
7435:
7409:
7386:
7338:
7332:
7323:
7316:. Retrieved
7296:Ludgate Hill
7294:Churchyard,
7283:
7267:
7259:
7252:. Retrieved
7248:the original
7238:
7190:
7169:Lower Saxony
7156:
7143:
7135:
7128:. Retrieved
7121:the original
7113:Czas Kultury
7112:
7099:
7091:
7084:. Retrieved
7077:the original
7069:Czas Kultury
7068:
7055:
7047:
7040:. Retrieved
7036:the original
7031:
7018:
7009:
7003:
6996:
6988:
6968:
6958:
6918:
6911:. Retrieved
6907:the original
6902:
6892:
6884:
6865:
6855:
6846:
6817:Flemingsberg
6812:
6780:
6772:
6755:
6743:. Retrieved
6739:the original
6734:
6724:
6716:
6709:. Retrieved
6702:the original
6698:Czas Kultury
6697:
6684:
6671:
6664:. Retrieved
6640:
6636:
6626:
6618:
6611:. Retrieved
6598:
6584:
6571:
6564:. Retrieved
6544:
6529:
6517:
6510:. Retrieved
6497:
6483:
6458:
6452:
6443:
6423:
6416:
6405:. Retrieved
6390:
6383:
6363:
6356:
6346:
6337:
6329:
6322:. Retrieved
6320:. p. 15
6315:
6290:
6279:
6260:
6237:
6230:. Retrieved
6223:
6206:
6189:
6182:. Retrieved
6178:the original
6161:
6137:Roman Senate
6126:
6106:
6096:
6087:ancient Rome
6076:
6069:. Retrieved
6067:. p. 15
6062:
6018:
5998:
5965:
5937:
5931:
5913:
5893:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5848:
5835:Random House
5829:
5819:
5810:
5787:
5777:
5764:
5741:
5712:
5694:
5685:
5676:
5663:Random House
5657:
5647:
5639:
5610:Flemingsberg
5605:
5572:
5565:. Retrieved
5561:the original
5548:
5527:
5521:the original
5516:
5473:
5453:
5425:
5417:
5389:
5370:
5341:. Retrieved
5334:
5276:
5269:. Retrieved
5265:the original
5260:
5247:
5228:
5222:
5202:
5196:
5180:, Continuo,
5177:
5172:
5148:
5143:
5133:
5121:
5093:
5087:
5042:
5006:
4998:
4964:
4941:
4913:
4884:Flemingsberg
4879:
4846:
4823:
4791:
4763:
4757:
4718:
4713:
4689:
4682:. Retrieved
4675:
4638:
4631:. Retrieved
4629:. p. 15
4624:
4581:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4520:
4500:
4473:
4469:
4457:
4451:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4396:s prevalent
4390:
4388:
4373:
4347:Jan Zamoyski
4314:
4292:
4287:
4279:
4278:
4273:liberum veto
4271:
4267:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4190:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4064:
4058:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3960:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3921:
3916:Panie bracie
3915:
3910:". See also
3895:
3891:general sejm
3884:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3855:liberum veto
3853:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3831:
3822:
3813:Prot Potocki
3792:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3741:
3728:social class
3725:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3684:
3677:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3596:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3523:Polonisation
3520:
3516:
3469:
3462:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3430:smallholders
3426:
3411:
3401:
3385:
3375:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3301:
3291:
3286:
3275:
3263:
3190:
3167:
3158:Philanthropy
3145:
3118:
3080:
3075:
3052:
3046:
3027:
3021:
2997:
2995:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2941:
2939:
2904:
2895:, circa 1893
2859:
2826:
2816:
2810:
2803:Jagiellonian
2796:
2776:Jan Zamoyski
2763:
2761:
2756:
2745:
2739:
2722:
2708:
2678:
2669:
2652:granted the
2647:
2644:
2618:
2597:
2591:
2577:
2565:
2550:
2545:granted the
2540:
2535:
2521:
2513:quid pro quo
2511:
2487:
2477:
2473:mint coinage
2456:
2450:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2406:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2343:Commonwealth
2336:
2334:
2314:
2295:
2291:Curse of Ham
2278:
2274:
2243:noble family
2240:
2227:
2129:
2115:Election of
2107:
2081:
2045:family names
2030:
2020:
2010:
1992:
1978:Skartabellat
1966:
1958:
1945:
1898:
1894:
1879:
1875:coat of arms
1866:
1862:
1852:
1845:
1831:
1814:
1811:Heritability
1802:
1798:
1772:
1722:coat of arms
1719:
1712:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1689:Zebrzydowski
1686:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1620:Roman Empire
1617:
1593:
1549:
1475:
1456:
1431:. After the
1424:
1420:
1412:Polonization
1409:
1404:
1400:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1313:
1262:
1242:Bolesław III
1236:
1221:
1201:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1112:Górecki 1992
1107:
1103:
1073:
1065:
1060:Górecki 1992
1055:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1003:
986:Polish Armor
972:
940:Roman Empire
920:
913:
883:
877:
873:
848:
835:
819:Curse of Ham
790:
788:
750:" for more.
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
717:
703:and warrior
693:ancient Rome
686:
651:
647:Piast realms
612:
605:Painting by
602:
575:Liberum veto
573:
534:
532:
522:
518:
511:
507:
505:
500:
496:
484:
482:
475:
471:
463:
460:Commonwealth
451:
449:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
408:
400:
396:
388:
386:
382:szlachcianka
381:
377:
375:
360:
356:
349:noble titles
324:
320:
316:
310:
297:
281:
264:between the
259:
252:
242:
236:
232:
228:
222:
211:
186:
180:
172:
170:
150:social class
126:
100:
99:
97:
66:
43:
29:
10845:Australasia
10621:Switzerland
10517:Philippines
10473:Indonesia*
10138:Switzerland
9946:Netherlands
9884:(in Polish)
9316:|work=
8710:. Wrocław.
8173:Mówią wieki
7005:inhabitants
6815:(History).
6351:degradation
6129:Polish Sejm
5976:castellanus
5869:inhabitants
5795:. pp.
5608:(History).
5281:- not as a
5145:inhabitants
4882:(History).
4715:inhabitants
4532:Silva rerum
4527:Polish name
4521:Ziemiaństwo
4482:macaronisms
4297:of Poland,
4247:ziemiaństwo
4231:ziemiaństwo
4171:hreczkosiej
4115:zaściankowa
4090:szaraczkowa
4069: [
3956:'s equal."
3904:Czartoryski
3879:nobilitacja
3783:ennoblement
3768:mieszczanie
3631:Bacciarelli
3454: [
3390:Ogar Polski
3327:Ogar Polski
3202:Bona Sforza
3142:Freemasonry
3054:odnodvortsy
2991:Lubomirskis
2893:Jan Matejko
2870:Royal Court
2768:crown lands
2735:Jan Matejko
2697:malfeasance
2693:impeachable
2664:power over
2596:" (Polish:
2592:The first "
2496:Magna Carta
2446:indemnities
2387:In 1355 in
2363:matrilinial
2357:, then the
2283:Genealogy (
2267: [
2251:ennoblement
2222:Jan Matejko
2053:given names
1993:indigenatus
1863:nobilitacja
1837:Ennoblement
1680:within the
1487:Adam Kisiel
1471:melting pot
1216:aristocracy
1212:aristocracy
1129:aristocracy
1104:genealogiae
1075:Escutcheons
1052:genealogiae
1022:genealogia:
999:Jan Matejko
955:Greek polis
947: [
803:Middle East
701:aristocracy
607:Jan Matejko
578:), defying
549:Composition
456:aristocracy
413:Anglo-Saxon
315:and lesser
129:) were the
69:Polish Lord
11381:Categories
11167:Pomeranian
10882:Micronesia
10787:Montenegro
10735:Azerbaijan
10253:Madagascar
10108:Montenegro
9878:"Szlachta"
9592:0520267583
9239:2017-07-21
9194:2017-05-06
9163:2017-05-02
8905:2019-01-13
8847:2018-11-09
8732:1351871994
8650:8304037017
8560:2018-11-30
8073:. p.
7976:SlideShare
7902:SlideShare
7878:, U.S.A.:
7736:, U.S.A.:
7682:, U.S.A.:
7619:, U.S.A.:
7394:. p.
6983:, U.S.A.:
6880:0231053517
6783:husbandmen
6407:2010-09-22
6121:, U.S.A.:
6083:absolutism
6013:, U.S.A.:
5908:, U.S.A.:
5850:unbounded.
5749:. p.
5549:Culture.pl
5468:, U.S.A.:
5287:liege Lord
4949:. p.
4831:. p.
4563:References
4410:Sarmatians
4189:szlachta (
3613:after the
3464:raskolniks
3451:włościanie
3249:Gastronomy
3049:Nicholas I
2998:magnateria
2975:Ordynacjas
2966:Ordynacjas
2747:Nihil novi
2602:Casimir II
2574:castellans
2562:promulgate
2555:voivodship
2549:– Polish:
2529:Lithuanian
2523:Wilno Pact
2359:Jagiellons
2345:' because
2098:Privileges
2075:under the
2049:Lithuanian
1378:After the
867:heralds a
801:, and the
795:Sarmatians
758:See also:
566:republican
557:Szlachcic
535:magnateria
437:schlachten
401:Geschlecht
337:liege Lord
302:electorate
274:Lithuanian
215:electorate
148:and, as a
123:Lithuanian
11347:Sarmatism
11296:Indygenat
11263:Pomerania
11162:Podlaskie
11009:Bydgoszcz
11004:Białystok
10900:Polynesia
10864:Melanesia
10853:Australia
10815:Ruthenian
10755:Lithuania
10467:Southeast
10194:by nation
10098:Lithuania
9318:ignored (
9308:cite book
8584:, 6 (51)
8488:Routledge
8409:Cambridge
8378:22 August
8261:] ...
8063:(1998) .
7556:, 1993).
7384:(1998) .
7318:17 August
7284:LEVIATHAN
7280:(website)
7161:Göttingen
6913:22 August
6661:145766720
6596:(1846) .
6566:17 August
6495:(1846) .
6469:: 13–66.
5942:Cambridge
5785:(1998) .
5739:(1998) .
5098:Cambridge
4939:(1998) .
4821:(1998) .
4768:Cambridge
4478:Dog Latin
4402:Sarmatism
4380:Rembrandt
4359:Sarmatism
4331:Sarmatism
4325:Sarmatism
4301:signed a
4288:szlachcic
4252:Landless
4227:ziemianie
4187:quit-rent
4176:buckwheat
4159:– little
4147:cząstkowa
4120:zagrodowa
4107:okoliczna
4100:, undyed
4079:zaścianek
3886:Indygenat
3841:szlachcic
3765:townsfolk
3675:in 1921.
3556:Krzysztof
3476:Podlachia
3422:oligarchy
3402:szlachcic
3360:zwierzyna
3356:łowiectwo
3347:"Brach",
3184:. Oil by
3182:Poddębice
3150:Patronage
2979:Radziwiłł
2971:Fee tails
2942:karmazyni
2915:palatines
2541:In 1454,
2435:of land,
2279:"Book of
2069:Kęsgailos
2057:Goštautai
1989:Indygenat
1867:szlachcic
1701:przydomek
1642:Praenomen
1596:cognomens
1557:patrimony
1439:, and to
1425:Gubernyas
1421:Lithuania
1396:Sarmatian
1384:Polonized
1370:Ruthenian
1328:Mindaugas
1320:Samogitia
1294:Lithuania
1163:starszyna
923:Lech/Lekh
878:cmethones
876:; Latin:
809:, one of
791:odwieczna
662:palatines
464:nobilitas
378:szlachcic
372:Etymology
339:. Unlike
249:castellan
18:Szlachcic
11368:Heraldry
11326:Szlachta
11279:heraldry
11243:Kociewie
11238:Kashubia
11172:Silesian
11152:Masovian
11109:Regional
11079:Szczecin
11029:Katowice
10972:National
10811:Ukraine
10701:Portugal
10685:Holy See
10646:Ireland
10637:Scotland
10522:Thailand
10511:Cambodia
10499:Malaysia
10487:Javanese
10477:Balinese
10423:Nobility
10391:Mongolia
10287:Americas
10236:Ethiopia
10230:Eswatini
10203:monarchy
10192:Nobility
10118:Portugal
10066:Medieval
9805:szlachta
9744:(1982),
9734:25787903
9586:, 2011,
9515:Archived
9388:cottage.
9371:(1919).
9336:(1982).
8589:Archived
8581:Politeja
8465:24 April
8434:applied.
8090:origins.
7876:NEW YORK
7861:(1919).
7755:Boniecki
7734:NEW YORK
7719:(1919).
7694:Zamoyski
7680:NEW YORK
7665:(1919).
7617:NEW YORK
7602:(1919).
7569:(1917).
7506:(2003).
7472:(1917).
7312:Archived
7275:(1651).
7042:24 April
7011:another.
6981:NEW YORK
6966:(1919).
6941:peasants
6937:Śreniawa
6935:, herbu
6925:Śreniawa
6863:(1982).
6763:(1917).
6675:hectares
6520:Lechites
6475:25776522
6324:24 April
6312:"Poland"
6258:(1995).
6119:NEW YORK
6104:(1919).
6059:"Poland"
6011:NEW YORK
5996:(1919).
5968:Ostroróg
5966:In 1459
5906:NEW YORK
5891:(1919).
5827:(1983).
5693:(1982).
5655:(1983).
5466:NEW YORK
5451:(1919).
5408:(1917).
5368:(1995).
5271:24 April
5163:peasants
5159:burghers
5155:freehold
5124:allodial
5040:(1982).
4989:(1917).
4848:heavily.
4640:century.
4633:24 April
4621:"Poland"
4501:szlachta
4499:List of
4488:See also
4474:szlachta
4462:national
4458:szlachta
4448:scimitar
4414:szlachta
4398:ideology
4391:szlachta
4315:szlachta
4280:Półpanek
4254:szlachta
4235:szlachta
4214:szlachta
4134:zagonowa
3987:magnates
3965:scheme:
3867:endogamy
3825:heraldic
3772:peasants
3730:, but a
3680:heraldic
3549:—
3527:Ruthenia
3521:Despite
3446:burghers
3438:szlachta
3372:poachers
3126:Prelates
3076:déclassé
3022:szlachta
3020:against
2983:Zamoyski
2946:Crimsons
2907:Ostroróg
2757:szlachta
2729:Election
2621:Piotrków
2606:senators
2578:szlachta
2536:szlachta
2518:easement
2516:for the
2451:In 1422
2407:In 1374
2307:Freiherr
2303:Marchese
2281:Plebeian
2092:nobility
2079:(1413).
2061:Radvilos
1961:heraldic
1882:heraldic
1728:Heraldry
1708:cognomen
1673:Cognomen
1605:cognomen
1581:Zamoyski
1478:Orthodox
1467:Ruthenia
1463:Volhynia
1447:Ruthenia
1405:szlachta
1388:national
1362:Ruthenia
1284:Sieciech
1281:Palatine
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1158:starosta
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1100:chivalry
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894:Śreniawa
892:, herbu
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652:In 1459
643:magnates
635:allodium
631:autocrat
618:nobility
588:Austrian
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489:baronial
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477:obywatel
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357:szlachta
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321:szlachta
317:szlachta
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282:szlachta
268:and the
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233:szlachta
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212:szlachta
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187:szlachta
182:folwarks
179:, often
173:szlachta
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11268:Prussia
11253:Silesia
11094:Wrocław
11069:Rzeszów
11059:Olsztyn
10919:Hawai‘i
10836:Oceania
10820:Galicia
10797:Romania
10782:Hungary
10777:Germany
10772:Georgia
10767:Bohemia
10762:Croatia
10740:Austria
10730:Armenia
10725:Albania
10655:Ireland
10632:England
10603:Kingdom
10599:France
10594:Belgium
10566:Iceland
10561:Finland
10555:Denmark
10528:Vietnam
10482:Chinese
10451:Princes
10429:Yangban
10395:Japan*
10365:Lebanon
10306:Mexico
10268:Morocco
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10123:Romania
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