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A peak of 148,495 barrels per day (23,608.8 m/d) were produced in 1969. 300 million barrels (48,000,000 m) of oil were pumped from THUMS by 1974, the 500 millionth barrel of crude oil was pumped in 1980. By 1992, the pumping volume was 44,444 barrels (7,066.0 m) of oil per day through
49:. The landscaping and sound walls were designed to camouflage the operation and reduce noise, and they are the only decorated oil islands in the United States. The islands were named for the company who bid for original operating contract, THUMS, a consortium named after its parent companies:
153:, including one known as The Condo and sometimes mistaken for a hotel by those on land. The structures are lit by colored lights at night. The aesthetic mitigation cost $ 10 million at time of construction, and was overseen by theme park architect Joseph Linesch. They were described by a
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After a 1964 court case that gave the state of
California mineral rights to the area, the islands were built at an estimated cost of $ 22 million in 1965. The islands were operated by THUMS, a consortium named after the parent companies who bid for the island contract:
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In 1975, the state of
California and the city of Long Beach sued the THUMS oil companies for artificially depressing oil prices. A federal jury cleared Exxon of all charges, and the other four oil companies settled out of court for "hundreds of millions of dollars".
559:
Holguin, Rick (March 21, 1993). "Roughnecks
Drilling Deep to Bring Back Boom Times Revenue: Crews are working around the clock to sink 300 new oil wells in hopes of increasing production. If the effort succeeds, the state and city will share in the profits".
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method of oil recovery, producing low-grade crude oil. The 900 millionth barrel of oil was pumped in April 2002, and the one billionth in 2011. The pumped oil contained 20% water in 1965, and by 1994 it was 92% water.
149:, and the islands were then filled with 3.2 million cubic yards of dredged material from the bay. The islands contain significant landscaping, a waterfall, and tall structures concealing the
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Sidel, Robin (November 26, 1994). "HIDDEN TREASURE: You can't see them, but Long Beach oil wells earn big profits for energy giants and the state".
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Newton, Edmund (December 1, 1994). "COVER STORY Over a Barrel Oil-Drilling Days May Be
Numbered on Artificial Islands Off Long Beach; ".
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Schoch, Deborah (September 17, 2006). "California oil field or bona fide islands?; Operations off Long Beach wear perfect disguise".
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Island
Grissom is the closest to land, containing waterfalls and more sculptured screens than the other islands.
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Operations in the THUMS Islands are currently run by the THUMS Long Beach
Company, which is part of the
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724:"Oil Islands – California's Gold (10002) – Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University"
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Nero, Mark Edward (April 26, 2002). "Long Beach, Calif. Oil
Producer Marks Milestone".
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Set of four artificial islands in San Pedro Bay off the coast of Long Beach, California
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Island
Grissom, one of the THUMS Islands, the closest to land and most camouflaged
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Gore, Robert J. (September 21, 1980). "THUMS UP TO HALF BILLIONTH BARREL".
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in 2000. In 2014, Occidental
Petroleum spun off all California assets into
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437:
Ruhlow, Jerry (March 29, 1974). "Oil
Pumping Mark Reached in Long Beach".
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Southern California Off the Beaten Path, 7th (Off the Beaten Path Series)
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Island Freeman is the largest of the islands, at 12 acres (4.9 ha).
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88:) is named for the first astronaut to perish in active duty (piloting a
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145:. The rim of the islands are made of 640,000 tons of boulders from
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76:, each individual island having been named in honor of an American
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195:(CRC), which still owns and operates THUMS Islands as of 2018.
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Proceedings of OECON IV, Offshore Exploration Conference 1969
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45:. The THUMS Islands were built in 1965 to tap into the East
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387:"Book highlights life, death of last USAF Captain Freeman"
338:(7th ed.). Guilford, Conn: Globe Pequot. p. 78.
708:
Smith, Jack (September 18, 1972). "A Moving Experience".
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Fuels Paradise: THUMS Islands Help Big Oil Look Good
684:"Occidental Petroleum completes California spin-off"
658:"Occidental Petroleum completes California spin-off"
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748:'s Energy Tomorrow tour of the islands in 2009:
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72:Since 1967, they have also been known as the
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187:The islands and operation were purchased by
108:astronauts killed in a launch pad accident.
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360:"City of Long Beach Enterprise Zone (map)"
287:Location of THUMS Islands near Long Beach
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385:Brittingham, Hazel (March 21, 2004).
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831:Geography of Long Beach, California
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579:Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News
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456:"Los Angeles oil history runs deep"
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821:1965 establishments in California
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454:Reynolds, Chris (July 19, 2010).
826:Artificial islands of California
682:Olabi, Nora (December 1, 2014).
656:Olabi, Nora (December 1, 2014).
487:. University of Michigan. 1969.
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294:Appearances in popular culture
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768:Trip to Long Beach oil fields
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746:American Petroleum Institute
389:. Arlington National Cemeter
334:Kathy Strong, Kathy (2007).
120:THUMS oil island White, 2010
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315:Rincon Island (California)
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86:Theodore C. "Ted" Freeman
688:Houston Business Journal
662:Houston Business Journal
593:"Oxy 2011 Annual Report"
98:Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom
797:33.74079°N 118.16257°W
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104:) are named after the
43:Long Beach, California
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169:Swiss Family Robinson
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802:33.74079; -118.16257
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189:Occidental Petroleum
47:Wilmington Oil Field
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726:. January 10, 2008.
758:FLICKR picture set
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84:. Island Freeman (
35:artificial islands
33:are a set of four
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710:Los Angeles Times
619:Los Angeles Times
563:Los Angeles Times
545:Los Angeles Times
525:Houston Chronicle
521:Los Angeles Times
461:Los Angeles Times
440:Los Angeles Times
417:Los Angeles Times
345:978-0-7627-4429-9
301:California's Gold
156:Los Angeles Times
74:Astronaut Islands
41:off the coast of
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636:"Oxy: THUMS"
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788:118°09′45″W
693:October 27,
641:January 30,
602:January 12,
598:. p. 7
498:January 31,
467:January 30,
393:January 30,
370:January 30,
815:Categories
785:33°44′27″N
321:References
90:T-38 Talon
836:Oil wells
135:Union Oil
78:astronaut
493:41657854
309:See also
106:Apollo 1
102:Ed White
667:May 31,
421:Reuters
276:Chaffee
262:Freeman
234:Grissom
206:Islands
167:, part
165:Jetsons
163:, part
112:History
754:part 2
750:part 1
491:
342:
161:Disney
141:, and
131:Humble
127:Texaco
65:, and
59:Unocal
55:Humble
51:Texaco
770:from
596:(PDF)
248:White
143:Shell
139:Mobil
67:Shell
63:Mobil
695:2018
669:2018
643:2011
604:2018
500:2010
489:OCLC
469:2011
395:2011
372:2011
340:ISBN
179:the
82:NASA
29:The
171:".
37:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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