74:, a term applied to words borrowed from Classical Sanskrit after the development of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages; tatsamas thus retain their Sanskrit form (at least in the orthographic form). This can be compared to the use of borrowed Classical Latin vocabulary in modern Romance languages. Both tadbhavas and tatsamas are also distinguished from deśi ("local") words, a term applied to words that have a non-Indo-Aryan source, typically Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, or Tibeto-Burman. In the modern context, the terms "tadbhava" and "tatsama" are applied to Sanskrit loanwords not only in
173:. In such cases, the use of tatsama forms in place of equivalent tadbhava or native forms is often seen by speakers of a language as a marker of a more chaste or literary form of the language, as opposed to a more rustic or colloquial form. Often, however, a word exists only in one of the three possible forms, that is only as a tadbhava, tatsama or semi-tatsama, or it has different meanings in different forms. For example, reflexes of the Old Indo-Aryan word
270:
In the context of
Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, and Tibeto-Burman languages of South Asia, the terms "tatsama" and "tadbhava" are used to describe words which have been borrowed from Sanskrit either unmodified ("tatsama") or modified ("tadbhava"). Tadbhava as used in relation to these languages,
107:
but, over the course of time, changed in form to fit the phonology of the recipient language. Such words are often called ardhatatsamas or semi-tatsamas by modern linguists. These stand apart from the tatsamas, which have the same
Devanagari spelling in both Sanskrit and the modern language.
98:
through
Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa; they are the inherited tadbhava words and show an unbroken chain of language evolution from Old Indo-Aryan to the modern form. A second class of Sanskrit-derived words in modern Indo-Aryan languages covers words that have their origin in
67:
stage and eventually inherited into a modern Indo-Aryan language. In this sense, tadbhavas can be considered the native (inherited) vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages.
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The Odia words are derived from Odia verbal roots, which are derived from
Sanskrit verbal roots. The Odia words are called Tatabhaba Krudanta words. For example,
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Tadbhava, tatsama and semi-tatsama forms derived from the same Indo-Aryan root sometimes co-exist in modern Indo-Aryan languages. For example, the reflexes of
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therefore, corresponds more accurately with the categories of tatsama and semi-tatsama used in relation to the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages. All
94:
Modern Indo-Aryan languages have two classes of words inherited from
Sanskrit. The first covers words that have come to the languages from
572:
582:
543:
436:
Burghart, Richard (1993). "A Quarrel in the
Language Family: Agency and Representations of Speech in Mithila".
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contain a proportion of tadbhava and tatsama words, possibly exceeding over half of the vocabulary of literary
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exists in Hindi both as a tatsama and as a tadbhava. However, the tatsama word
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word for one of three etymological classes defined by native grammarians of
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and were originally borrowed into
Prakrit or Apabhraṃśa as
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classified the Odia words as deśi, tatsama or tadbhava.
63:) but which has evolved through language change in the
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Kahrs, Eivind G. (1992). "What is a tadbhava word?".
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89:
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287:being among the most in common with Sanskrit and
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493:"International Journal of English and Education"
464:Barannikov, A. (1936). "Modern Literary Hindī".
291:having less Sanskrit when than the other three.
185:means "heart", as in Sanskrit, but the tadbhava
500:International Journal of English and Education
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408:(3). Association for Asian Studies: 261–275.
133:, in addition to the inherited tadbhava form
16:Sanskrit borrowings with modified phonologies
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466:Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies
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369:Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies
239:(1931) by GC Praharaj with 185,000 Words,
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266:Tadbhavas in other South Asian languages
243:(1942) with 150,000 words by PC Deb and
121:include Sanskrit borrowings in tatsama
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202:words are divided into native words (
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365:"Indo-Aryan Vernaculars (Continued)"
538:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 2515.
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39:, lit. "arising from that") is the
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167:) in addition to the pure tatsama
55:. A "tadbhava" is a word with an
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258:, which is derived from Sanskrit
208:), those borrowed from Sanskrit (
90:Tadbhavas in Indo-Aryan languages
86:and other South Asian languages.
70:Tadbhavas are distinguished from
220:). The 17th-century dictionary
155:and an inherited tadbhava form
237:Purnachandra Oriya Bhashakosha
195:Tadbhavas in the Odia language
1:
306:
301:Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil
235:(1916) by Gopinath Nanda and
402:The Journal of Asian Studies
59:origin (and thus related to
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573:Linguistic history of India
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45:Middle Indo-Aryan languages
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583:Sanskrit words and phrases
478:10.1017/s0041977x00141023
450:10.1017/S0026749X00001293
381:10.1017/S0041977X00087152
363:Grierson, George (1920).
139:. Similarly, Sanskrit
127:and semi-tatsama form
254:is derived from Odia
506:(2). October 2012 .
438:Modern Asian Studies
322:Indo-Iranian Journal
76:Indo-Aryan languages
273:Dravidian languages
334:10.1007/BF00164933
149:as a semi-tatsama
101:Classical Sanskrit
36:[tɐdbʱɐʋɐ]
191:means "courage".
145:exists in modern
65:Middle Indo-Aryan
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241:Promoda Abhidan
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444:(4): 761–804.
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47:, alongside
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256:dhatu kanda
567:Categories
482:at p. 390.
454:at p. 766.
426:at p. 272.
307:References
57:Indo-Aryan
53:deśi words
578:Etymology
551:20 August
517:20 August
512:2278-4012
342:189783538
285:Malayalam
232:Abhidhana
80:Dravidian
30:: तद्भव,
295:See also
217:tatbhaba
105:tatsamas
72:tatsamas
61:Sanskrit
41:Sanskrit
28:Sanskrit
22:Tadbhava
422:2050186
283:, with
277:Kannada
252:kandana
211:tatasam
124:sroddha
119:Bengali
114:śraddha
49:tatsama
542:
510:
420:
340:
281:Telugu
205:desaja
182:hṛdaya
176:hṛdaya
130:chedda
496:(PDF)
418:JSTOR
338:S2CID
289:Tamil
188:hiyyā
147:Hindi
84:Munda
553:2015
540:ISBN
519:2015
508:ISSN
279:and
200:Odia
170:ājñā
152:āgyā
142:ājñā
136:šadh
51:and
32:IPA:
474:doi
446:doi
410:doi
377:doi
330:doi
224:by
164:āṇa
117:in
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502:.
498:.
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442:27
440:.
416:.
406:22
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390:^
371:.
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351:^
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326:35
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262:.
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158:ān
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26:(
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