40:
53:
492:
563:
The disease is relatively common in Africa, some parts of
Eastern Europe, the Philippines, and Latin America. There is also a widespread occurrence of the parasite throughout East, Southeast, and South Asia. This parasite is found anywhere where beef is eaten, including countries such as the United
375:
species. The rest of the body proper, the strobila, is basically a chain of numerous body segments called proglottids. The neck is the shortest part of the body, and consists of immature proglottids. The midstrobila is made of mature proglottids that eventually lead to the gravid proglottids, which
1427:
Lopes, Welber Daniel
Zanetti; Cruz Breno Cayeiro; Soares, Vando Edésio; Nunes, Jorge Luis N.; Teixeira, Weslen Fabricio Pires; Maciel, Willian Giquelin; Buzzulini, Carolina; Pereira, João Carlos Melo; Felippelli, Gustavo; Soccol, Vanette Thomaz; de Oliveira, Gilson Pereira; da Costa, Alvimar José
331:
564:
States, with strict federal sanitation policies. In the US, the incidence of infection is low, but 25% of cattle sold are still infected. However, not all slaughterhouses are federally inspected. The total global infection is estimated to be between 40 and 60 million. It is most prevalent in
513:
of the host. Using the scolex, it attaches to the intestinal wall. The larva mature into adults about 5 to 12 weeks later. Adult worms can live about 25 years in the host. Usually, only a single worm is present at a time, but multiple worms are also reported. In each mature proglottid,
658:
remains asymptomatic due to the fact the organism does not present cysticerci in humans. Therefore, there is no presence of cysticercosis in humans either. Typically, cysticercosis is a parasitical tissue infection which infect the brain and muscle tissues. However the
1105:
Eichenberger, Ramon M.; Thomas, Lian F.; Gabriël, Sarah; Bobić, Branco; Devleesschauwer, Brecht; Robertson, Lucy J.; Saratsis, Anastasios; Torgerson, Paul R.; Braae, Uffe C. (May 7, 2020). Dermauw, Veronique; Dorny, Pierre (eds.).
363:. An adult worm is normally 4 to 10 m in length, but can become very large; specimens over 22 m long are reported. Typical of cestodes, its body is flattened dorsoventrally and heavily segmented. It is entirely covered by a
686:, so it is only possible to identify the eggs to the family, not to the species level. Since it is difficult to diagnose using eggs alone, looking at the scolex or the gravid proglottids can help identify it as
220:) and cysticercosis in cattle. Cattle are the intermediate hosts, where larval development occurs, while humans are definitive hosts harbouring the adult worms. It is found globally and most prevalently where
827:(adults and children over 6 years: 2 g, single-administration after a light breakfast, followed after 2 hours by a laxative; children aged 2–6 years: 1 g; children under 2 years: 500 mg).
2930:
526:, gravid proglottids are shed individually. In some cases, the proglottid ruptures inside the intestine, and the eggs are released. The free proglottids and liberated eggs are removed by
530:
into the environment. On the ground, the proglottids are motile and shed eggs as they move. These oncospheres in an external environment can remain viable for several days to weeks in
690:. Proglottids sometimes trickle down the thighs of infected humans and are visible with unaided eye, so can aid with identification. Observation of scolex help distinguish between
807:
Adequate cooking at 56 °C (133 °F) for 5 minutes of beef viscera destroys cysticerci. Refrigeration, freezing at −10 °C (14 °F) for 9 days or long periods of
1351:
Zarlenga DS. (1991). "The differentiation of a newly described Asian taeniid from Taenia saginata using enzymatically amplified non-transcribed ribosomal DNA repeat sequences".
398:, having no body cavity. The inside of each mature proglottid is filled with muscular layers and complete male and female reproductive systems, including the tubular unbranched
467:. The inner membrane of the cysticercus soon develops numerous protoscolices (small scolices) that are invertedly attached to the inner surface. The cysticercus of
264:. From humans, embryonated eggs, called oncospheres, are released with faeces and are transmitted to cattle through contaminated fodder. Oncospheres develop inside
1510:
663:
can cause taeniasis, which is an infection. Taeniasis causes weight loss, pain and blockages in the intestines which can potentially become life-threatening.
575:
Religious beliefs may also play a role in infection rates. In India, Muslims can have a higher rate of infection compared to Hindus, who do not eat beef.
1254:
Hendrickx, Emilie, et al. "Epidemiology of Taenia
Saginata Taeniosis/Cysticercosis: A Systematic Review of the Distribution in West and Central Africa."
2935:
1853:
1267:"Taeniasis/Cysticercosis." World Health Organization, World Health Organization, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis.
2820:
390:, or digestive tract. It derives nutrients from the host through its tegument, as the tegument is completely covered with absorptive hair-like
371:, neck, and strobila. The scolex has four suckers, but they have no hooks. Lack of hooks and a rostellum is an identifying feature from other
2846:
1428:(2014). "Historic of therapeutic efficacy of albendazol sulphoxide administered in different routes, dosages and treatment schemes, against
248:. Humans are generally infected as a result of eating raw or undercooked beef which contains the infective larvae, called cysticerci. As
1108:"Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in East, Southeast and South Asia"
2794:
1560:
967:
Winn Jr. Washington; Allen, Stephen; Janda, William; Koneman, Elmer; Procop, Gary; Schreckenberger, Paul; Woods, Gail (2006).
2920:
1169:
1061:
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within 70 days. Inside the tissue, they cast off their hooks and instead develop a protective cuticular shell, called the
831:
is also highly effective for treatment of cattle infection. During the 1940s, the preferred treatment was oleoresin of
2925:
2755:
1286:
1089:
976:
948:
914:
884:
2773:
1519:
1507:
298:, in structure and biology, except for few details. It is typically larger and longer, with more proglottids, more
651:
adult worms can live in the host for up to 25 years and most infections will last 2 to 3 years without treatment.
2851:
2786:
811:
is lethal to cysticerci. Inspection of beef and proper disposal of human excreta are also important measures.
2833:
1524:
431:
Cattle acquire the embryonated eggs, the oncospheres, when they eat contaminated food. Oncospheres enter the
2915:
2019:
2729:
2706:
2356:
2005:
1912:
1553:
163:
2734:
1502:
1281:(Fourth ed.). Berlin, Germany: Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 184–186.
547:
2684:
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2533:
2504:
848:
750:
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1697:
1641:
52:
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2334:
2323:
1907:
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1833:
1656:
1635:
780:
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2646:
2451:
2232:
2085:
1775:
1770:
1761:
1737:
1546:
1492:
1426:
314:. Like the other tapeworms, it causes taeniasis inside the human intestine, but does not cause
443:("six-hooked") larvae. With their hooks, they attach to the intestinal wall and penetrate the
2887:
2877:
2318:
1861:
1742:
1623:
1378:
Juan A. Jimenez; Silvia
Rodriguez; Luz M. Moyano; Yesenia Castillo; Héctor H. García (2010).
966:
627:. Intestinal obstruction in humans can be alleviated by surgery. The tapeworm can also expel
147:
1538:
1377:
2742:
2693:
2584:
2411:
2237:
2211:
2193:
1963:
761:
stem out from the center to form 12 to 20 branches, but in contrast to its closely related
738:
765:
species, the branches are much less in number and comparatively thicker; in addition, the
712:, its branches become visible. Counting the uterine branches enables some identification (
505:
Humans contract infective cysticerci by eating raw or undercooked meat. Once reaching the
8:
2623:
2598:
2525:
2178:
2127:
1702:
1683:
1629:
1618:
647:
has been reported as a cause of gallbladder perforation if left untreated in some cases.
364:
257:
209:
2698:
2711:
2484:
2470:
2390:
2362:
2342:
2312:
2172:
2147:
2047:
1997:
1888:
1819:
1722:
1468:"Clinical Aspects and Treatment of the More Common Intestinal Parasites of Man (TB-33)"
1404:
1380:"Differentiating Taenia eggs found in human stools - Does Ziehl Neelsen staining help?"
1379:
1190:
1134:
1107:
1020:
993:
565:
522:. With thousands of oncospheres, the oldest gravid proglottids detach. Unlike in other
448:
261:
47:
741:
resemblance, and their eggs are more or less identical. Identification often requires
435:, the anterior portion of the small intestine, and hatch there under the influence of
376:
are at the posterior end. An individual can have as many as 1000 to 2000 proglottids.
2872:
1717:
1662:
1569:
1449:
1409:
1395:
1360:
1333:
1328:
1303:
1282:
1237:
1165:
1139:
1085:
1057:
1025:
972:
971:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1282–1284.
944:
910:
880:
725:
510:
444:
415:
359:
203:
124:
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into the blood vessels. The larvae can move to all parts of the body by the general
2910:
2517:
2510:
2376:
1990:
1958:
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1399:
1391:
1323:
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1119:
1015:
1005:
776:
680:
452:
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39:
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1319:
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that can cause an allergic reaction in the individual. It is also a rare cause of
2859:
2384:
2330:
2244:
1982:
1932:
1825:
1810:
1749:
1648:
1514:
1467:
872:
700:
288:
265:
196:
2838:
509:, the inverted scolex becomes evaginated to the exterior under stimuli from the
2781:
2768:
2476:
2439:
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2185:
2164:
2133:
2091:
1970:
1919:
1898:
1867:
1839:
1782:
1709:
1124:
808:
600:
436:
411:
237:
199:
104:
1531:(Video) - endoscopy of the small intestine in 40-year-old woman infected with
1304:"Differential diagnosis of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium infection by PCR"
909:(2nd ed.). New York: Lange Medical Books/ McGraw-Hill. pp. 184–186.
2904:
2760:
2669:
2463:
2444:
2204:
2199:
1950:
1938:
1689:
1573:
1233:
1010:
315:
294:
249:
245:
217:
2603:
2559:
2455:
2348:
2223:
1794:
1453:
1413:
1337:
1241:
1143:
1029:
820:
772:
679:
are examined to find parasite eggs. The eggs look like other eggs from the
636:
616:
592:
391:
341:
340:
stained to show uterine branches: The pore on the side identifies it as a
319:
2864:
1364:
552:
2807:
2721:
2678:
2590:
2575:
2431:
2298:
2279:
2270:
2258:
2112:
2076:
2058:
2025:
2011:
1803:
1729:
1674:
1609:
828:
824:
716:
uteri have 12 or more branches on each side, while other species such as
640:
620:
569:
527:
277:
1215:
2799:
2495:
2417:
2402:
2158:
2117:
519:
499:
459:. Thus, they become fluid-filled cysticerci. Cysterci can also form in
395:
337:
253:
241:
2812:
875:. In Kayser, F.H.; Bienz, K.A.; Eckert, J.; Zinkernagel, R.M. (eds.).
2103:
1946:
1599:
1594:
1162:
Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of
Parasitology
1054:
Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of parasitology
742:
709:
683:
672:
596:
440:
213:
114:
64:
20:
2640:
1302:
González LM, Montero E, Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM, Garate T (2000).
1216:
Uygur-Bayramiçli, O; Ak, O; Dabak, R; Demirhan, G; Ozer, S (2012). "
2663:
2544:
2425:
2303:
2252:
2067:
1581:
836:
832:
754:
624:
608:
604:
535:
432:
330:
189:
84:
938:
2747:
2141:
1883:
628:
515:
506:
491:
407:
344:
192:
94:
1301:
746:
705:
612:
531:
418:, the uterus contains up to 15 side branches filled with eggs.
399:
368:
307:
303:
299:
286:
has a strong resemblance to the other human tapeworms, such as
233:
229:
221:
74:
1104:
518:, which divide and differentiate into embryonated eggs called
367:. The body is white in colour and consists of three portions:
1568:
969:
Koneman's Color Atlas and
Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology
943:(4th ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp. 244–245.
766:
676:
632:
464:
460:
403:
355:
273:
269:
2931:
Parasitic diseases associated with beef and pork consumption
1164:(9th ed.). New York, NY: McGrawHill. pp. 330–332.
1160:
Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, JR, John; Nadler, Steve (2013).
456:
387:
225:
19:
This article is about the organism. For the infection, see
1472:
994:"Unusual colonoscopy finding: Taenia saginata proglottid"
1159:
904:
439:. The embryonic membranes are removed, liberating free
1258:, vol. 12, no. 1, 2019, doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3584-7.
907:
318:. Its infection is relatively harmless and clinically
595:, but heavy infection often results in weight loss,
1220:a rare cause of acute cholangitis: a case report".
799:will not, but the method is not strictly reliable.
737:, is notoriously difficult because of their close
2902:
1432:cysticercus in cattle experimentally infected".
1079:
905:Somers, Kenneth D.; Morse, Stephen A. (2010).
779:levels are chief hematological findings. Also
1554:
1051:
939:Bogitsh, Burton J.; Carter, Clint E. (2013).
1384:Tropical Medicine & International Health
1350:
1052:Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, John Jr. (2009).
823:(5–10 mg/kg, single-administration) or
783:can be used to differentiate between mature
2057:
1561:
1547:
991:
769:are bilobed and testes are twice as many.
256:has complete sets of both male and female
38:
2936:Taxa named by Johann August Ephraim Goeze
1403:
1327:
1133:
1123:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1019:
1009:
870:
1353:Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health
1276:
1084:. New York: Springer. pp. 207–210.
992:Patel, Nayan M.; Tatar, Eric L. (2007).
490:
329:
228:is consumed. It is relatively common in
900:
898:
896:
879:. Stuttgart: Thieme. pp. 560–562.
2903:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1036:
962:
960:
2645:
2644:
1542:
1075:
1073:
1056:(8th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
866:
864:
835:, which would be introduced into the
2787:115c1fda-01bf-443e-bd2f-e543cd65b266
1155:
1153:
893:
426:
1178:
957:
13:
1070:
923:
861:
723:Differentiation of the species of
486:
14:
2947:
1486:
1197:. World Health Organization. 2013
1150:
998:World Journal of Gastroenterology
819:Taeniasis is easily treated with
354:is the largest of species in the
1396:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02579.x
51:
1460:
1420:
1371:
1344:
1295:
1270:
1261:
1248:
1209:
558:
1098:
985:
475:to differentiate from that of
325:
302:, and higher branching of the
1:
1446:10.1016/j.exppara.2013.11.007
1320:10.1128/JCM.38.2.737-744.2000
854:
802:
675:is done from a stool sample.
421:
2921:Parasitic animals of mammals
2020:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
1279:Encyclopedia of parasitology
814:
666:
578:
514:self-fertilisation produces
7:
2357:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
2006:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
842:
583:
260:. Thus, reproduction is by
252:, each body segment called
10:
2952:
1125:10.1186/s13071-020-04095-1
18:
2926:Animals described in 1782
2653:
2611:Capillaria philippinensis
2574:
2543:
2534:Halicephalobus gingivalis
2505:Strongyloides stercoralis
2494:
2401:
2297:
2269:
2222:
2111:
2102:
2075:
2066:
2044:
1981:
1897:
1882:
1793:
1760:
1673:
1608:
1593:
1580:
1434:Experimental Parasitology
1191:"Taeniasis/Cysticercosis"
849:List of parasites (human)
541:
306:. It also lacks an armed
276:of cattle into infective
184:), commonly known as the
153:
146:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
30:
2617:Intestinal capillariasis
1698:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
1277:Mehlhorn, Heinz (2016).
1234:10.1179/ACB.67.6.2062709
1080:Ortega, Ynes R. (2006).
1011:10.3748/wjg.v13.i41.5540
704:. When the a tapeworm's
451:, and finally settle in
181:Taeniarhynchus saginatus
2604:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
2554:Enterobius vermicularis
2335:Cutaneous larva migrans
1908:Echinococcus granulosus
1848:Heterophyes heterophyes
1834:Gastrodiscoides hominis
1657:Trichobilharzia regenti
1256:Parasites & Vectors
1112:Parasites & Vectors
720:only have five to 10).
2452:Visceral larva migrans
2233:Gnathostoma spinigerum
2086:Dracunculus medinensis
1992:Diphyllobothrium latum
1771:Paragonimus westermani
1738:Opisthorchis viverrini
1529:in the small intestine
1195:WHO Fact sheet no. 376
548:Taenia Genome database
502:
481:cysticercus cellulosae
471:is specifically named
348:
2319:Ancylostoma duodenale
1862:Metagonimus yokogawai
639:, cholecystitis, and
591:infection is usually
494:
333:
2782:Fauna Europaea (new)
2585:Trichinella spiralis
2412:Ascaris lumbricoides
2212:Lymphatic filariasis
2194:Wuchereria bancrofti
1222:Acta Clinica Belgica
877:Medical Microbiology
839:via a Rehfuss tube.
258:reproductive systems
2916:Foodborne illnesses
2599:Trichuris trichiura
2526:Trichostrongyliasis
2128:Onchocerca volvulus
1684:Clonorchis sinensis
1619:Schistosoma mansoni
1600:Trematode infection
1503:Parasites in Humans
1082:Foodborne parasites
781:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
755:ribosomal 5.8S gene
745:observation of the
621:chronic indigestion
210:intestinal parasite
16:Species of flatworm
2485:Parascaris equorum
2471:Dioctophyme renale
2391:Oesophagostomiasis
2363:Angiostrongyliasis
2343:Necator americanus
2313:Hookworm infection
2173:Dirofilaria repens
1998:Diphyllobothriasis
1889:Tapeworm infection
1820:Fasciolopsis buski
1513:2012-10-23 at the
1359:(suppl): 251–255.
941:Human Parasitology
871:Eckert J. (2005).
566:Sub-Saharan Africa
503:
449:circulatory system
410:pore, testes, and
349:
262:self-fertilisation
212:in humans causing
2898:
2897:
2873:Open Tree of Life
2647:Taxon identifiers
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2570:
2569:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
1914:E. multilocularis
1878:
1877:
1718:Fasciola hepatica
1570:Parasitic disease
1171:978-0-07-352419-1
1063:978-0-07-128458-5
1004:(41): 5540–5541.
795:will stain while
708:is injected with
553:WormBase ParaSite
511:digestive enzymes
473:cysticercus bovis
445:intestinal mucosa
427:Intermediate host
416:gravid proglottid
195:belonging to the
171:
170:
2943:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2868:
2867:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2841:
2839:NHMSYS0000068101
2829:
2828:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2802:
2790:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2642:
2641:
2519:Trichostrongylus
2511:Strongyloidiasis
2377:Metastrongylosis
2109:
2108:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2054:
1959:Hymenolepis nana
1895:
1894:
1795:Intestinal fluke
1606:
1605:
1591:
1590:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1480:
1479:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1390:(9): 1077–1081.
1375:
1369:
1368:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1308:J Clin Microbiol
1299:
1293:
1292:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1049:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1013:
989:
983:
982:
964:
955:
954:
936:
921:
920:
902:
891:
890:
868:
791:, in most cases
747:uterine branches
453:skeletal muscles
394:. It is also an
384:digestive system
382:does not have a
159:
139:T. saginata
56:
55:
42:
28:
27:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2863:
2860:Observation.org
2858:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2746:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2718:
2712:Taenia_saginata
2710:
2705:
2699:Taenia_saginata
2697:
2692:
2685:Taenia saginata
2683:
2682:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2655:Taenia saginata
2649:
2639:
2630:
2566:
2539:
2490:
2397:
2385:Oesophagostomum
2331:Ancylostomiasis
2301:
2285:
2265:
2245:Gnathostomiasis
2218:
2115:
2098:
2049:
2046:
2032:
1983:Pseudophyllidea
1977:
1928:Taenia saginata
1886:
1874:
1826:Fasciolopsiasis
1811:Echinostomiasis
1789:
1756:
1750:Opisthorchiasis
1669:
1649:Schistosomiasis
1643:S. intercalatum
1597:
1595:Fluke/trematode
1586:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1527:Taenia saginata
1515:Wayback Machine
1489:
1484:
1483:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1430:Taenia saginata
1425:
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1349:
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1218:Taenia saginata
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757:. The uteri of
688:Taenia saginata
669:
661:Taenia saginata
656:Taenia saginata
649:Taenia saginata
645:Taenia saginata
586:
581:
561:
544:
496:Taenia saginata
489:
487:Definitive host
429:
424:
412:vitelline gland
335:Taenia saginata
328:
289:Taenia asiatica
224:are raised and
175:Taenia saginata
167:
161:
157:Taenia saginata
155:
142:
85:Platyhelminthes
50:
32:Taenia saginata
24:
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2477:Dioctophymosis
2467:
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2440:Toxocara canis
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2407:
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2371:Metastrongylus
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2325:A. braziliense
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2228:
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2220:
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2216:
2215:
2214:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2186:Dirofilariasis
2176:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2165:Mansonelliasis
2155:
2154:
2153:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2134:Onchocerciasis
2123:
2121:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2092:Dracunculiasis
2081:
2079:
2070:
2061:
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2042:
2041:
2038:
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2016:
2015:
2014:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:Hymenolepiasis
1955:
1954:
1953:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:Echinococcosis
1903:
1901:
1899:Cyclophyllidea
1892:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1868:Metagonimiasis
1858:
1857:
1856:
1854:Heterophyiasis
1844:
1843:
1842:
1840:Amphistomiasis
1830:
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1828:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1799:
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1783:Paragonimiasis
1766:
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1757:
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1714:
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1710:Dicrocoeliasis
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1663:Swimmer's itch
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1637:S. haematobium
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1487:External links
1485:
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1314:(2): 737–744.
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1288:978-3662439777
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601:abdominal pain
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534:, rivers, and
488:
485:
437:gastric juices
428:
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327:
324:
250:hermaphrodites
238:Southeast Asia
200:Cyclophyllidea
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2464:Baylisascaris
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2201:
2200:Brugia malayi
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1478:: 1–14. 1948.
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786:
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778:
775:and elevated
774:
770:
768:
764:
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753:detection of
752:
748:
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739:morphological
736:
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357:
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343:
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336:
332:
323:
321:
317:
316:cysticercosis
313:
310:unlike other
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:
295:Taenia solium
291:
290:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:Latin America
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:helminthiasis
215:
211:
207:
206:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
186:beef tapeworm
183:
182:
177:
176:
165:
160:
158:
152:
149:
148:Binomial name
145:
141:
140:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
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119:
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110:
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45:
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36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2654:
2624:
2609:
2597:
2583:
2560:Enterobiasis
2552:
2532:
2518:
2503:
2483:
2469:
2462:
2456:Toxocariasis
2445:
2438:
2424:
2410:
2383:
2369:
2355:
2349:Necatoriasis
2341:
2324:
2317:
2278:
2251:
2238:
2231:
2224:Thelazioidea
2205:
2198:
2192:
2179:
2171:
2157:
2148:
2140:
2126:
2084:
2018:
2004:
1991:
1964:
1957:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1913:
1906:
1860:
1846:
1832:
1818:
1809:
1802:
1776:
1769:
1743:
1736:
1724:F. gigantica
1723:
1716:
1703:
1696:
1682:
1655:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1625:S. japonicum
1624:
1617:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1440:(1): 14–20.
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1228:(6): 436–7.
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1194:
1161:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1081:
1053:
1001:
997:
987:
968:
940:
906:
876:
821:praziquantel
818:
806:
796:
792:
788:
784:
773:Eosinophilia
771:
762:
758:
743:histological
734:
730:
724:
722:
717:
713:
699:
695:
691:
687:
670:
660:
655:
653:
648:
644:
637:pancreatitis
617:constipation
593:asymptomatic
588:
587:
574:
562:
559:Epidemiology
523:
504:
495:
480:
476:
472:
468:
430:
392:microtriches
379:
378:
372:
358:
351:
350:
342:cyclophyllid
334:
320:asymptomatic
311:
293:
287:
283:
282:
204:
185:
180:
179:
174:
173:
172:
156:
154:
138:
137:
125:
31:
25:
2808:iNaturalist
2679:Wikispecies
2625:C. hepatica
2591:Trichinosis
2576:Adenophorea
2432:Anisakiasis
2299:Strongylida
2280:Gongylonema
2271:Spiruroidea
2259:Thelaziasis
2239:G. hispidum
2113:Filarioidea
2077:Camallanida
2059:Secernentea
2026:Sparganosis
2012:Sparganosis
1965:H. diminuta
1934:T. asiatica
1804:Echinostoma
1744:O. felineus
1730:Fasciolosis
1675:Liver fluke
1610:Blood fluke
1533:T. saginata
873:"Helminths"
829:Albendazole
825:niclosamide
793:T. saginata
785:T. saginata
759:T. saginata
735:T. asiatica
714:T. saginata
701:T. asiatica
692:T. saginata
641:cholangitis
589:T. saginata
570:Middle East
528:peristalsis
520:oncospheres
469:T. saginata
380:T. saginata
352:T. saginata
326:Description
284:T. saginata
216:(a type of
208:. It is an
2905:Categories
2496:Rhabditida
2418:Ascariasis
2403:Ascaridida
2180:D. immitis
2159:Mansonella
2151:filariasis
2118:Filariasis
2045:Roundworm/
1762:Lung fluke
1631:S. mekongi
1572:caused by
1201:7 February
1118:(1): 234.
855:References
803:Prevention
729:, such as
671:The basic
500:oncosphere
422:Life cycle
396:acoelomate
338:proglottid
278:cysticerci
254:proglottid
242:South Asia
202:and genus
2206:B. timori
2104:Spirurida
2050:infection
1947:Taeniasis
1940:T. solium
1704:D. hospes
1587:infection
1582:Flatworm/
815:Treatment
797:T. solium
789:T. solium
731:T. solium
718:T. solium
710:India ink
696:T. solium
684:Taeniidae
673:diagnosis
667:Diagnosis
609:headaches
597:dizziness
579:Infection
477:T. solium
441:hexacanth
414:. In the
386:, mouth,
214:taeniasis
178:(synonym
133:Species:
115:Taeniidae
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
21:taeniasis
2826:10009085
2748:51500263
2719:BioLib:
2664:Wikidata
2545:Oxyurida
2426:Anisakis
2304:hookworm
2253:Thelazia
2068:Spiruria
2048:Nematode
1511:Archived
1508:Stanford
1454:24309372
1414:20579318
1338:10655377
1242:23340150
1144:32381027
1030:17907306
843:See also
837:duodenum
833:aspidium
629:antigens
625:appetite
605:diarrhea
584:Symptoms
568:and the
536:pastures
433:duodenum
365:tegument
193:tapeworm
190:zoonotic
111:Family:
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
2911:Cestoda
2888:6257358
2878:1021818
2800:6101574
2670:Q773607
2446:T. cati
2149:Loa loa
2142:Loa loa
1884:Cestoda
1405:3428859
1365:1822899
1135:7206752
1021:4171297
809:salting
767:ovaries
516:zygotes
507:jejunum
408:genital
345:cestode
188:, is a
121:Genus:
101:Order:
95:Cestoda
91:Class:
2885:uBio:
2865:186971
2813:417453
2774:412766
2761:229317
1942:(pork)
1498:BioLib
1493:Bioweb
1452:
1412:
1402:
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1336:
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1240:
1168:
1142:
1132:
1088:
1060:
1028:
1018:
975:
947:
913:
883:
763:Taenia
726:Taenia
706:uterus
681:family
613:nausea
542:Genome
532:sewage
524:Taenia
400:uterus
373:Taenia
369:scolex
360:Taenia
312:Taenia
308:scolex
300:testes
272:, and
266:muscle
244:, and
234:Europe
230:Africa
222:cattle
205:Taenia
166:, 1782
126:Taenia
2821:IRMNG
2756:EUNIS
2735:32407
2722:43809
1329:86191
677:Feces
633:ileus
465:liver
461:lungs
404:ovary
356:genus
304:uteri
274:lungs
270:liver
197:order
164:Goeze
2852:6206
2847:NCBI
2795:GBIF
2730:BOLD
2521:spp.
1450:PMID
1410:PMID
1361:PMID
1334:PMID
1283:ISBN
1238:PMID
1203:2014
1166:ISBN
1140:PMID
1086:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1026:PMID
973:ISBN
945:ISBN
911:ISBN
881:ISBN
787:and
749:and
733:and
698:and
654:The
463:and
457:cyst
388:anus
292:and
226:beef
2834:NBN
2743:EoL
2707:AFD
2694:ADW
1520:CDC
1442:doi
1438:137
1400:PMC
1392:doi
1324:PMC
1316:doi
1230:doi
1130:PMC
1120:doi
1016:PMC
1006:doi
777:IgE
751:PCR
2907::
2875::
2862::
2849::
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2771::
2758::
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1949:/
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1138:.
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1038:^
1024:.
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268:,
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