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Talk:Color difference

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1323:(presumably due to the argument for the exponential; the specification used 25 instead of 25° in the denominator; I made the degrees explicit). One may certainly rewrite the equations to use radians, but any software implementation should be tested against published values to make sure the implementation is correct. Many test cases are designed to trip up naive implementations. I don't see the radian-degree conversions as a big deal - a few extra multiplications that can be hidden using macros/functions such as 121: 100: 2771: 21: 3054: 69: 2476: 2782: 2766:{\displaystyle \Delta C={\sqrt {\left({2+{{\bar {r}} \over {256}}}\right)\times \Delta R^{2}+4\times \Delta G^{2}+\left({2+{{255-{\bar {r}}} \over {256}}}\right)\times \Delta B^{2}}}={\sqrt {\left({2+{{189} \over {256}}}\right)\times 122^{2}+4\times 120^{2}+\left({2+{{255-189} \over {256}}}\right)\times 118^{2}}}={\sqrt {129794.359375}}} 2146: 1421:
average eccentricity, Ēch, for this is 2.2 and 2.1 for perceptibility/acceptability for the same color system. The article clearly says: "The average radius over all the ellipses Řch on the other hand gives the average relation between a distance unit in the chromatic plane and a JND." This would imply that 1JND = Rch x DE*--: -->
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Is there any source on this sqrt(2*ΔR^2 + 4*ΔG^2 + 3*ΔB^2) weighted equation? I've been experimenting with my own weighted equations using MacAdam ellipses of just noticeable difference and it seems that these weights are almost backwards. Green has the largest ellipses of just noticeable difference,
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RGB weights are for use with linear values. Since linear light isn't perceived linear then simple weights - as explained - is naive. If weighting that factors gamma was intended then the explanation for why it doesn't work is misleading or at least incomplete. If not, then the whole discussion of RGB
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In the initial square root of the sum of the squares formula, it references ∆H', but the following equations only reference ∆H'bar and ∆h'. I think it is referring to ∆h', but am not certain. These equations should be case sensitive, so could someone with more precise knowledge verify and correct the
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Worse, I feel is that it omits any discussion of computability and the various approximations. If somebody came to the site and wanted to know about color differences they would be asked to implement a bunch of very cryptic formulae rather than noting the actual fairly good approximations or device
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In the proposed formulation, S_C and S_H depends only frome the first color, with the result that the distance of the first color from the second is not equal to the distance of the second color from the first, violating one of the most basic properties of any metric. Is there someone with acces to
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My own results are more like sqrt(9*ΔR^2 + 5*ΔG^2 + 11*ΔB^2) based on the reciprocal of the major radii of the ellipses in the sRGB primaries areas or sqrt(15*ΔR^2 + 11*ΔG^2 + 17*ΔB^2) based on the reciprocal of the width of ellipses in the sRGB primaries measured perpendicular to lines radiating
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I have problems with DE* ~ 2.3 for JND. I feel that this is a bad interpretation of the original article by Mahy et al. (Color Res. Appl. 1994, 19(2), 105). Table II of said article denotes the average ellipse radius, Řch, as 2.3 for CIELAB perceptibility/acceptability data of surface colors. The
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Sadly, colorists use degrees rather than radians; its easy to add or subtract 360; 2π not so much. The color difference definition and secondary sources use degrees, so this article should use degrees. WP is not a how-to guide. An earlier version of this article used radians (see above), but then
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The paragraph does not have a proper reference; a name (last name only, but the author is known to me) and a year do not constitute an acceptable citation. I cannot check whether the text is supported by a reliable reference. Please provide a proper citation, and explain what color difference is
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The thing is, distinguishing values of, say, Green is NOT the same as "differentiating between hues in that area". When green transitions into yellow, it is the RED channel that differs, not the GREEN channel. When green transitions into cyan, it is the BLUE channel that differs, not the GREEN
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directly, stick it in a function that not only does the degree conversion, but also checks for the degenerate case and returns 0 to 360°; turns out that function is needed for some colorspace conversions anyway. The problem with not doing the conversions is the risk of messing up somewhere; if
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How important is it that it is degrees? Would converting everything to radians (taking care to make them in the range where appropriate, as is suggested for degrees currently) give an equivalent result? Most intrinsic functions seem to use radians rather than degrees, and it seems weird to go
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I agree, the formula initially posted was wrong. We must use a delta H* that represents the difference in hue as an euclidian distance. Furthermore the original author posted a formula different from the one in the two references cited. I corrected this and added a reference to the best source
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Using notation not sanctioned by the CIE for a CIE Total Color Difference is not encyclopedic. With respect to the Mahy study, a proper reference is needed, and exactly what color difference he used must be specified. Otherwise, that section of text may be deleted as not properly referenced.
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In color difference 94, isn't the "h1 - h2" term adjusted so it is not greater than pi? h is an angle, if this is really using LCh coordinates. But I've seen other formulas that seem to calculate a dH term from a, b and C. I'm unsure about the accuracy of this section of the article now.
1930: 2062: 1998: 3049:{\displaystyle \Delta C={\sqrt {2\times \Delta R^{2}+4\times \Delta G^{2}+3\times \Delta B^{2}+{{{\bar {r}}\times (\Delta R^{2}-\Delta B^{2})} \over {256}}}}={\sqrt {2\times 122^{2}+4\times 120^{2}+3\times 118^{2}+{{189\times (122^{2}-118^{2})} \over {256}}}}={\sqrt {129848.75}}} 3304: 2205: 3212:
red the second largest, and blue the smallest, thus green should have the smallest number, red the second smallest, and blue the largest since the ellipse size is inversely proportional to how good human vision is at differentiating between hues in that area.
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It also overlooks the many CIELUV/CIELAB predecessors and subsequent alternatives (e.g., Wandell's S-CIELAB). It should at least be mentioned that there are other color-difference measures and the entry restricts attention to the CIE-sanctioned ones.
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Personal observation told me that in small areas (dozens) of pixels, white and yellow can under some circumstances be difficult to distinguish. I suspect this has to do with gamma values of monitors, and possibly age. Anyone information on that?
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In the CIEDE2000 section, it looks like a1, a2, b1, and b2 are missing stars, but I'm not familiar enough with this stuff to say for sure. If they're not missing stars then it should be clarified what a1, a2, b1, and b2 are supposed to be.
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These sections omit mention of CIELUV and the associated formulae, creating the false impression that CIELAB was the first and only CIE-sanctioned color space for calculating color differences in terms of Euclidean distance, circa 1976.
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Can you provide any academic or research source material that suggests this is the best color difference function? ∆E2000 is mostly considered the best, with some people advocating for newer difference formulas based on CAM16 UCS.
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I do not understand this note: The formulae below should use degrees rather than radians; the issue is significant for RT. Can someone in the know just edit the section to make that note redundant, then remove it?
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These results actually don't seem to work all that well, however using the distance from D65 to a ring of Munsell hues as weights seems to work better. 0.80769 Red, 1.00000 Green, 0.63636 Blue.
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DE* = 0.43 for 1JND. For DE94(1,1,1) Rch = 1.0 which would put DE94 = 1.0 for 1JND. This correlates well with visual color discrimination done by various individuals in our laboratories.
680: 2141:{\displaystyle {\text{ difference}}={\text{ lineardifference}}\times (({\text{ sRGBbrightness2}}-{\text{ sRGBbrightness1}})\div ({\text{ linearbrightness2}}-{\text{ linearbrightness1}}))} 1611: 1501: 2465: 2423: 2381: 759: 3324: 1796: 789: 710: 564: 499: 1629: 1625: 1519: 1515: 850: 1366: 1448:
What is the variable a* in the CIEDE2000 formula? The a* in LAB? Thus, the formula needs both LAB and LCH (not that that is a problem since you get one from the other)?
842: 598: 3269: 2263: 2209: 1274:{\displaystyle T=1-0.17\cos({\bar {H}}^{\prime }-\pi /6)+0.24\cos(2{\bar {H}}^{\prime })+0.32\cos(3{\bar {H}}^{\prime }+\pi /30)-0.20\cos(4{\bar {H}}^{\prime }-21\pi /60)} 3164: 626: 527: 1377: 3277: 3136: 3104: 3206: 1286: 3252: 3227: 238: 3064: 1768: 1732:
Your edit did not remove the Mahy reference, so that is clearly not the issue. You edit did modify Mahy's JND finding, something that you still fail to recognize.
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You are right, the asterisks were missing (see ref #12), now added. Note that Bruce Lindbloom (ref #13) does not use the asterisks but naked 'a' and 'b'.--
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equations do not match the referenced source formulation, and I am unable to show that the posted equations are mathematically equivalent formulations.
1925:{\displaystyle {\text{ lineardifference}}={\text{ rederror}}\times 0.212671+{\text{ greenerror}}\times 0.715160+{\text{ blueerror}}\times 0.072169} 1697: 1390: 3081:
Please note the MathJax/LaTeX implementation used in Knowledge understand the Western notation with a decimal DOT for separating a fraction part:
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then convert linearbrightness1 and linearbrightness2 to produce 2 new variables sRGBbrightness1 and sRGBbrightness2 then the final difference is:
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white and yellow differ only by the blue channel, and also color differences are easier to distinguish on darker colors than on brighter colors.
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When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
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When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
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BT.2124 : Objective metric for the assessment of the potential visibility of colour differences in television (delta ITP)
3256: 3231: 2277: 2200:{\displaystyle {\text{ difference}}={\text{ lineardifference}}\times ({\text{ derivativeof}}({\text{ sRGBbrightness1}}))} 1851: 234: 2288: 1772: 1463: 1455: 1598:
https://web.archive.org/web/20151010064956/http://www.xrite.com/documents/literature/en/L10-024_Color_Tolerance_en.pdf
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In the CIE 1994 formula for delta_H_star_ab, shouldn't the last term read delta_C_star_ab rather than delta_C_star?
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to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
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to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
646: 1842:{\displaystyle {\text{ rederror}}\times 0.299+{\text{ greenerror}}\times 0.587+{\text{ blueerror}}\times 0.114} 299: 263: 1601: 1044:{\displaystyle R_{T}=-2{\sqrt {\frac {{\bar {C}}'^{7}}{{\bar {C}}'^{7}+25^{7}}}}\sin \left^{2}\right)\right]} 54: 1672: 1562: 80: 279: 2429: 2387: 2345: 2239: 1751: 805: 728: 205: 151: 128: 105: 46: 1647:
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being referred to by Mahy. Until such time, the paragraph is deleted for lack of a reliable reference.
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or, if linearbrightness1 and linearbrightness2 are the same, use the derivative of sRGB instead:
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The source does not have the second formula, so some editor did the manipulation that dropped a
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before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template
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before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template
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There is a source. But it's a source written by a programmer that tweaked the numbers based on
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If you want to force a comma, surround it with curly braces to avoid a space after it:
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We should write about it. CALMAN (I think) is already using it and said it is better.
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If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with
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If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with
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I found in the references that the ∆H' must have been left out, it should be added:
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But at the same time this part seems to (as far as I can tell) imply it is radians.
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Actually no, what you gotta do is convert sRGB to linear RGB, then use this formula
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Would it be possible for someone with more knowledge about this to clarify ?
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http://www.xrite.com/documents/literature/en/L10-024_Color_Tolerance_en.pdf
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is referenced but not defined. I'll change it soon if no one corrects me
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I just looked over this comment again and the simpler way to say it is:
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of R, G and B, weighted by 0.299, 0.587 and 0.114 respectively.
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http://www.brucelindbloom.com/index.html?Eqn_DeltaE_CIE2000.html
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I am having problems understanding from the article whether
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Let's compare the results of calculations of two formulas.
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for additional information. I made the following changes:
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for additional information. I made the following changes:
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the actual CIE1994 standard document that could confirm?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9ntP01MceQ&t=502
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As you can see, the formulas give different results.
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Delta E and CIE76 sections omit CIELUV & others
3207:Weighted Euclidean RGB Difference is questionable? 3158: 3130: 3098: 3048: 2765: 2459: 2417: 2375: 2334:{\displaystyle {\bar {r}}={{250+128} \over 2}=189} 2333: 2199: 2140: 2056: 1992: 1924: 1841: 1273: 1043: 836: 783: 753: 704: 674: 620: 592: 558: 521: 493: 433: 3330: 132:, a project that provides a central approach to 1683:Non-sanctioned nomenclature is not encyclopedic 1610:This message was posted before February 2018. 1500:This message was posted before February 2018. 15: 3339:Knowledge articles that use American English 3216:from D65 white as an approximation of hue. 1757:component weighting needs to be rethought. 675:{\displaystyle \Delta {\bar {H}}^{\prime }} 1580:I have just modified one external link on 1477:I have just modified one external link on 33:, which has its own spelling conventions ( 1340:, then they may assume it is in degrees. 844:is in degrees or radians (For CIEDE2000) 3314:https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BT.2124/en 847:This part seems to imply it is degrees, 138:-related subjects on Knowledge. Help us 1367:2602:306:3398:dd10:793a:8ae4:aae9:d23c 66: 3331: 3270:2A01:119F:21D:7900:503A:C616:B438:9F40 2264:2A01:119F:21D:7900:503A:C616:B438:9F40 2210:2A01:119F:21D:7900:503A:C616:B438:9F40 1787:The best color difference function is 448:, a reference of the article section) 1703:You changed the meaning of the text. 53:, this should not be changed without 3189:term. I deleted the second formula. 2460:{\displaystyle \Delta B=248-130=118} 2418:{\displaystyle \Delta G=249-129=120} 2376:{\displaystyle \Delta R=250-128=122} 1297:through degrees for the sake of it. 754:{\displaystyle {\bar {H}}^{\prime }} 62: 3107:but not the Eastern decimal COMMA: 85:It is of interest to the following 13: 2900: 2884: 2847: 2825: 2803: 2786: 2617: 2553: 2531: 2480: 2433: 2391: 2349: 1246: 1192: 1152: 1098: 784:{\displaystyle \Delta h^{\prime }} 776: 768: 746: 705:{\displaystyle \Delta H^{\prime }} 697: 689: 667: 650: 607: 559:{\displaystyle \Delta {\bar {H}}'} 536: 508: 494:{\displaystyle \Delta {\bar {H}}'} 471: 409: 350: 270:possible, the CIE draft standard. 14: 3365: 1584:. Please take a moment to review 1481:. Please take a moment to review 1316:stopped with the expression for 119: 98: 67: 19: 180:This article has been rated as 3349:High-importance color articles 3023: 2997: 2913: 2881: 2872: 2595: 2510: 2298: 2194: 2191: 2183: 2175: 2135: 2132: 2116: 2110: 2094: 2091: 1783:Best color difference function 1698:21:58, 29 September 2017 (UTC) 1268: 1239: 1226: 1211: 1185: 1172: 1157: 1145: 1132: 1117: 1091: 1081: 992: 908: 883: 824: 739: 660: 580: 546: 481: 428: 406: 1: 3325:03:14, 27 November 2019 (UTC) 1464:20:18, 19 November 2015 (UTC) 1399:14:04, 4 September 2013 (UTC) 1291:13:38, 29 December 2011 (UTC) 725:Similarly, I notice that the 720:03:06, 16 November 2011 (UTC) 638:23:26, 15 November 2011 (UTC) 321:∆H' in the CIEDE2000 equation 126:This article is supported by 3299:14:33, 23 January 2024 (UTC) 1777:23:01, 31 October 2017 (UTC) 1742:17:10, 12 October 2017 (UTC) 1568:09:52, 13 January 2017 (UTC) 1415:15:22, 22 January 2017 (UTC) 1350:02:13, 4 November 2012 (UTC) 1307:01:31, 2 November 2012 (UTC) 315:16:56, 20 January 2013 (UTC) 243:13:29, 24 January 2020 (UTC) 7: 3354:All WikiProject Color pages 2278:Formulas are not equivalent 2257:08:08, 27 August 2018 (UTC) 1728:15:25, 6 October 2017 (UTC) 1713:19:36, 5 October 2017 (UTC) 1678:21:46, 10 August 2017 (UTC) 837:{\displaystyle {\bar {H}}'} 712:. Looks like just a typo. – 593:{\displaystyle {\bar {H}}'} 222:16:20, 16 August 2011 (UTC) 160:Knowledge:WikiProject Color 10: 3370: 3278:08:40, 1 August 2019 (UTC) 2272:09:01, 1 August 2019 (UTC) 2218:08:59, 1 August 2019 (UTC) 1860:09:34, 21 April 2018 (UTC) 1641:(last update: 5 June 2024) 1577:Hello fellow Wikipedians, 1531:(last update: 5 June 2024) 1474:Hello fellow Wikipedians, 801:20:37, 24 March 2014 (UTC) 300:06:28, 11 April 2011 (UTC) 280:10:38, 23 March 2011 (UTC) 186:project's importance scale 163:Template:WikiProject Color 3261:15:41, 27 June 2019 (UTC) 3236:13:31, 26 June 2019 (UTC) 3199:18:10, 4 March 2019 (UTC) 3177:08:32, 4 March 2019 (UTC) 3159:{\displaystyle 123{,}456} 3069:07:38, 4 March 2019 (UTC) 2234:19:39, 21 June 2022 (UTC) 1438:17:39, 25 July 2018 (UTC) 1336:somebody sees a variable 621:{\displaystyle \Delta H'} 522:{\displaystyle \Delta H'} 179: 114: 93: 1405:dependent descriptions. 460:19:18, 11 May 2011 (UTC) 336:17:30, 11 May 2011 (UTC) 264:16:17, 9 July 2009 (UTC) 3131:{\displaystyle 123,456} 3099:{\displaystyle 123.456} 1573:External links modified 1470:External links modified 1373:) 16 October 2017 (UTC) 3344:B-Class color articles 3160: 3132: 3100: 3050: 2767: 2461: 2419: 2377: 2335: 2201: 2142: 2058: 1994: 1926: 1843: 1275: 1045: 838: 785: 755: 706: 676: 622: 594: 560: 523: 495: 435: 75:This article is rated 3161: 3133: 3101: 3051: 2768: 2462: 2420: 2378: 2336: 2202: 2143: 2059: 1995: 1927: 1844: 1329:sin((M_PI/180)*angle) 1276: 1046: 839: 786: 756: 707: 677: 623: 595: 561: 524: 501:should be changed to 496: 436: 150:standards; visit the 3150: 3116: 3090: 2783: 2477: 2430: 2388: 2346: 2289: 2156: 2072: 2004: 1940: 1872: 1797: 1622:regular verification 1512:regular verification 1057: 851: 814: 765: 729: 686: 647: 604: 570: 533: 529:. Nothing refers to 505: 468: 347: 51:relevant style guide 47:varieties of English 2240:white versus yellow 1752:RGB Color weighting 1612:After February 2018 1502:After February 2018 1331:. Instead of using 806:Degrees or radians? 643:Yup, you’re right, 394: 381: 206:delta h in CIE 1994 49:. 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192: 191: 154:for more details. 129:WikiProject Color 61: 60: 3361: 3293: 3242: 3217: 3188: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3145: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3085: 3080: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3009: 3008: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2965: 2964: 2946: 2945: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2896: 2895: 2877: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2837: 2836: 2815: 2814: 2796: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2725: 2714: 2698: 2697: 2679: 2678: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2591: 2581: 2565: 2564: 2543: 2542: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2506: 2503: 2490: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2171: 2169:lineardifference 2168: 2163: 2160: 2147: 2145: 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2620: 2602: 2590: 2589: 2582: 2580: 2573: 2569: 2560: 2556: 2538: 2534: 2516: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2309: 2307: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2280: 2242: 2188:sRGBbrightness1 2186: 2178: 2167: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2127: 2119: 2107:sRGBbrightness1 2105: 2099:sRGBbrightness2 2097: 2083: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2043: 2029: 2015: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1979: 1965: 1951: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1911: 1897: 1883: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1828: 1814: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1754: 1685: 1670: 1665: 1633: 1626:have permission 1616: 1590:this simple FaQ 1575: 1560: 1555: 1523: 1516:have permission 1506: 1487:this simple FaQ 1472: 1446: 1444:a* in CIEDE2000 1380: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1260: 1245: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1203: 1191: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1151: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1109: 1097: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1025: 1009: 1005: 987: 986: 985: 984: 982: 978: 977: 973: 969: 953: 952: 948: 932: 928: 918: 914: 903: 902: 901: 900: 893: 889: 878: 877: 876: 873: 858: 854: 852: 849: 848: 819: 818: 817: 815: 812: 811: 808: 775: 771: 766: 763: 762: 745: 734: 733: 732: 730: 727: 726: 696: 692: 687: 684: 683: 682:should be just 666: 655: 654: 653: 648: 645: 644: 610: 605: 602: 601: 575: 574: 573: 571: 568: 567: 541: 540: 539: 534: 531: 530: 511: 506: 503: 502: 476: 475: 474: 469: 466: 465: 420: 412: 386: 373: 367: 353: 348: 345: 344: 323: 287: 251: 208: 182:High-importance 165: 162: 159: 156: 155: 109:High‑importance 108: 79:on Knowledge's 76: 55:broad consensus 12: 11: 5: 3367: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3280: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3180: 3179: 3155: 3140: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3095: 3057: 3056: 3043: 3038: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2774: 2773: 2760: 2755: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2509: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2468: 2467: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2425: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2383: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2341: 2330: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2196: 2193: 2185: 2177: 2174: 2166: 2137: 2134: 2126: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2104: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2082: 2053: 2050: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2014: 2000: 1989: 1986: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1950: 1921: 1918: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1882: 1867: 1866: 1838: 1835: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1784: 1781: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1684: 1681: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1605: 1604: 1596:Added archive 1574: 1571: 1550: 1549: 1542: 1495: 1494: 1471: 1468: 1445: 1442: 1418: 1417: 1379: 1376: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1319: 1310: 1309: 1283:109.189.51.196 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1241: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1187: 1184: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1147: 1144: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1093: 1090: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 994: 991: 981: 976: 972: 968: 965: 960: 957: 951: 947: 944: 935: 931: 927: 921: 917: 910: 907: 896: 892: 885: 882: 872: 869: 866: 861: 857: 832: 826: 823: 807: 804: 778: 774: 770: 748: 741: 738: 723: 722: 699: 695: 691: 669: 662: 659: 652: 616: 613: 609: 588: 582: 579: 554: 548: 545: 538: 517: 514: 510: 489: 483: 480: 473: 444:(this is from 442: 441: 430: 427: 423: 418: 415: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 393: 389: 385: 380: 376: 372: 366: 363: 359: 356: 352: 322: 319: 318: 317: 286: 285:missing stars? 283: 268: 250: 247: 207: 204: 202: 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 178: 172: 171: 169: 166:color articles 124: 112: 111: 103: 91: 90: 84: 73: 59: 58: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3366: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3249:TorridGristle 3246: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224:TorridGristle 3221: 3213: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3153: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3093: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3041: 3036: 3028: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2918: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2759:129794.359375 2758: 2753: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2507: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2426: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2384: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2342: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2172: 2164: 2151: 2148: 2124: 2113: 2102: 2088: 2080: 2067: 2064: 2051: 2048: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2012: 1987: 1984: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1948: 1935: 1932: 1919: 1916: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1880: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852:155.230.90.52 1849: 1836: 1833: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1792: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1558: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1527: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1265: 1261: 1257: 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64: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 31: 25: 22: 18: 17: 3308: 3243:— Preceding 3240: 3218:— Preceding 3214: 3210: 3077:KyberPrizrak 3061:KyberPrizrak 3058: 2775: 2469: 2281: 2247: 2243: 2208: 2180:derivativeof 2152: 2149: 2068: 2065: 1936: 1933: 1868: 1850: 1793: 1786: 1765:David Billen 1759:— Preceding 1755: 1686: 1664: 1661: 1636:source check 1615: 1609: 1606: 1579: 1576: 1554: 1551: 1526:source check 1505: 1499: 1496: 1476: 1473: 1456:173.228.4.22 1450:— Preceding 1447: 1424:— Preceding 1419: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1361:— Preceding 1356: 1317: 1052: 846: 809: 724: 463: 450: 443: 339: 324: 288: 267: 256:DonPMitchell 252: 229:— Preceding 225: 212: 209: 201: 181: 142:articles to 133: 127: 87:WikiProjects 42: 38: 34: 27: 2776:Formula 2: 2470:Formula 1: 1430:150.251.3.1 1327:instead of 1325:sind(angle) 214:Gggustafson 28:written in 3333:Categories 2161:difference 2077:difference 1899:greenerror 1816:greenerror 1673:Report bug 1563:Report bug 1493:(Redacted) 3268:channel. 3144:123{,}456 3042:129848.75 1913:blueerror 1830:blueerror 1656:this tool 1649:this tool 1546:this tool 1539:this tool 1391:Therealdp 714:jacobolus 326:formula? 3317:ZBalling 3257:contribs 3245:unsigned 3232:contribs 3220:unsigned 2052:0.072169 2038:0.715160 2024:0.212671 1988:0.072169 1974:0.715160 1960:0.212671 1920:0.072169 1906:0.715160 1892:0.212671 1885:rederror 1802:rederror 1773:contribs 1761:unsigned 1720:Lovibond 1690:Lovibond 1662:Cheers.— 1552:Cheers.— 1452:unsigned 1426:unsigned 1363:unsigned 1299:NeruYume 231:unsigned 43:traveled 3288:Artoria 3187:−ΔB/256 3154:123,456 3110:123,456 3094:123.456 3084:123.456 2226:TDcolor 1586:my edit 1483:my edit 1333:atan2() 793:KlappCK 566:, only 307:SiriusB 272:SMandon 249:delta h 184:on the 140:improve 77:B-class 39:defense 3169:CiaPan 2031:green2 1967:green1 600:, and 83:scale. 3284:vibes 2045:blue2 1981:blue1 1934:then 1837:0.114 1823:0.587 1809:0.299 292:Hixie 157:Color 135:color 106:Color 35:color 3321:talk 3274:talk 3253:talk 3228:talk 3195:talk 3191:Glrx 3173:talk 3065:talk 2268:talk 2253:talk 2249:alex 2230:talk 2214:talk 2017:red2 1953:red1 1856:talk 1769:talk 1738:talk 1734:Glrx 1724:talk 1709:talk 1705:Glrx 1694:talk 1460:talk 1434:talk 1411:talk 1395:talk 1371:talk 1346:talk 1342:Glrx 1303:talk 1287:talk 1218:0.20 1164:0.32 1124:0.24 1073:0.17 797:talk 761:and 634:talk 456:talk 332:talk 311:talk 296:talk 276:talk 260:talk 239:talk 218:talk 176:High 146:and 144:good 3291:2e5 3126:456 3120:123 3029:256 3015:118 3002:122 2992:189 2977:118 2958:120 2939:122 2919:256 2743:118 2728:256 2723:189 2717:255 2691:120 2672:122 2657:256 2652:189 2604:256 2584:255 2518:256 2455:118 2449:130 2443:248 2413:120 2407:129 2401:249 2371:122 2365:128 2359:250 2329:189 2317:128 2311:250 1630:RfC 1600:to 1520:RfC 1407:Tat 1221:cos 1167:cos 1127:cos 1076:cos 1007:275 964:exp 943:sin 717:(t) 630:PJV 452:PJV 328:PJV 148:1.0 3335:: 3323:) 3295:🌉 3276:) 3259:) 3255:• 3234:) 3230:• 3197:) 3175:) 3146:→ 3139:. 3112:→ 3086:→ 3067:) 3011:− 2995:× 2973:× 2954:× 2935:× 2901:Δ 2898:− 2885:Δ 2879:× 2873:¯ 2848:Δ 2845:× 2826:Δ 2823:× 2804:Δ 2801:× 2787:Δ 2739:× 2720:− 2687:× 2668:× 2618:Δ 2615:× 2596:¯ 2587:− 2554:Δ 2551:× 2532:Δ 2529:× 2511:¯ 2481:Δ 2446:− 2434:Δ 2404:− 2392:Δ 2362:− 2350:Δ 2299:¯ 2270:) 2255:) 2232:) 2216:) 2173:× 2125:− 2114:÷ 2103:− 2089:× 2049:× 2035:× 2021:× 1985:× 1971:× 1957:× 1917:× 1903:× 1889:× 1858:) 1834:× 1820:× 1806:× 1775:) 1771:• 1740:) 1726:) 1711:) 1696:) 1643:. 1638:}} 1634:{{ 1533:. 1528:}} 1524:{{ 1462:) 1436:) 1413:) 1397:) 1348:) 1305:) 1289:) 1266:60 1258:π 1255:21 1252:− 1247:′ 1240:¯ 1224:⁡ 1215:− 1209:30 1201:π 1193:′ 1186:¯ 1170:⁡ 1153:′ 1146:¯ 1130:⁡ 1107:π 1104:− 1099:′ 1092:¯ 1079:⁡ 1070:− 1017:25 1011:∘ 1003:− 993:¯ 975:− 967:⁡ 956:π 946:⁡ 930:25 909:¯ 884:¯ 868:− 825:¯ 799:) 777:′ 769:Δ 747:′ 740:¯ 698:′ 690:Δ 668:′ 661:¯ 651:Δ 636:) 608:Δ 581:¯ 547:¯ 537:Δ 509:Δ 482:¯ 472:Δ 458:) 410:Δ 351:Δ 334:) 313:) 298:) 278:) 262:) 241:) 220:) 41:, 37:, 3319:( 3272:( 3251:( 3226:( 3193:( 3171:( 3123:, 3079:: 3075:@ 3063:( 3037:= 3024:) 3019:2 3006:2 2998:( 2986:+ 2981:2 2970:3 2967:+ 2962:2 2951:4 2948:+ 2943:2 2932:2 2927:= 2914:) 2909:2 2905:B 2893:2 2889:R 2882:( 2870:r 2861:+ 2856:2 2852:B 2842:3 2839:+ 2834:2 2830:G 2820:4 2817:+ 2812:2 2808:R 2798:2 2793:= 2790:C 2754:= 2747:2 2735:) 2711:+ 2708:2 2704:( 2700:+ 2695:2 2684:4 2681:+ 2676:2 2664:) 2646:+ 2643:2 2639:( 2633:= 2626:2 2622:B 2611:) 2593:r 2578:+ 2575:2 2571:( 2567:+ 2562:2 2558:G 2548:4 2545:+ 2540:2 2536:R 2525:) 2508:r 2500:+ 2497:2 2493:( 2487:= 2484:C 2452:= 2440:= 2437:B 2410:= 2398:= 2395:G 2368:= 2356:= 2353:R 2326:= 2321:2 2314:+ 2305:= 2296:r 2266:( 2251:( 2228:( 2212:( 2195:) 2192:) 2184:( 2176:( 2165:= 2136:) 2133:) 2117:( 2111:) 2095:( 2092:( 2081:= 2041:+ 2027:+ 2013:= 1977:+ 1963:+ 1949:= 1909:+ 1895:+ 1881:= 1854:( 1826:+ 1812:+ 1767:( 1736:( 1722:( 1707:( 1692:( 1675:) 1671:( 1658:. 1651:. 1565:) 1561:( 1548:. 1541:. 1458:( 1432:( 1409:( 1393:( 1369:( 1344:( 1338:h 1320:T 1318:R 1301:( 1285:( 1269:) 1262:/ 1237:H 1230:4 1227:( 1212:) 1205:/ 1198:+ 1183:H 1176:3 1173:( 1161:+ 1158:) 1143:H 1136:2 1133:( 1121:+ 1118:) 1115:6 1111:/ 1089:H 1082:( 1067:1 1064:= 1061:T 1038:] 1033:) 1027:2 1022:] 999:′ 990:H 980:[ 971:( 959:6 950:[ 934:7 926:+ 920:7 916:′ 906:C 895:7 891:′ 881:C 871:2 865:= 860:T 856:R 831:′ 822:H 795:( 773:h 737:H 694:H 658:H 632:( 615:′ 612:H 587:′ 578:H 553:′ 544:H 516:′ 513:H 488:′ 479:H 454:( 429:) 426:2 422:/ 417:′ 414:h 407:( 404:n 401:i 398:s 392:′ 388:2 384:C 379:′ 375:1 371:C 365:2 362:= 358:′ 355:H 330:( 309:( 294:( 274:( 258:( 237:( 216:( 188:. 89:: 57:.

Index


American English
varieties of English
relevant style guide
broad consensus

content assessment
WikiProjects
WikiProject icon
Color
WikiProject icon
WikiProject Color
color
improve
good
1.0
wikiproject page
High
project's importance scale
Gggustafson
talk
16:20, 16 August 2011 (UTC)
unsigned
195.223.18.94
talk
13:29, 24 January 2020 (UTC)
DonPMitchell
talk
16:17, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
SMandon

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