Landing Ship, Tank

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328 feet (100 m) with a 50-foot (15 m) beam and a minimum draft of 3.8 feet (1.2 m). This scheme distributed the ship's weight over a greater area, enabling her to ride higher in the water when in landing trim. The LST could carry a 2,100 short tons (1,900 t) load of tanks and vehicles. The larger dimensions also permitted the designers to increase the width of the bow door opening and ramp from 12 to 14 feet (3.7 to 4.3 m) in order for it to be able to accommodate most Allied vehicles. As the dimensions and weight of the LST increased, steel plating thickness increased from

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The ordering of certain materials actually preceded the completion of design work. While many heavy equipment items, such as main propulsion machinery, were furnished directly by the Navy, the balance of the procurement was handled centrally by the Material Coordinating Agency—an adjunct of the Bureau of Ships—so that the numerous builders in the program would not have to bid against one another. Through vigorous follow-up action on materials ordered, the agency made possible the completion of construction schedules in record time.

22742: 4755: 12285: 5004: 5413: 2980:, the vessel beached using the method employed during wartime landings, being held by a stern anchor. The vessel stayed on the beach overnight, returning at 08:00 the next morning. This leisurely pace of work was followed for the first few voyages, the beach being employed possibly because normal port facilities were unavailable due to wartime damage. Following the initial Rotterdam voyage, ASN used their new vessels to transfer thousands of vehicles for the British Army from Tilbury to Hamburg, and later to Antwerp in 1955. 2779:. Conversions to other ship types with different hull designations accounted for 116: 6 Miscellaneous Ships (AG), 14 Motor Torpedo Boat Tenders (AGP), 7 Self-Propelled Barracks Ships (APB), 13 Battle Damage Repair Ships (ARB), 39 Landing Craft Repair Ships (ARL), 3 Salvage Craft Tenders (ARST), 4 Aircraft Repair Ships (ARVA, ARVE), 1 Advance Aviation Base Ship (AVB), 4 Unclassified miscellaneous vessels (IX), and 36 LSTH. One LST which had been sunk in an accident was later raised and converted into a Covered Barge (YF). 22613: 19367: 4389: 1187: 1044: 852: 4899: 21244: 13238: 5046: 4417: 21141: 3718: 11086: 13081: 11301: 20856: 22547: 22163: 12960: 4283: 3706: 3813: 1732: 22493: 5117: 4495: 20763: 13138: 11400: 10837: 1005: 2825: 22658: 20289: 5314: 1031: 21766: 13048: 11268: 5138: 4917: 4793: 1135: 1070: 4113: 20460: 19823: 11235: 4965: 4814: 1109: 1018: 20403: 5071: 4435: 4244: 1981: 940: 5156: 4849: 5246: 4870: 22196: 11119: 5272: 4737: 1213: 4555: 1994: 20127: 19688: 10804: 5293: 4477: 4347: 1057: 992: 1886: 22691: 5471:, at the Navy Amphibious Base in Little Creek, Virginia, on New Year's Day 1966 through the time the ship departs for Vietnam. The "Cathedral" refers to the nickname the crew have given the ship, a decrepit, run-down LST in the ready reserve fleet, that is suddenly re-activated and fully manned for the rapidly expanding need for LSTs in the Vietnam theater. Book #2, "Mekong Covenant" follows the ship across the Pacific into the deadly brown waters of the Mekong Delta. 4773: 3291: 21098: 5170: 3173:

Officer as a helicopter control position. Below deck, two 10,000-imperial-gallon (45,000 L) aviation fuel tanks were installed at the fore end of the tank deck, and refuelling positions provided at the fore end of the flight deck. The tanks were sealed off by a bulkhead and the rest of the space used for stores, workshops and accommodation. Finally the bow doors were sealed, as they would no longer be needed. The flight deck was large enough for two

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waterways, some converted from heavy-industry plants, such as steel fabrication yards. Shifting the vessels was complicated by bridges across waterways, many of which were modified by the Navy to permit passage. A dedicated Navy "Ferry Command" orchestrated the transportation of newly constructed ships to coastal ports for final fitting out. Of the 1,051 LSTs built during the war, 670 were supplied by five "cornfield shipyards" in the Midwest.

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with thousands of other transport ships, contributing to a major downturn in shipbuilding in the United States following the war. Many LSTs were used as targets in aquatic nuclear testing after the war, being readily available and serving no apparent military applications. World War II era LSTs have become somewhat ubiquitous, and have found a number of novel commercial uses, including operating as small freighters,

4032: 22775: 21835: 5374: 31: 7028: 2524: 1602:. The specifications called for vessels capable of crossing the Atlantic, and the original title given to them was "Atlantic Tank Landing Craft", abbreviated as "Atlantic (T.L.C.)". Calling a vessel 300 ft (91 m) long a "craft" was considered a misnomer and the type was re-named "Landing Ship, Tank (2)", or "LST (2)". 2453:. While these ships were able to carry LCMs, they were only able to carry out loading and unloading operations under nearly ideal weather conditions, and therefore could not be used for assault operations; they also lacked the facilities to maintain the landing craft (which the Dock Landing Ships provided). 2457:

equipment. A pair of Scripps marine conversions of Ford V8 engines gave it speeds of 11 knots (20 km/h) unloaded, 8 knots (15 km/h) service speed, 3 knots (5.6 km/h) on one engine. Range was 50–80 miles (80–130 km) miles on 64 imperial gallons (290 L). Armament was typically a

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by R. D. Wall, is a novel of the Vietnam War based on the author's experiences while serving on an LST in the Mekong Delta in 1966. The book, #1 in the Jonah Wynchester Series, follows the exploits of U.S. Navy Gunner's Mate Jonah Wynchester from the time he reports aboard his new assignment, the LST

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From LST-513, the elevator to transfer equipment between the tank deck and the main deck was replaced with a 12 by 32 ft (3.7 by 9.8 m) ramp that was hinged at the main deck. This allowed vehicles to be driven directly from the main deck down to the tank deck and then across the bow ramp to

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The preliminary plans initially called for an LST 280 feet (85 m) in length; but, in January 1942, the Bureau of Ships discarded these drawings for a slightly longer ship of 290 feet (88 m). Within a month, final working plans were developed that further stretched the overall length to

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Some of the first cargo on this service were two lorry-loads of 65 gas cookers each on behalf of Moffats of Blackburn, believed to be the first commercial vehicles carried in this way as freight. The Preston–Larne service continued to expand, so much so that in 1950 it added a route to Belfast. This

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class were constructed. These were an improved version over earlier LSTs, with a high degree of habitability for the crew and embarked troops. Considered the "ultimate" design attainable with the traditional LST bow door configuration, they were capable of 17.5 knots (32.4 km/h; 20.1 mph).

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showed the utility of LSTs once again. This was in contrast with the earlier opinion expressed by many military authorities that the advent of the atomic bomb had relegated amphibious landings to a thing of the past. During the Korean War a number of LSTs were converted to transport the much needed,

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A total of 1,152 LSTs were contracted for in the great naval building program of World War II, but 101 were cancelled in the fall of 1942 because of shifting construction priorities. Of 1,051 actually constructed, 113 LSTs were transferred to Britain under the terms of Lend-Lease, and four more were

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erected on the main deck to accommodate 40 officers. Berths on the tank deck berthed an extra 196 men. A bake shop and 16 refrigeration boxes for fresh provisions augmented the facilities normally provided for the crew. Four extra distilling units were added, and the ballast tanks were converted for

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The Landing Craft Assault were wooden-hulled vessels plated with armour, 41 ft 6 in (12.65 m) long overall, 10 ft (3.0 m) wide, and displacing 13 tons fully loaded. Draught was 2 ft 3 in (0.69 m), and normal load was 35 troops with 800 lb (360 kg) of

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The general arrangements of the tank deck were similar, but the design increased headroom and added a ramp to the top deck, as in later LST (2)s. Provision was made for carrying LCA on gravity davits instead of the American built assault boats. The arrangements were generally an improvement over the

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that had been cancelled. These delivered two and a half times the power of the diesels. So large were they that significant changes had to be made to accommodate them. Lack of welded construction facilities meant that the hull had to be riveted. This combination of heavy hull and heavy engines meant

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included the addition of a navigation bridge; the installation of a water distillation plant with a capacity of 4,000 imperial gallons (18,000 L) per day; the removal of the tank deck ventilator tubes from the center section of the main deck; the strengthening of the main deck in order to carry

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By 1943, the construction time for an LST had been reduced to four months. By the end of the war, this had been cut to two months. Considerable effort was expended to hold the ship's design constant, but, by mid-1943, operating experience led to the incorporation of certain changes in the new ships.

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The LST building program was unique in several respects. As soon as the basic design had been developed, contracts were let and construction was commenced in quantity before the completion of a test vessel. Preliminary orders were rushed out verbally or by telegrams, telephone, and air mail letters.

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from the United States to the Korean theater of war using the piggy-back method. After arrival the LSU was slid off sideways from the LST. Additionally, LSTs were used for transport in the building of an Air Force base at Thule, Greenland during the Korean War. Fifteen LSTs of what were later to be

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Even at the end of the war there was a need for more ships able to carry minor landing craft, and two of the LST (3)s then completing were specially fitted to carry LCM (7). These craft, which were 58 ft (18 m) long and weighed about 28 tons, were carried transversely on the upper deck of

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The LCT needed lifting onto the deck of the ship, being carried on wedge-shaped support blocks; at the time of launching she was set down on the "launch ways" by simply slacking off bolts in the wedge blocks, allowing the launch way to take the weight. To carry out a launch, the LST was heeled over

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The common stroke was 30 inches (760 mm). The piston and slide valve rods were all fitted with metallic packing to the stuffing boxes, and all pistons fitted with packing rings and springs. The high-pressure valve was of the piston type, whilst the remaining ones were of the balanced type. The

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portrays life on an LST in the 1950s. The title refers to the use of any available body in port during overhaul for any duty necessary. "A Warm Body is man with at least one arm and two fingers who can pick up something when he is told to." Although a work of fiction, the novel is based on Morris'

3056:, bringing the fleet strength to seven. The Hamburg service was terminated in 1955, and a new service was opened between Antwerp and Tilbury. The fleet of seven ships was to be split up, with the usual three ships based at Tilbury and the others maintaining the Preston to Northern Ireland service. 2590:

Despite the large numbers produced, LSTs were a scarce commodity and Churchill describes the difficulty in retaining sufficient LSTs in the Mediterranean for amphibious work in Italy, and later the logistics of moving large numbers to the eastern theatres, while still supplying the large armies in

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Various methods had been investigated to overcome the problem, but heavy grounding skegs and the N.L. pontoon causeways were finally accepted as standard; the pontoon causeways were formed of pontoons 7 ft (2.1 m) × 5 ft × 5 ft (1.5 m), made up into strings and rafts. When

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When the design commenced, engineers knew that the beaches where the ships were expected to land would be very flat, but it was not possible to produce a satisfactory vessel with a 3 ft (0.91 m) draught forward, and very little keel slope, so the 1 in 50 keel slope was maintained. It was

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was chosen, but opposition from other operators led to a move to Lancashire. However, special port facilities had to be constructed at both Preston and Larne before the new route could be opened – a wartime end-loading ramp built by engineers during World War II at Preston, and a floating pontoon

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The end of World War II left the Navy with a huge inventory of amphibious ships. Hundreds of these were scrapped or sunk, and most of the remaining ships were put in "mothballs" to be preserved for the future. Additionally, many of the LSTs were demilitarized and sold to the private sector, along

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in 1969 marked the introduction of an entirely new concept in the design of LSTs. She was the first of a new class of 20 LSTs capable of steaming at a sustained speed of 20 knots (37 km/h). To obtain that speed, the traditional blunt bow doors of the LST were replaced by a pointed ship bow.

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This work was carried out at Devonport Dockyard in 1964. The deck forward of the cargo hatch was cleared of all obstructions, and strengthened for helicopter use. A small deckhouse used to support the gun emplacements was retained, although no guns were fitted, and it was used by the Flight Deck

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In 1946, a brand new concept of transport was developed in the UK. During World War II, the great potential of landing ships and craft was recognised; if it was possible to drive tanks, guns and lorries directly onto a beach, then theoretically the same landing craft could be used to carry out a

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At the Armor Training School in Ft. Knox, Kentucky, buildings were erected as exact mock-ups of an LST. Tank crews in training learned how to maneuver their vehicles onto, in and from an LST with these facilities. One of these buildings has been preserved at Ft. Knox for historic reasons and can

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The LCM (7)s were landed on trolleys fitted with hydraulic jacks. These ran on rails down each side of the deck, and were hauled to and fro by means of winches. The stowage was filled from fore to aft as each craft was jacked down onto fixed cradles between the rails. The ships completed to this

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that were built during World War II. To meet the conflicting requirements of deep draft for ocean travel and shallow draft for beaching, the ship was designed with a large ballast system that could be filled for ocean passage and pumped out for beaching operations. An anchor and mechanical winch

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The chartered vessels had to be adapted for their new role. First the accommodation on board had to be improved, and alterations in the engine and boiler rooms had also to be made. Modified funnels and navigational aids needed to be provided before they could enter service. On the morning of 11

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The bow door arrangements were similar to the LST (2), but the design arranged the bow ramp in two parts in an attempt to increase the number of beaches where direct discharge would be possible. The machinery for operating the bow doors and ramp were electrical, but otherwise, steam auxiliaries

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Throughout the war, LSTs demonstrated a remarkable capacity to absorb punishment and survive. Despite the sobriquets "Large Slow Target" and "Large Stationary Target," which were applied to them by crew members, the LSTs suffered few losses in proportion to their number and the scope of their

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The LCM (7)s that were carried on the LST (2) were considerably larger, 60 ft 3 in (18.36 m) in length, 16 ft (4.9 m) beam, with a hoisting weight of 28 tons, full load displacement of 63 tons. Beaching draught was 3 ft 8 in (1.12 m), and propulsion was

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The need for LSTs was urgent, and the program enjoyed a high priority throughout the war. Since most shipbuilding activities were located in coastal yards that were mainly used for construction of large, deep-draft ships, new construction facilities for the LSTs were established along inland

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class were in service, so there was no opportunity to learn from the effectiveness of that design. The urgency in building the Boxers was that the Maracaibos were considered to be too slow for operational requirements. As events turned out, the LST(2) had the same slow speed of 10 knots

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Provisions were made for the satisfactory ventilation of the tank space while the tank motors were running, and an elevator was provided to lower vehicles from the main deck to the tank deck for disembarking. In April 1942 a mock-up of the well-deck of an LST was constructed at

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by D-Day+114 (28 September 1944). Other LSTs, provided with extra cranes and handling gear, were used exclusively for replenishing ammunition. They possessed a special advantage in this role, as their size permitted two or three LSTs to go simultaneously alongside an anchored

2598:(ARL). In this design, the bow ramp and doors were removed, and the bow was sealed. Derricks, booms, and winches were added to haul damaged landing craft on board for repairs, and blacksmith, machine, and electrical workshops were provided on the main deck and tank deck. 1681:

Early LST operations required overcoming the 18th-century language of the Articles for the Government of the United States Navy: "He who doth suffer his ships to founder on rocks and shoals shall be punished..." There were some tense moments of concept testing at

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about 11 degrees by careful flooding of tanks in the hull. The height of the drop was about 10 ft (3.0 m). Once launched in this way, the propellor shafts were reconnected (together with some minor "unpacking" work) and the LCT was ready for operation.

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system also aided in the ship's ability to pull itself off the beach. The rough sketch was sent to Britain on 5 November 1941 and accepted immediately. The Admiralty then requested that the United States build 200 "LST (2)" for the Royal Navy under the terms of

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To carry 500 tons of military load and to beach with that and sufficient fuel and stores for a 1,000 mi (1,600 km) return journey at 10 knots (19 km/h), on draughts 4 ft 6 in (1.37 m) forward and 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m)

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the ship. They were hoisted on by means of a specially fitted 30-ton derrick; This 30-ton derrick replaced a 15-ton derrick, two of which were the standard fit of the LST (3). The 30-ton derrick was taller and generally more substantial than the 15 ton one.

3063:, and the drive on/drive off services were not re-established until January 1957. At this point ASN were made responsible for the management of twelve Admiralty LST (3)s brought out of reserve as a result of the Suez Crisis, though too late to see service. 2299:

The ships were fitted out for service in both very cold and tropical conditions. The accommodation provided for both crew and army personnel was greatly improved compared with LST (2). The main hazard, apart from enemy action, was fire on the tank deck.

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Board, Fort Knox supplied tanks to run on the inside while Naval architects developed a ventilation system capable of evacuating the well-deck of harmful gases. Testing was completed in three months. This historic building remains at Fort Knox today.

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The rapid increase in the use of helicopters in the Royal Navy in the late 1950s and 1960s required an increase in the training and support facilities ashore and afloat. Operational training for aircrew was carried out by naval air stations at

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The LST (2) design was successful and production extensive, but there was still a need for more LSTs for British operations. As such, it was decided to build a further 80 of the ships in the UK and Canada to be available in the spring of 1945.

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s in the US. During this meeting, it was decided that the Bureau of Ships would design these vessels. As with the standing agreement, these ships would be built by the US so British shipyards could concentrate on building vessels for the

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The U.S. were to build seven LST (1) but in light of the problems with the design and progress with the LST Mark II the plans were cancelled. Construction of the LST (1)s took until 1943 and the first US LST (2) was launched before them.

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When the LST (3)s were ordered, the LST (2) programme was in full swing, and similar arrangements were made to enable the LSTs to carry the 112 feet (34 m) long LCT5 or LCT6 that were being built in America for the Royal Navy.

1609:, who was part of the British delegation. One of the elements provided for sufficient buoyancy in the ships' sidewalls so that they would float the ship even when the tank deck was flooded. The LST (2) gave up the speed of HMS 2917:

In the spring of 1946, the company approached the Admiralty with a request to purchase three of these vessels. The Admiralty was unwilling to sell, but after negotiations agreed to let the ASN have the use of three vessels on

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class were constructed in the early 1950s. These new LSTs were 56 feet (17 m) longer and were equipped with four, rather than two, diesel engines, which increased their speed to 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph).

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was used for coverage of the overall main shipping channel. In the period 6 June to 26 June Allied fighters controlled by the FDTs resulted in the destruction of 52 enemy aircraft by day, and 24 enemy aircraft by night.

786:, 27 other vehicles and nearly 200 men (in addition to the crew) at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph), it could not have a shallow draught sufficient for easy unloading. As a result, each of the three ( 3110:

regulations, and to be brought up to merchant navy standards, which involved lengthy alterations including extra accommodation. On completion, five vessels sailed for the Middle East, and two for the Far East.

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With the ships being twin screw, the engines were fitted with a shaft coupling to the crank shaft at the forward end, allowing the engine to be turned end to end to suit either port or starboard side fitting.

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To carry a load of sixty tons over the main ramp and ten tons over the vehicle ramp (i.e., the 50 ft (15 m) ramp from the upper deck to the bow door. After trials, this was removed from some vessels)

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The Republic of China Navy currently operates 4 LST-542 Class vessels and 1 LST-1 Class Vessel, as well as decommissioning 1 of their LST-542 Class Vessels as of recent. All 6 ships saw service during WW2.

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delivered the first ships in December 1944. During 1944, follow up orders were placed in Canada for a further 36. These programmes were in full swing when the war ended, but not all vessels were completed.

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needed relatively large, ocean-going ships that could handle shore-to-shore delivery of tanks and other vehicles in amphibious assaults upon the continent of Europe. As an interim measure, three 4,000 to

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The first tank landing ships were built to British requirements by converting existing ships; the UK and the US then collaborated upon a joint design. The British ships were used in late 1942 during the

2821:, commissioned respectively in 1947 and 1949, were the only steam-driven LSTs ever built by the Navy. They provided improved berthing arrangements and a greater cargo capacity than their predecessors. 1673:, Kentucky, to resolve the problem of ventilation within the LST well-deck. The interior of the building was constructed to duplicate all the features found within an actual LST. Being the home to the 19323: 1658:-inch (9.5 mm) on the deck and sides, with 1-inch-thick (25 mm) plating under the bow. By January 1942, the first scale model of the LST had been built and was undergoing tests at the 22885: 24197: 19884: 2238:

were not immediately available. Staff wanted more power and higher speeds if possible, which the EMD engines could have provided. However, the only engines available were very heavy steam

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and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill confirmed the Admiralty's views. In November 1941, a small delegation from the Admiralty arrived in the United States to pool ideas with the

19791: 18654: 1686:, in early 1943 when designer Niedermair encouraged the commanding officer of the first U.S. LST to drive his ship onto the beach at full speed of 10 knots (12 mph; 19 km/h). 19929: 19803: 19767: 13001: 3071:

A major task at the end of World War II was the redistribution of stores and equipment worldwide. Due to the scarcity and expense of merchant shipping it was decided in 1946 that the

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provided by a pair of Hudson Invader petrol engines, later replaced with Grays diesels, both sets providing 290 bhp (220 kW), giving a speed of 9.8 knots (18.1 km/h).

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In three separate acts dated 6 February 1942, 26 May 1943, and 17 December 1943, Congress provided the authority for the construction of LSTs along with a host of other auxiliaries,

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and survived. Although the LST was considered a valuable target by the enemy, only 26 were lost due to enemy action, and a mere 13 were the victims of weather, reef, or accident.

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This method was used for moving LCT5s from Britain to the Far East, although there seems to be no reference to LST (3)s being used, most being completed late in or after the war.

6168: 21357: 4504: 1817:, designated the lead shipyard for the project, built 145 vessels and developed fabrication techniques that reduced construction time and costs at all of the LST shipyards. The 18422: 18204: 2869:

twin mounts replaced the old twin 40 mm guns, and controllable pitch propellers improved the ship's backing power. On 1 July 1955, county or, in the case of Louisiana,

18237: 18178: 2609:. They supplemented the many standard LSTs, which removed casualties from the beach after landing tanks and vehicles. LSTs had brought 41,035 wounded men back across the 22878: 18549: 4697: 22311: 18556: 6404: 3029:

became the first vessel in the world to operate as a commercial/passenger roll-on/roll-off ferry, and the ASN became the first company to offer this type of service.

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In the latter stages of World War II, some LSTs were fitted with flight decks that could launch small observation planes during amphibious operations. These were USS

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known that the 1:50 slope would often result in the LST grounding aft on a shallow beach, resulting in the vehicles being discharged into comparatively deep water.

21477: 20731: 24217: 20985: 20973: 8050: 7133: 6577: 22871: 14508: 8970: 3158:. The scrapping of some carriers and conversion of others to commando carriers in the mid-1950s left a shortage of suitable decks. This led to the ordering of 22031: 1793:. The enormous building program quickly gathered momentum. Such a high priority was assigned to the construction of LSTs that the previously laid keel of an 13664: 2488: 22852: 22278: 22005: 21470: 21451: 21350: 21324: 20539: 13306: 12345: 2258:

that had been dropped in the American version of the Mark 2 vessels was restored. The tank deck, which was above the waterline, was made parallel to the

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from 1941 and the first completed early in 1943. Work was delayed by the complexities of an entirely new type of design and German air raids on Belfast.

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in June 1943 until the end of the hostilities in August 1945, the LSTs performed a vital service in World War II. They participated in the invasions of

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said, "because it was our job on the LSTs to carry personnel-operated tanks, artillery, supplies—anything, you name it—into the heart of a war zone."

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Similar work was done worldwide until 1952 when the ships were handed over to the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company, and subsequently in 1961 to the

3100: 3080: 2694:, with US Army Air Force L-4 Grasshopper on her flight deck being prepared for take-off. Note additional L-4 type aircraft stowed alongside the deck. 2296:

offloading, the rafts were secured to the fore end of the ship, and the load discharged directly onto the shore, or towed on the raft to the shore.

22024: 15469: 14502: 13658: 11928: 11700: 6717: 6467: 18276: 6068: 3088: 3051: 1606: 22304: 21343: 21062: 21023: 20428: 18884: 18864: 18857: 18811: 18739: 18648: 18628: 18543: 18484: 18470: 18463: 18456: 18442: 18416: 18309: 18296: 18283: 18270: 18231: 18211: 18198: 18172: 17889: 17882: 17875: 17868: 17861: 17854: 17847: 17840: 17833: 17819: 17799: 17792: 17785: 17771: 17764: 17744: 17737: 17691: 17684: 17651: 17637: 17630: 17623: 17616: 17609: 17602: 17595: 17581: 17574: 17567: 17560: 17546: 17539: 17532: 17525: 17518: 17511: 17497: 17483: 17476: 17469: 17462: 17442: 12298: 6290: 21050: 20836: 20440: 20416: 18302: 16459: 16439: 16425: 16418: 16411: 16404: 16397: 16390: 16383: 16350: 16343: 16316: 16309: 16289: 16282: 16275: 16268: 16247: 16220: 16206: 16199: 16192: 16178: 16171: 16164: 16157: 16150: 16104: 15999: 15966: 15945: 15899: 15866: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15838: 15831: 15738: 15718: 15711: 15704: 15697: 15683: 15676: 15669: 15662: 15655: 15648: 15641: 15634: 15627: 15620: 15580: 15531: 15524: 15517: 15510: 15490: 15483: 15476: 15463: 15456: 15449: 15442: 15422: 15402: 15395: 15388: 15381: 15367: 15360: 15353: 15346: 15339: 15306: 15299: 15292: 15285: 15264: 15257: 15250: 15217: 15184: 15177: 15163: 15156: 15149: 15142: 15135: 15121: 15114: 15107: 15100: 15093: 15086: 15066: 15052: 15038: 15031: 15004: 14971: 14964: 14957: 14950: 14943: 14936: 14922: 14902: 14895: 14888: 14881: 14847: 14826: 14806: 14799: 14792: 14785: 14778: 14771: 14764: 14757: 14743: 14707: 14700: 14693: 14679: 14672: 14665: 14645: 14638: 14618: 14611: 14604: 14584: 14577: 14570: 14563: 14556: 14549: 14496: 14489: 14482: 14475: 14468: 14461: 14454: 14447: 14440: 14433: 14419: 14412: 14405: 14384: 14377: 14370: 14350: 14343: 14336: 14329: 14303: 14276: 14269: 14262: 14229: 14222: 14215: 14201: 14194: 14187: 14180: 14173: 14166: 14159: 14152: 14145: 14138: 14124: 14117: 14110: 14103: 14096: 14089: 14083: 14069: 14062: 14055: 14048: 14041: 14027: 14020: 14000: 13980: 13973: 13966: 13946: 13939: 13880: 13844: 13837: 13830: 13823: 13816: 13802: 13795: 13788: 13781: 13775: 13768: 13761: 13754: 13747: 13740: 13733: 13713: 13706: 13699: 13678: 13671: 13652: 13332: 13178: 12865: 12858: 12851: 12844: 12830: 12816: 12783: 12776: 12730: 12710: 12703: 12696: 12532: 12518: 12511: 12484: 12477: 12470: 12463: 12456: 12449: 12442: 12435: 12371: 12054: 12047: 12040: 12033: 12019: 12005: 11991: 11984: 11977: 11970: 11963: 11949: 11935: 11922: 11915: 11908: 11901: 11887: 11880: 11873: 11866: 11852: 11845: 11838: 11831: 11824: 11817: 11810: 11803: 11789: 11782: 11775: 11768: 11761: 11754: 11747: 11740: 11733: 11726: 11720: 11713: 11707: 11694: 11687: 11680: 11673: 11666: 11659: 11645: 11638: 11631: 11624: 11617: 11610: 11603: 11596: 11589: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9920: 9913: 9899: 9879: 9852: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9810: 9796: 9789: 9782: 9775: 9768: 9748: 9741: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9678: 9664: 9657: 9643: 9609: 9595: 9588: 9568: 9547: 9520: 9506: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9444: 9424: 9378: 9351: 9344: 9337: 9330: 9323: 9316: 9309: 9276: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9228: 9214: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9166: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9079: 9072: 9039: 9025: 9004: 8998: 8991: 8964: 8944: 8938: 8932: 8925: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8870: 8863: 8843: 8836: 8816: 8809: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8752: 8745: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8704: 8661: 8654: 8640: 8626: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8478: 8471: 8464: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8410: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8343: 8336: 8308: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8267: 8260: 8253: 8246: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8211: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8145: 8138: 8124: 8091: 8084: 8064: 8057: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7976: 7955: 7949: 7942: 7936: 7930: 6435: 1613:, at only 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), but carried a similar load while drawing only three feet (91 cm) forward when beaching. 21110: 18315: 18289: 11544: 11537: 11530: 11523: 11516: 11509: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7738: 7731: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7662: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7608: 7601: 7581: 7574: 7554: 7547: 7540: 5641: 5013: 5618: 1801:, and the first standardized LSTs were floated out of their building dock in October. Twenty-three were in commission by the end of 1942. 19185: 7126: 7038: 6137: 3076: 2502:

Two LST (3)s were converted during building into Headquarters command ships LST (Q). These were L3012, which became L3101 (and later HMS

2209:(LCA), or similar craft, and one LCT (5) or LCT (6) on the upper deck, in place of transport, and, as an alternative to the LCT (5), two 2895:

similar operation in the civilian commercial market, providing there were reasonable port facilities. From this idea grew the worldwide

1727:

for a waterborne landing, in the 1960s. When carrying amphibious tractors, an LST could land her payload from offshore without beaching.

22503: 2756:, the tonnage of landing ships, excluding landing craft, would have exceeded five million tons and nearly all built within four years. 1797:

was hastily removed to make room for several LSTs to be built in her place. The keel of the first LST was laid down on 10 June 1942 at

2484:

Some LST (3)s were converted to LST (A) (A for "assault") by adding stiffening so they could safely carry the heaviest British tanks.

24212: 22920: 22297: 22248: 21493: 21430: 4802: 2250:

At the same time, other improvements were made—as well as simplifications required so most of the structure could be assembled with

24222: 13325: 12364: 5401: 5126: 4317: 2346:

Fifteen 40-ton tanks or 27 25-ton tanks could be carried on the tank deck with an additional fourteen lorries on the weather deck.

5495:. The title refers to the ship's company of ninety enlisted men and nine officers. The book opens with a quotation attributed to 4718: 1696: 6369: 22825: 22047: 21984: 7119: 5281: 4665: 4613: 3138: 2476:

or bulldozer at 10 knots (19 km/h). 140 had been completed when the war ended, and some saw service through to the 1970s.

748:

in 1942, but their bluff bows made for inadequate speed and pointed out the need for an all-new design incorporating a sleeker

6043: 23855: 22910: 21975: 21366: 21303: 6995: 6957: 6938: 6919: 6900: 6881: 6862: 6824: 6805: 6786: 6767: 6735: 6637: 6258: 6100: 5740: 4599: 4564: 1230: 23481: 6728:

Selected Papers on British Warship Design in World War II – From the Transactions of the Royal Institute of Naval Architects

5393: 22915: 6222: 6142: 3364: 3033:

service opened in 1950, and sailings out of Preston were soon increased to six or seven a week to either Belfast or Larne.

1818: 898: 6698: 24202: 6343: 4858: 4725: 3961: 3852: 3666: 3492: 5863: 6976: 6539: 6231: 6146: 5997: 5483: 5443: 4606: 4444: 3025:

was the first vessel of the ASN fleet to hold a Passenger Certificate, and was allowed to carry fifty passengers. Thus

2816: 1625:

of the Bureau of Ships sketched out an awkward looking ship that proved to be the basic design for the more than 1,000

6132: 2510:. They acted as LST "mother ships", similar in most aspects to American ships based on the LST (2) hull. They had two 2362: 2262:, there was to be no round down to the upper deck, and the ship was enlarged to accommodate the more bulky machinery. 1833:, launched 156 ships and was specifically chosen because of their reputation and skills, particularly in welding. The 23820: 20132: 6843: 6569: 6200: 5948: 5686: 5298: 4947: 4837: 3987: 3878: 3692: 3518: 3075:

civilian fleet should take over seven LSTs from the Royal Navy. These were named after distinguished corps officers:

2907: 2634: 2213:

causeway to be carried; the LCT (5) and NL pontoon causeways to be capable of launching directly from the upper deck.

997: 17: 3969: 3860: 3674: 3500: 19693: 11000: 10809: 7460: 5565: 4352: 4159: 3765: 2572: 1062: 903: 375: 126: 6396: 24060: 24034: 23686: 22847: 22320: 22273: 22257: 22000: 21746: 21446: 21421: 21319: 21294: 13301: 13285: 12340: 12324: 11036: 11024: 7453: 7439: 6033:"Ground Controlled Interception Radars in Operation Neptune/Overlord: "The Allied Invasion of France" June, 1944" 5422: 5383: 5362: 5323: 5059: 4830: 4578: 4571: 4465: 4405: 4398: 4310: 4226: 4174:-class LST can transport tanks, other heavy vehicles, and engineering equipment that cannot readily be landed by 4131: 3615:(LST-676), and served there until 2006. She was used to transport thousands of soldiers and their equipment from 3607:

campaign in May–June 1945 and earned one battle star for her service in World War II. She was transferred to the

2792: 1536: 2698: 24047: 22992: 22439: 5973: 3965: 3856: 3780: 3670: 3496: 2638: 2198:

Be able to embark and disembark tanks, motor transport, etc., on beaches of varying slopes; and amphibians and

828: 2629:

Three LST (2) were converted into British "Fighter Direction Tenders" (FDT), swapping their landing craft for

22593: 22404: 21083: 16329: 16323: 13276: 7142: 6313: 5898: 5302: 4823: 4638: 4543: 2870: 23378: 21942: 21102: 6599: 5030: 4887: 4883: 4676: 4669: 3438: 3426: 3389: 3037: 2810: 1814: 1355: 1192: 205: 6223:"Oral Histories – Exercise Tiger, 28 April 1944 (provided by LT Eugene E. Eckstam, medical officer on USS 5506:

by Stanley C. Fedewa and Marilyn H. Fedewa, Lockwood colorfully describes his World War II service aboard

2135:

Twin screws, steam reciprocating engines, 5,500 hp (4,100 kW), 10 ft (3.0 m) propeller

24192: 23661: 23507: 22148: 13106: 6683: 5344: 5255: 5197: 5179: 5147: 5105: 5080: 5055: 4974: 4908: 4746: 4486: 4292: 4274: 4218: 4020: 3555: 3449:. The ship serves as an advance outpost, and is currently at the center of a territorial dispute between 3346: 3155: 2304:

were provided, but the water drenching system installed in later American vessels could not be provided.

1915: 1711: 1387: 6457: 2355: 2227:

Two major problems made a redesign necessary. The preferred light weight medium-speed (locomotive type)

23708: 23090: 20768: 20314: 18341: 18335: 15784: 15778: 13143: 13094: 12611: 11405: 6462: 5555: 4879: 4649: 3793: 3543: 3151: 2760:

operations. Their brilliantly conceived structural arrangement provided unusual strength and buoyancy;

2595: 1721: 1553: 1010: 913: 772:(19 km/h; 12 mph), but given the much larger numbers of the LST(2), that had to be accepted. 22863: 5989: 3184:

she proved extremely useful in service, and many lessons were learned that would be incorporated into

93:

The LST had a highly specialized design that enabled ocean crossings as well as shore groundings. The

23848: 23603: 23272: 23148: 23047: 23037: 22390: 19584: 18497: 18491: 5499:– "The destinies of two great empires ... seemed to be tied by some god-damned things called LST's." 5233: 5215: 4988: 4764: 4642: 4525: 4500: 4426: 4338: 4163: 3375: 3209: 2828: 958: 923: 138: 43: 6280: 2873:

names were assigned to many LSTs, which up to then had borne only a letter-number hull designation.

2575:

and were an essential element in the island-hopping campaigns in the Pacific that culminated in the

2315:

The first orders were placed in December 1943 with British builders, and 35 with Canadian builders.

23681: 23671: 23598: 23241: 23099: 22722: 22626: 22369: 22341: 21249: 21144: 13243: 13198: 6427: 5548:– a decommissioned LST used to transport weapons to Israel was involved in a firefight between the 5358: 5175: 5051: 4376: 4116: 4012: 3950: 3841: 3655: 3481: 3342: 3072: 2560: 2278: 1659: 1088: 142: 3165:

in 1964; however, she would not be available till 1967. In the meantime it was decided to convert

2361:, working at 225 pounds per square inch (1,550 kPa). The main engines were of the 4-cylinder 2312:

LST (2), but suffered from a deeper draught, and, to some extent, from the haste of construction.

23471: 23277: 22987: 21399: 21393: 18680: 18674: 18523: 18517: 15817: 15811: 13472: 13466: 12965: 4372: 4151: 4092: 3954: 3845: 3659: 3554:. She was one of the five landing ships bought by Singapore on 5 December 1975 which consists of 3485: 3059:

During late 1956, the entire fleet of ASN was taken over for use in the Mediterranean during the

2528: 2210: 1834: 1826: 908: 23833: 7078:– a selection of information on the construction, complement, &c of LSTs, mostly taken from 2910:, with a view to cheap transatlantic travel. This never materialised, but he observed trials on 851: 767:

class was the first purpose-built LST design. This work was started before any of the converted

24207: 23466: 23353: 23317: 23312: 23138: 23042: 22710: 22704: 22671: 22618: 22425: 22397: 22334: 21917: 21656: 21650: 20408: 20201: 19372: 18191: 18185: 13026: 12896: 11159: 10740: 6702: 6688: 6428:"China's island factory (see last few pages for description, photos and video of Sierra Madre)" 5610: 4714: 4394: 4380: 4360: 4249: 4096: 3754: 3735: 3608: 3141:, tasked by the War Office directly, RASC having no further concern with their administration. 2594:

The LST proved to be a remarkably versatile ship. Thirty-nine of them were converted to become

2458: 1986: 1838: 1798: 1179: 1049: 725:

doors and ramps were added to these ships, which became the first tank landing ships, LST (1):

697: 653: 287: 153: 4158:(LCU) or onto a pier. Capable of operating with high-speed amphibious squadrons consisting of 4019:

was captured by North Vietnamese forces. As of 2003, she is active and in commission with the

23553: 23502: 23398: 23302: 23297: 23017: 22788: 22638: 22560: 22498: 22460: 22418: 22383: 22362: 22355: 22348: 21848: 21513: 21507: 21462: 20371: 20099: 19608: 19335: 19020: 19014: 17950: 17944: 17757: 17751: 17717: 17711: 16514: 16508: 15332: 15326: 13906: 13900: 13548: 13542: 10817: 10784: 10310: 10304: 6711: 6285: 5938: 5549: 5397: 5122: 4992: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4155: 4100: 2746: 2409:

main engines were designed to develop 2,750 hp (2,050 kW) at 185 rpm continuously.

2266: 2239: 2228: 2206: 1960: 1582: 739: 260: 209: 23095: 2993:, after the ASN were able to convince commercial operators to support the new route between 2866: 1870: 1605:

The LST (2) design incorporated elements of the first British LCTs from their designer, Sir

24024: 24020: 24001: 23841: 23779: 23383: 23332: 23075: 22957: 22663: 22515: 21872: 21682: 21676: 21643: 21637: 21591: 21585: 21552: 21546: 20941: 20302: 20294: 20095: 19596: 19572: 19290: 18706: 18700: 18328: 18322: 18263: 18257: 18041: 18035: 17268: 17262: 16143: 16137: 15979: 15973: 15912: 15906: 15731: 15725: 14819: 14813: 13726: 13720: 12809: 12803: 12630: 12624: 11240: 9417: 9411: 7655: 7649: 5534: 5319: 5237: 4043: 3315: 3302: 3253: 3238:) by torpedoes and two more damaged with 729 US army and navy personnel killed and missing. 2630: 1700: 1504: 1153: 1036: 67: 22016: 2964:

September 1946, the first voyage of the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company took place when

8: 23815: 23633: 23322: 23185: 23027: 22747: 22527: 21815: 21617: 21611: 21565: 21559: 21335: 21269: 21257: 21176: 21164: 20326: 20140: 19974: 19836: 19632: 18916: 18910: 18667: 18661: 18015: 18009: 17664: 17658: 17120: 17114: 16839: 16833: 16641: 16635: 16621: 16615: 16363: 16357: 15992: 15986: 15600: 15594: 15415: 15409: 13919: 13913: 12723: 12717: 11362: 8674: 8668: 5161: 4760: 4061: 4004: 3446: 3328: 3115: 2499:(L114). They were better armed with ten 20 mm Oerlikons and four 40 mm Bofors. 2366: 1822: 1570: 984: 820: 799: 733: 619:

9,000 nmi (17,000 km; 10,000 mi) at 14 kn (26 km/h; 16 mph)

599: 511: 254: 106: 23916: 23891: 23886: 23749: 23613: 23568: 23461: 23363: 23307: 23206: 23032: 22927: 22755: 22467: 22446: 22432: 22211: 22074: 22061: 21905: 21860: 21779: 21734: 21695: 21689: 21669: 21663: 21526: 21520: 21212: 21042: 20881: 20743: 20719: 20683: 20611: 20077: 20053: 18850: 18844: 18250: 18244: 18224: 18218: 17989: 17983: 17315: 17309: 16527: 16521: 16452: 16446: 15925: 15919: 15797: 15791: 15764: 15758: 15613: 15607: 15435: 15429: 14990: 14984: 14978: 13251: 13218: 12663: 12657: 12545: 12539: 12290: 11134: 8497: 8491: 8485: 7432: 7426: 7276: 7270: 6912:

Ships Without Names – The Story of The Royal Navy's Tank Landing Ships in World War Two

5585: 5560: 5418: 5009: 4778: 4074: 3604: 3334: 3242: 3213: 3159: 2856: 2580: 2564: 2358: 2274: 1927: 1866: 1586: 945: 808: 793: 702: 505: 152:

Over 1,000 LSTs were laid down in the United States during World War II for use by the

102: 87: 3021:

continued on the Northern Ireland service, offering initially a twice-weekly service.

24066: 23784: 23734: 23676: 23666: 23433: 23287: 23165: 23105: 22952: 22800: 22453: 22102: 22095: 21950: 21803: 21630: 21624: 21578: 21572: 21386: 21380: 21188: 21152: 21069: 20776: 20623: 20587: 20563: 20269: 20041: 20010: 19734: 18994: 18988: 18968: 18962: 18942: 18936: 18354: 18348: 18165: 18159: 18152: 18146: 18126: 18120: 17976: 17970: 17812: 17806: 17241: 17235: 17188: 17182: 16566: 16560: 16084: 16078: 16012: 16006: 15892: 15886: 14860: 14854: 13893: 13887: 13385: 13379: 13206: 12769: 12763: 12743: 12737: 9533: 9527: 8687: 8681: 7014: 6991: 6972: 6953: 6934: 6915: 6896: 6877: 6858: 6839: 6820: 6801: 6782: 6763: 6731: 6633: 6105: 6073: 5969: 5944: 5736: 5496: 5263: 4782: 4620: 4167: 3294: 3178: 2642: 2584: 2568: 1919: 1810: 1749: 883: 776: 749: 693: 173: 146: 7070: 3177:

helicopters with rotors turning, or six could be parked with rotors folded. Renamed

24053: 23769: 23703: 23656: 23638: 23588: 23418: 23282: 23226: 23221: 23216: 23123: 22979: 22937: 22932: 22289: 22176: 22081: 21791: 21604: 21598: 21539: 21533: 21200: 20917: 20905: 20893: 20575: 20029: 19860: 19530: 19524: 18877: 18871: 18804: 18798: 15751: 15745: 15544: 15538: 15243: 15237: 15197: 15191: 15024: 15018: 14915: 14909: 14597: 14591: 14540: 14534: 13993: 13987: 13317: 12796: 12790: 12617: 12356: 8077: 8071: 7057: 7052: 6032: 5642:"Cost of War-Built Vessels, From Inception, From October 25, 1936 to June 30, 1946" 5522: 5478: 4904: 4288: 3915: 3897: 3045: 3007: 2947: 2941: 2919: 2896: 2847: 1830: 1794: 1786: 1663: 918: 888: 787: 726: 689: 499: 248: 6781:. Vol. 3: Amphibious Warfare Vessels and Auxiliaries. Conway Maritime Press. 6266: 4225:

maintains a fleet of seven Polnocny-class LSTs and LCUs known collectively as the

23693: 23623: 23548: 23446: 23180: 23160: 23128: 23085: 23052: 22997: 22942: 22376: 22223: 22109: 22088: 21076: 20861: 20465: 20359: 19966: 19941: 19726: 19560: 19059: 18778: 18772: 18139: 18133: 18087: 18081: 18074: 18068: 16302: 16296: 16117: 16111: 16097: 16091: 15938: 15932: 15319: 15313: 15079: 15073: 13086: 11306: 11091: 8131: 7111: 6672: 5785: 5544: 4922: 4819: 4595: 4461: 3547: 3413:

received 20+ units of the LST Mk.2 starting in the late 1940s. This includes BRP

3410: 3397: 3174: 3084: 3041: 2969: 2953: 2809:. Consequently, construction of LSTs in the immediate post-war years was modest. 2753: 2610: 2576: 2556: 2548: 2255: 1622: 1590: 1166: 1075: 1023: 745: 134: 79: 21140: 6236: 5759:

Baker, Rowland (1947). "Ships of the Invasion Fleet". In Duckworth, A.D. (ed.).

24040: 23563: 23558: 23543: 23413: 23175: 23012: 22552: 22168: 22140: 21014: 19347: 19270: 19093: 18582: 18576: 17963: 17957: 10656: 7062: 6630:

Man in motion : Michigan's legendary Senate majority leader, Emil Lockwood

5193: 5143: 5101: 4970: 4954: 4306: 4016: 3220: 3107: 2911: 2536: 2532: 2473: 2301: 2282: 2235: 2091: 1472: 1127: 780: 710: 659: 628: 603: 118: 75: 7101: 6779:

The Design and Construction of British Warships 1939–1945, The Official Record

6514: 5678: 3603:

was commissioned in 1945 and was an active ship until 2006. She served in the

24186: 23923: 23799: 23794: 23759: 23744: 23698: 23608: 23593: 23451: 23393: 23388: 23292: 23170: 23155: 23143: 23133: 23022: 23002: 21771: 21726: 21037: 20961: 19921: 18510: 18504: 17006: 17000: 13053: 11273: 10968: 10842: 9404: 9398: 7034: 7018: 5855: 5511: 5439: 4798: 4539: 4521: 4482: 4440: 4126:-class ships can debark amphibious vehicles from stern gates or the bow ramp. 4039: 3717: 3620: 3096: 2903: 2602: 1973: 1790: 1683: 1478: 1140: 1101: 783: 775:

The Boxer class was a scaled-down design from ideas penned by Prime Minister

6547: 2752:

It has been estimated that, in the combined fleets assembled for the war on

2194:

The British Staff drew up their own specification, requiring that the ship:

1593:

with regard to development of ships and the possibility of building further

24115: 24109: 24103: 24097: 24073: 23983: 23951: 23945: 23929: 23909: 23902: 23896: 23881: 23876: 23754: 23739: 23578: 23573: 23512: 23456: 23423: 23256: 23251: 23057: 22780: 22696: 22585: 22201: 21897: 21840: 21122: 20707: 20351: 20221: 20209: 20176: 19986: 19848: 19701: 19548: 19542: 19500: 19476: 19440: 19428: 19315: 19221: 19209: 19197: 19007: 19001: 18903: 18897: 18837: 18831: 18752: 18732: 18726: 18621: 18615: 18595: 18589: 18569: 18563: 18477: 18449: 18113: 18107: 18061: 18054: 18048: 18028: 18022: 18002: 17996: 17937: 17930: 17924: 17917: 17910: 17903: 17896: 17826: 17778: 17730: 17724: 17677: 17671: 17644: 17588: 17553: 17504: 17490: 17435: 17428: 17154: 17148: 17107: 17101: 17019: 17013: 16915: 16909: 14296: 14290: 14255: 14249: 12591: 12585: 11124: 10707: 7242: 7236: 5570: 5492: 5379: 5277: 4943: 4875: 4334: 4270: 4112: 3812: 3705: 3281:

sank and others damaged. The explosions killed 163 sailors and wounded 396.

3092: 2994: 2984: 2936: 2768: 2761: 1731: 1674: 1578: 1379: 1363: 1218: 1205: 824: 718: 63: 6192: 3044:

policy. In 1955, another two LSTs were chartered into the existing fleet,

2824: 2273:, instead of American assault craft. Provision was also made for carrying 804:) ordered in March 1941 had a very long ramp stowed behind the bow doors. 24157: 24144: 24127: 24121: 23789: 23628: 23527: 23403: 23358: 23080: 22411: 20869: 20824: 20812: 20800: 20788: 20695: 20671: 20659: 20647: 20635: 20599: 20551: 20527: 20515: 20491: 20479: 20473: 20257: 20245: 20233: 20164: 20152: 20107: 20017: 19998: 19828: 19779: 19759: 19644: 19620: 19512: 19488: 19464: 19452: 19416: 19404: 19392: 19380: 19245: 19233: 19173: 19161: 19149: 19137: 19125: 19113: 19101: 18981: 18975: 18929: 18923: 18824: 18818: 18693: 18687: 18641: 18635: 18536: 18530: 18409: 18403: 17455: 17449: 17392: 17385: 17378: 17371: 17364: 17357: 17350: 17343: 17336: 17329: 17322: 17302: 17296: 17289: 17282: 17275: 17255: 17248: 17228: 17221: 17201: 17195: 17175: 17168: 17161: 17141: 17134: 17127: 17094: 17087: 17067: 17061: 17054: 17047: 17040: 17033: 17026: 16993: 16987: 16980: 16974: 16967: 16961: 16954: 16948: 16941: 16935: 16928: 16922: 16902: 16895: 16888: 16881: 16874: 16867: 16860: 16853: 16846: 16826: 16819: 16812: 16805: 16798: 16791: 16784: 16778: 16771: 16765: 16758: 16752: 16745: 16739: 16732: 16725: 16718: 16711: 16704: 16697: 16690: 16683: 16676: 16669: 16662: 16655: 16648: 16628: 16608: 16601: 16594: 16587: 16580: 16573: 16553: 16547: 16540: 16534: 16501: 16495: 16432: 16376: 16370: 16336: 16261: 16254: 16240: 16233: 16227: 16213: 16185: 16130: 16124: 16071: 16065: 16045: 16038: 16032: 16025: 16019: 15959: 15952: 15879: 15873: 15824: 15804: 15771: 15690: 15587: 15503: 15497: 15374: 15278: 15271: 15230: 15224: 15210: 15204: 15170: 15128: 15059: 15045: 15011: 14997: 14929: 14874: 14867: 14840: 14833: 14750: 14686: 14658: 14652: 14631: 14625: 14426: 14398: 14391: 14363: 14357: 14322: 14316: 14310: 14283: 14208: 14131: 14076: 14034: 14013: 14007: 13959: 13953: 13932: 13926: 13809: 13692: 13685: 13645: 13638: 13631: 13624: 13617: 13610: 13603: 13596: 13589: 13583: 13576: 13569: 13562: 13555: 13535: 13528: 13521: 13514: 13507: 13500: 13493: 13486: 13479: 13459: 13453: 13446: 13439: 13433: 13426: 13419: 13413: 13406: 13399: 13392: 13118: 13061: 12993: 12940: 12928: 12916: 12904: 12837: 12823: 12756: 12750: 12689: 12683: 12677: 12670: 12637: 12578: 12572: 12565: 12558: 12552: 12525: 12504: 12498: 12491: 12428: 12421: 12414: 12407: 12401: 12263: 12026: 12012: 11998: 11956: 11942: 11894: 11859: 11796: 11652: 11374: 11338: 11326: 11281: 11215: 11191: 11179: 11167: 11099: 11012: 10988: 10976: 10943: 10931: 10919: 10895: 10883: 10875: 10850: 10760: 10748: 10715: 10595: 10589: 10583: 10576: 10569: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10536: 10529: 10523: 10517: 10510: 10503: 10496: 10489: 10482: 10476: 10469: 10462: 10455: 10448: 10441: 10434: 10427: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10399: 10392: 10385: 10379: 10372: 10365: 10358: 10351: 10344: 10337: 10330: 10323: 10317: 10297: 10277: 10270: 10263: 10257: 10250: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10205: 10002: 9996: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9906: 9892: 9886: 9872: 9866: 9859: 9817: 9803: 9761: 9755: 9734: 9685: 9671: 9650: 9636: 9629: 9623: 9616: 9602: 9581: 9575: 9561: 9554: 9540: 9513: 9499: 9493: 9437: 9431: 9391: 9385: 9371: 9364: 9358: 9302: 9296: 9289: 9283: 9269: 9241: 9235: 9221: 9207: 9201: 9194: 9086: 9065: 9059: 9052: 9046: 9032: 9018: 9011: 8984: 8978: 8957: 8951: 8918: 8856: 8850: 8829: 8823: 8792: 8786: 8647: 8633: 8619: 8613: 8606: 8600: 8594: 8566: 8457: 8451: 8329: 8322: 8315: 8274: 8239: 8152: 8104: 8098: 7969: 7962: 6817:

By Road Across The Sea – The History of Atlantic Steam Navigation Company

5580: 5504:

Man In Motion: Michigan's Legendary Senate Majority Leader, Emil Lockwood

5340: 5229: 5211: 5076: 4854: 4742: 4560: 4222: 4182:

type were removed from U.S. Navy service in the 1990s, and Spanish Navy,

4085: 4067: 4050: 4035: 3905: 3805: 3746: 3731: 3624: 3616: 3597: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3536: 3454: 3418: 3321: 3290: 3275: 3269: 3246: 3232: 3202: 3060: 2957: 2839: 2731: 2662: 2650: 2626:

to accomplish replenishment more rapidly than standard ammunition ships.

2511: 2316: 2144: 1999: 1923: 1761: 1742: 1735: 1546: 1490: 1371: 1347: 1339: 1331: 1114: 706: 595: 122: 121:. The LSTs served across the globe during World War II, including in the 23246: 6397:"Philippine ship dodges China blockade to reach South China Sea outpost" 5966:

Invaders: British and American Experience of Seaborne Landings 1939-1945

3631:, South Korea for display in a maritime museum in a deal with the navy. 2976:

with a full load of 64 vehicles for the Dutch government. On arrival at

24169: 23774: 23583: 23517: 23067: 22967: 22894: 22893: 21010: 20949: 20065: 19278: 19068: 18791: 18785: 18765: 18759: 18719: 18713: 18608: 18602: 18435: 18429: 18100: 18094: 17214: 17208: 17080: 17074: 13170: 12650: 12644: 12270: 12256: 12249: 12242: 12235: 12228: 12221: 12214: 12207: 12200: 12193: 12186: 12179: 12172: 12165: 12158: 12151: 12144: 12137: 12130: 12123: 12116: 12109: 12102: 12095: 12088: 12081: 12074: 12068: 12061: 11558: 11551: 11489: 11482: 11432: 11350: 11314: 11248: 11203: 11048: 10907: 10772: 10621: 10615: 10608: 10602: 10212: 10198: 10191: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10163: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10030: 10023: 10016: 10009: 8423: 8417: 8117: 8111: 7874: 7868: 7861: 7855: 7822: 7815: 7787: 7752: 7745: 7682: 7676: 7669: 7621: 7615: 7594: 7588: 7567: 7561: 7533: 7526: 7520: 7513: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7487: 7480: 7474: 7467: 7446: 7419: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7256: 7249: 5251: 4693: 4175: 4147: 4139: 3797:, is in service as a Testbed for the Republic of China Navy as of 2022. 3263: 3257: 2851: 2776: 2686: 2670: 2666: 2654: 2619: 1947: 1631: 1599: 971: 722: 470: 227: 94: 39: 6281:"USS Arizona Memorial: Submerged Cultural Resources Study (Chapter 2)" 2487:

Two LST (3)s were converted to command vessels, LST (C): LST 3043 and

1885: 420: 24165: 24161: 23978: 23973: 23968: 23648: 23522: 23337: 23231: 23211: 21224: 21097: 20503: 19055: 18955: 18949: 18367: 18361: 17704: 17698: 16058: 16052: 14242: 14236: 12973: 12604: 12598: 11577: 11565: 11502: 11496: 11461: 11454: 11447: 11440: 10682: 10670: 10664: 10290: 10284: 7848: 7842: 7835: 7829: 7289: 7283: 7263: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7173: 4187: 3551: 3131: 3002: 2977: 2973: 2462: 2247:

that speed was only 3 knots (5.6 km/h) faster than the LCT (2).

1670: 714: 395: 110: 6798:

Crises Do Happen – The Royal Navy And Operation Musketeer, Suez 1956

4138:

Unloading is accomplished through the use of a 112-foot (34 m)

3939: 3830: 3644: 3470: 1869:(LCT); and an upgrade in armor and armament, with the addition of a 1756: 23764: 23497: 23368: 23007: 22962: 14527: 14521: 14515: 11475: 11468: 7229: 7222: 5259: 4191: 4091:, was converted to a passenger and auto ferry and operates between 3379: 3228: 2614: 2285: 2243: 1574: 893: 540: 6570:"Kumbhir Class, LCU (MK-3) Class, LCU (MK-IV) Class – Indian Navy" 4836:

tank landing ship, both purchased from the United States, and two

3808:, was decommissioned by the Republic of China Navy on 1 April 2021 3318:, the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll in July 1946, as a target. 24077: 24007: 23863: 23718: 23618: 23476: 23373: 23236: 23115: 22898: 6988:

The Role of Amphibious warfare in British Defence Policy, 1945–56

6834:

Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław (1995).

6489: 4203: 2835: 2623: 2232: 2199: 1475: 145:. In June 1944 they were part of the huge invasion fleet for the 4031: 23713: 23441: 23408: 20936: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5347:

landing ship in 1991, following the collapse of the government.

4207: 4199: 4195: 3628: 3224: 2983:

The original three LSTs were joined in 1948 by another vessel,

2914:

of a LST in 1943 when its peacetime capabilities were obvious.

2806: 2552: 2223:

To be fitted for operations in the tropics and in cold climates

1854:

the beach or causeway, speeding the process of disembarkation.

1724: 114: 35: 21492: 7095: 4142:

operated over the bow (similar in concept to the original HMS

2523: 24080: 23201: 7098:– A preserved and operational LST from World War II – LST 325 5488: 5200:

landing ships, following the dissolution of its navy in 1993.

4316:

tank landing ship, purchased from the United States, and one

4183: 3923: 3450: 3127: 2998: 2899: 2802: 2270: 2251: 1821:

built the most LSTs of any shipyard, with 171 constructed at

544: 30: 24198:

World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States

7075: 6760:

Nelson to Vanguard: Warship Design and Development 1923–1945

5733:

The Encyclopedia of Weapons of WWII: The Comprehensive Guide

5701: 3223:

practice for an amphibious landing on 28 April 1944, German

2902:

industry. In the period between the world wars, Lt. Colonel

22046: 6370:"Indonesia decommissions two ex-US Navy Landing Ship Tanks" 5838: 5836: 5575: 4660: 4211: 2606: 2259: 98: 83: 71: 59: 21365: 4323:

landing ship logistics, purchased from the United Kingdom.

3627:. In 2007, she was decommissioned and sold to the city of 3013:

The first sailing of this new route was on 21 May 1948 by

176:

being loaded at Bone Harbour through the bow doors of HMS

7089: 6344:"Begini Cara Bawa KRI Teluk Ratai 509 ke Pariaman Sumbar" 5449:

landing ship-minelayers were captured by Croatia in 1992.

4411:

tank landing ships, all purchased from the United States.

4154:

into the water or the unloading of other vehicles into a

3134:

lifting between them 26,000 tons of vehicles and stores.

2472:

The main requirement of the design was to carry a 40-ton

835:

was converted and it took part in the Normandy landings.

7084: 7005:

Webb, R. H (1991). "Question 10/90 (Canadian LST(3)s)".

5833: 5821: 2960:

naming of vessels in government service during the war.

2922:

at a rate of £13 6s 8d per day. These vessels were LSTs

717:, were selected for conversion because of their shallow 584:

Steam turbines, 2 shafts, 7,000 shp (5,200 kW)

6833: 6069:"Flight Strip makes a flattop out of an Invasion Craft" 5811: 5809: 5767: 6747:

Proceedings of the Royal Institute of Naval Architects

6600:"Polnochny Class – Bharat Rakshak :: Indian Navy" 5796: 5794: 3787:, is active with the Republic of China Navy as of 2022 3772:, is active with the Republic of China Navy as of 2022 3345:

armed transport HQ-505) sank 14 March 1988 during the

3040:(BTC) took over the ASN under the Labour government's 2369:-Tweedy-Slick system, the cylinders being as follows: 156:; the United Kingdom and Canada produced eighty more. 6012: 5878: 4808:

tank landing ships, purchased from the United States.

1764:. The engines were rated at 900 HP (each) at 744 RPM. 831:

of enemy aircraft during landing operations but only

334:

Double hinged ramp, effective length of 100 ft (30 m)

22319: 13347: 12386: 5806: 5164:

decommissioned all its LST's following World War II.

4471:

tank landing ship, purchased from the United States.

2767:

was struck and holed in a post-war collision with a

2506:) and LST 3013, which became LST 3102, and then HMS 86:. The shallow draft and bow doors and ramps enabled 22853: