61:
555:
483:
847:
42:
508:
667:
68:
692:
Boulders and pebbles encountered in the river bed can originate from any location higher up in the catchment. In the uppermost stretches of the river, only rock fragments of the upper lithological units will be present in the river bed, whereas more downstream one may find a more comprehensive mix of
642:
show that 63% of the catchment was covered with woody vegetation (against 32% in 2014). This vegetation could slow down runoff and the runoff coefficient was smaller (13% in 1935 against 23% in 2014). As a consequence, discharges in the river were less and the river was narrower than today. Up to the
609:
by this river amounts to 596,000 tonnes per year. Median sediment concentration in the river water is 3.95 grammes per litre, but may go up to 68 g/L. The highest sediment concentrations occur at the beginning of the rainy season, when loose soil and dust is washed away by overland flow and ends up
683:
takes place in the summer rainy season, when the lands near the villages are occupied by crops. Young shepherds will take the village cattle down to the gorge and overnight in small caves. The gorges are particularly attractive as a transhumance destination zone, because there is water and good
643:
1980s, there was strong pressure on the environment, and much vegetation disappeared. This river had its greatest discharges and width in that period. The magnitude of floods in this river has however been decreased in recent years due to interventions in the catchment. On other steep slopes,
1178:
Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007).
819:
626:). These are related to the steep topography, often little vegetation cover and intense convective rainfall. The peaks of such flash floods have often a 50 to 100 times larger discharge than the preceding
1255:
Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). "The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern
Ethiopia".
610:
in the river. As such water contains many nutrients (locally it is called “aygi”), farmers estimate that it strengthens their cattle, which they will bring to the river. All in all, average
1220:
Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). "Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid
Ethiopian highlands".
1034:"Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia"
639:
878:
In the rainy season, flash floods may occur and it is advised not to follow the river bed. Frequently, it is then also impossible to wade across the river.
859:
Trekking routes have been established across and along this river. The tracks are not marked on the ground but can be followed using downloaded .GPX files.
990:
The Giba, Tanqwa and
Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District
750:
During its course, this river passes through nine municipalities and three woredas and constitutes six different borders. From upstream to downstream:
708:
611:
499:
in its narrow alluvial plain, with a slope gradient of 25 metres per kilometre. With its tributaries, the river has cut a deep gorge.
581:
up to 543 mÂł per second occur in the second part of the rainy season (month of August) when there are strong rains and the soils are
1098:
Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011).
1438:
Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a
Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District
593:
basin, and has been explained by the fact that the larger part of the Tanqwa basin is composed of impervious rocks, particularly
1412:
Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a
Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District
1385:
Regional geology of the Dogu'a
Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District
957:
Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a
Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District
1509:
1454:
1420:
1393:
1005:
965:
693:
all lithologies crossed by the river. From upstream to downstream, the following lithological units occur in the catchment.
630:. These flash floods mostly occur during the evening or night, because the convective rain showers occur in the afternoon.
614:
is 3627 tonnes per km and per year. All measurements were done at purposively installed stations, in the years 2006-2007.
1100:"Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)"
1084:
Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern
Ethiopia
697:
212:
60:
914:"Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia"
1181:"Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia"
755:
622:
Runoff mostly occurs in the form of high runoff discharge events that occur in a very short period (called
158:
1339:
Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009).
1539:
1544:
679:
The valley bottoms in the gorges of this river have been identified as a transhumance destination zone.
21:
1099:
787:
773:
759:
1292:"Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia"
1492:
Nyssen, Jan (2019). "Logistics for the
Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia".
887:
680:
648:
1549:
1478:
1139:"Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia"
718:
589:(also called runoff coefficient) is 23%. This is high, in comparison to other rivers of the
1303:
1229:
1111:
925:
656:
8:
733:
1307:
1233:
1115:
929:
1515:
1460:
1272:
1268:
1063:
1011:
606:
585:
in many places. The percentage of total rainfall that directly leaves the catchment as
1519:
1505:
1464:
1450:
1416:
1389:
1015:
1001:
961:
913:
840:
728:
425:
198:
127:
1276:
1067:
937:
1497:
1442:
1362:
1352:
1319:
1311:
1264:
1237:
1200:
1192:
1158:
1150:
1123:
1119:
1053:
1045:
993:
933:
723:
578:
566:
523:
415:
1315:
1501:
1436:
1410:
1383:
997:
955:
713:
594:
1196:
1154:
476:
369:
1446:
1291:
1241:
1082:
1049:
1533:
1180:
1138:
1033:
815:
805:
791:
777:
763:
703:
598:
582:
554:
468:
227:
214:
119:
105:
76:
647:
have been established; the dense vegetation largely contributes to enhanced
1324:
836:
823:
801:
623:
538:
403:
123:
1367:
1205:
1163:
1058:
738:
602:
180:
482:
590:
586:
574:
472:
185:
146:
1357:
1340:
846:
41:
1177:
830:
769:
660:
644:
570:
559:
528:
516:
443:
411:
383:
305:
47:
652:
627:
533:
464:
407:
95:
1254:
496:
569:
or annual total runoff volume is 41 million mÂł at the bridge in
1338:
811:
797:
783:
640:
Italian aerial photographs of the catchment, taken in the 1930s
507:
17:
666:
1289:
1219:
1097:
687:
674:
471:(2510 metres above sea level), it flows westward to
1479:"Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl"
1381:
1341:"Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)"
1531:
1496:. GeoGuide. Springer-Nature. pp. 537–556.
549:
987:
911:
1494:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains
1136:
20:. For the National Park in South Africa, see
1382:Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019).
16:For the papyrus boat used on Lake Tana, see
983:
981:
979:
977:
854:
655:. Physical conservation structures such as
1031:
1366:
1356:
1323:
1204:
1162:
1137:Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006).
1057:
949:
947:
573:and 79 million mÂł at the confluence with
27:River in the Tigray highlands of Ethiopia
1429:
974:
845:
665:
553:
506:
481:
988:Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019).
912:Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013).
354:543 m/s (19,200 cu ft/s)
1532:
1491:
1080:
1032:Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010).
1027:
1025:
944:
907:
905:
903:
318:270 m/s (9,500 cu ft/s)
1408:
1332:
1290:Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017).
953:
688:Boulders and pebbles in the river bed
675:Transhumance towards the river gorge
633:
605:basement rocks. The total amount of
1022:
900:
745:
684:growth of semi-natural vegetation.
13:
1441:. GeoGuide. SpringerNature. 2019.
1269:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x
14:
1561:
1409:Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019).
1345:Mountain Research and Development
1087:(dissertation). Ghent University.
954:Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019).
867:, along the middle Tanqwa course
495:It is a confined river, locally
265:216 km (83 sq mi)
66:
59:
40:
1485:
1471:
1402:
1375:
1283:
1248:
874:, along the upper Tanqwa course
709:Interbedded lacustrine deposits
617:
1222:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Geomorphologie
1213:
1171:
1130:
1124:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018
1091:
1081:Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017).
1074:
1038:Journal of Soils and Sediments
918:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Geomorphologie
502:
490:
206: • coordinates
67:
1:
1316:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019
893:
475:which empties finally in the
467:. Rising in the mountains of
134:Physical characteristics
1502:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37
998:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14
607:sediment that is transported
550:Hydrological characteristics
544:
249:1,266 m (4,154 ft)
245: • elevation
171:2,510 m (8,230 ft)
167: • elevation
7:
1197:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011
1155:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011
938:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080
881:
651:, less flooding and better
515:Tributaries, upstream from
340: • location
301: • location
193: • location
154: • location
10:
1566:
670:Tanqwa gorge at Ruba Dirho
350: • maximum
314: • maximum
279: • average
22:Tankwa Karoo National Park
15:
1447:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3
1185:Soil and Tillage Research
1050:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9
453:Mountains and deep gorges
449:
439:
431:
421:
397:
389:
379:
367:
362:
358:
348:
338:
330:
326:
322:
312:
299:
291:
287:
277:
269:
261:
253:
243:
204:
191:
179:
175:
165:
152:
142:
138:
133:
111:
101:
91:
86:
54:
39:
34:
888:List of Ethiopian rivers
855:Trekking along the river
1257:Soil Use and Management
663:also intercept runoff.
463:is a river of northern
399: • left
283:40 m (130 ft)
257:50 km (31 mi)
851:
671:
562:
512:
487:
46:The Tanqwa River near
1242:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166
849:
719:Amba Aradam Formation
669:
557:
510:
486:Giba drainage network
485:
1296:Journal of Hydrology
1143:Journal of Hydrology
829:Crosses the town of
583:saturated with water
344:Confluence with Giba
1308:2017JHyd..545..299G
1234:2015ZGm....59..477T
1116:2011Geomo.129..238F
930:2013ZGm....57..143Z
850:Upper Tanqwa valley
734:Edaga Arbi Glacials
363:Basin features
224: /
1540:Rivers of Ethiopia
1415:. SpringerNature.
1388:. SpringerNature.
992:. SpringerNature.
960:. SpringerNature.
852:
672:
638:Evidence given by
563:
513:
488:
1511:978-3-030-04954-6
1456:978-3-030-04954-6
1422:978-3-030-04954-6
1395:978-3-030-04954-6
1358:10.1659/mrd.00033
1007:978-3-030-04954-6
967:978-3-030-04954-6
841:Abergele (woreda)
729:Adigrat Sandstone
634:Changes over time
558:Tanqwa bridge at
457:
456:
426:Chini (reservoir)
228:13.528°N 39.878°E
199:Abergele (woreda)
1557:
1524:
1523:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1149:(1–2): 219–241.
1134:
1128:
1127:
1110:(3–4): 238–251.
1095:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1029:
1020:
1019:
985:
972:
971:
951:
942:
941:
909:
746:Natural boundary
724:Antalo Limestone
567:runoff footprint
400:
372:
351:
341:
315:
302:
280:
239:
238:
236:
235:
234:
229:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
168:
155:
75:Tanqwa River in
70:
69:
63:
44:
32:
31:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1512:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1457:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1380:
1376:
1337:
1333:
1325:1854/LU-8518957
1288:
1284:
1253:
1249:
1218:
1214:
1176:
1172:
1135:
1131:
1096:
1092:
1079:
1075:
1030:
1023:
1008:
986:
975:
968:
952:
945:
910:
901:
896:
884:
857:
835:Border between
810:Border between
796:Border between
782:Border between
768:Border between
754:Border between
748:
690:
677:
636:
620:
595:Ashangi Basalts
579:Peak discharges
552:
547:
505:
493:
398:
375:Permanent river
368:
349:
339:
313:
300:
278:
246:
232:
230:
226:
223:
218:
215:
213:
211:
210:
207:
194:
166:
153:
82:
81:
80:
79:
73:
72:
71:
50:
28:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1545:Dogu'a Tembien
1542:
1526:
1525:
1510:
1484:
1470:
1455:
1428:
1421:
1401:
1394:
1374:
1368:1854/LU-854326
1351:(3): 255–264.
1331:
1302:(1): 299–309.
1282:
1247:
1228:(4): 477–493.
1212:
1206:1854/LU-378900
1191:(1): 151–163.
1170:
1164:1854/LU-378900
1129:
1090:
1073:
1059:1854/LU-854315
1044:(4): 611–627.
1021:
1006:
973:
966:
943:
924:(2): 143–169.
898:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
883:
880:
876:
875:
868:
856:
853:
844:
843:
833:
827:
816:Dogu’a Tembien
808:
806:Dogu’a Tembien
794:
792:Dogu’a Tembien
780:
778:Dogu’a Tembien
766:
764:Dogu’a Tembien
747:
744:
743:
742:
741:basement rocks
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
689:
686:
676:
673:
635:
632:
619:
616:
612:sediment yield
577:at Barashuwa.
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
504:
501:
492:
489:
469:Dogu’a Tembien
455:
454:
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
436:
433:
429:
428:
423:
419:
418:
401:
395:
394:
391:
387:
386:
381:
377:
376:
373:
365:
364:
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
346:
345:
342:
336:
335:
332:
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
310:
309:
303:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
275:
274:
271:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
233:13.528; 39.878
208:
205:
202:
201:
195:
192:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
163:
162:
156:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
131:
130:
120:Dogu’a Tembien
117:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
84:
83:
74:
65:
64:
58:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1562:
1551:
1550:Tigray Region
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Geomorphology
1101:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
982:
980:
978:
969:
963:
959:
958:
950:
948:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
906:
904:
899:
889:
886:
885:
879:
873:
869:
866:
862:
861:
860:
848:
842:
838:
834:
832:
828:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
751:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
699:
696:
695:
694:
685:
682:
668:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
631:
629:
625:
615:
613:
608:
604:
600:
599:Alaji Basalts
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
556:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
524:Tsech'i River
522:
521:
520:
518:
509:
500:
498:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
452:
448:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
424:
420:
417:
416:Tsech'i River
413:
409:
405:
402:
396:
392:
388:
385:
382:
378:
374:
371:
366:
361:
357:
353:
347:
343:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
311:
307:
304:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
242:
237:
209:
203:
200:
197:Barashuwa in
196:
190:
187:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
164:
160:
157:
151:
148:
145:
141:
137:
132:
129:
125:
121:
118:
115:
110:
107:
106:Tigray Region
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
85:
78:
77:Tigray Region
62:
53:
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38:
33:
30:
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1377:
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1299:
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1093:
1083:
1076:
1041:
1037:
989:
956:
921:
917:
877:
871:
864:
858:
837:Kola Tembien
824:Kola Tembien
802:Degol Woyane
756:Hagere Selam
749:
714:Lower basalt
704:Upper basalt
691:
681:Transhumance
678:
649:infiltration
637:
624:flash floods
621:
618:Flash floods
587:storm runoff
564:
539:Adawro River
514:
511:Upper Tanqwa
494:
477:Tekezé River
460:
458:
404:Adawro River
370:River system
161:municipality
159:Hagere Selam
124:Kola Tembien
113:
29:
739:Precambrian
657:stone bunds
603:Precambrian
503:Tributaries
491:Hydrography
422:Waterbodies
390:Tributaries
231: /
112:Districts (
1534:Categories
894:References
804:, both in
790:, both in
776:, both in
762:, both in
661:check dams
645:exclosures
591:Giba River
575:Giba River
519:, include
497:meandering
473:Giba River
450:Topography
432:Waterfalls
262:Basin size
219:39°52′41″E
216:13°31′41″N
186:Giba River
147:Addi Selam
1520:199198251
1465:199294303
1263:: 55–64.
1016:199099067
831:Abiy Addi
698:Phonolite
571:Abiy Addi
560:Abiy Addi
545:Hydrology
529:May Qoqah
517:Abiy Addi
444:Abiy Addi
412:May Qoqah
384:Abiy Addi
380:Landmarks
331:Discharge
306:Abiy Addi
292:Discharge
48:Abiy Addi
1277:98547102
1068:53365853
882:See also
653:baseflow
628:baseflow
534:Arwadito
465:Ethiopia
408:Arwadito
128:Abergele
96:Ethiopia
87:Location
1304:Bibcode
1230:Bibcode
1112:Bibcode
926:Bibcode
820:Geramba
440:Bridges
92:Country
1518:
1508:
1463:
1453:
1419:
1392:
1275:
1066:
1014:
1004:
964:
818:) and
812:Aregen
798:Aregen
784:Aregen
770:Lim'at
461:Tanqwa
435:Rapids
393:
334:
308:bridge
295:
273:
254:Length
143:Source
114:woreda
102:Region
35:Tanqwa
18:Tankwa
1516:S2CID
1461:S2CID
1273:S2CID
1064:S2CID
1012:S2CID
870:Trek
863:Trek
788:Melfa
774:Melfa
760:Melfa
700:plugs
270:Width
181:Mouth
1506:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1002:ISBN
962:ISBN
839:and
800:and
786:and
772:and
758:and
659:and
601:and
565:The
459:The
1498:doi
1443:doi
1363:hdl
1353:doi
1320:hdl
1312:doi
1300:545
1265:doi
1238:doi
1201:hdl
1193:doi
1159:hdl
1151:doi
1147:331
1120:doi
1108:129
1054:hdl
1046:doi
994:doi
934:doi
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