Tantra - Knowledge

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ritual sex between the guru and his consort. These substances were seen as spiritually powerful and were also used as offerings for tantric deities. For both Śaivas and Buddhists, tantric practices often took place at important sacred sites (pithas) associated with fierce goddesses. Samuel writes that "we do not have a clear picture of how this network of pilgrimage sites arose." Whatever the case, it seems that it was in these ritual spaces visited by both Buddhists and Śaivas that the practice of Kaula and Anuttarayoga Tantra developed during the eighth and ninth centuries. Besides the practices outlined above, these sites also saw the practice of

77: 6324: 5924:, one of the commonest use of the term "yoga" refers to "a dying warrior transferring himself at death to the sphere of the sun through yoga, a practice that links up with Upanisadic references to the channel to the crown of the head as the pathway by which one can travel through the solar orb to the World of Brahman." This practice of transferring one's consciousness at death is still an important practice in Tibetan Buddhism. Samuel also notes that sexual rituals and a spiritualized sexuality are mentioned in the late Upanishads. According to Samuel, "late Vedic texts treat sexual intercourse as symbolically equivalent to the 6905: 5632: 6363: 7120: 6352: 5663:, not a concept of the religious system itself. He defines Tantrism as an apologetic label of Westerners for a system that they little understand that is "not coherent" and which is "an accumulated set of practices and ideas from various sources, that has varied between its practitioners within a group, varied across groups, across geography and over its history". It is a system, adds Brown, that gives each follower the freedom to mix Tantric elements with non-Tantric aspects, to challenge and transgress any and all norms, experiment with "the mundane to reach the supramundane". 8208:

basing himself on the definition given the tantric scholar Rāmakaṇṭha, gives four main features of tantra: "1) concern with ritual modes of manipulation (of the environment or one's own awareness), 2) requirement for esoteric initiation (to receive access to the scriptural teachings and practices), 3) a twofold goal of practice: the soteriological and supramundane one of liberation (variously conceived) and/or the mundane one of extraordinary power over other beings and one's environment, and 4) the claim that these three are explicated in scriptures that are the word of God (

6587:). These texts "focused on the body's interior, on the anatomical details of the male and female sexual organs and the pleasure generated through sexual union." In these texts, sexual energy was also seen as a powerful force that could be harnessed for spiritual practice and according to Samuel "perhaps create the state of bliss and loss of personal identity which is homologised with liberating insight." These sexual yogas continued to develop further into more complex systems which are found in texts dating from about the ninth or tenth century, including the Saiva 6185: 6430:

converted to Buddhism). Some Buddhist tantras (sometimes called "lower" or "outer" tantras) which are earlier works, do not make use of transgression, sex and fierce deities. These earlier Buddhist tantras mainly reflect a development of Mahayana theory and practice (like deity visualization) and a focus on ritual and purity. Between the eighth and tenth centuries, new tantras emerged which included fierce deities, kula style sexual initiations, subtle body practices and sexual yoga. The later Buddhist tantras are known as the "inner" or "unsurpassed yoga" (

7231:. 975–1025 ce) and his student Jayaratha, are some of the most influential philosophers who wrote on Hindu tantra. These thinkers synthesized the various goddess and Śaiva lineages and philosophies into a comprehensive and influential religious system. According to David White, Abhinavagupta "sublimates, cosmeticizes, and semanticizes many of its practices into a type of meditative asceticism whose aim is to realize a transcendent subjectivity". Thus, his work domesticated the radically antinomian practices of Vidyāpīṭha lineages into meditative exercises. 6242:, reverence and worship for the Goddess in Indian culture, was an established tradition by the early centuries of the 1st millennium. Padoux mentions an inscription from 423 to 424 CE which mentions the founding of a temple to terrifying deities called "the mothers". However, this does not mean Tantric rituals and practices were as yet a part of either Hindu or Buddhist traditions. "Apart from the somewhat dubious reference to Tantra in the Gangadhar inscription of 423 CE", states David Lorenzen, it is only 7th-century Banabhatta's 6660: 8500:

duality (dvaita) of pure and impure in brahmanical society. Let us also note that for the nondualistic Saiva systems, the Yoginis were not active merely in the world of spirits; they were also powers present in humans – mistresses of their senses, governing their affects, which acquired an intensity and super-natural dimension through this divinization. This led adepts to an identification of their individual consciousness with the infinite divine Consciousness, thus also helping them transcend the sexual plane.

57: 7330: 4003: 5779:). These orthodox traditions teach renunciation of householder life, a mendicant's life of simplicity and leaving all attachments to become a monk or nun. In contrast, the Tantrika traditions hold, states Robert Brown, that "both enlightenment and worldly success" are achievable, and that "this world need not be shunned to achieve enlightenment". Yet, even this supposed categorical divergence is debatable, e.g. Bhagavad Gita v.2:48–53, including: "Yoga is skill in actions." 6532:, the text's mention of a 'reversal of sexual intercourse' might indicate the practice of withholding ejaculation. Snellgrove states that it is possible that sexual yoga was already being practiced in Buddhist circles at this time, and that Asanga saw it as a valid practice. Likewise, Samuel thinks that there is a possibility that sexual yoga existed in the fourth or fifth centuries (though not in the same transgressive tantric contexts where it was later practiced). 8491:

experienced images, a situation common to all Tantric traditions, where rites, meditation, and yoga are exercises in creative identifying imagination." The theory behind these rituals is the idea that all humans have a fundamental impurity (mala) that binds them to rebirth. This impurity can be removed by ritual action (along with proper knowledge). The initial step in this path is the ritual of initiation (diksa), which opens to door to future liberation at death.

6847:(c. 11th century), which seems to be concerned with converting Buddhists and non-Buddhists alike, and uniting them together against Islam. The Kalachakra teaches sexual yoga, but also warns not to introduce the practice of ingesting impure substances to beginners, since this is only for advanced yogis. This tantra also seems to want to minimize the impact of the transgressive practices, since it advises tantrikas to outwardly follow the customs of their country. 6637: 5592: 15440: 8618: 13978: 5641: 5601: 3517: 13956: 5798:(10.136) describes the "wild loner" who, states Karel Werner, "carrying within oneself fire and poison, heaven and earth, ranging from enthusiasm and creativity to depression and agony, from the heights of spiritual bliss to the heaviness of earth-bound labor". The Rigveda uses words of admiration for these loners, and whether it is related to Tantra or not, has been variously interpreted. According to David Lorenzen, it describes 7279:, but most of the other tantras are lost. However, this sect does not identify itself as "tantric". The worship and ritual of most of the Vaiṣṇava temples in South India follow this tradition, which is ritually similar to the Shaiva Siddhanta. According to Padoux, "from the doctrinal point of view, they are nearer to brahmanical orthodoxy (proudly asserted by some of their affiliates) and their mantras are indeed often Vedic." 8043:, which contended with the Song for control of northern China. Due to the highly eclectic nature of Chinese Buddhism where sectarian denominations were not strictly drawn between the various Buddhist schools (even during the Tang dynasty), and where most Buddhist masters mixed practices from the different traditions, Chinese Esoteric Buddhist practices were absorbed by lineages from the other Buddhist traditions such as 6016: 5621: 13990: 14002: 3939: 3453: 13944: 8196:. Rather than one coherent system, Tantra is an accumulation of practices and ideas from different sources. As Samuel writes, the tantric traditions are "a confluence of a variety of different factors and components." These elements include: mandalas, mantras, internal sexual yogic practices, fierce male and female deities, cremation ground symbolism, as well as concepts from Indian Philosophy. 7128: 7235:

core, the concept of Āmnāya revolves around the idea that Śiva, with his five faces, (referred to as Sadashiva), imparts the secret Tantric teachings to the goddess through her corresponding five emanations. Scholarly work on Sarvamnaya can be found in the article, "The transmission of all powers: Sarvāmnāya Śākta Tantra and the semiotics of power in Nepāla-maṇḍala" by Jeffrey S. Lidke.

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between the fifth to eighth centuries CE. According to Samuel, there are two main scholarly opinions on these terrifying goddesses which became incorporated into Śaiva and Buddhist Tantra. The first view is that they originate out of a pan-Indian religious substrate that was not Vedic. Another opinion is to see these fierce goddesses as developing out of the Vedic religion.

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definition". The challenge of defining Tantra is compounded by the fact that it has been a historically significant part of major Indian religions, including Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, both in and outside South Asia and East Asia. To its practitioners, Tantra is defined as a combination of texts, techniques, rituals, monastic practices, meditation, yoga, and ideology.

140: 8551:("channels"), and energies (like Kundalini, Chandali, different pranas and vital winds, etc.). The tantric body is also held to be a microcosmic reflection of the universe, and is thus seen as containing gods and goddesses. According to Padoux, the "internalized image of the yogic body" is a fundamental element for nearly all meditative and tantric ritual practices. 7051:" (treatises) which may be "commentaries, digests, compilations, monographs, collections of hymns or of names of deities, and mantras and works on mantras." Though much of this vast body of tantric literature is in Sanskrit, others have also been written in Indian vernacular languages. As noted by Padoux, the largest portion of these tantric works are Shaiva texts. 8495:

implements (as part of the Kapalika vow), fierce deities like Bhairava, Kubjika and Kali which were used as part of meditative visualizations, ritual possession by the deities (avesa), sexual rites and offering the deity (as well as consuming) certain impure substances like meat, alcohol and sexual fluids. Padoux explains the transgressive practices as follows:

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deities such as Kali and Bhairava, with offerings of non-vegetarian food, alcohol and sexual substances. According to this theory, these practitioners would have invited their deities to enter them, then reverted the role in order to control that deity and gain its power. These ascetics would have been supported by low castes living at the cremation places.

8974:, pp. 73–77: "The Tantric Buddhist traditions have been given several labels, but there is no single label that is accepted by all of these traditions. It is important to note the use of this term in a plural form. Tantric or esoteric Buddhist traditions are multiple and also originated as multiple, distinct traditions of both text and practice." 6271:). Besides the shocking fact that they frequented cremation grounds and carried human skulls, little is known about them, and there is a paucity of primary sources on the Kapalikas. Samuel also states that the sources depict them as using alcohol and sex freely, that they were associated with terrfying female spirit-deities called yoginis and 6680:, Samhitas and Tantras) had been written, particularly in Kashmir, Nepal and Bengal. By this time, Tantric texts had also been translated into regional languages such as Tamil, and Tantric practices had spread across South Asia. Tantra also spread into Tibet, Indonesia and China. Gavin Flood describes the Tantric age as follows: 8716:

practices transgress orthodox Hindu ideas of ritual purity, they have often given tantra a bad image in India, where it is often condemned by the orthodox. According to Padoux, even among the traditions which accept these practices, they are far from prominent and practiced only by a "few initiated and fully qualified adepts".

8825:. According to Hugh Urban, Zimmer, Evola and Eliade viewed Tantra as "the culmination of all Indian thought: the most radical form of spirituality and the archaic heart of aboriginal India", regarding it as the ideal religion for the modern era. All three saw Tantra as "the most transgressive and violent path to the sacred". 6172:, dating from about the 1st century CE, show Buddhist and Hindu monks holding skulls. The legend corresponding to these artworks is found in Buddhist texts, and describes monks "who tap skulls and forecast the future rebirths of the person to whom that skull belonged". According to Robert Brown, these Buddhist skull-tapping 6928:, as condemning the approaches of various kinds of Tantric practitioners and defeating them through argument or spiritual power." He also is said to have encouraged the replacement of fierce goddesses with benign female deities, and thus to have promoted the Sri Vidya tradition (which worships a peaceful and sweet goddess, 6426:

guru and his consort. These practices were adopted by Kapalika styled ascetics and influenced the early Nath siddhas. Over time, the more extreme external elements were replaced by internalized yogas that make use of the subtle body. Sexual ritual became a way to reach the liberating wisdom taught in the tradition.

6378:, the earliest date for the Tantra texts related to Tantric practices is 600 CE, though most of them were probably composed after the 8th century onwards. According to Flood, very little is known about who created the Tantras, nor much is known about the social status of these and medieval era Tantrikas. 6059:

required entering a dangerous and impure supernatural realm from the Indian perspective. This association with death remains a feature of modern Buddhism, and in Buddhist countries today, Buddhist monks and other ritual specialists are in charge of the dead. Thus, the association of tantric practitioners with

8609:(chapter 15), the Trika trinity of goddesses (Parā, Parāparā, and Aparā) are visualized on the ends of the three prongs of a trident (located above the head). The rest of the trident is imagined positioned along the central axis of the yogi's body, with the blazing corpse of Shiva visualized in the head. 6717:. The non-dualists generally accepted and made use of sexual and transgressive practices, while the dualists mostly rejected them. Saiva tantra was especially successful because it managed to forge strong ties with South Asian kings who valued the power (shakti) of fierce deities like the warrior goddess 8692:

Mandalas and Yantras may be depicted in various ways, on paintings, cloth, in three dimensional form, made out of colored sand or powders, etc. Tantric yoga also often involves the mental visualization of a mandala or yantra. This is usually combined with mantra recitation and other ritual actions as

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There seems to have been some debate regarding the appropriateness of tantra. Among the Hindus, those belonging to the more orthodox Vedic traditions rejected the Tantras. Meanwhile, tantrikas incorporated Vedic ideas within their own systems, while considering the Tantras as the higher, more refined

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also supported tantric Buddhism. According to Samuel, while the sexual and transgressive practices were mostly undertaken in symbolic form (or through visualization) in later Tibetan Buddhist monastic contexts, it seems that in the eighth to tenth century Indian context, they were actually performed.

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From the 8th to the 14th century, Tantric traditions rose to prominence and flourished throughout India and beyond. By the 10th century, the main elements of tantric practice had reached maturity and were being practiced in Saiva and Buddhist contexts. This period has been referred to as the 'Tantric

6305:(left-hand) Tantras of the Kaulas. Literary evidence suggests Tantric Buddhism was probably flourishing by the 7th century. Matrikas, or fierce mother goddesses that later are closely linked to Tantra practices, appear both in Buddhist and Hindu arts and literature between the 7th and 10th centuries. 5528:

David Gray disagrees with broad generalizations and states that defining Tantra is a difficult task because "Tantra traditions are manifold, spanning several religious traditions and cultural worlds. As a result they are also diverse, which makes it a significant challenge to come up with an adequate

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has rarely engaged with the study of Tantra. This is arguably a result of the modern construction of Tantrism as occult, esoteric and secret. Some scholars have tried to demystify the myth of secrecy in contemporary Tantric traditions, suggesting new methodological avenues to overcome the ethical and

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Many definitions of Tantra have been proposed since, and there is no universally accepted definition. André Padoux, in his review of Tantra definitions offers two, then rejects both. One definition, according to Padoux, is found among Tantra practitioners – it is any "system of observances" about the

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In the tantric traditions which do use sex as part of spiritual practice (this refers mainly to the Kaulas, and also Tibetan Buddhism), sex and desire are often seen as a means of transcendence that is used to reach the Absolute. Thus, sex and desire are not seen as ends in themselves. Because these

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which states that revelation (sruti) is twofold – Vedic and Tantric. Hindu tantric teachings are generally seen as revelations from a divine being (such as Śiva, or the Goddess) which are considered by tantrikas to be superior to the Vedas in leading beings to liberation. They are also considered to

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tradition, with rituals based on yakshas and yakshinis. However, this Jain tantrism was mainly used for pragmatic purposes like protection, and was not used to attain liberation. Complete manuscripts of these Jain tantras have not survived. The Jains also seem to have adopted some of the subtle body

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Pre-tantric Buddhism contains elements which could be seen as proto-tantric, and which may have influenced the development of the Buddhist Tantric tradition. The use of magical chants or incantations can be found in the early Buddhist texts as well as in some Mahayana sutras. These magical spells or

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One of the key differences between the Tantric and non-Tantric traditions – whether it be orthodox Buddhism, Hinduism or Jainism – is their assumptions about the need for monastic or ascetic life. Non-Tantrika, or orthodox traditions in all three major ancient Indian religions, hold that the worldly

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In modern scholarship, Tantra has been studied as an esoteric practice and ritualistic religion, sometimes referred to as Tantrism. There is a wide gap between what Tantra means to its followers, and the way Tantra has been represented or perceived since colonial era writers began commenting on it.

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On the ritual and mental plane, transgression was an essential trait by which the nondualistic Tantric traditions set themselves apart from other traditions – so much so that they used the term "nondualistic practice" (advaitacara) to refer to the Kaula transgressive practices as a rejection of the

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André Padoux notes that there is no consensus among scholars as to which elements are characteristic for Tantra, nor is there any text that contains all those elements. Also, most of those elements can also be found in non-Tantric traditions. Because of the wide range of communities covered by the

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tradition, an important tantric religion in South India. Though it takes much of its philosophical and doctrinal system from Kashmir Shaivism, it generally avoids the transgressive elements and is orthodox or "right handed". Bhaskararaya (18th century) is considered a key thinker of this tradition.

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developed. According to Alexis Sanderson, this tradition arose out of the confrontation between the dualistic and more orthodox Śaiva Siddhānta and the nondual transgressive traditions of the Trika and Krama. According to David B. Gray, this school integrated elements from both of these traditions,

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There are also various traditions who are classified as "Vidyāpīṭha". The texts of this tradition focus on worshipping goddesses known as Yoginīs or Ḍākinīs and include antinomian practices dealing with charnel grounds and sexuality. These goddess centered traditions of the Śākta tantras are mostly

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Tantric texts and practitioners ("tantrikas" and "tantrinis") are often contrasted with Vedic texts and those who practice Vedic religion ("Vaidikas"). This non-Vedic path was often termed Mantramarga ("The way of mantras") or Tantrasastra ("Tantra teaching"). One of the most well known comments on

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of western scholars and does not reflect the self-understanding of any particular tantric tradition. While Goudriaan's description is useful, adds Gray, there is no single defining universal characteristic common to all Tantra traditions, being an open evolving system. Tantrism, whether Buddhist or

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or a spiritualized yogic sexuality. According to Padoux, "this is a misunderstanding, for though the place of sex in Tantra is ideologically essential, it is not always so in action and ritual." Padoux further notes that while sexual practices do exist and were used by certain tantric groups, they

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In the non-dualistic and transgressive (or "left hand") traditions like the Kali cults and the Trika school, rituals and pujas can include certain left hand path elements that are not found in the more orthodox traditions. These transgressive elements include the use of skulls and other human bone

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Different scholars give different main features of tantra. For example, David N. Lorenzen writes that tantra shares various "shamanic and yogic" practices, worship of goddesses, association with specific schools like the Kaulas and Kapalikas, as well as tantric texts. Christopher Wallis meanwhile,

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It is only in the seventh and eighth centuries however that we find substantial evidence for these sexual yogas. Unlike previous Upanishadic sexual rituals however, which seem to have been associated with Vedic sacrifice and mundane ends like childbirth, these sexual yogas were associated with the

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Samuel writes that the Saiva Tantra tradition appears to have originated as ritual sorcery carried out by hereditary caste groups (kulas) and associated with sex, death and fierce goddesses. The initiation rituals involved the consumption of the mixed sexual secretions (the clan essence) of a male

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chakra. The next set of five syllables (HA SA KA HA LA HRIM) is visualized in the heart chakra and the third cluster (SA KA LA HRIM) in the cakra between the eyebrows. The yogi is further instructed to lengthen the enunciation of the M sound at the end of the HRIM syllable, a practice called nada

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In Nepal, the Sarvamnaya tantra system evolved as a tantrik tradition which drew upon the āmnāya system. Amnaya is often translated as 'transmission'. This system serves as the guiding source for the tradition of worship of deities that emanate from the five different aspects of Lord Śiva. At its

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have been dated to the fifth century. Their scriptures (the Śaiva Agamas) and basic doctrines are also shared by the other traditions as a common Śaiva doctrine and many of their rites are also used in other schools of Shaiva Tantra. The prescriptions and rituals of the Śaiva Siddhānta Agamas are

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that swept throughout India from the 15th century onwards. According to Samuel, "these new devotional styles of religion, with their emphasis on emotional submission to a supreme saviour-deity, whether Saivite or Vaisnavite, were better adapted, perhaps, to the subaltern role of non-Muslim groups

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was a particularly important center, both Saiva and Buddhist and numerous key tantric texts were written there according to Padoux. According to Alexis Sanderson, the Śaiva Tantra traditions of medieval Kashmir were mainly divided between the dualistic Śaiva Siddhanta and the non-dualist theology

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According to Samuel, another key element of in the development of tantra was "the gradual transformation of local and regional deity cults through which fierce male and, particularly, female deities came to take a leading role in the place of the yaksa deities." Samuel states that this took place

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tantric practices developed in both Buddhist and Brahmanical (mainly Śaiva ascetics like the Kapalikas) contexts and that "Śaivas and Buddhists borrowed extensively from each other, with varying degrees of acknowledgement." According to Samuel, these deliberately transgressive practices included,

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and iconography all show tantric influence. These texts, states Gavin Flood, contain representation of "the body in philosophy, in ritual and in art", which are linked to "techniques of the body, methods or technologies developed within the tantric traditions intended to transform body and self".

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The scope of topics discussed in the Tantras is considerable. They deal with the creation and history of the world; the names and functions of a great variety of male and female deities and other higher beings; the types of ritual worship (especially of Goddesses); magic, sorcery, and divination;

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are a key element of Tantra. They are used to represent numerous tantric ideas and concepts as well as used for meditative focus. Mandalas symbolically communicate the correspondences between the "transcendent-yet-immanent" macrocosm and the microcosm of mundane human experience. The godhead (or

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In the 10th and 11th centuries, both Shaiva and Buddhist tantra evolved into more tame, philosophical, and liberation-oriented religions. This transformation saw a move from external and transgressive rituals towards a more internalized yogic practice focused on attaining spiritual insight. This

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Tantric practices also included secret initiation ceremonies in which individuals would enter the tantric family (kula) and receive the secret mantras of the tantric deities. These initiations included the consumption of the sexual substances (semen and female sexual secretions) produced through

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Flood states that the pioneers of Tantra may have been ascetics who lived at the cremation grounds, possibly from "above low-caste groups", and were probably non-Brahmanical and possibly part of an ancient tradition. By the early medieval times, their practices may have included the imitation of

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as a composite word of "sva" (self) and tantra, then stating "svatantra" means "one who is self-dependent, one who is his own master, the principal thing for whom is himself", thereby interpreting the definition of tantra. Patanjali also offers a semantic definition of Tantra, stating that it is

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as a way to increase their own royal power. These kings took part in royal rituals led by Saiva "royal gurus" in which they were symbolically married to tantric deities and thus became the earthly representative of male gods like Shiva. Saiva tantra could also employ a variety of protection and

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Teun Goudriaan in his 1981 review of Hindu Tantrism, states that Tantrism usually means a "systematic quest for salvation or spiritual excellence" by realizing and fostering the divine within one's own body, one that is simultaneous union of the masculine-feminine and spirit-matter, and has the

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term and notion, not a category that is used by Tantrikas themselves. The term was introduced by 19th-century Indologists, with limited knowledge of India and in whose view Tantrism was a particular, unusual and minority practice in contrast to Indian traditions they believed to be mainstream.

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While the Śākta traditions continued to develop in different ways, sometimes in a more popular and devotional direction, many of them retain various tantric elements today. The two most important and popular Śākta tantra traditions today are the Southern Kaula transmission, which focus on the

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The Buddhists developed their own corpus of Tantras, which also drew on various Mahayana doctrines and practices, as well as on elements of the fierce goddess tradition and also on elements from the Śaiva traditions (such as deities like Bhairava, which were seen as having been subjugated and

6153:(c. 5th century at the latest) contains what could be seen as a proto-mandala. In the second chapter, a bodhisattva has a vision of "a vast building made of beryl and with divine jewels and celestial perfumes. Four lotus-seats appear in the four directions, with four Buddhas seated upon them: 6058:

According to Geoffrey Samuel, sramana groups like the Buddhists and Jains were associated with the dead. Samuel notes that they "frequently settled at sites associated with the dead and seem to have taken over a significant role in relation to the spirits of the dead." To step into this realm

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define yoga as "the stilling of the disturbances of the mind". Richard Payne states that Tantra has been commonly but incorrectly associated with sex, given popular culture's prurient obsession with intimacy. Tantra has been labelled as the "yoga of ecstasy", driven by senseless ritualistic

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According to David N. Lorenzen, two different kinds of definitions of Tantra exist, narrow and broad. According to the narrow definition, Tantrism, or "Tantric religion", is the elite traditions directly based on the Sanskrit texts called the Tantras, Samhitas, and Agamas. Lorenzen's "broad

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Rituals are particularly important in the dualistic Śaiva Siddhānta which according to Padoux "is typically characterized by an overabundance of rituals, which are necessarily accompanied by mantras. These rituals are not so much a succession of actions as a play of mentally visualized and

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vision of man and the cosmos where correspondences between the inner world of the person and the macrocosmic reality play an essential role. Another definition, more common among observers and non-practitioners, is some "set of mechanistic rituals, omitting entirely the ideological side".

8570:("seals", i.e. hand gestures) and complex visualizations involving divine symbols, mandalas and deities. Nyasa involves touching various parts of the body while reciting mantra, which is thought to connect the deity with the yogis body and transform the body into that of the deity. 6996:

Given the extremely negative views of Tantra and its sexual and magical practices which prevailed in middle-class India in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and still largely prevail today, this was an embarrassing heritage. Much effort was given by people such as

7080:." These various traditions also differ among themselves on how heterodox and transgressive they are (vis a vis the Vedic tradition). Since tantric rituals became so widespread, certain forms of tantra were eventually accepted by many orthodox Vedic thinkers such as 5469:(1875–1955) is widely credited with introducing the philosophy and practices of tantra to the American people, at the same time creating a somewhat misleading impression of its connection to sex. That popular sexualization is more accurately regarded as the western 6413:

texts. Davidson argues that the pithas seem to have been neither uniquely Buddhist nor Śaiva, but frequented by both groups. He also states that the Śaiva tradition was also involved in the appropriation of local deities and that tantra may have been influenced by

7204:. It includes various sub-traditions the developed in different regions of India, such as the Trika lineage (which worships a trio of deities: Parā, Parāparā, and Aparā), the tradition of the fierce goddess Guhyakālī, Krama tradition, focusing on the goddess 6963:

In Buddhism, while tantra became accepted in the great Mahayana establishments of Nalanda and Vikramashila and spread to the Himalayan regions, it also experienced serious setbacks in other regions, particularly Southeast Asia. In Burma, for example, King

7005:(de Michelis 2004). The effort was largely successful, and many modern Western practitioners of yoga for health and relaxation have little or no knowledge of its original function as a preparation for the internal sexual practices of the Nath tradition. 6956:

under Muslim rule." Saiva tantra did remain an important practice among most Saiva ascetics however. Tantric traditions also survived in certain regions, such as among the Naths of Rajasthan, in the Sri Vidya tradition of South India and in the Bengali

4826:) literally means "loom, warp, weave". According to Padoux, the verbal root Tan means: "to extend", "to spread", "to spin out", "weave", "display", "put forth", and "compose". Therefore, by extension, it can also mean "system", "doctrine", or "work". 7009:

Buddhist tantra has survived in modern Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, in various Japanese traditions such as Shingon, and in the Newar Buddhism of the Kathmandu Valley. There are also magical quasi-tantric traditions in Southeast Asia, sometimes termed

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texts. In these texts, ascetic practices allow a holy man to build up tapas, a kind of magical inner heat, which allows them to perform all sorts of magical feats as well as granting visions and divine revelations. Samuel also notes that in the

5858:(vital breaths) that move around in the body and animate it. However, the idea of consciously moving the bodily pranas through yoga is not found in these sources. According to Lorenzen, Vedic ideas related to the body later diversified into the 7076:. According to David B. Gray, "one of the most important tropes in the history of the dissemination of tantric traditions is that of lineage, the transmission of teachings along an uninterrupted lineage, from master to disciple, the so-called 5320:

in his Sutra 1.4.54–55 of Sanskrit grammar, cryptically explains tantra through the example of "Sva-tantra" (Sanskrit: स्वतन्त्र), which he states means "independent" or a person who is his own "warp, cloth, weaver, promoter, karta (actor)".

6843:. In Tibet, the transgressive and sexual practices of tantra became much less central and tantric practice was seen as suitable only for a small elite group. New tantras continued to be composed during this later period as well, such as the 5541:

esoteric "physiology" (the mapping of the subtle or psychic body); the awakening of the mysterious serpent power (kundalinî-shakti); techniques of bodily and mental purification; the nature of enlightenment; and not least, sacred sexuality.

5806:

pioneers and accomplished yogis of the ancient pre-Buddhist Indian tradition, and that this Vedic hymn is speaking of those "lost in thoughts" whose "personalities are not bound to earth, for they follow the path of the mysterious wind".

8538:

Tantric yoga is first and foremost an embodied practice, which is seen as having a divine esoteric structure. As noted by Padoux, tantric yoga makes use of a "mystic physiology" which includes various psychosomatic elements known as the

6947:

conjectured that Madhavacharya ignored Tantra because it may have been considered scandalous. In contrast, Padoux suggests that Tantra may have been so pervasive by the 13th century that "it was not regarded as being a distinct system."

5968:

texts mention offerings to goddesses Rākā, Sinīvālī, and Kuhū in a manner similar to a tantric ritual. Frederick Smith – a professor of Sanskrit and Classical Indian Religions, considers Tantra to be a religious movement parallel to the

8512:) that bind individual Selfs, though the ritual must be performed with an understanding of their nature and purpose as well as with devotion. In the view of the Trika school (especially in the work of Abhinavagupta), only knowledge ( 6824:

In Buddhism, this taming of tantra is associated with the adoption of tantra by Buddhist monastics who sought to incorporate it within the Buddhist Mahayana scholastic framework. Buddhist tantras were written down and scholars like

5756:

texts. Despite Bhatta attempt to clarify, states Padoux, in reality Hindus and Buddhists have historically felt free to borrow and blend ideas from all sources, Vedic, non-Vedic and in the case of Buddhism, its own canonical works.

5649:

Elements of Tantrism. Clockwise from upper left: Mantra (Buddhist), Mandala (Hindu), Yantra (of Kali), Skull cup (Kapala), Nadis and Chakras (Tibetan), Deities depicted in sexual union. These are neither compulsory nor universal in

4762:

does not directly reference the tantras, its practices and ideas parallel them. In Buddhism, tantra has influenced the art and iconography of Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism, as well as historic cave temples of India and the art of

5983:, but this attribution is one of respect not of historicity. Ayurveda has primarily been an empirical practice with Vedic roots, but Tantra has been an esoteric, folk movement without grounding that can be traced to anything in 5744:(canonical texts). The Tantrika, to Bhatta, is that literature which forms a parallel part of the Hindu tradition, independent of the Vedic corpus. The Vedic and non-Vedic (Tantric) paths are seen as two different approaches to 6913:

understanding. Meanwhile, some Tantrikas considered the Tantras to be superior to the Vedas, while others considered them complementary such as Umapati, who is quoted as stating: "The Veda is the cow, the true Agama its milk."

8075:

were also adapted and incorporated into general Chinese Buddhist practices and rituals. In modern Chinese Buddhism, the esoteric traditions continue to be passed on and practiced through numerous tantric rituals such as the

6991:

in the 19th and 20th centuries, Samuel writes that this period saw "a radical reframing of yogic practices away from the Tantric context." Samuel notes that while Hindu Hatha yoga had its origins in a Saiva tantric context,

5331:

quotes and accepts Panini's definition, then discusses or mentions it at a greater length, in 18 instances, stating that its metaphorical definition of "warp (weaving), extended cloth" is relevant to many contexts. The word

8768:

Arthur Avalon and is known as the "founding father of Tantric studies". Unlike previous Western scholars Woodroffe advocated for Tantra, defending and presenting it as an ethical and philosophical system in accord with the

5708:

Tantrism is an overarching term for "Tantric traditions", states David Gray in a 2016 review, that combine Vedic, yogic and meditative traditions from ancient Hinduism as well as rival Buddhist and Jain traditions. it is a

5714:

Hindu, can best be characterized as practices, a set of techniques, with a strong focus on rituals and meditation, by those who believe that it is a path to liberation that is characterized by both knowledge and freedom.

6972:" monks. As Theravada Buddhism became dominant in South East Asian states, tantric religions became marginalised in those regions. In Sri Lanka, tantric Buddhism also suffered debilitating setbacks. Initially the large 5667:

ultimate goal of realizing the "primal blissful state of non-duality". It is typically a methodically striven system, consisting of voluntarily chosen specific practices which may include Tantric items such as mantras (

8962:, p. 13: "Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics, while others are decidedly dualist. Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment, while others assert that knowledge is more important." 6436:

or "Yogini") tantras. According to Samuel, it seems that these sexual practices were not initially practiced by Buddhist monastics and instead developed outside of the monastic establishments among traveling siddhas.

6839:. In his view, one needed to first begin practicing non-tantric Mahayana, and then later one might be ready for tantra. This system became the model for tantric practice among some Tibetan Buddhist schools, like the 8507:

There is also a fundamental philosophical disagreement between Śaiva Siddhānta and the non-dualistic schools like the Trika regarding ritual. In Śaiva Siddhānta, only ritual can do away with "innate impurities"

6251:

Shaivite ascetics seem to have been involved in the initial development of Tantra, particularly the transgressive elements dealing with the charnel ground. According to Samuel, one group of Shaiva ascetics, the

6540:, which were also seen as goddesses), and also with spiritual ends. These practices seemed to have developed at around the same time in both Saiva and Buddhist circles, and are associated with figures such as 7067:

There are various Hindu tantric traditions within Shaivism, Shaktism and Vaishnavism. There are numerous tantric texts for these different traditions with different philosophical points of view, ranging from

6408:

literature, including whole passages and lists of pithas, that seem to have been directly borrowed by Vajrayana texts. This has been criticized by Ronald M. Davidson however, due to the uncertain date of the

6394:"night time orgies in charnel grounds, involving the eating of human flesh, the use of ornaments, bowls and musical instruments made from human bones, sexual relations while seated on corpses, and the like." 8685:

principal Buddha) is often depicted at the center of the mandala, while all other beings, including the practitioner, are located at various distances from this center. Mandalas also reflected the medieval

6943:, who was considered a major and influential Tantra scholar. However, Madhavacarya does not mention Tantra as a separate, distinct religious or ritual-driven practice. The early 20th-century Indian scholar 6296:

These early historical mentions are in passing and appear to be Tantra-like practices, they are not detailed nor comprehensive presentation of Tantric beliefs and practices. Epigraphic references to the

6292:

mentions Kapalikas in his literary works. Some of the Kāpālika practices mentioned in these texts are those found in Shaiva Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism, and scholars disagree on who influenced whom.

6609:

tantras which make use of charnel ground symbolism and fierce goddesses. Samuel writes that these later texts also combine the sexual yoga with a system of controlling the energies of the subtle body.

6288:(composed by the 5th century AD), for example, the story calls a female character Kapalika, whose lover dies, he is cremated, she takes his cremation ashes and smears her body with it. The 6th-century 8589:

in which tantrikas focus on a vision or image of the deity (or deities), and in some cases imagine themselves as being the deity and their own body as the body of the deity. The practitioner may use

7064:, while considering tantra as superior, do not totally reject Vedic teachings, and instead consider them valid on a lower level since they also derive from the same source, the supreme Godhead. 6932:). Though it is far from certain that Shankara actually campaigned against tantra, he is traditionally seen as someone who purified Hinduism from transgressive and antinomian tantric practices. 6571:

According to Jacob Dalton, ritualized sexual yoga (along with the sexual elements of the tantric initiation ritual, like the consumption of sexual fluids) first appears in Buddhist works called

6528:(c. 5th century), which states "Supreme self-control is achieved in the reversal of sexual intercourse in the blissful Buddha-poise and the untrammelled vision of one's spouse." According to 8707:

While tantra involves a wide range of ideas and practices which are not always of a sexual nature, Flood and Padoux both note that in the West, Tantra is most often thought of as a kind of

6121:

A key element of Buddhist Tantric practice is the visualization of deities in meditation. This practice is actually found in pre-tantric Buddhist texts as well. In Mahayana sutras like the

6875:

Agama tradition. This tradition avoided the transgressive and sexual elements that were embraced by the Saivas and the Buddhists. There is also a smaller tantric tradition associated with

13329: 6628:

and its commentaries have revealed numerous attempts by the Buddhists to enlarge and modify it, both to remove references to Saiva deities and to add more Buddhist technical terminology.

6511:, since sexual intercourse was seen as being involved in the stimulation of the flow of these energies. Samuel thinks that these subtle body practices may have been influenced by Chinese 7092:

also state that tantrikas can follow the Vedic social rules out of convenience and for the benefit of their clan and guru. However, not all Vedic thinkers accepted tantra. For example,

5960:

cults as foundational to early tantra but disagrees with scholars who maintain that the roots of such cults lie in an "autochthonous non-Vedic source" such as indigenous tribes or the

5838:(Self) and the body are connected and interdependent through energy carrying arteries when one is awake or sleeping, but they do not mention anything related to Tantric practices. The 6256:, practiced a form of spirituality that made use of shocking and disreputable behavior later found in a tantric context, such as dancing, singing, and smearing themselves with ashes. 12681: 8200:

term, it is problematic to describe tantric practices definitively. However, there are sets of practices and elements which are shared by numerous tantric traditions, and thus a

7984:

and the Himalayan regions. It first spread to Tibet in the 8th century and quickly rose to prominence. The Tibetan Buddhist tantric teachings have recently been spread to the

6976:

Monastery was a place where the practice of Vajrayana seems to have flourished during the 8th century. However, Abhayagiri was disbanded and forced to convert to the orthodox

5611: 5514:

The term "yoga" is broadly attributed to many traditions and practices, including the western assumption that yoga is synonymous with physical stretching and little more. The

4892:

of Hinduism (and Jainism), the term means "doctrine, rule, theory, method, technique or chapter" and the word appears both as a separate word and as a common suffix, such as

8558:

is one of the most common and widespread elements of tantric practice. They are used in rituals as well as during various meditative and yogic practices. Mantra recitation (

5802:(sages) experiencing Tantra-like "ecstatic, altered states of consciousness" and gaining the ability "to fly on the wind". In contrast, Werner suggests that these are early 6749:. As noted by Samuel, in spite of the increased depiction of female goddesses, these tantric traditions all seemed to have been mostly "male-directed and male-controlled." 4715:

traditions, also means any systematic broadly applicable "text, theory, system, method, instrument, technique or practice". A key feature of these traditions is the use of

6422:

milieu from which both Śaivas and Buddhists were borrowing", but that other elements, like the Kapalika style practices, are more clearly derived from a Śaiva tradition.

6568:, as well as spiritual liberation (moksha, nirvana). Sexual yoga was seen as one way of producing a blissful expansion of consciousness that could lead to liberation. 8522:) of our true nature, leads to liberation. According to Padoux, "this is also, with nuances, the position of the Pñcaratra and of other Vaisnava Tantric traditions." 8039:

saw an influx of new esoteric texts being transmitted by monks from Central Asia. Chinese Esoteric Buddhist rituals were also noted to be particularly popular in the

7942: 6335: 4615: 6404:

has argued that tantric practices originally developed in a Śaiva milieu and was later adopted by Buddhists. He cites numerous elements that are found in the Śaiva

7200:, which may have been established around the 9th century. It includes sexual rituals, sanguinary practices, the ritual consumption of liquor and the importance of 13774:

The Chinese Hevajratantra: the scriptural text of the Ritual of the Great King of the Teaching, the Adamantine One with Great Compassion and Knowledge of the Void

8530: 7159:

generally followed by Śaiva temples in South India and they are mostly compatible with orthodox Brahmanism, lacking terrifying deities and animal sacrifice.

6722:

destruction rituals which could be used for the benefit of the kingdom and the king. Tantric Shaivism was adopted by the kings of Kashmir, as well as by the

7147:

and Kāpālikas). There are various doctrines, textual classes and schools of Shaiva Tantra, which often overlap with the Shakta tradition in different ways.

8464: 6850:

Another influential development during this period was the codification of tantric yogic techniques that would later become the separate movement known as

6809:

recasting also made tantric religions much less open to attack by other groups. In Shaivism, this development is often associated with the Kashmiri master

8651:

are mystical diagrams which are used in tantric meditation and ritual. They are usually associated with specific Hindu deities such as Shiva, Shakti, or

7104: 5950:

contains various sexual rituals and practices which are mostly aimed at obtaining a child which are concerned with the loss of male virility and power.

8573:

Mantras are also often visualized as being located within the yogi's body as part of tantric meditations. For example, in the "Yogini Heart" tantra, a

6648: 8011:. Tantric materials involving the use of mantras and dharanis began to appear in China during the fifth century period, and Buddhist masters such as 7290:

tradition, it flourished in Bengal around the 16th through 19th centuries. It taught that each individual is a divinity, embodying the divine couple

7220:"the end result was a nondualistic system in which the transgressive elements were internalized and hence rendered less offensive to the orthodox." 7170:), that is, carrying a skull, a skull staff (khatavanga) and worshipping in cremation grounds. One contemporary group of Kapalika ascetics are the 6110:

which includes a dialogue between the Buddha and a group of rākṣasīs, who swear to uphold and protect the sutra. These figures also teach magical

14491: 8872:, for instance, is Tantric in its conception and ritual process, the principles of Hindu temple building and iconography are Tantric, and so on." 13340: 7263:

The Kālīkula tradition is particularly important in East and South India and Kālī remains a popular goddess in India, a focus of much devotion.

13608: 12585: 7185:

There are various Vidyāpīṭha traditions, which focus on a bipolar, bisexual divinity that is equal parts male and female, Śaiva and Śākta. The

13628: 8504:

In both the Buddhist and Saiva contexts, the sexual practices are often seen as a way to expand one's consciousness through the use of bliss.

8003:

Buddhist Tantric practices and texts which developed from the 5th to the 8th centuries were translated into Chinese and are preserved in the

12907:"'I Am Afraid of Telling You This, Lest You'd Be Scared Shitless!': The Myth of Secrecy and the Study of the Esoteric Traditions of Bengal" 6752:

During the Tantric Age, Buddhist Tantra was embraced by the Mahayana Buddhist mainstream and was studied at the great universities such as

14663: 6939:) wrote copious commentaries on then existing major schools of Indian philosophies and practices, and cited the works of the 10th century 12645: 6896:(c. 1089–1172) discusses tantric practices extensively, such as internal meditations on chakras, which betray Kaula and Nath influences. 6760:, from which it spread to Tibet and to the East Asian states of China, Korea, and Japan. This new Tantric Buddhism was supported by the 15408: 14658: 14653: 8582:(phonic vibration). This practice goes through various increasingly subtle stages until it dissolves into the silence of the Absolute. 13323:. Buddhism into the Year 2000. International Conference Proceedings. Bangkok and Los Angeles: Dhammakāya Foundation. pp. 89–102. 5995: 188: 6278:

Kapalikas are depicted in fictional works and also widely disparaged in Buddhist, Hindu and Jain texts of the 1st millennium CE. In

13022:

A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages

7581: 5898:

consider Yoga and the evolution of Yogic practices to be separate and distinct from the evolution of Tantra and Tantric practices.

5525:. This is far from the diverse and complex understanding of what Tantra means to those Buddhists, Hindu and Jains who practice it. 5390:

When an action or a thing, once complete, becomes beneficial in several matters to one person, or to many people, that is known as

4254: 12127:

Bisschop, Peter C. (2020). "1. From Mantramārga Back to Atimārga: Atimārga as a Self referential Term". In Goodall at al. (ed.).

6082:

are also associated with magical incantations. Kubera is said to have provided the Buddhist sangha with protection spells in the

7154:

is the earliest Śaiva Tantra school and was characterized by public rituals performed by priests. Some of their texts, like the

2360: 951: 6088:. These spirit deities also included numerous female deities (yakṣiṇī) that can be found depicted in major Buddhist sites like 6469:

Another key and innovative feature of medieval tantric systems was the development of internal yogas based on elements of the

4903:

The term "Tantra" after about 500 BCE, in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism is a bibliographic category, just like the word

15484: 13896: 13874: 13855: 13836: 13817: 13753: 13723: 13704: 13578: 13557: 13455: 13436: 13408: 13362: 13306: 13275: 13256: 13237: 13218: 13180: 13131: 13067: 13048: 13029: 12941: 12858: 12827: 12806: 12776: 12746: 12727: 12708: 12602: 12561: 12523: 12504: 12485: 12459: 12409: 12381: 12362: 12321: 12302: 12264:

Dalton, J. (2004). "The Development of Perfection: The Interiorization of Buddhist Ritual in the Eight and Ninth Centuries".

12254: 12235: 12192: 12098: 12079: 12052: 12024: 6431: 8052: 7014:, though they are not called "tantric" and have been marginalised by state supported modernist forms of Theravada Buddhism. 15479: 14958: 6700:

religion, even those forms which wanted to distance themselves from Tantrism, absorbed elements derived from the Tantras.

4853:

of threads on a loom. It implies "interweaving of traditions and teachings as threads" into a text, technique or practice.

2239: 6860:(11th century CE) attributed to the mahasiddha Virupa. This text was later adopted by Saiva yogic traditions (such as the 6764:(8th–12th century) which supported these centers of learning and also built grand tantric temples and monasteries such as 14368: 12887:"The Journey to the Summit: Kuṇḍaliṇī's Ascent through Initiation into the Revelations of the Sarvāmnāya Tantra of Nepal" 12146:

Borkataky-Varma, S. (January 2019). "Red: An Ethnographic Study of Cross-Pollination Between the Vedic and the Tantric".

8603:). In other meditations, the deities are visualized as being inside the tantrika's body. For example, in Abhinavagupta's 7949: 4919:. The various contextual meanings of the word Tantra vary with the Indian text and are summarized in the appended table. 4622: 6684:

Tantrism has been so pervasive that all of Hinduism after the eleventh century, perhaps with the exception of the vedic

13640: 13597: 13522: 13474: 13199: 12634: 12440: 12343: 12136: 6066:

Some scholars think that the development of tantra may have been influenced by the cults of nature spirit-deities like

4802:

building also generally conforms to the iconography of tantra. Hindu texts describing these topics are called Tantras,

3483: 8777:. Woodroffe practised Tantra and, while trying to maintain scholastic objectivity, was a student of Hindu Tantra (the 6676:

Age' by some scholars due to prevalence of Tantra. Also by the 10th century, numerous tantric texts (variously called

3116: 13915: 13781: 13381: 12675: 12542: 12117: 8077: 6951:

Hindu tantra, while practiced by some of the general lay population, was eventually overshadowed by the more popular

3967: 7166:, a terrifying form of Shiva also known as "Aghora" ("not fearsome"). This tradition promotes the Skull observance ( 6796:

which were orally transmitted in various lineages and translated into many different languages over time. The later

7818: 7047:(and Puranas influenced by tantric ideas). Besides these types of texts, there are also various types of tantric " 5761:

life of a householder is one driven by desires and greeds which are a serious impediment to spiritual liberation (

5344:

structural rules, standard procedures, centralized guide or knowledge in any field that applies to many elements.

4491: 7298:. This tradition integrated earlier Hindu and Buddhist tantric practices within a Vaiṣṇava theological framework. 7189:

worship Bhairava along with Kapalini, the goddess of the skull. The Goddess centered traditions are known as the

7088:

as long as they did not contradict Vedic teaching and social rules. Tantric scriptures such as the Kali centered

6123: 2269: 1105: 65: 7414: 7242:, which emerged in the 12th or 13th century. They produced various Haṭhayoga texts which draw on tantric yogas. 7027:

Within Hinduism, the word tantra often refers to a text, which may or may not be "tantric." Conversely, various

6418:

and their deities. Samuel writes that "the female divinities may well best be understood in terms of a distinct

6084: 4087: 14198: 14034: 8473: 8297: 7109: 6813:(c. 950 – 1016 CE) and his followers, as well the movements which were influenced by their work, like the 6520: 6499:) flowed. These yogas involved moving these energies through the body to clear out certain knots or blockages ( 5394:. For example, a lamp placed amidst many priests. In contrast, that which benefits by its repetition is called 225: 5386:

school of Hinduism uses the term tantra extensively, and its scholars offer various definitions. For example:

14991: 14981: 7811: 7566: 5123: 4484: 4239: 3784: 1698: 13932: 12612:

Gough, Ellen (2012). "Shades of Enlightenment: A Jain Tantric Diagram and the Colours of the Tirthankaras".

14470: 13077:

Orzech, Charles D. (1989). "Seeing Chen-Yen Buddhism: Traditional Scholarship and the Vajrayāna in China".

11394: 8637: 8577:

text, the yogi is instructed to imagine the five syllables (HA SA KA LA HRIM) of the deity's mantra in the

8375: 8112:. Esoteric practices also spread to Korea and to Japan, where it exists as an independent tradition called 7441: 7371: 7365: 7143:, and is often seen as being a separate teaching than the ascetic "Atimārga" tradition (which includes the 6147:

which might have served as a source for the imagery found in later Tantric texts. According to Samuel, the

4114: 4044: 4038: 2249: 2189: 174: 13960: 13532:

Taddei, Maurizio (1979). "The story of the Buddha and the skull-tapper: A Note on Gandharan Iconography".

797: 15504: 15474: 14996: 13646: 8000:. The tradition maintains a canon of Sanskrit texts, the only Buddhist tantric tradition to still do so. 6833:, wrote a treatise which placed tantra as the culmination of a graduated Mahayana path to awakening, the 3419: 3310: 1920: 37: 15389: 13968: 8789:

Following Woodroffe, a number of scholars began investigating Tantric teachings, including scholars of

7011: 6977: 6078:. Yakṣas are powerful nature spirits which were sometimes seen as guardians or protectors. Yakṣas like 4759: 3438: 3109: 3013: 1960: 1634: 1319: 631: 15309: 13484:

Solonin, K. J. (2013). "Buddhist Connections between the Liao and Xixia: Preliminary Considerations".

12870:"The transmission of all powers: Sarvāmnāya Śākta Tantra and the semiotics of power in Nepāla-maṇḍala" 7093: 7060:

be more effective during the Kali Yuga, a time of much passion (kama). However, tantric thinkers like

5679:), mapping of the microcosm within one's body to the macrocosmic elements outside as the subtle body ( 5016: 1955: 15349: 15119: 14882: 14750: 8016: 7969: 7825: 7382: 6735: 6415: 5961: 4747: 4498: 4055: 3801: 3415: 3061: 2179: 1915: 208: 193: 85: 8124:

The Hindu and Buddhist Tantric traditions significantly influenced other religions such as Jainism,

8097: 6904: 6854:. According to James Mallinson, the original "source text" for Hatha Yoga is the Vajrayana Buddhist 6323: 5875: 5705:, but with wide variations, and it is impossible to be dogmatic about a simple or fixed definition. 5205: 861: 76: 14951: 14678: 14477: 14167: 12977: 11997:

Principles of Tantra: the Tantratattva of Shriyukta Shiva Chandra Vidyarnava Bhattacharyya Mahodaya

7909: 7462: 7212:

cult, and the southern tradition which worships the beautiful goddess Kāmeśvarī or Tripurasundarī.

7002: 6731: 5942: 5906: 5840: 5816: 5516: 4582: 4135: 2971: 2964: 2943: 2652: 2542: 2514: 2244: 1139: 926: 33: 17: 12995:"Kalavañcana in the Konkan: How a Vajrayana Hathayoga Tradition Cheated Buddhism's Death in India" 6259:

Early Tantric practices are sometimes attributed to Shaiva ascetics associated with Bhairava, the

901: 817: 15173: 14540: 13948: 12657: 8101: 7783: 6908:

A depiction of the Goddess Bhairavi and Shiva in a charnel ground, from a 17th-century manuscript

6704:

Though the whole northern and Himalayan part of India was involved in the development of tantra,

6664: 6641: 6604: 6560:

developed yogic systems with subtle body and sexual elements which could lead to magical powers (

6362: 4456: 3186: 2399: 2304: 2229: 1415: 1337: 230: 198: 45: 13656:

Making Sense of Tantric Buddhism: History, Semiology, and Transgression in the Indian Traditions

12886: 8814: 8105: 7804: 5854:

discusses a central channel running through the body and various Vedic texts mention the bodily

4477: 1377: 14902: 14294: 12071: 8004: 7714: 6936: 6075: 5503:

definition" extends this by including a broad range of "magical beliefs and practices" such as

5166: 4387: 3476: 3385: 3315: 3151: 2780: 2549: 2209: 1115: 792: 15280: 13743: 12796: 12766: 12225: 8487:

there are no idols, shrines, and symbolic art, in tantra they are important means of worship.

7286:

During the medieval period another tantric Vaiṣṇava tradition emerged in Bengal. Known as the

7119: 5848:

that became a standard part of Yoga, but Tantric practices do not appear in it. Likewise, the

4884:

is that which is "principal or essential part, main point, model, framework, feature". In the

15469: 15168: 15001: 14986: 14688: 14304: 14059: 13568: 13352: 12817: 7902: 7699: 7448: 5631: 5466: 4575: 4372: 4121: 3960: 3658: 3425: 3403: 3293: 3158: 2731: 2339: 2219: 1627: 1613: 781: 12698: 12666: 11404: 6583: 3761: 776: 15260: 15208: 15027: 14887: 14870: 14484: 8790: 8008: 7418: 6944: 6797: 6789: 5850: 4091: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3288: 2950: 2528: 2498: 2329: 2234: 2130: 1865: 1759: 13448:

The Self Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature and Civilization

12554:

Chinese Esoteric Buddhism: Amoghavajra, the Ruling Elite, and the Emergence of a Tradition

7797: 6973: 6835: 4470: 8: 15489: 15443: 15425: 15250: 15188: 15022: 14944: 14505: 12374:

The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices of Kashmir Shaivism

12277: 8368: 7776: 6765: 6351: 5936: 5822: 5327: 5032: 4834: 4693: 4680: 4449: 3526: 3443: 3336: 3172: 2703: 2565: 2309: 2199: 2184: 2090: 2030: 1995: 1480: 1392: 1011: 670: 281: 183: 154: 6340: 5835: 5753: 4803: 1581: 771: 15509: 15057: 15047: 15042: 14577: 14449: 14346: 14240: 14027: 13884: 13683: 13501: 13110: 13102: 12579: 12474: 12281: 12221: 12171: 12163: 12064: 8798: 8677: 8201: 7935: 7832: 7790: 7602: 7455: 7422: 7311: 7287: 7144: 7028: 6723: 6577: 6318: 6314: 6253: 6149: 6128: 6008: 5953: 5930: 5890: 5347:

Starting in the early centuries of the common era, newly revealed Tantras centering on

4889: 4739: 4608: 4505: 4463: 4275: 4128: 4095: 3984: 3925: 3668: 3624: 3365: 3351: 3070: 2595: 2491: 2319: 2299: 2294: 2289: 1895: 1661: 1532: 1144: 1030: 7216: 6889: 6386: 6063:

and death imagery is preceded by early Buddhist contact with these sites of the dead.

5486:

Tantric traditions have been studied mostly from textual and historical perspectives.

5359:

emerged. There are tantric lineages in all main forms of modern Hinduism, such as the

4911:). The same Buddhist texts are sometimes referred to as tantra or sutra; for example, 15499: 15494: 15384: 15354: 15334: 15275: 15245: 15203: 15124: 15067: 15032: 14892: 14798: 14526: 14331: 14151: 13911: 13892: 13870: 13851: 13832: 13813: 13787: 13777: 13749: 13719: 13700: 13687: 13636: 13593: 13574: 13553: 13518: 13493: 13470: 13451: 13432: 13404: 13387: 13377: 13358: 13302: 13271: 13252: 13233: 13214: 13195: 13176: 13154: 13127: 13114: 13094: 13063: 13044: 13025: 12937: 12854: 12823: 12802: 12772: 12742: 12723: 12704: 12671: 12630: 12598: 12567: 12557: 12538: 12519: 12500: 12481: 12455: 12436: 12405: 12377: 12358: 12339: 12317: 12298: 12285: 12250: 12231: 12188: 12175: 12132: 12113: 12094: 12075: 12048: 12020: 8156: 8109: 7201: 6998: 6419: 6222: 6184: 5504: 4819: 4771: 4671: 3791: 3651: 3636: 3500: 3469: 3375: 3344: 3300: 2957: 2908: 2843: 2602: 2588: 2334: 2259: 2080: 2040: 2035: 2025: 1870: 1566: 1500: 1095: 832: 123: 8421:

Visualization of deities and Identification these deities in meditation (deity yoga)

6096:. In early Buddhist texts there is also mention of fierce demon like deities called 5722:

According to Padoux, the term "Tantrika" is based on a comment by Kulluka Bhatta on

1940: 1352: 639: 15235: 15183: 14847: 14785: 14533: 14498: 14411: 14272: 14235: 14181: 13675: 13316: 13150: 13086: 13006: 12965: 12918: 12844:. Translated by Guarisco, Elio; McLeod, Ingrid. Snow Lion Publications. p. 74. 12661: 12419: 12273: 12155: 12005: 8350: 8113: 8072: 8056: 7989: 7977: 7839: 7547: 7542: 7408: 7403: 7387: 7254:

and the Northern and Eastern transmission, focusing on the ferocious goddess Kālī (

7190: 7151: 7069: 7055:

this dichotomy is Kulluka Bhatta's statement in his 15th-century commentary to the

6884: 6714: 6710: 6697: 6529: 6442: 6401: 6142: 6111: 6048: 6036: 6000: 5660: 5533: 5376: 5372: 5360: 5263: 5232: 5051: 4897: 4751: 4743: 4641: 4512: 4220: 4215: 4081: 4076: 4060: 3953: 3748: 3693: 3251: 3213: 3193: 3144: 3093: 2992: 2787: 2773: 2724: 2667: 2214: 1875: 1794: 1545: 1465: 1090: 516: 370: 267: 14084: 13666:(1977). "Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136)". 12355:

The Canon of the Saivagama and the Kubjika: Tantras of the Western Kaula Tradition

8946:, p. 34: "Banabhatta, the Sanskrit author of the 7th century, refers, in the 8881:

The dates in the left column of the table are estimates and contested by scholars.

8483:

in Hindu Tantra differs from Vedic forms somewhat. While in the Vedic practice of

5566:

is a 19th-century European invention not present in any Asian language; compare "

5432:) copious and profound matters, especially relating to the principles of reality ( 2629: 15464: 15379: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15062: 15037: 14837: 14803: 14299: 14089: 14006: 13982: 13285: 12837: 8822: 8657: 8480: 8356: 8220: 7251: 6988: 6981: 6952: 6929: 6917: 6856: 6826: 6463: 5902: 5579: 5546: 5496: 5487: 4795: 4686: 3943: 3897: 3673: 3584: 3457: 3380: 3328: 3137: 3041: 2985: 2922: 2738: 2639: 2535: 2284: 2264: 2135: 2010: 1990: 1910: 1606: 1592: 1490: 1470: 1433: 1025: 1020: 747: 626: 590: 535: 530: 357: 15198: 12768:

Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D.

7001:

into reconstructing yoga, generally in terms of a selective Vedantic reading of

6289: 4907:(which means "sewing together", mirroring the metaphor of "weaving together" in 4738:

traditions are known for tantric ideas and practices, which are based on Indian

1154: 906: 607: 15374: 15319: 15077: 14842: 14830: 14820: 14815: 14808: 14519: 14311: 14218: 13936: 13374:

Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism: A Reading of the Treasure Store Treatise

13141:

Osto, Douglas (June 2009). "'Proto–Tantric' Elements in the Gandavyuha Sutra".

12469: 12159: 12129:Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: Essays in Honour of Alexis G.J.S. Sanderson 11983: 8818: 8761: 8563: 8344: 7993: 7758: 7396: 7276: 7132: 7081: 6773: 6659: 6227: 6060: 6040: 5885: 5681: 4863: 4764: 4755: 4431: 4069: 3816: 3708: 3646: 3641: 3370: 3179: 3027: 2678: 2572: 2521: 2324: 2150: 2070: 2020: 2005: 1970: 1925: 1827: 1599: 1460: 1342: 1291: 1276: 1256: 1220: 1149: 931: 886: 837: 595: 220: 14361: 13733:

White, David Gordon (2005). "Tantrism: An Overview". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).

13679: 12851:

Teaching Buddhism: New Insights on Understanding and Presenting the Traditions

12571: 9113: 6200:("Skull-men") were influential figures in the development of transgressive or 977: 757: 688: 203: 15458: 14911: 14853: 14698: 14593: 14512: 14463: 14289: 14174: 14160: 14079: 14020: 13497: 13418:

Smith, Brian K. (2005). "Tantrism: Hindu Tantrism". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).

13098: 8802: 8686: 8260: 8044: 7985: 7623: 7616: 7224: 7061: 6940: 6810: 6677: 6457: 6451: 6390: 6284: 6176:

suggest that tantric practices may have been in vogue by the 1st century CE.

6019: 5895: 5880: 5701:) and others. Tantrism, adds Goudriaan, is a living system that is decidedly 5657: 5275: 5251: 5118: 5103: 5073: 4850: 4712: 4296: 4289: 3907: 3806: 3698: 3678: 3663: 3629: 3537: 3034: 2999: 2936: 2882: 2875: 2836: 2829: 2766: 2759: 2752: 2745: 2717: 2661: 2279: 2224: 2204: 2194: 2174: 2145: 2055: 1850: 1845: 1835: 1784: 1706: 1620: 1453: 1402: 1301: 1236: 1075: 842: 296: 13791: 13391: 8390:: ritual sexual union (with an actual physical consort or an imagined deity) 7735: 6367: 5928:, and ejaculation of semen as the offering." This theme can be found in the 5317: 5280: 5256: 5011: 4408: 2015: 1779: 987: 982: 15344: 15290: 15223: 15109: 14918: 14875: 14456: 14373: 14262: 13994: 13663: 12331: 8839: 8806: 8590: 8517: 8407: 8161: 8081: 8068: 8064: 8040: 8036: 8020: 7997: 7350: 7140: 7135:(the highest supreme energy), Kāmeśvarī (goddess of desire) and other names 7085: 6969: 6921: 6757: 6746: 6668: 6226:

all mention the fierce, demon-killing manifestations of the Great Goddess,

5725: 5550: 5294: 4799: 4023: 3849: 3796: 3006: 2915: 2822: 2815: 2808: 2794: 2452: 2274: 2110: 2105: 2065: 1975: 1965: 1935: 1905: 1840: 1744: 1666: 1397: 1362: 1286: 1261: 1190: 1040: 891: 683: 678: 577: 564: 559: 56: 14582: 14267: 14141: 11206: 8712:"lost their prevalence when Tantra spread to other larger social groups." 8180:

are portrayed. The Tantric traditions within Jainism use verbal spells or

6829:

wrote commentaries on them. Another important figure, the Bengali teacher

6644:

and His Consort Vajravarahi, c. 12th century, India (Bengal) or Bangladesh

6301:

Tantric practices are rare. Reference is made in the early 9th century to

5450: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5410: 5262:

Set of doctrines or practices, teachings, texts, system (sometimes called

4685:'expansion-device, salvation-spreader; loom, weave, warp') is an 1215: 15339: 15270: 15218: 15163: 15139: 15017: 14776: 14587: 14430: 14351: 14321: 14128: 14115: 14074: 14051: 13290:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

12842:

The Treasury of Knowledge, Book Six, Part Four Systems of Buddhist Tantra

12786:

Joshi, M. C. "Historical and Iconographic Aspects of Śākta Tantrism". In

11801: 11548: 8702: 8548: 8540: 8387: 8177: 8032: 8028: 7968:

There are various Buddhist tantric traditions with the goal of attaining

7921: 7517: 7272: 6893: 6872: 6868: 6818: 6761: 6739: 6693: 6565: 6508: 6479: 6470: 6375: 6275:, and that they were believed to possess magical powers, such as flight. 6106: 5979: 5920: 5859: 5745: 5571: 5522: 5491: 5068: 4978: 4872: 4838: 4594: 4190: 3811: 3612: 3077: 2801: 2694: 2624: 2437: 2391: 2352: 2254: 2095: 2085: 1950: 1819: 1809: 1678: 1673: 1576: 1475: 1367: 1357: 1327: 1296: 1205: 972: 786: 709: 701: 503: 272: 99: 95: 13848:

Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal

13505: 13299:

Religion and the Subtle Body in Asia and the West: Between Mind and Body

13011: 12167: 12019:(2nd rev. ed.). Kolkata: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. 8168:

The Jain worship methods, states Ellen Gough, were likely influenced by

7131:Śrī, also known as Lalitā Tripurasundarī ("beautiful in three worlds"), 7096:

wrote that one should have no contact with tantrikas nor speak to them.

6655:, East India, 11th–12th century CE. Matsuoka Museum of Art, Tokyo, Japan 6636: 6518:

One of the earliest mentions of sexual yoga practice is in the Buddhist

6158: 6104:. They are also present in Mahayana texts, such as in Chapter 26 of the 4956: 15324: 15104: 14967: 14897: 14708: 14703: 14668: 14440: 14406: 14277: 14230: 14133: 14123: 13545: 13106: 12923: 12906: 12185:

The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Sakta Tantrism

11536: 11384: 11382: 11380: 9649: 8743: 8730: 8708: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8605: 8595: 8593:, identifying with a deity to the degree that the aspirant becomes the 8586: 8574: 8415: 8306: 8085: 8024: 7753: 7721: 7692: 7595: 7588: 7524: 7512: 7487: 7259: 7193:(Path of the Clans), referring to the clans of the goddesses and their 7113: 7056: 7040: 6851: 6844: 6814: 6793: 6781: 6769: 6557: 6545: 6137: 5811: 5368: 4426: 4394: 4365: 4268: 4261: 4197: 4185: 4160: 3882: 3756: 3703: 3123: 3084: 3048: 2929: 2868: 2475: 2467: 2378: 2155: 1930: 1885: 1739: 1729: 1495: 1443: 1372: 1281: 1210: 1200: 1195: 967: 742: 719: 714: 443: 243: 103: 14825: 13020:

Monier-Williams, Sir Monier; Leumann, Ernst; Cappeller, Carl (2002) .

12869: 12627:

Psychopharmacology in Oncology and Palliative Care: A Practical Manual

12535:

The Tyāgarāja Cult in Tamilnāḍu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation

10335: 9406: 8272:

Analogical thinking (including microcosmic or macrocosmic correlation)

7678: 7426: 6883:

also seems to have developed a substantial Tantra corpus based on the

6135:

which contain what may be called "proto-tantric" material such as the

4351: 4099: 15094: 15082: 15072: 14740: 14683: 14642: 14615: 14564: 14423: 14418: 14356: 14326: 14225: 12314:

Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in Medieval India

11524: 8810: 8641: 8585:

Another common element found in tantric yoga is the use of visionary

8578: 8445: 8399: 8312: 8301: 8279:

There are a wide array of Tantric techniques or spiritual practices (

7973: 7963: 7685: 7356: 7319: 7179: 6965: 6801: 6785: 6777: 6541: 6507:). These yogic practices are also closely related to the practice of 6492: 6260: 6244: 6201: 6154: 5845: 5710: 5470: 5322: 5214: 5174: 5138: 4993: 4867: 4735: 4358: 4029: 3992: 3892: 3877: 3844: 3734: 3599: 3574: 3233: 3165: 3102: 3020: 2852: 2423: 2383: 2314: 2160: 2125: 2075: 2045: 1980: 1900: 1804: 1774: 1754: 1438: 1382: 1347: 1332: 1251: 1246: 1228: 554: 468: 399: 338: 41: 13467:

Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and their Tibetan successors

12994: 12981: 12969: 12433:

The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice

11377: 10553: 10114: 9844: 8353:- an expiation ritual performed if a puja has been performed wrongly 8184:, and rituals that are believed to accrue merit for rebirth realms. 5914: 5874:

found in Tantra. The yogic component of Tantrism appears clearly in

5591: 4787: 1035: 15147: 14725: 14604: 14555: 14316: 14106: 13977: 13550:

Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religions

13090: 11422: 9856: 9323: 8834: 8794: 8765: 8411: 8287: 8169: 7163: 7031:

are actually not always called tantras (instead they may be called

6743: 6689: 6621: 6572: 6446: 6328: 6239: 6197: 6169: 6165: 6097: 6044: 6023: 5974: 5910: 5794: 5775: 5640: 5508: 5364: 5046: 4877: 4701: 4697: 3739: 3589: 3545: 3508: 3305: 2861: 2687: 2644: 2611: 2462: 2457: 2430: 2140: 2120: 2050: 2000: 1880: 1769: 1685: 1656: 1651: 1520: 1510: 1407: 1387: 1311: 1306: 1271: 941: 921: 881: 847: 827: 807: 693: 569: 304: 262: 257: 131: 14284: 14252: 13570:

Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion

12295:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement

11410: 11119: 10499: 9661: 7271:

The main Vaiṣṇava tradition that is associated with tantra is the

6830: 6477:). This subtle anatomy held that there were channels in the body ( 6179: 5219: 4965:

Essence (or "main part", perhaps denoting the quintessence of the

3516: 2368: 15265: 15240: 15088: 15052: 14760: 14735: 14730: 14572: 14245: 13955: 11635: 9709: 8774: 8681: 8669: 8544: 8469: 8431:: vows or pledges, sometimes to do ascetic practices like fasting 8394: 8332: 8322: 8280: 8249: 8241: 8145: 8125: 8089: 8048: 7884: 7656: 7635: 7291: 7209: 7162:

The Mantrapīṭha tradition on the other hand, worships Svacchanda

7048: 7044: 6880: 6753: 6705: 6685: 6599: 6593: 6235: 6093: 6027: 6015: 5894:. In contrast to this theory of Lorenzen, other scholars such as 5870: 5769: 5749: 5732: 5600: 5383: 5239: 5227: 5086: 5058: 4858: 4842: 4807: 4775: 4770:

Tantric Hindu and Buddhist traditions have also influenced other

4557: 4329: 4308: 3771: 3594: 3564: 3238: 3228: 2978: 2899: 2891: 2708: 2634: 2619: 2416: 2115: 2060: 1799: 1749: 1719: 1714: 1586: 1561: 1448: 1080: 959: 936: 911: 822: 812: 621: 585: 473: 458: 453: 389: 384: 348: 343: 330: 106: 10903: 6279: 6071: 3274: 1125: 1120: 946: 15285: 15255: 15213: 15193: 15099: 14625: 14401: 14396: 14336: 14257: 14208: 14069: 13943: 13019: 12653: 12593:

Goudriaan, Teun (1981). Teun Goudriaan; Sanjukta Gupta (eds.).

10565: 10415: 9784: 9697: 9169: 8746: 8663: 8648: 8633: 8555: 8428: 8360: 8338: 8326: 8293: 8193: 8181: 8152: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8093: 8060: 7916: 7874: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7663: 7642: 7559: 7494: 7195: 7171: 7073: 6727: 6652: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6525: 6512: 6496: 6356: 6272: 6193: 6189: 6173: 6132: 6101: 6089: 6079: 6067: 6052: 5970: 5965: 5957: 5763: 5702: 5656:

Robert Brown similarly notes that "tantrism" is a construct of

5567: 5356: 5348: 4885: 4783: 4716: 4589: 4547: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4336: 4315: 4232: 4167: 3887: 3859: 3559: 3243: 3057: 2373: 2100: 1985: 1890: 1860: 1855: 1789: 1764: 1553: 1423: 1266: 1241: 1180: 1065: 1060: 1050: 992: 916: 876: 871: 802: 727: 662: 647: 549: 493: 478: 424: 404: 317: 312: 149: 110: 12758:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna

11647: 10792: 10256: 10254: 10078: 9089: 8165:, are related to tantra ideas found in Buddhism and Hinduism. 7275:. This tradition produced a number of tantric texts including 5620: 5155:

Sabarasvamin's commentary on Mimamsa Sutra 11.1.1, 11.4.1 etc.

4779: 15230: 15178: 15134: 14936: 14793: 14718: 14713: 14693: 14630: 14341: 14213: 14203: 14096: 14064: 13716:

Kiss of the Yogini: "Tantric Sex" in its South Asian Contexts

13609:"The Tantric Age: A comparison of Shaiva and Buddhist Tantra" 13024:(reprint of OUP ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 436. 12951:

Lorenzen, David N. "Early Evidence for Tantric Religion". In

10710: 10708: 10313: 10311: 8629: 8600: 8567: 8484: 8451: 8434: 8424: 8012: 7981: 7879: 7728: 7707: 7649: 7554: 7329: 7295: 6876: 6840: 6718: 6537: 6488: 6344: 6231: 5925: 5864: 5855: 5827: 5741: 5352: 4904: 4791: 4552: 4401: 4380: 4322: 4227: 4002: 3766: 3619: 3569: 3260: 3130: 2895: 2407: 1945: 1814: 1724: 1571: 1525: 1505: 1185: 1170: 1110: 1100: 1085: 1070: 1045: 896: 866: 752: 652: 483: 448: 419: 414: 409: 394: 322: 13060:

Ascetics and Brahmins studies in ideologies and institutions

12646:"Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism" 12110:

The caves at Aurangabad: early Buddhist Tantric art in India

11746: 11512: 11004: 11002: 10613: 10323: 9796: 9396: 9394: 9029: 7996:

meanwhile is still practiced in the Kathmandu Valley by the

7215:

During the 10th century, the syncretic nondual tradition of

7127: 6248:

which provide convincing proof of Tantra and Tantric texts.

5300:

System of thought or set of doctrines or practices, a canon

15129: 14391: 14043: 12982:"The Amrtasiddhi: Hathayoga's tantric Buddhist source text" 12007:

Sakti and Sakta. Essays and Addresses on the Tantra Shastra

11337: 11312: 11310: 11308: 11067: 11065: 10744: 10693: 10625: 10251: 9721: 8770: 8652: 8559: 8440: 8316: 8309:: A ritual feast during which a sacramental meal is offered 8172:

ideas, and this is attested by the tantric diagrams of the

7670: 7239: 7205: 6957: 6861: 6484: 5803: 5787: 5416:, for example, gives the following explanation of the term 4880:. In these and post-Vedic texts, the contextual meaning of 4689: 4662: 4343: 3902: 3839: 3834: 3579: 3554: 1734: 1515: 1485: 1428: 1175: 1162: 1055: 657: 498: 488: 463: 429: 379: 361: 13829:

Traveller in Space: Gender, Identity, and Tibetan Buddhism

13429:

The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India

13122:

Orzech, Charles; Sørensen, Henrik; Payne, Richard (2011).

11596: 11584: 11143: 11107: 11014: 10987: 10963: 10951: 10939: 10915: 10855: 10732: 10705: 10666: 10601: 10577: 10541: 10451: 10439: 10359: 10308: 9101: 5440:) and sacred mantras, and because it provides liberation ( 4841:

European invention. This term is based on the metaphor of

12819:

Transformations and Transfer of Tantra in Asia and Beyond

11958: 11946: 11835: 11097: 11095: 11082: 11080: 10999: 10804: 10683: 10681: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10531: 10529: 10516: 10514: 10403: 10271: 10269: 10203: 10191: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10150: 10126: 10090: 10015: 9991: 9916: 9880: 9868: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9601: 9589: 9445: 9391: 9381: 9379: 9144: 9142: 9140: 8734:(shown here in the three-dimensional projection known as 8129: 8015:

developed proto-tantric rituals based on esoteric texts.

4696:

from the middle of the 1st millennium CE onwards in both

4650: 13889:

The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India

13230:

Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy

12497:

The Tantric Body, The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion

11874: 11864: 11862: 11782: 11722: 11700: 11698: 11683: 11613: 11611: 11572: 11327: 11325: 11305: 11271: 11269: 11194: 11182: 11062: 10831: 10821: 10819: 10487: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10376: 10374: 9964: 9673: 9228: 9226: 9224: 8760:

The first Western scholar to seriously study Tantra was

8724: 8455:), is employed to balance the energies in the body/mind. 6483:) through which certain substances or energies (such as 6466:, animal sacrifice is still widely practiced by Śāktas. 5408:

Medieval texts present their own definitions of Tantra.

4798:

are considered tantric in their conception and rituals.

14012: 13515:

Zen Pioneer: The Life & Works of Ruth Fuller Sasaki

12737:

Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L., eds. (2012).

12718:

Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L., eds. (2002).

11823: 11446: 11218: 11160: 11158: 10347: 9774: 9772: 9757: 9745: 9540: 9538: 9457: 9423: 9421: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9077: 8227:

Centrality of ritual, especially the worship of deities

6987:

Regarding the reception of tantra during the period of

602: 139: 13339:. No. 24 & 25. pp. 1–113. Archived from 11934: 11922: 11910: 11847: 11813: 11811: 11809: 11770: 11710: 11475: 11473: 11131: 11092: 11077: 11050: 11026: 10975: 10927: 10891: 10879: 10867: 10843: 10756: 10678: 10654: 10637: 10589: 10526: 10511: 10475: 10463: 10296: 10266: 10239: 10162: 9952: 9892: 9825: 9525: 9523: 9433: 9376: 9243: 9241: 9137: 9053: 8950:

to the propitiation of Matrikas by a tantric ascetic."

8192:

One of the main elements of the Tantric literature is

7238:

The last major Śaiva tantric tradition is that of the

6867:

Another tradition of Hindu Tantra developed among the

4829:

Some scholars argue that the connotation of the word

13966: 11898: 11859: 11758: 11734: 11695: 11671: 11659: 11608: 11500: 11434: 11365: 11353: 11322: 11293: 11281: 11266: 11254: 11242: 11170: 11038: 10816: 10780: 10427: 10386: 10371: 10227: 10102: 10003: 9940: 9928: 9579: 9577: 9508: 9364: 9221: 9065: 9041: 8329:, symbolic diagrams of forces at work in the universe 6536:

movement of subtle body energies (like Kundalini and

6503:) and to direct the energies to the central channel ( 6449:. This practice is mentioned in Śākta texts like the 5990: 5977:, states Smith, has traditionally been attributed to 5973:

movement of the 1st millennium AD. Tantra along with

5905:, the inner development of a spiritual energy called 4653: 12934:

The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects

11886: 11458: 11230: 11155: 10768: 10215: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10050: 9904: 9769: 9550: 9535: 9484: 9418: 9285: 9204: 9017: 8023:

period with the arrival of esoteric masters such as

6742:). There is also evidence of state support from the 5499:

problems in the study of living Tantric traditions.

4659: 4656: 4647: 13908:

Introduction to Tantra:The Transformation of Desire

13121: 11806: 11623: 11542: 11490: 11488: 11470: 11428: 10720: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10030: 9733: 9637: 9625: 9520: 9352: 9238: 9192: 9125: 6899: 6366:Buddhist Mahasiddhas practicing the sexual yoga of 5909:becomes a central element of Vedic religion in the 4644: 13249:Signless Signification in Ancient India and Beyond 13162:Padoux, André. "What Do We Mean by Tantrism?". In 12700:Tantric Traditions in Transmission and Translation 12473: 12402:The Cambridge Companion to Literature and Religion 12063: 11988:Tantra of the Great Liberation: Mahanirvana Tantra 11560: 10179: 9685: 9574: 8986: 6924:(9th century) "is portrayed in his biography, the 6035:chants were used for various reasons, such as for 13247:Pontillo, Tiziana; Candotti, Maria Piera (2014). 12513: 9613: 9562: 9095: 6935:The 14th-century Indian scholar Mādhavācārya (in 5238:Set of sites and worship methods to goddesses or 15456: 13246: 12962:Feeding Ghosts: A Study of the Yuqie Yankou Rite 12017:Evolution of the Tantras, Studies on the Tantras 11485: 10138: 10027: 9502: 9478: 9317: 8233:Visualisation of and identification with a deity 8055:even became known for its esoteric practices of 7223:The philosophers of Kashmir Śaivism, especially 5490:work on living Tantric tradition is scarce, and 4923:Appearance of the term "Tantra" in Indian texts 14492:Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience 13658:. Columbia University Press. pp. 155, 252. 12514:Fraser-Lu, Sylvia; Stadtner, Donald M. (2015). 12145: 10619: 9170:Monier-Williams, Leumann & Cappeller (2002) 8080:and the Universal Crossing (普渡 Pǔdù) rites for 7043:, which are late Upanishads as well as tantric 6968:(1044–1077) is said to have disbanded tantric " 6180:Proto-Tantric elements in Shaktism and Shaivism 13910:(rev. ed.). Boston: Wisdom Publications. 13327: 13297:Samuel, Geoffrey; Johnston, Jay, eds. (2013). 13296: 13124:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia 12848: 12755: 12697:Gray, David B.; Overbey, Ryan Richard (2016). 11212: 11125: 10341: 9790: 8971: 8764:(1865–1936), who wrote about Tantra under the 8223:, Tantra has the following defining features: 8019:became especially influential in China in the 7258:). The southern transmission gave rise to the 6888:practices of tantra, but not sexual yoga. The 6821:, and has been referred to as "high" tantra). 6051:. Some Mahayana sutras incorporate the use of 4845:, states Ron Barrett, where the Sanskrit root 14952: 14028: 13762: 11641: 9474: 9472: 8719: 8151:In the Sikh literature, the ideas related to 7943: 6161:in the West and Dundubhīśvara in the North." 5336:, states Patanjali, means "principal, main". 5196:Extensive knowledge of principles of reality 4616: 3961: 3477: 12964:(PhD dissertation). University of Virginia. 12625:Grassi, Luigi; Riba, Michelle, eds. (2014). 10286: 10284: 8236:Need for initiation, esotericism and secrecy 8204:relationship can be established among them. 7972:which are called by different names such as 5752:, and Tantrika being based on the non-Vedic 4719:, and thus they are commonly referred to as 27:Esoteric traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism 15105:Shikantaza (Zen Buddhist seated meditation) 15018:Anapanasati (Buddhist breathing meditation) 13163: 12952: 12787: 12736: 12717: 12696: 12203: 11416: 11388: 10750: 9313: 9311: 9309: 8525: 8269:Revaluation of the status and role of women 6772:while establishing good relations with the 6445:as blood offerings to Śākta goddesses like 5311: 15409:The Varieties of the Meditative Experience 14959: 14945: 14035: 14021: 13745:The "Yoga Sutra of Patanjali": A Biography 13464: 12624: 12584:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12449: 12430: 12418: 12371: 12352: 12070:. University of California Press. p. 11653: 11590: 10672: 10260: 9997: 9802: 9655: 9607: 9469: 9451: 8543:. This imaginary inner structure includes 7950: 7936: 7182:) and are thus considered more heterodox. 4623: 4609: 3968: 3954: 3484: 3470: 13812:(2nd rev. ed.). New Delhi: Manohar. 13776:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 13653: 13376:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 13315: 13010: 12992: 12976: 12922: 12665: 12592: 12210: 11776: 10993: 10981: 10798: 10481: 10281: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9727: 9715: 9703: 9679: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9007: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8219:According to Anthony Tribe, a scholar of 7099: 6620:tantras borrow significant portions from 6055:, a central feature of tantric practice. 5286:Set of doctrines or practices, teachings 5158:Thread, text; beneficial action or thing 5129:Deep understanding or mastery of a topic 4870:texts, such as in section 10.7.42 of the 13891:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 13771: 13512: 13265: 13227: 13194:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 13057: 13038: 12950: 12931: 12836: 12650:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 12292: 12126: 12091:The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols 12042: 12033: 11554: 11452: 10505: 10493: 10433: 10421: 10365: 10353: 10329: 10317: 10290: 10245: 10209: 10197: 9981: 9979: 9898: 9886: 9850: 9838: 9595: 9514: 9439: 9400: 9370: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9306: 9300: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9258: 9256: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9148: 9122:, p. 53,73-75,79,81-3,99,132-3,177. 9047: 9035: 8943: 8897:is sometimes used to denote governance. 8890: 8723: 8616: 8534:A meditating Shiva is visited by Parvati 8529: 8463: 8335:: reciting syllables, words, and phrases 8071:periods, certain esoteric elements from 7126: 7118: 7103: 6903: 6658: 6647: 6635: 6612:There is considerable evidence that the 6361: 6350: 6334: 6322: 6183: 6074:. Yakṣa cults were an important part of 6014: 5994: 5834:) in presenting their theory on how the 5788:Proto-Tantric elements in Vedic religion 94:Tantric art. Clockwise from upper left: 13763:Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony (2000). 13483: 13350: 12629:. Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 12330: 12297:. New York: Columbia University Press. 12131:. Indological Studies, vol. 22. Gonda. 12107: 12061: 11464: 9862: 9412: 9083: 9011: 8861: 8859: 8612: 8397:or supernormal powers. Associated with 8092:, as well as the recitation of tantric 6308: 4862:such as in 10.71, with the meaning of " 2361:Sources and classification of scripture 14: 15457: 15135:Zazen (Zen Buddhist seated meditation) 13662: 13626: 13606: 13587: 13531: 13403:. State University of New York Press. 13398: 13337:Journal of Indological Studies (Kyoto) 13284: 13189: 13170: 13161: 13076: 12794: 12756:Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (2007). 12741:. State University of New York Press. 12722:. State University of New York Press. 12614:International Journal of Jaina Studies 12357:. State University of New York Press. 12336:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1 12263: 12244: 12182: 12148:International Journal of Hindu Studies 12014: 12003: 11994: 11982: 11940: 11928: 11916: 11880: 11868: 11788: 11764: 11752: 11740: 11728: 11716: 11704: 11689: 11677: 11629: 11617: 11602: 11479: 11371: 11359: 11331: 11316: 11299: 11287: 11275: 11260: 11248: 11236: 11224: 11200: 11188: 11176: 11164: 11149: 11137: 11113: 11101: 11086: 11071: 11056: 11032: 11020: 10969: 10957: 10945: 10933: 10921: 10909: 10897: 10885: 10873: 10861: 10849: 10837: 10786: 10738: 10726: 10714: 10699: 10687: 10660: 10648: 10631: 10607: 10595: 10583: 10571: 10559: 10547: 10535: 10520: 10469: 10457: 10445: 10302: 10275: 10233: 10221: 10185: 10156: 10132: 10120: 10108: 10096: 10084: 10021: 10009: 9946: 9934: 9922: 9874: 9819: 9808: 9763: 9751: 9463: 9427: 9358: 9329: 9215: 9198: 9154: 9131: 8998: 8905:(having governed the subjects) in the 8865: 8784: 8693:part of a tantric sadhana (practice). 8300:: Initiation ritual which may include 8102:Hundred Syllable Mantra of Vajrasattva 7240:Nāth or "Split-Ear" Kānphaṭa tradition 7123:Nepalese depiction of the goddess Kali 6100:and rākṣasī, like the children-eating 14940: 14016: 13933:"Tantra: enlightenment to revolution" 13867:The Tantric Way: Art, Science, Ritual 13850:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13741: 13732: 13713: 13694: 13607:Wallis, Christopher (February 2016). 13566: 13544: 13445: 13426: 13417: 13371: 13208: 12904: 12884: 12867: 12849:Lewis, Todd; deAngelis, Gary (2016). 12785: 12764: 12667:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.59 12611: 12551: 12532: 12494: 12468: 12399: 12390: 12311: 12201: 11964: 11952: 11904: 11892: 11853: 11841: 11829: 11817: 11665: 11566: 11506: 11440: 11400: 11347: 11343: 11044: 11008: 10825: 10810: 10774: 10762: 10409: 10397: 10380: 10173: 9985: 9976: 9970: 9958: 9910: 9778: 9691: 9667: 9583: 9568: 9556: 9544: 9490: 9385: 9346: 9335: 9279: 9268: 9262: 9253: 9232: 9186: 9175: 9119: 9059: 9023: 8959: 8868:, p. 2: "The Hindu worship, the 8459: 8275:Revaluation of negative mental states 7017: 6788:tradition spread their influence via 6157:in the East, Ratnaketu in the South, 5147:) Dubious link to Tantric practices. 4856:The word appears in the hymns of the 4837:practice or religious ritualism is a 988:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) 983:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) 13140: 12815: 12684:from the original on 8 December 2018 12643: 12537:. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. 12452:The Bhagavad-Gita, A New Translation 12219: 12088: 12036:A Brief History of Tantra Literature 11578: 11530: 11518: 10144: 10072: 9739: 9643: 9631: 9619: 9529: 9247: 9107: 9071: 8992: 8856: 8696: 8359:(worship ritual) and other forms of 8155:and goddess reverence attributed to 7974:Vajrayana, Secret Mantra, Mantrayana 6688:, is influenced by it. All forms of 6196:). Their predecessors, the medieval 5685:), assignments of icons and sounds ( 5398:, such as massaging with oil. (...) 15095:Pranayama (yoga breathing practice) 13192:The Hindu Tantric World An Overview 13175:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12959: 12905:Lorea, Carola Erika (25 May 2018). 12393:Genesis and Development of Tantrism 11543:Orzech, Sørensen & Payne (2011) 11494: 11429:Orzech, Sørensen & Payne (2011) 8290:: Donation or gift to one's teacher 5671:), geometric patterns and symbols ( 24: 13800: 13735:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion 13552:. University of California Press. 13420:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion 12988:. SOAS, University of London: 409. 12986:Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions 12936:. University of California Press. 12595:Hindu Tantric and Śākta Literature 12454:. Boston & London: Shambhala. 12278:10.1023/B:INDI.0000014015.64305.30 8443:, including breathing techniques ( 8119: 7302: 6817:tradition (which spread as far as 6164:A series of artwork discovered in 5991:Proto-Tantric elements in Buddhism 5038:Essence (or main part; see above) 4723:("Path of Mantra") in Hinduism or 25: 15521: 13926: 13695:White, David Gordon, ed. (2000). 13062:. London New York: Anthem Press. 8755: 8078:Liberation Rite of Water and Land 6709:found in Śakta lineages like the 6663:A stone Kālacakra Mandala at the 6355:Illustration of a yogi and their 15439: 15438: 15053:Henosis (Neoplatonic meditation) 14000: 13988: 13976: 13954: 13942: 13654:Wedemeyer, Christian K. (2013). 13155:10.1111/j.1467-9809.2009.00792.x 12885:Lidke, Jeffrey (12 March 2021). 12202:Brown, Robert. Introduction. In 12183:Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1990). 12043:Banerjee, Sures Chandra (2002). 12034:Banerjee, Sures Chandra (1988). 11794: 11557:, pp. 13, 140–147, 166–170. 11533:, pp. 13, 373–374, 399–408. 8965: 8953: 8562:) is often practiced along with 8347:, installing mantras on the body 7630:Thought forms and visualisation: 7328: 6900:Reception and later developments 6864:) and is quoted in their texts. 6462:In some of these sites, such as 5964:. Instead, White suggests Vedic 5639: 5630: 5619: 5610: 5599: 5590: 4790:tradition. Certain modes of non- 4692:tradition that developed on the 4640: 4303:Thought forms and visualisation: 4001: 3937: 3515: 3451: 138: 84: 75: 64: 55: 13869:. London: Thames & Hudson. 13810:History of the Tantric Religion 13718:. University of Chicago Press. 13627:Watson, Burton (trans) (1994). 13328:Sanderson, Alexis (2012–2013). 13209:Payne, Richard K., ed. (2006). 12868:Lidke, Jeff (8 February 2004). 12644:Gray, David B. (5 April 2016). 12372:Dyczkowski, Mark S. G. (1989). 12353:Dyczkowski, Mark S. G. (1988). 12187:. University of Chicago Press. 9505:, pp. 89–90 with footnotes 9496: 9481:, pp. 48–61 with footnotes 9320:, pp. 47–48 with footnotes 9096:Fraser-Lu & Stadtner (2015) 8937: 8912: 8884: 8875: 8689:, with the king at its centre. 8371:(of idols, of one's body, etc.) 8239:Importance of a teacher (guru, 7980:tradition has been dominant in 7022: 6916:According to Samuel, the great 6129:three Amitabha Pure land sutras 4896:meaning "doctrine or theory of 4731:("Secret Mantra") in Buddhism. 15120:Transcendental meditation (TM) 14966: 13748:. Princeton University Press. 13699:. Princeton University Press. 13567:Urban, Hugh B. Urban (2008) . 13431:. Cambridge University Press. 13321:Vajrayāna: Origin and Function 12480:. Cambridge University Press. 12404:. Cambridge University Press. 12316:. Princeton University Press. 11973: 9503:Pontillo & Candotti (2014) 9479:Pontillo & Candotti (2014) 9415:, p. 87 with footnote 50. 9318:Pontillo & Candotti (2014) 7112:, a Śaiva Siddhānta temple in 6631: 5748:, the Vedic approach based on 5465:The occultist and businessman 5179:Set of doctrines or practices 5137:Gangdhar stone inscription in 226:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 13: 1: 15143:(tai chi standing meditation) 15125:Vipassanā (Silent meditation) 15083:Naam Japo (Sikism meditation) 14992:Meditation in popular culture 14982:Brain activity and meditation 13906:Yeshe, Lama Thubten (2001) . 13808:Bhattacharyya, N. N. (1999). 13635:. Columbia University Press. 13629:"Chapter Twenty-six: Dharani" 13450:. Columbia University Press. 13292:. Cambridge University Press. 13232:. Columbia University Press. 13211:Tantric Buddhism in East Asia 12245:Dahiya, Poonam Dalal (2017). 10562:, pp. 259–260, 287, 292. 9658:, pp. parts 11501-11505. 8845: 8084:which involve practices like 6331:in the Indian Museum, Kolkata 5574:origin. According to Padoux, 5460: 5306: 4934:Contextual meaning of tantra 4866:". It is found in many other 3282:Other society-related topics: 978:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) 15485:Hindu philosophical concepts 15043:Dhyāna (Buddhist meditation) 13742:White, David Gordon (2014). 13714:White, David Gordon (2003). 13588:Wallis, Christopher (2012). 13486:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 13446:Smith, Frederick M. (2012). 13143:Journal of Religious History 12597:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 12293:Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). 12266:Journal of Indian Philosophy 11126:Hirakawa & Groner (2007) 9865:, pp. 301–304, 310–311. 9791:Samuel & Johnston (2013) 9670:, p. 4, 21-22, 172-173. 9332:, p. 512 with footnote. 8980: 8972:Lewis & deAngelis (2016) 8516:) which is a "recognition" ( 8380:Singing of hymns of praise ( 8374:Ritual sacrifice, including 8187: 7442:Gateway of the Hidden Flower 7366:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism 7282:According to David B. Gray, 6792:like those collected in the 6343:, a Buddhist tantric deity, 6114:to protect followers of the 6039:, and for the generation of 6011:with Chinese transliteration 5814:scriptures of Hinduism, the 5339:He uses the same example of 5316:The 5th-century BCE scholar 4813: 4772:Eastern religious traditions 4115:Gateway of the Hidden Flower 4039:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism 3393:Hinduism and other religions 2190:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 7: 15480:Esoteric schools of thought 15073:Muraqabah (Sufi meditation) 13270:. Oxford University Press. 13043:. Oxford University Press. 12932:Lorenzen, David N. (1972). 12853:. Oxford University Press. 12703:. Oxford University Press. 12552:Goble, Geoffrey C. (2019). 12476:An Introduction to Hinduism 12424:Tantra: The Path of Ecstasy 12391:Einoo, Shingo, ed. (2009). 12211:Cavendish, Richard (1980). 11642:Williams & Tribe (2000) 11215:, pp. 4–5, 11, 35, 57. 9853:, p. 295 with note 23. 8828: 8566:("depositing" the mantra), 8393:The acquisition and use of 7897:Ordination and transmission 7266: 7139:Śaiva Tantra is called the 6671:, built in the 12th century 6575:tantras (which include the 6131:. There are other Mahāyāna 5717: 5557: 5451: 5443: 5435: 5427: 5411: 4570:Ordination and transmission 3138:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 3110:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 843:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 787:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) 782:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) 38:Buddhist tantric literature 10: 15526: 13772:Willemen, Charles (2004). 13465:Snellgrove, David (1987). 13228:Phillips, Stephen (2009). 13058:Olivelle, Patrick (2011). 13039:Olivelle, Patrick (1992). 12533:Ghose, Rajeshwari (1996). 12450:Feuerstein, Georg (2011). 12431:Feuerstein, Georg (2001). 12247:Ancient and Medieval India 12160:10.1007/s11407-019-09258-z 8720:Western scholarly research 8700: 8661:may involve focusing on a 8628:. The triangles represent 8474:Brihadishwara Shiva Temple 8106:Mahācakravidyārāja Dhāraṇī 7961: 7372:Filipino Esoteric Buddhism 7039:). There are also tantric 7012:Esoteric Southern Buddhism 6312: 6263:("skull men", also called 6005:Nilaṇṭhanāmahṛdaya dhāraṇī 5782: 5204:Sanskrit scholar and poet 4760:Southern Esoteric Buddhism 4045:Filipino Esoteric Buddhism 3014:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 1699:Gurus, sants, philosophers 1635:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 823:Uparati (self-settledness) 40:. For New Age tantra, see 36:. For Buddhist texts, see 31: 15434: 15418: 15400: 15299: 15156: 15048:Dhyāna (Hindu meditation) 15010: 14974: 14883:International Day of Yoga 14863: 14784: 14775: 14641: 14603: 14563: 14554: 14439: 14382: 14191: 14150: 14114: 14105: 14050: 13680:10.1017/S0034412500010076 13513:Stirling, Isabel (2006). 13401:The Philosophy of Sadhana 13372:Sharf, Robert H. (2002). 13351:Scharfe, Hartmut (1977). 13268:Debating the Dasam Granth 13164:Harper & Brown (2002) 12993:Mallinson, James (2019). 12953:Harper & Brown (2002) 12798:The Kautiliya Arthasastra 12788:Harper & Brown (2012) 12518:. Yale University Press. 12426:. Shambhala Publications. 12249:. McGraw-Hill Education. 12204:Harper & Brown (2002) 12093:. Serindia Publications. 11999:. London: Luzac & Co. 11990:. London: Luzac & Co. 11417:Gray & Overbey (2016) 11389:Gray & Overbey (2016) 10912:, pp. 293, 307, 309. 10751:Gray & Overbey (2016) 8673:associated with a deity. 8437:: pilgrimage, processions 8017:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 7152:Śaiva Siddhānta tradition 7037:saṃhitā, siddhānta, vidyā 6736:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti 5987:or any other vedic text. 5962:Indus Valley civilization 5826:in section 8.6, refer to 4948:Loom (or weaving device) 4913:Vairocabhisambodhi-tantra 4823: 4748:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 4675: 3802:Krishnananda Agamavagisha 2180:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 838:Samadhana (concentration) 702:Three paths to liberation 209:Tribal religions in India 194:Historical Vedic religion 189:Indus Valley Civilisation 14903:Yoga scholars (template) 14168:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 14042: 13534:Annali Sezione Orientale 13266:Rinehart, Robin (2011). 12765:Joshi, Lal Mani (1977). 12400:Felch, Susan M. (2016). 12108:Berkson, Carmel (1986). 12047:. Abhinav Publications. 12038:. Kolkata: Naya Prokash. 11391:, pp. 5–7, 199–216. 10508:, p. 214, 228, 231. 10087:, pp. 142, 145–146. 9718:, pp. 1–2, 198–200. 9608:Grassi & Riba (2014) 8850: 8526:Yoga, mantra, meditation 7910:Pointing-out instruction 7463:True Awakening Tradition 6597:as well as the Buddhist 6047:incantations are called 5841:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 5817:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 5517:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 5312:Ancient and medieval era 4917:Vairocabhisambodhi-sutra 4583:Pointing-out instruction 4136:True Awakening Tradition 3767:Trika (Kashmir Shaivism) 1014:, sacrifice, and charity 34:Hindu tantric literature 14997:Mind–body interventions 14541:Yogasopana Purvacatuska 13865:Mookerji, Ajit (1977). 13846:McDaniel, June (2004). 13827:Campbell, June (2002). 13573:. Motilal Banarsidass. 13173:The Heart of the Yogini 12801:. Motilal Banarsidass. 12658:Oxford University Press 12516:Buddhist Art of Myanmar 12376:. Motilal Banarsidass. 12338:. Motilal Banarsidass. 12312:Davis, Richard (2014). 12230:. Motilal Banarsidass. 12010:. London: Luzac and Co. 12004:Avalon, Arthur (1918). 11995:Avalon, Arthur (1914). 11521:, pp. 1, 7, 17–18. 10574:, p. 264, 291-292. 10344:, pp. 4–5, 11, 57. 8636:; the snake represents 8468:A Pujari in front of a 8266:Revaluation of the body 8144:Islam, and the Western 8053:Northern School of Chan 8031:to the capital city of 7246:beautiful goddess Śrī ( 7178:of the "left" current ( 6667:, a Buddhist temple in 6665:Hiraṇyavarṇa Mahāvihāra 6416:tribal Indian religions 5424:Because it elaborates ( 4915:is also referred to as 4727:("Mantra Vehicle") and 3187:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 2400:Timeline of Hindu texts 2305:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 1338:Pumsavana Simantonayana 993:Śabda (word, testimony) 231:Epic-Puranic chronology 199:Dravidian folk religion 46:Tantra (disambiguation) 15002:Research on meditation 13959:Quotations related to 13399:Sharma, D. S. (1990). 13354:Grammatical Literature 13330:"The Śaiva Literature" 13213:. Simon and Schuster. 13190:Padoux, André (2017). 13171:Padoux, André (2013). 13041:The Samnyasa Upanisads 12960:Lye, Hun Yeow (2003). 12795:Kangle, R. P. (1986). 12395:. University of Tokyo. 12220:Cort, John E. (2001). 12015:Bagchi, P. C. (1989). 11419:, pp. 7, 257–264. 10620:Borkataky-Varma (2019) 10424:, pp. 5–9, 17–18. 9706:, pp. 1–2, 39–40. 9110:, pp. 1–2, 17–19. 8750: 8645: 8535: 8502: 8476: 8365:Ritual music and dance 8159:, particularly in the 8005:Chinese Buddhist canon 7343:Historical traditions: 7300: 7136: 7124: 7116: 7100:Śaiva and Śākta tantra 7007: 6937:Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha 6909: 6871:, this was called the 6702: 6672: 6656: 6645: 6371: 6359: 6348: 6332: 6205: 6031: 6012: 5943:Brhadaranyaka Upanisad 5792:The Keśin hymn of the 5543: 5458: 5406: 5167:Chinese Buddhist canon 5109:Practices and rituals 4016:Historical traditions: 3152:Eighteen Greater Texts 2781:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 2210:Krishnananda Saraswati 1454:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 968:Pratyakṣa (perception) 828:Titiksha (forbearance) 44:. For other uses, see 15169:Brainwave entrainment 14987:History of meditation 13427:Smith, David (1996). 13357:. Otto Harrassowitz. 12822:. Walter de Gruyter. 12816:Keul, István (2012). 12771:Motilal Banarsidass. 12495:Flood, Gavin (2006). 12089:Beer, Robert (2003). 12062:Barrett, Ron (2008). 11755:, pp. 76–77, 80. 11213:Sanderson (2012–2013) 10342:Sanderson (2012–2013) 10123:, Chapter 26 Dharani. 8727: 8624:diagram with the Ten 8620: 8533: 8497: 8467: 8230:Centrality of mantras 7978:Indo-Tibetan Buddhist 7903:Esoteric transmission 7826:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra 7284: 7252:Lalitā Tripurasundarī 7130: 7122: 7107: 7003:Patañjali's Yogasutra 6994: 6907: 6682: 6662: 6651: 6639: 6365: 6354: 6338: 6326: 6238:. These suggest that 6187: 6018: 5998: 5538: 5422: 5403:Sabara, 6th century, 5388: 5084:Doctrine (identifies 5023:Warp (weaving), loom 4744:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism 4576:Esoteric transmission 4499:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra 3872:Festivals and temples 3268:Varna-related topics: 3159:Eighteen Lesser Texts 2732:Devi Bhagavata Purana 1628:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 1614:Achintya Bheda Abheda 1546:Philosophical schools 848:Ahamkara (attachment) 808:Vairagya (dispassion) 736:Mokṣa-related topics: 32:For Hindu texts, see 15209:Higher consciousness 15028:Christian meditation 14888:List of yoga schools 14654:Kriyayoga (Buddhist) 14485:Hatha Yoga Pradipika 13951:at Wikimedia Commons 13079:History of Religions 10801:, pp. 155, 252. 10702:, pp. 283, 286. 10634:, pp. 255, 271. 8901:uses the expression 8815:Alexandra David-Néel 8791:comparative religion 8742:, used primarily by 8613:Mandalas and yantras 8009:Dunhuang manuscripts 7449:New Kadampa Buddhism 7156:Niśvāsatattvasaṃhitā 7110:Brihadishvara Temple 6982:Parakramabahu I 6980:during the reign of 6945:Pandurang Vaman Kane 6790:songs of realization 6521:Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra 6309:Rise and development 6124:Pratyutpanna Samādhi 5851:Taittiriya Upanishad 5143:Worship techniques ( 4122:New Kadampa Buddhism 3613:Scriptures and texts 3400:Hinduism and Jainism 2330:Vethathiri Maharishi 2235:Nisargadatta Maharaj 803:Viveka (discernment) 178:(500/200 BCE–300 CE) 15426:Meditation and pain 15189:Conscious breathing 15023:Buddhist meditation 14689:Six Yogas of Naropa 14471:Hathabhyasapaddhati 13885:White, David Gordon 13012:10.3390/rel10040273 12891:Embodied Philosophy 12760:. pp. 125–126. 12739:The Roots of Tantra 12720:The Roots of Tantra 12213:The Great Religions 12045:Companion to Tantra 11967:, pp. 166–167. 11955:, pp. 165–166. 11844:, pp. 159–160. 11605:, pp. 289–290. 11581:, pp. 417–419. 11545:, pp. 307–314. 11152:, pp. 337–338. 11128:, pp. 125–126. 11116:, pp. 322–323. 11023:, pp. 267–268. 11011:, pp. 158–159. 10972:, pp. 330–332. 10960:, pp. 329–330. 10948:, pp. 324–328. 10924:, pp. 411–414. 10864:, pp. 293–299. 10741:, pp. 285–289. 10717:, pp. 287–289. 10610:, pp. 257–258. 10586:, pp. 252–254. 10550:, pp. 266–267. 10460:, pp. 247–249. 10448:, pp. 232–233. 10412:, pp. 161–162. 10332:, pp. 202–218. 10293:, pp. xii, 1–4 10159:, pp. 226–227. 10135:, pp. 219–220. 10099:, pp. 144–145. 10024:, pp. 128–129. 9973:, pp. 30, 280. 9925:, pp. 157–158. 9877:, pp. 284–285. 8932:the Diamond Vehicle 8907:Abhijñānaśākuntalam 8785:Further development 8369:Ritual purification 8051:. For example, the 7819:Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti 7812:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa 7784:Cakrasaṃvara Tantra 7777:Anuttarayoga Tantra 6800:and the Indonesian 6780:where the Buddhist 6766:Somapura Mahavihara 6385:Samuel states that 6347:, 11th–12th century 6003:(incantation), the 5823:Chandogya Upanishad 5820:in section 4.2 and 5693:), ritual worship ( 5124:Abhijñānaśākuntalam 5057:Science; system or 4998:Taittiriya Brahmana 4924: 4786:, and the Japanese 4694:Indian subcontinent 4492:Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti 4485:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa 4457:Cakrasaṃvara Tantra 4450:Anuttarayoga Tantra 3944:Hinduism portal 3920:Regional variations 3458:Hinduism portal 3337:Hinduism by country 3173:Iraiyanar Akapporul 3117:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 2200:Dayananda Saraswati 2185:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 2091:Sripada Srivallabha 2031:Raghunatha Siromani 1996:Narasimha Saraswati 973:Anumāṇa (inference) 15505:Spiritual practice 15475:Buddhist practices 15306:Focused attention 15078:New Age meditation 15058:Islamic meditation 14578:Samadhi (Buddhism) 14450:Amaraugha Prabodha 13697:Tantra in Practice 13590:Tantra Illuminated 13346:on 2 October 2015. 13126:. Brill Academic. 12924:10.3390/rel9060172 12227:Tantra in Practice 12222:David Gordon White 12215:. Arco Publishing. 11656:, p. 127-130. 11644:, p. 197–202. 10813:, p. 158 159. 9988:, pp. 363–364 9822:, pp. 289–302 9805:, pp. 108–09. 9730:, pp. 2, 7–8. 9282:, pp. 174–175 9074:, pp. xi–xiv. 9062:, pp. 9, 107. 8903:prajah tantrayitva 8799:Agehananda Bharati 8751: 8678:David Gordon White 8646: 8601:meditational deity 8536: 8477: 8460:Worship and ritual 8403:('left-hand path') 8341:, or hand gestures 8202:family resemblance 8007:as well as in the 7833:Vajrasekhara Sutra 7791:Guhyagarbha Tantra 7603:Anuttarayogatantra 7575:Fourfold division: 7567:Tantric techniques 7456:Shambhala Buddhism 7321:Vajrayana Buddhism 7137: 7125: 7117: 7018:Tantric traditions 6910: 6673: 6657: 6646: 6505:avadhuti, sushumna 6372: 6360: 6349: 6333: 6319:Tantras (Buddhism) 6315:Tantras (Hinduism) 6230:, identified with 6206: 6192:with a skull-cup ( 6150:Golden Light Sutra 6032: 6013: 5954:David Gordon White 5937:Chandogya Upanisad 5931:Jaiminiya Brahmana 5891:Dashakumaracharita 5860:"mystical anatomy" 5448:), it is called a 5278:'s commentator on 5171:Tantra (Vajrayāna) 5033:Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa 5003:Loom (or weaving) 4985:Loom (or weaving) 4922: 4506:Vajrasekhara Sutra 4464:Guhyagarbha Tantra 4276:Anuttarayogatantra 4248:Fourfold division: 4240:Tantric techniques 4129:Shambhala Buddhism 3994:Vajrayana Buddhism 3926:Caribbean Shaktism 3669:Lalita Sahasranama 3352:Caribbean Shaktism 3071:Kanakadhara Stotra 2320:U. G. Krishnamurti 2300:Satyadhyana Tirtha 1896:Gangesha Upadhyaya 1554:Six Astika schools 798:Ānanda (happiness) 777:Anātman (non-self) 15452: 15451: 15390:Stephen Batchelor 15385:Martine Batchelor 15331:Multiple methods 15204:Guided meditation 15068:Jewish meditation 15033:Taoist meditation 14934: 14933: 14930: 14929: 14893:Modern yoga gurus 14771: 14770: 14550: 14549: 14527:Vasishtha Samhita 13947:Media related to 13898:978-0-226-14934-9 13876:978-0-500-01172-0 13857:978-0-19-516790-0 13838:978-0-8264-5719-6 13831:. A&C Black. 13819:978-81-7304-025-2 13755:978-1-4008-5005-1 13725:978-0-226-02783-8 13706:978-0-691-05779-8 13668:Religious Studies 13649:on 25 March 2003. 13592:. Anusara Press. 13580:978-81-208-2932-9 13559:978-0-520-23656-1 13457:978-0-231-51065-3 13438:978-0-521-48234-9 13410:978-0-7914-0347-1 13364:978-3-447-01706-0 13317:Sanderson, Alexis 13308:978-1-136-76640-4 13277:978-0-19-975506-6 13258:978-1-78308-332-9 13239:978-0-231-14485-8 13220:978-0-86171-487-2 13182:978-1-2999-4016-1 13133:978-90-04-18491-6 13069:978-0-85728-432-7 13050:978-0-19-507045-3 13031:978-81-208-3105-6 12943:978-0-520-01842-6 12874:The Pacific World 12860:978-0-19-937309-3 12829:978-3-11-025811-0 12808:978-81-208-0042-7 12790:, pp. 39–56. 12778:978-81-208-0281-0 12748:978-0-7914-8890-4 12729:978-0-7914-5306-3 12710:978-0-19-990952-0 12604:978-3-447-02091-6 12563:978-0-231-55064-2 12525:978-0-300-20945-7 12506:978-1-84511-011-6 12487:978-0-521-43878-0 12461:978-1-59030-893-6 12420:Feuerstein, Georg 12411:978-1-316-75726-0 12383:978-81-208-0596-5 12364:978-0-88706-494-4 12323:978-0-691-60308-7 12304:978-81-208-1991-7 12256:978-93-5260-673-3 12237:978-81-208-1778-4 12194:978-0-226-07569-3 12100:978-1-932476-03-3 12081:978-0-520-25218-9 12054:978-1-70174-022-8 12026:978-81-85843-36-0 11883:, pp. 87–88. 11791:, pp. 77–79. 11731:, pp. 73–75. 11692:, pp. 53–54. 11654:Feuerstein (1998) 11591:Feuerstein (1998) 11319:, pp. 33–34. 11203:, pp. 8, 10. 11191:, pp. 29–30. 11074:, pp. 17–18. 10840:, pp. 22–23. 10673:Snellgrove (1987) 10368:, pp. 27–31. 10320:, pp. 30–31. 10263:, pp. 26–27. 10261:Dyczkowski (1988) 10212:, pp. 28–29. 10200:, pp. 28–30. 10176:, pp. 11–13. 9998:Snellgrove (1987) 9961:, pp. 28–29. 9803:Feuerstein (2011) 9793:, pp. 35–38. 9766:, pp. 18–21. 9754:, pp. 18–19. 9656:Feuerstein (2001) 9466:, pp. 16–17. 9452:Dyczkowski (1989) 9403:, pp. 31–32. 9388:, pp. 48–50. 9086:, pp. 11–12. 8928:Esoteric Buddhism 8697:Sex and eroticism 8414:, meat and other 8410:such as alcohol, 8319:devotion (bhakti) 8259:Transgressive or 8212:) or the Buddha ( 8157:Guru Gobind Singh 8110:Shurangama Mantra 8090:mandala offerings 8035:. The succeeding 7960: 7959: 7852:Symbols and tools 7798:Kulayarāja Tantra 7612: 7610:Twofold division: 7577: 7202:spirit possession 6999:Swami Vivekananda 6836:Bodhipathapradīpa 6802:Srivijaya kingdom 6589:Kaulajñānanirṇaya 6223:Markandeya Purana 5730:, who contrasted 5304: 5303: 5020:1.4.54 and 5.2.70 4734:In Buddhism, the 4684: 4633: 4632: 4525:Symbols and tools 4471:Kulayarāja Tantra 4285: 4283:Twofold division: 4250: 3978: 3977: 3792:Bharatchandra Ray 3637:Shakta Upanishads 3494: 3493: 3345:Balinese Hinduism 2844:Markandeya Purana 2081:Satyanatha Tirtha 2036:Raghuttama Tirtha 2026:Raghavendra Swami 1871:Ramdas Kathiababa 952:Sources of dharma 818:Dama (temperance) 813:Sama (equanimity) 179: 16:(Redirected from 15517: 15442: 15441: 15350:Joseph Goldstein 14961: 14954: 14947: 14938: 14937: 14782: 14781: 14561: 14560: 14534:Vimanarcanakalpa 14499:Gheranda Samhita 14412:Shaiva Siddhanta 14182:Yoga Yajnavalkya 14112: 14111: 14037: 14030: 14023: 14014: 14013: 14005: 14004: 14003: 13993: 13992: 13991: 13981: 13980: 13972: 13958: 13946: 13921: 13902: 13880: 13861: 13842: 13823: 13795: 13768: 13765:Buddhist Thought 13759: 13738: 13729: 13710: 13691: 13659: 13650: 13645:. Archived from 13623: 13621: 13619: 13603: 13584: 13563: 13541: 13528: 13517:. Counterpoint. 13509: 13480: 13469:. Orchid Press. 13461: 13442: 13423: 13414: 13395: 13368: 13347: 13345: 13334: 13324: 13312: 13293: 13286:Samuel, Geoffrey 13281: 13262: 13251:. Anthem Press. 13243: 13224: 13205: 13186: 13167: 13158: 13137: 13118: 13073: 13054: 13035: 13016: 13014: 12989: 12978:Mallinson, James 12973: 12956: 12947: 12928: 12926: 12901: 12899: 12897: 12881: 12864: 12845: 12838:Kongtrul, Jamgon 12833: 12812: 12791: 12782: 12761: 12752: 12733: 12714: 12693: 12691: 12689: 12669: 12640: 12621: 12608: 12589: 12583: 12575: 12548: 12529: 12510: 12491: 12479: 12465: 12446: 12427: 12415: 12396: 12387: 12368: 12349: 12327: 12308: 12289: 12260: 12241: 12216: 12207: 12206:, pp. 1–15. 12198: 12179: 12142: 12123: 12104: 12085: 12069: 12058: 12039: 12030: 12011: 12000: 11991: 11968: 11962: 11956: 11950: 11944: 11938: 11932: 11926: 11920: 11914: 11908: 11902: 11896: 11890: 11884: 11878: 11872: 11866: 11857: 11856:, pp. i–ii. 11851: 11845: 11839: 11833: 11832:, p. 25-28. 11827: 11821: 11815: 11804: 11800:Magee, Michael. 11798: 11792: 11786: 11780: 11777:Cavendish (1980) 11774: 11768: 11762: 11756: 11750: 11744: 11738: 11732: 11726: 11720: 11714: 11708: 11702: 11693: 11687: 11681: 11675: 11669: 11663: 11657: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11633: 11627: 11621: 11615: 11606: 11600: 11594: 11588: 11582: 11576: 11570: 11564: 11558: 11552: 11546: 11540: 11534: 11528: 11522: 11516: 11510: 11504: 11498: 11492: 11483: 11477: 11468: 11462: 11456: 11450: 11444: 11438: 11432: 11426: 11420: 11414: 11408: 11398: 11392: 11386: 11375: 11369: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11341: 11335: 11329: 11320: 11314: 11303: 11297: 11291: 11285: 11279: 11273: 11264: 11258: 11252: 11246: 11240: 11234: 11228: 11227:, pp. 9–14. 11222: 11216: 11210: 11204: 11198: 11192: 11186: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11153: 11147: 11141: 11135: 11129: 11123: 11117: 11111: 11105: 11099: 11090: 11084: 11075: 11069: 11060: 11054: 11048: 11042: 11036: 11030: 11024: 11018: 11012: 11006: 10997: 10996:, pp. 1–33. 10994:Mallinson (2019) 10991: 10985: 10982:Mallinson (2016) 10979: 10973: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10895: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10871: 10865: 10859: 10853: 10847: 10841: 10835: 10829: 10823: 10814: 10808: 10802: 10799:Wedemeyer (2013) 10796: 10790: 10784: 10778: 10772: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10736: 10730: 10724: 10718: 10712: 10703: 10697: 10691: 10685: 10676: 10670: 10664: 10658: 10652: 10646: 10635: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10605: 10599: 10593: 10587: 10581: 10575: 10569: 10563: 10557: 10551: 10545: 10539: 10533: 10524: 10518: 10509: 10503: 10497: 10491: 10485: 10482:Sanderson (1995) 10479: 10473: 10467: 10461: 10455: 10449: 10443: 10437: 10431: 10425: 10419: 10413: 10407: 10401: 10395: 10384: 10378: 10369: 10363: 10357: 10351: 10345: 10339: 10333: 10327: 10321: 10315: 10306: 10300: 10294: 10288: 10279: 10273: 10264: 10258: 10249: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10219: 10213: 10207: 10201: 10195: 10189: 10183: 10177: 10171: 10160: 10154: 10148: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10088: 10082: 10076: 10070: 10025: 10019: 10013: 10007: 10001: 9995: 9989: 9983: 9974: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9914: 9908: 9902: 9896: 9890: 9889:, p. 27-28. 9884: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9823: 9817: 9806: 9800: 9794: 9788: 9782: 9776: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9728:Goudriaan (1981) 9725: 9719: 9716:Goudriaan (1981) 9713: 9707: 9704:Goudriaan (1981) 9701: 9695: 9689: 9683: 9680:Goudriaan (1981) 9677: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9598:, p. 25-26. 9593: 9587: 9581: 9572: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9542: 9533: 9527: 9518: 9512: 9506: 9500: 9494: 9488: 9482: 9476: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9431: 9425: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9398: 9389: 9383: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9350: 9344: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9304: 9298: 9283: 9277: 9266: 9265:, pp. 26–27 9260: 9251: 9245: 9236: 9230: 9219: 9213: 9202: 9196: 9190: 9184: 9173: 9167: 9152: 9146: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9026:, pp. 9–14. 9021: 9015: 9009: 8996: 8990: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8941: 8935: 8916: 8910: 8888: 8882: 8879: 8873: 8863: 8449:) and postures ( 8408:taboo substances 8376:animal sacrifice 8073:Tibetan Buddhism 7990:Tibetan diaspora 7952: 7945: 7938: 7840:Yuthok Nyingthig 7608: 7573: 7548:Completion stage 7543:Generation stage 7332: 7322: 7307: 7306: 7294:and his consort 7090:Jayadrathayamala 7070:theistic dualism 6953:Bhakti movements 6778:Srivijaya Empire 6686:Srauta tradition 6530:David Snellgrove 6443:animal sacrifice 6402:Alexis Sanderson 6168:, in modern-day 5746:ultimate reality 5643: 5634: 5623: 5614: 5603: 5594: 5534:Georg Feuerstein 5454: 5446: 5438: 5430: 5414: 5404: 5377:Kashmir Shaivism 5361:Shaiva Siddhanta 5175:Tantric Buddhism 4925: 4921: 4825: 4794:worship such as 4752:Shingon Buddhism 4740:Buddhist Tantras 4679: 4677: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4513:Yuthok Nyingthig 4281: 4246: 4221:Completion stage 4216:Generation stage 4005: 3995: 3980: 3979: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3817:Abhirami Bhattar 3694:Saundarya Lahari 3519: 3496: 3495: 3486: 3479: 3472: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3416:and Christianity 3386:Pilgrimage sites 3316:Reform movements 3194:Vinayagar Agaval 3145:Five Great Epics 3094:Tamil literature 2993:Sushruta Samhita 2788:Bhavishya Purana 2774:Brahmanda Purana 2725:Bhagavata Purana 2653:Other scriptures 2215:Mahavatar Babaji 1795:Satyakama Jabala 1466:Ganesh Chaturthi 1320:Rites of passage 833:Shraddha (faith) 251:Major traditions 177: 142: 119: 118: 88: 79: 68: 59: 21: 15525: 15524: 15520: 15519: 15518: 15516: 15515: 15514: 15455: 15454: 15453: 15448: 15430: 15414: 15396: 15380:Thubten Chodron 15370:Sharon Salzberg 15365:Matthieu Ricard 15360:14th Dalai Lama 15316:Open awareness 15310:Thich Nhat Hanh 15295: 15152: 15063:Jain meditation 15038:Dancemeditation 15006: 14970: 14965: 14935: 14926: 14859: 14838:Yoga as therapy 14804:Standing asanas 14767: 14637: 14599: 14546: 14478:Hatha Ratnavali 14435: 14378: 14300:Viparita Karani 14187: 14146: 14101: 14046: 14041: 14011: 14001: 13999: 13989: 13987: 13975: 13967: 13929: 13924: 13918: 13905: 13899: 13883: 13877: 13864: 13858: 13845: 13839: 13826: 13820: 13807: 13803: 13801:Further reading 13798: 13784: 13756: 13726: 13707: 13643: 13617: 13615: 13600: 13581: 13560: 13525: 13477: 13458: 13439: 13411: 13384: 13365: 13343: 13332: 13309: 13278: 13259: 13240: 13221: 13202: 13183: 13134: 13070: 13051: 13032: 12970:10.18130/v3s82z 12944: 12895: 12893: 12861: 12830: 12809: 12779: 12749: 12730: 12711: 12687: 12685: 12678: 12637: 12605: 12577: 12576: 12564: 12545: 12526: 12507: 12499:. I.B. Taurus. 12488: 12470:Flood, Gavin D. 12462: 12443: 12412: 12384: 12365: 12346: 12324: 12305: 12257: 12238: 12195: 12139: 12120: 12101: 12082: 12055: 12027: 11976: 11971: 11963: 11959: 11951: 11947: 11939: 11935: 11927: 11923: 11915: 11911: 11903: 11899: 11891: 11887: 11879: 11875: 11867: 11860: 11852: 11848: 11840: 11836: 11828: 11824: 11816: 11807: 11802:The Kali Yantra 11799: 11795: 11787: 11783: 11775: 11771: 11763: 11759: 11751: 11747: 11739: 11735: 11727: 11723: 11715: 11711: 11703: 11696: 11688: 11684: 11676: 11672: 11664: 11660: 11652: 11648: 11640: 11636: 11628: 11624: 11616: 11609: 11601: 11597: 11589: 11585: 11577: 11573: 11565: 11561: 11555:Rinehart (2011) 11553: 11549: 11541: 11537: 11529: 11525: 11517: 11513: 11505: 11501: 11493: 11486: 11478: 11471: 11463: 11459: 11453:Willemen (2004) 11451: 11447: 11439: 11435: 11427: 11423: 11415: 11411: 11399: 11395: 11387: 11378: 11370: 11366: 11358: 11354: 11342: 11338: 11330: 11323: 11315: 11306: 11298: 11294: 11286: 11282: 11274: 11267: 11259: 11255: 11247: 11243: 11235: 11231: 11223: 11219: 11211: 11207: 11199: 11195: 11187: 11183: 11175: 11171: 11163: 11156: 11148: 11144: 11136: 11132: 11124: 11120: 11112: 11108: 11100: 11093: 11085: 11078: 11070: 11063: 11055: 11051: 11043: 11039: 11031: 11027: 11019: 11015: 11007: 11000: 10992: 10988: 10980: 10976: 10968: 10964: 10956: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10932: 10928: 10920: 10916: 10908: 10904: 10896: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10872: 10868: 10860: 10856: 10848: 10844: 10836: 10832: 10824: 10817: 10809: 10805: 10797: 10793: 10785: 10781: 10773: 10769: 10765:, p. 8989. 10761: 10757: 10749: 10745: 10737: 10733: 10725: 10721: 10713: 10706: 10698: 10694: 10686: 10679: 10671: 10667: 10659: 10655: 10647: 10638: 10630: 10626: 10618: 10614: 10606: 10602: 10594: 10590: 10582: 10578: 10570: 10566: 10558: 10554: 10546: 10542: 10534: 10527: 10519: 10512: 10506:Davidson (2004) 10504: 10500: 10494:Davidson (2004) 10492: 10488: 10480: 10476: 10468: 10464: 10456: 10452: 10444: 10440: 10434:Olivelle (2011) 10432: 10428: 10422:Olivelle (1992) 10420: 10416: 10408: 10404: 10396: 10387: 10379: 10372: 10366:Lorenzen (2002) 10364: 10360: 10354:Lorenzen (2002) 10352: 10348: 10340: 10336: 10330:Davidson (2004) 10328: 10324: 10318:Lorenzen (2002) 10316: 10309: 10301: 10297: 10291:Lorenzen (1972) 10289: 10282: 10274: 10267: 10259: 10252: 10246:Lorenzen (2002) 10244: 10240: 10232: 10228: 10220: 10216: 10210:Lorenzen (2002) 10208: 10204: 10198:Lorenzen (2002) 10196: 10192: 10184: 10180: 10172: 10163: 10155: 10151: 10143: 10139: 10131: 10127: 10119: 10115: 10107: 10103: 10095: 10091: 10083: 10079: 10071: 10028: 10020: 10016: 10008: 10004: 9996: 9992: 9984: 9977: 9969: 9965: 9957: 9953: 9945: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9921: 9917: 9909: 9905: 9899:Lorenzen (2002) 9897: 9893: 9887:Lorenzen (2002) 9885: 9881: 9873: 9869: 9861: 9857: 9851:Phillips (2009) 9849: 9845: 9839:Lorenzen (2002) 9837: 9826: 9818: 9809: 9801: 9797: 9789: 9785: 9781:, pp. 3–4. 9777: 9770: 9762: 9758: 9750: 9746: 9742:, pp. 4–5. 9738: 9734: 9726: 9722: 9714: 9710: 9702: 9698: 9690: 9686: 9682:, pp. 1–8. 9678: 9674: 9666: 9662: 9654: 9650: 9646:, pp. 1–8. 9642: 9638: 9634:, pp. 1–5. 9630: 9626: 9618: 9614: 9606: 9602: 9596:Lorenzen (2002) 9594: 9590: 9582: 9575: 9567: 9563: 9559:, pp. 5–6. 9555: 9551: 9547:, pp. 1–2. 9543: 9536: 9532:, pp. 1–2. 9528: 9521: 9515:Stirling (2006) 9513: 9509: 9501: 9497: 9489: 9485: 9477: 9470: 9462: 9458: 9454:, pp. 4–5. 9450: 9446: 9440:Banerjee (2002) 9438: 9434: 9426: 9419: 9411: 9407: 9401:Lorenzen (2002) 9399: 9392: 9384: 9377: 9371:Banerjee (1988) 9369: 9365: 9357: 9353: 9345: 9336: 9328: 9324: 9316: 9307: 9301:Banerjee (1988) 9299: 9286: 9278: 9269: 9261: 9254: 9250:, pp. 3–4. 9246: 9239: 9235:, p. 8984. 9231: 9222: 9214: 9205: 9197: 9193: 9185: 9176: 9168: 9155: 9149:Lorenzen (2002) 9147: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9094: 9090: 9082: 9078: 9070: 9066: 9058: 9054: 9048:Kongtrul (2005) 9046: 9042: 9036:Bisschop (2020) 9034: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9010: 8999: 8995:, pp. 1–3. 8991: 8987: 8983: 8978: 8970: 8966: 8958: 8954: 8944:Banerjee (2002) 8942: 8938: 8917: 8913: 8891:Banerjee (1988) 8889: 8885: 8880: 8876: 8864: 8857: 8853: 8848: 8831: 8823:Heinrich Zimmer 8787: 8758: 8722: 8705: 8699: 8655:. Similarly, a 8615: 8528: 8462: 8221:Buddhist Tantra 8190: 8122: 8120:Other religions 7976:and so on. The 7966: 7956: 7927: 7926: 7898: 7890: 7889: 7853: 7845: 7844: 7805:Mahāmāyā Tantra 7772: 7764: 7763: 7749: 7741: 7740: 7715:Luminosity yoga 7538: 7530: 7529: 7508: 7500: 7499: 7476: 7468: 7467: 7340: 7320: 7305: 7303:Buddhist tantra 7269: 7217:Kashmir Śaivism 7102: 7094:Kumarila Bhatta 7025: 7020: 6989:Hindu modernism 6978:Mahāvihāra sect 6930:Tripura Sundari 6902: 6879:, the sun god. 6827:Abhayakaragupta 6634: 6370:("action seal") 6321: 6313:Main articles: 6311: 6285:Gatha-saptasati 6182: 6085:Āṭānāṭiya Sutta 6061:charnel grounds 6026:(2nd century), 6022:sculpture of a 5993: 5926:Vedic sacrifice 5903:Geoffrey Samuel 5810:The two oldest 5790: 5785: 5720: 5697:), initiation ( 5689:), meditation ( 5654: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5636: 5635: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5616: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5596: 5595: 5560: 5497:epistemological 5488:Anthropological 5463: 5405: 5402: 5363:tradition, the 5314: 5309: 4961:Tandya Brahmana 4816: 4742:. They include 4643: 4639: 4629: 4600: 4599: 4571: 4563: 4562: 4526: 4518: 4517: 4478:Mahāmāyā Tantra 4445: 4437: 4436: 4422: 4414: 4413: 4388:Luminosity yoga 4211: 4203: 4202: 4181: 4173: 4172: 4149: 4141: 4140: 4013: 3993: 3974: 3938: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3921: 3913: 3912: 3873: 3865: 3864: 3830: 3822: 3821: 3787: 3777: 3776: 3744: 3724: 3722: 3714: 3713: 3683: 3674:Tripura Rahasya 3659:Devi Bhagavatam 3615: 3605: 3604: 3540: 3490: 3452: 3450: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3394: 3360: 3339: 3331: 3321: 3320: 3283: 3216: 3208: 3200: 3199: 3096: 3064: 2986:Charaka Samhita 2965:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 2923:Shilpa Shastras 2902: 2855: 2739:Naradiya Purana 2711: 2706: 2681: 2655: 2614: 2478: 2410: 2394: 2363: 2355: 2345: 2344: 2290:Shirdi Sai Baba 2285:Sathya Sai Baba 2265:Ramana Maharshi 2169: 2136:Vadiraja Tirtha 2131:Vācaspati Miśra 2011:Srinivasacharya 1991:Narahari Tirtha 1971:Matsyendranatha 1956:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 1921:Jagannatha Dasa 1911:Haridasa Thakur 1830: 1709: 1701: 1691: 1690: 1646: 1607:Vishishtadvaita 1556: 1548: 1538: 1537: 1491:Makar Sankranti 1471:Vasant Panchami 1434:Maha Shivaratri 1418: 1322: 1231: 1165: 1134: 1015: 1006: 998: 997: 962: 856: 793:Prajña (wisdom) 789: 766: 730: 704: 673: 642: 640:Meaning of life 627:God in Hinduism 616: 580: 578:Supreme reality 555:Subtle elements 544: 525: 519: 509: 508: 364: 333: 307: 299: 289: 288: 285: 252: 246: 236: 235: 180: 175:Hindu synthesis 171: 166: 117: 116: 115: 114: 91: 90: 89: 81: 80: 71: 70: 69: 61: 60: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15523: 15513: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15446: 15435: 15432: 15431: 15429: 15428: 15422: 15420: 15416: 15415: 15413: 15412: 15404: 15402: 15398: 15397: 15395: 15394: 15393: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15375:Daniel Goleman 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15329: 15328: 15327: 15322: 15320:Jon Kabat-Zinn 15314: 15313: 15312: 15303: 15301: 15297: 15296: 15294: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15227: 15226: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15160: 15158: 15154: 15153: 15151: 15150: 15145: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15014: 15012: 15008: 15007: 15005: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14978: 14976: 14972: 14971: 14964: 14963: 14956: 14949: 14941: 14932: 14931: 14928: 14927: 14925: 14924: 14923: 14922: 14915: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14879: 14878: 14867: 14865: 14861: 14860: 14858: 14857: 14850: 14845: 14843:Yoga for women 14840: 14835: 14834: 14833: 14831:Hasta Vinyasas 14823: 14821:Sun Salutation 14818: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14809:List of asanas 14806: 14801: 14790: 14788: 14779: 14773: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14765: 14764: 14763: 14755: 14754: 14753: 14745: 14744: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14722: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14686: 14681: 14673: 14672: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14647: 14645: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14635: 14634: 14633: 14628: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14609: 14607: 14601: 14600: 14598: 14597: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14569: 14567: 14558: 14552: 14551: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14544: 14537: 14530: 14523: 14520:Sritattvanidhi 14516: 14509: 14506:Joga Pradipika 14502: 14495: 14488: 14481: 14474: 14467: 14460: 14453: 14445: 14443: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14433: 14428: 14427: 14426: 14416: 14415: 14414: 14409: 14399: 14394: 14388: 14386: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14365: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14308: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14282: 14281: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14255: 14250: 14249: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14222: 14221: 14219:Lotus position 14211: 14206: 14195: 14193: 14189: 14188: 14186: 14185: 14178: 14171: 14164: 14156: 14154: 14148: 14147: 14145: 14144: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14120: 14118: 14109: 14103: 14102: 14100: 14099: 14094: 14093: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14056: 14054: 14048: 14047: 14040: 14039: 14032: 14025: 14017: 14010: 14009: 13997: 13985: 13965: 13964: 13952: 13940: 13937:British Museum 13928: 13927:External links 13925: 13923: 13922: 13916: 13903: 13897: 13881: 13875: 13862: 13856: 13843: 13837: 13824: 13818: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13796: 13782: 13769: 13760: 13754: 13739: 13730: 13724: 13711: 13705: 13692: 13674:(3): 289–302. 13660: 13651: 13642:978-0231081610 13641: 13624: 13604: 13599:978-1937104016 13598: 13585: 13579: 13564: 13558: 13546:Urban, Hugh B. 13542: 13529: 13524:978-1593761707 13523: 13510: 13481: 13476:978-9745240131 13475: 13462: 13456: 13443: 13437: 13424: 13415: 13409: 13396: 13382: 13369: 13363: 13348: 13325: 13313: 13307: 13294: 13282: 13276: 13263: 13257: 13244: 13238: 13225: 13219: 13206: 13201:978-0226424095 13200: 13187: 13181: 13168: 13159: 13149:(2): 165–177. 13138: 13132: 13119: 13091:10.1086/463182 13074: 13068: 13055: 13049: 13036: 13030: 13017: 12990: 12974: 12957: 12948: 12942: 12929: 12902: 12882: 12865: 12859: 12846: 12834: 12828: 12813: 12807: 12792: 12783: 12777: 12762: 12753: 12747: 12734: 12728: 12715: 12709: 12694: 12676: 12641: 12636:978-3642401343 12635: 12622: 12609: 12603: 12590: 12562: 12549: 12543: 12530: 12524: 12511: 12505: 12492: 12486: 12466: 12460: 12447: 12442:978-1890772185 12441: 12435:. Hohm Press. 12428: 12416: 12410: 12397: 12388: 12382: 12369: 12363: 12350: 12345:978-8120814684 12344: 12328: 12322: 12309: 12303: 12290: 12261: 12255: 12242: 12236: 12217: 12208: 12199: 12193: 12180: 12154:(2): 179–194. 12143: 12138:978-9004432666 12137: 12124: 12118: 12105: 12099: 12086: 12080: 12059: 12053: 12040: 12031: 12025: 12012: 12001: 11992: 11984:Avalon, Arthur 11979: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11969: 11957: 11945: 11943:, p. 1ff. 11933: 11931:, p. 1ff. 11921: 11919:, p. 1ff. 11909: 11907:, p. 135. 11897: 11885: 11873: 11858: 11846: 11834: 11822: 11805: 11793: 11781: 11769: 11757: 11745: 11733: 11721: 11719:, p. 126. 11709: 11694: 11682: 11670: 11668:, p. 141. 11658: 11646: 11634: 11622: 11607: 11595: 11593:, p. 124. 11583: 11571: 11559: 11547: 11535: 11523: 11511: 11509:, p. 268. 11499: 11484: 11469: 11465:Solonin (2013) 11457: 11445: 11443:, p. 139. 11433: 11431:, p. 263. 11421: 11409: 11393: 11376: 11364: 11352: 11336: 11321: 11304: 11292: 11280: 11265: 11253: 11241: 11229: 11217: 11205: 11193: 11181: 11169: 11154: 11142: 11140:, p. 337. 11130: 11118: 11106: 11104:, p. 336. 11091: 11089:, p. 335. 11076: 11061: 11059:, p. 322. 11049: 11047:, p. 116. 11037: 11035:, p. 333. 11025: 11013: 10998: 10986: 10974: 10962: 10950: 10938: 10936:, p. 292. 10926: 10914: 10902: 10900:, p. 303. 10890: 10888:, p. 304. 10878: 10876:, p. 299. 10866: 10854: 10852:, p. 253. 10842: 10830: 10828:, p. 159. 10815: 10803: 10791: 10779: 10767: 10755: 10753:, p. 294. 10743: 10731: 10719: 10704: 10692: 10690:, p. 276. 10677: 10675:, p. 127. 10665: 10663:, p. 274. 10653: 10651:, p. 289. 10636: 10624: 10612: 10600: 10598:, p. 254. 10588: 10576: 10564: 10552: 10540: 10538:, p. 291. 10525: 10523:, p. 265. 10510: 10498: 10496:, p. 204. 10486: 10474: 10472:, p. 255. 10462: 10450: 10438: 10426: 10414: 10402: 10400:, p. 161. 10385: 10383:, p. 158. 10370: 10358: 10346: 10334: 10322: 10307: 10305:, p. 246. 10295: 10280: 10278:, p. 243. 10265: 10250: 10238: 10236:, p. 242. 10226: 10214: 10202: 10190: 10178: 10161: 10149: 10137: 10125: 10113: 10111:, p. 248. 10101: 10089: 10077: 10026: 10014: 10012:, p. 131. 10002: 10000:, p. 122. 9990: 9975: 9963: 9951: 9949:, p. 283. 9939: 9937:, p. 221. 9927: 9915: 9913:, p. 188. 9903: 9891: 9879: 9867: 9863:Deussen (1980) 9855: 9843: 9824: 9807: 9795: 9783: 9768: 9756: 9744: 9732: 9720: 9708: 9696: 9684: 9672: 9660: 9648: 9636: 9624: 9612: 9610:, p. 112. 9600: 9588: 9573: 9561: 9549: 9534: 9519: 9507: 9495: 9493:, p. 7–8. 9483: 9468: 9456: 9444: 9432: 9417: 9413:Scharfe (1977) 9405: 9390: 9375: 9363: 9351: 9334: 9322: 9305: 9284: 9267: 9252: 9237: 9220: 9203: 9191: 9174: 9153: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9100: 9088: 9084:Berkson (1986) 9076: 9064: 9052: 9040: 9028: 9016: 9012:Barrett (2008) 8997: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8964: 8952: 8936: 8918:Also known as 8911: 8883: 8874: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8830: 8827: 8819:Giuseppe Tucci 8786: 8783: 8762:John Woodroffe 8757: 8756:John Woodroffe 8754: 8721: 8718: 8709:ritualized sex 8698: 8695: 8680:, geometrical 8614: 8611: 8591:visualizations 8527: 8524: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8438: 8432: 8422: 8419: 8404: 8391: 8385: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8363: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8320: 8310: 8304: 8291: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8257: 8248:Ritual use of 8246: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8189: 8186: 8128:, the Tibetan 8121: 8118: 7994:Newar Buddhism 7962:Main article: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759:Ullambana Puja 7756: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7696: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7667: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7627: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7606: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7411: 7400: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7369: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7351:Burmese-Bengal 7341: 7338: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7325: 7324: 7316: 7315: 7304: 7301: 7277:Lakshmi tantra 7268: 7265: 7133:Adi Parashakti 7101: 7098: 7082:Jayanta Bhatta 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 6901: 6898: 6774:Tibetan Empire 6633: 6630: 6556:. The tantric 6464:Kamakhya Pitha 6310: 6307: 6265:Somasiddhatins 6228:Mahishamardini 6204:Shaiva tantra. 6181: 6178: 6076:early Buddhism 6041:auspiciousness 6009:Siddham Script 5992: 5989: 5846:breath control 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5719: 5716: 5682:kundalini yoga 5648: 5647: 5638: 5637: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5618: 5617: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5598: 5597: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5570:", of similar 5559: 5556: 5467:Pierre Bernard 5462: 5459: 5400: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5260: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5236: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5082: 5074:Sānkhya Kārikā 5066: 5062: 5061: 5055: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4963: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4931:Text or author 4929: 4864:warp (weaving) 4815: 4812: 4778:, the Tibetan 4765:Southeast Asia 4756:Newar Buddhism 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4432:Ullambana Puja 4429: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4340: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4279: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4084: 4073: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4024:Burmese-Bengal 4014: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4006: 3998: 3997: 3989: 3988: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3898:Saraswati Puja 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3709:Abirami Antati 3706: 3701: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3664:Devi Mahatmyam 3661: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3622: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3521: 3520: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3474: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3289:Discrimination 3285: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3180:Abirami Antati 3176: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3065: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3031: 3028:Ramcharitmanas 3024: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2979:Pramana Sutras 2975: 2968: 2961: 2954: 2951:Mimamsa Sutras 2947: 2944:Samkhya Sutras 2940: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2909:Dharma Shastra 2904: 2903: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2812: 2805: 2798: 2791: 2784: 2777: 2770: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2665: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2584: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2543:Shvetashvatara 2539: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2515:Brihadaranyaka 2510: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2495: 2487: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2325:Upasni Maharaj 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2151:Vedanta Desika 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2071:Samarth Ramdas 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2021:Purandara Dasa 2018: 2013: 2008: 2006:Nimbarkacharya 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1926:Jayanta Bhatta 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1631: 1624: 1617: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1461:Raksha Bandhan 1458: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1343:Simantonnayana 1340: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1292:Carnatic music 1289: 1284: 1279: 1277:Bhagavata Mela 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1221:Kundalini yoga 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 964: 963: 958: 955: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 858: 857: 854: 851: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 784: 779: 774: 768: 767: 764: 761: 760: 755: 750: 745: 739: 738: 732: 731: 726: 723: 722: 717: 712: 706: 705: 700: 697: 696: 691: 686: 681: 675: 674: 671:Stages of life 669: 666: 665: 660: 655: 650: 644: 643: 638: 635: 634: 632:God and gender 629: 624: 618: 617: 614: 611: 610: 605: 600: 599: 598: 593: 582: 581: 576: 573: 572: 567: 565:Gross elements 562: 557: 552: 546: 545: 542: 539: 538: 533: 527: 526: 523: 520: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 440: 439: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 375: 366: 365: 355: 352: 351: 346: 341: 335: 334: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 309: 308: 303: 300: 295: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 279: 276: 275: 270: 265: 260: 254: 253: 250: 247: 242: 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 228: 223: 221:Itihasa-Purana 212: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159: 158: 157: 152: 144: 143: 135: 134: 128: 127: 93: 92: 83: 82: 74: 73: 72: 63: 62: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15522: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15462: 15460: 15445: 15437: 15436: 15433: 15427: 15424: 15423: 15421: 15417: 15411: 15410: 15406: 15405: 15403: 15399: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15332: 15330: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15317: 15315: 15311: 15308: 15307: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15298: 15292: 15291:Visualization 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15225: 15222: 15221: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15184:Concentration 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15159: 15155: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15142: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15090: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15009: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14979: 14977: 14973: 14969: 14962: 14957: 14955: 14950: 14948: 14943: 14942: 14939: 14921: 14920: 14916: 14914: 14913: 14912:Asana Journal 14909: 14908: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14877: 14874: 14873: 14872: 14869: 14868: 14866: 14862: 14856: 14855: 14854:Light on Yoga 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14832: 14829: 14828: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14796: 14795: 14792: 14791: 14789: 14787: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14774: 14762: 14759: 14758: 14756: 14752: 14749: 14748: 14746: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14691: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14674: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14651: 14649: 14648: 14646: 14644: 14640: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14623: 14621: 14617: 14614: 14613: 14611: 14610: 14608: 14606: 14602: 14596: 14595: 14594:Visuddhimagga 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14570: 14568: 14566: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14553: 14543: 14542: 14538: 14536: 14535: 14531: 14529: 14528: 14524: 14522: 14521: 14517: 14515: 14514: 14513:Shiva Samhita 14510: 14508: 14507: 14503: 14501: 14500: 14496: 14494: 14493: 14489: 14487: 14486: 14482: 14480: 14479: 14475: 14473: 14472: 14468: 14466: 14465: 14464:Bahr al-Hayat 14461: 14459: 14458: 14454: 14452: 14451: 14447: 14446: 14444: 14442: 14438: 14432: 14429: 14425: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14417: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14389: 14387: 14385: 14381: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14329: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14287: 14286: 14283: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14260: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14220: 14217: 14216: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14201: 14200: 14197: 14196: 14194: 14190: 14184: 14183: 14179: 14177: 14176: 14175:Yoga Vasistha 14172: 14170: 14169: 14165: 14163: 14162: 14161:Bhagavad Gita 14158: 14157: 14155: 14153: 14149: 14143: 14140: 14139:and sometimes 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14104: 14098: 14095: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14077: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14057: 14055: 14053: 14049: 14045: 14038: 14033: 14031: 14026: 14024: 14019: 14018: 14015: 14008: 13998: 13996: 13986: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13973: 13970: 13962: 13957: 13953: 13950: 13945: 13941: 13938: 13934: 13931: 13930: 13919: 13917:0-86171-162-9 13913: 13909: 13904: 13900: 13894: 13890: 13886: 13882: 13878: 13872: 13868: 13863: 13859: 13853: 13849: 13844: 13840: 13834: 13830: 13825: 13821: 13815: 13811: 13806: 13805: 13793: 13789: 13785: 13783:81-208-1945-4 13779: 13775: 13770: 13766: 13761: 13757: 13751: 13747: 13746: 13740: 13736: 13731: 13727: 13721: 13717: 13712: 13708: 13702: 13698: 13693: 13689: 13685: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13665: 13664:Werner, Karel 13661: 13657: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13638: 13634: 13630: 13625: 13614: 13613:Sutra Journal 13610: 13605: 13601: 13595: 13591: 13586: 13582: 13576: 13572: 13571: 13565: 13561: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13540:(3): 395–420. 13539: 13535: 13530: 13526: 13520: 13516: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13491: 13487: 13482: 13478: 13472: 13468: 13463: 13459: 13453: 13449: 13444: 13440: 13434: 13430: 13425: 13421: 13416: 13412: 13406: 13402: 13397: 13393: 13389: 13385: 13383:0-8248-2443-1 13379: 13375: 13370: 13366: 13360: 13356: 13355: 13349: 13342: 13338: 13331: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13304: 13301:. Routledge. 13300: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13283: 13279: 13273: 13269: 13264: 13260: 13254: 13250: 13245: 13241: 13235: 13231: 13226: 13222: 13216: 13212: 13207: 13203: 13197: 13193: 13188: 13184: 13178: 13174: 13169: 13165: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13139: 13135: 13129: 13125: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13085:(2): 87–114. 13084: 13080: 13075: 13071: 13065: 13061: 13056: 13052: 13046: 13042: 13037: 13033: 13027: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12991: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12958: 12954: 12949: 12945: 12939: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12916: 12912: 12908: 12903: 12892: 12888: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12866: 12862: 12856: 12852: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12835: 12831: 12825: 12821: 12820: 12814: 12810: 12804: 12800: 12799: 12793: 12789: 12784: 12780: 12774: 12770: 12769: 12763: 12759: 12754: 12750: 12744: 12740: 12735: 12731: 12725: 12721: 12716: 12712: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12695: 12683: 12679: 12677:9780199340378 12673: 12668: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12647: 12642: 12638: 12632: 12628: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12610: 12606: 12600: 12596: 12591: 12587: 12581: 12573: 12569: 12565: 12559: 12555: 12550: 12546: 12544:81-208-1391-X 12540: 12536: 12531: 12527: 12521: 12517: 12512: 12508: 12502: 12498: 12493: 12489: 12483: 12478: 12477: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12457: 12453: 12448: 12444: 12438: 12434: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12407: 12403: 12398: 12394: 12389: 12385: 12379: 12375: 12370: 12366: 12360: 12356: 12351: 12347: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12332:Deussen, Paul 12329: 12325: 12319: 12315: 12310: 12306: 12300: 12296: 12291: 12287: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12262: 12258: 12252: 12248: 12243: 12239: 12233: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12214: 12209: 12205: 12200: 12196: 12190: 12186: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12130: 12125: 12121: 12119:9780295964621 12115: 12111: 12106: 12102: 12096: 12092: 12087: 12083: 12077: 12073: 12068: 12067: 12066:Aghor Medicin 12060: 12056: 12050: 12046: 12041: 12037: 12032: 12028: 12022: 12018: 12013: 12009: 12008: 12002: 11998: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11966: 11961: 11954: 11949: 11942: 11941:Avalon (1918) 11937: 11930: 11929:Avalon (1914) 11925: 11918: 11917:Avalon (1913) 11913: 11906: 11901: 11895:, p. 22. 11894: 11889: 11882: 11881:Padoux (2017) 11877: 11871:, p. 86. 11870: 11869:Padoux (2017) 11865: 11863: 11855: 11850: 11843: 11838: 11831: 11826: 11819: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11803: 11797: 11790: 11789:Padoux (2017) 11785: 11778: 11773: 11767:, p. 78. 11766: 11765:Padoux (2017) 11761: 11754: 11753:Padoux (2017) 11749: 11743:, p. 75. 11742: 11741:Padoux (2017) 11737: 11730: 11729:Padoux (2017) 11725: 11718: 11717:Padoux (2017) 11713: 11707:, p. 55. 11706: 11705:Padoux (2017) 11701: 11699: 11691: 11690:Padoux (2017) 11686: 11680:, p. 52. 11679: 11678:Padoux (2017) 11674: 11667: 11662: 11655: 11650: 11643: 11638: 11631: 11630:Wallis (2016) 11626: 11620:, p. 18. 11619: 11618:Padoux (2002) 11614: 11612: 11604: 11603:Samuel (2010) 11599: 11592: 11587: 11580: 11575: 11568: 11563: 11556: 11551: 11544: 11539: 11532: 11527: 11520: 11515: 11508: 11503: 11496: 11491: 11489: 11481: 11480:Orzech (1989) 11476: 11474: 11466: 11461: 11455:, p. 28. 11454: 11449: 11442: 11437: 11430: 11425: 11418: 11413: 11406: 11402: 11397: 11390: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11374:, p. 37. 11373: 11372:Padoux (2017) 11368: 11362:, p. 39. 11361: 11360:Padoux (2017) 11356: 11349: 11345: 11340: 11334:, p. 36. 11333: 11332:Padoux (2017) 11328: 11326: 11318: 11317:Padoux (2017) 11313: 11311: 11309: 11302:, p. 33. 11301: 11300:Padoux (2017) 11296: 11290:, p. 32. 11289: 11288:Padoux (2017) 11284: 11278:, p. 31. 11277: 11276:Padoux (2017) 11272: 11270: 11263:, p. 11. 11262: 11261:Padoux (2017) 11257: 11251:, p. 10. 11250: 11249:Padoux (2017) 11245: 11238: 11237:Padoux (2017) 11233: 11226: 11225:Sharma (1990) 11221: 11214: 11209: 11202: 11201:Padoux (2017) 11197: 11190: 11189:Padoux (2017) 11185: 11179:, p. 29. 11178: 11177:Padoux (2017) 11173: 11166: 11165:Padoux (2017) 11161: 11159: 11151: 11150:Samuel (2010) 11146: 11139: 11138:Samuel (2010) 11134: 11127: 11122: 11115: 11114:Samuel (2010) 11110: 11103: 11102:Samuel (2010) 11098: 11096: 11088: 11087:Samuel (2010) 11083: 11081: 11073: 11072:Padoux (2002) 11068: 11066: 11058: 11057:Samuel (2010) 11053: 11046: 11041: 11034: 11033:Samuel (2010) 11029: 11022: 11021:Samuel (2010) 11017: 11010: 11005: 11003: 10995: 10990: 10983: 10978: 10971: 10970:Samuel (2010) 10966: 10959: 10958:Samuel (2010) 10954: 10947: 10946:Samuel (2010) 10942: 10935: 10934:Samuel (2010) 10930: 10923: 10922:Dahiya (2017) 10918: 10911: 10910:Samuel (2010) 10906: 10899: 10898:Samuel (2010) 10894: 10887: 10886:Samuel (2010) 10882: 10875: 10874:Samuel (2010) 10870: 10863: 10862:Samuel (2010) 10858: 10851: 10850:Samuel (2010) 10846: 10839: 10838:Padoux (2017) 10834: 10827: 10822: 10820: 10812: 10807: 10800: 10795: 10789:, p. 22. 10788: 10787:Padoux (2017) 10783: 10777:, p. 45. 10776: 10771: 10764: 10759: 10752: 10747: 10740: 10739:Samuel (2010) 10735: 10728: 10727:Dalton (2004) 10723: 10716: 10715:Samuel (2010) 10711: 10709: 10701: 10700:Samuel (2010) 10696: 10689: 10688:Samuel (2010) 10684: 10682: 10674: 10669: 10662: 10661:Samuel (2010) 10657: 10650: 10649:Samuel (2010) 10645: 10643: 10641: 10633: 10632:Samuel (2010) 10628: 10621: 10616: 10609: 10608:Samuel (2010) 10604: 10597: 10596:Samuel (2010) 10592: 10585: 10584:Samuel (2010) 10580: 10573: 10572:Samuel (2010) 10568: 10561: 10560:Samuel (2010) 10556: 10549: 10548:Samuel (2010) 10544: 10537: 10536:Samuel (2010) 10532: 10530: 10522: 10521:Samuel (2010) 10517: 10515: 10507: 10502: 10495: 10490: 10483: 10478: 10471: 10470:Samuel (2010) 10466: 10459: 10458:Samuel (2010) 10454: 10447: 10446:Samuel (2010) 10442: 10435: 10430: 10423: 10418: 10411: 10406: 10399: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10382: 10377: 10375: 10367: 10362: 10356:, p. 31. 10355: 10350: 10343: 10338: 10331: 10326: 10319: 10314: 10312: 10304: 10303:Samuel (2010) 10299: 10292: 10287: 10285: 10277: 10276:Samuel (2010) 10272: 10270: 10262: 10257: 10255: 10248:, p. 30. 10247: 10242: 10235: 10234:Samuel (2010) 10230: 10224:, p. 21. 10223: 10222:Padoux (2017) 10218: 10211: 10206: 10199: 10194: 10187: 10186:Taddei (1979) 10182: 10175: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10158: 10157:Samuel (2010) 10153: 10146: 10141: 10134: 10133:Samuel (2010) 10129: 10122: 10121:Watson (1994) 10117: 10110: 10109:Samuel (2010) 10105: 10098: 10097:Samuel (2010) 10093: 10086: 10085:Samuel (2010) 10081: 10074: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10023: 10022:Samuel (2010) 10018: 10011: 10010:Samuel (2010) 10006: 9999: 9994: 9987: 9982: 9980: 9972: 9967: 9960: 9955: 9948: 9947:Samuel (2010) 9943: 9936: 9935:Samuel (2010) 9931: 9924: 9923:Samuel (2010) 9919: 9912: 9907: 9901:, p. 28. 9900: 9895: 9888: 9883: 9876: 9875:Samuel (2010) 9871: 9864: 9859: 9852: 9847: 9841:, p. 27. 9840: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9821: 9820:Werner (1977) 9816: 9814: 9812: 9804: 9799: 9792: 9787: 9780: 9775: 9773: 9765: 9764:Padoux (2002) 9760: 9753: 9752:Padoux (2002) 9748: 9741: 9736: 9729: 9724: 9717: 9712: 9705: 9700: 9693: 9688: 9681: 9676: 9669: 9664: 9657: 9652: 9645: 9640: 9633: 9628: 9621: 9616: 9609: 9604: 9597: 9592: 9585: 9580: 9578: 9570: 9565: 9558: 9553: 9546: 9541: 9539: 9531: 9526: 9524: 9516: 9511: 9504: 9499: 9492: 9487: 9480: 9475: 9473: 9465: 9464:Brooks (1990) 9460: 9453: 9448: 9442:, p. 34. 9441: 9436: 9430:, p. 26. 9429: 9428:Wallis (2012) 9424: 9422: 9414: 9409: 9402: 9397: 9395: 9387: 9382: 9380: 9372: 9367: 9360: 9359:Bagchi (1989) 9355: 9349:, p. 409 9348: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9331: 9330:Kangle (1986) 9326: 9319: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9302: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9281: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9264: 9259: 9257: 9249: 9244: 9242: 9234: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9218:, p. 17. 9217: 9216:Padoux (2002) 9212: 9210: 9208: 9200: 9199:Padoux (2017) 9195: 9188: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9172:, p. 436 9171: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9151:, p. 25. 9150: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9133: 9132:Padoux (2013) 9128: 9121: 9116: 9109: 9104: 9098:, p. 59. 9097: 9092: 9085: 9080: 9073: 9068: 9061: 9056: 9050:, p. 74. 9049: 9044: 9037: 9032: 9025: 9020: 9013: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9002: 8994: 8989: 8985: 8973: 8968: 8961: 8956: 8949: 8948:Harshacharita 8945: 8940: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8887: 8878: 8871: 8867: 8866:Padoux (2013) 8862: 8860: 8855: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8826: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8803:Mircea Eliade 8800: 8796: 8792: 8782: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8767: 8763: 8753: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8726: 8717: 8713: 8710: 8704: 8694: 8690: 8688: 8687:feudal system 8683: 8679: 8676:According to 8674: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8659: 8654: 8650: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8598: 8597: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8523: 8521: 8520: 8515: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8475: 8471: 8466: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8197: 8195: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8174:Rishi-mandala 8171: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8098:Cundī Dhāraṇī 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8082:Hungry Ghosts 8079: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8063:. During the 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7986:Western world 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7970:Enlightenment 7965: 7953: 7948: 7946: 7941: 7939: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7771:Tantric texts 7768: 7767: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7625: 7624:Outer Tantras 7622: 7621: 7618: 7617:Inner Tantras 7615: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7436:New branches: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7355: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7323: 7318: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7241: 7236: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7225:Abhinavagupta 7221: 7218: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7187:Yamalatantras 7183: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7134: 7129: 7121: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7078:guruparaṃparā 7075: 7071: 7065: 7063: 7062:Abhinavagupta 7058: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7029:tantric texts 7015: 7013: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6990: 6985: 6984:(1153–1186). 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6941:Abhinavagupta 6938: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6926:Sankaravijaya 6923: 6919: 6914: 6906: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6811:Abhinavagupta 6806: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6642:Chakrasamvara 6640:Twelve-Armed 6638: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6622:Saiva sources 6619: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6594:Kubjikātantra 6590: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6475:sūkṣma śarīra 6472: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6459: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6427: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6387:transgressive 6383: 6379: 6377: 6374:According to 6369: 6364: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6218:Devi Mahatmya 6215: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5949: 5948:Brhadaranyaka 5945: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5901:According to 5899: 5897: 5896:Mircea Eliade 5893: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5881:Harshacharita 5877: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5727: 5715: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5675:), gestures ( 5674: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5642: 5633: 5622: 5613: 5602: 5593: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5532:According to 5530: 5526: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5412:Kāmikā-tantra 5399: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5385: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5337: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5299: 5297:(philosopher) 5296: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5276:Abhinavagupta 5273: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5252:Abhinavagupta 5249: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5193: 5192:Kāmikā-tantra 5189: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5169:(Vol. 18–21: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4990:1400–1000 BCE 4989: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4939:1700–1100 BCE 4938: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4754:and Nepalese 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4673: 4667: 4637: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4444:Tantric texts 4441: 4440: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4298: 4297:Outer Tantras 4295: 4294: 4291: 4290:Inner Tantras 4288: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4109:New branches: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3908:Shakta pithas 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3807:Ramprasad Sen 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3740:Dakshinachara 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3699:Annada Mangal 3697: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3679:Kalika Purana 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3359:Hindu culture 3357: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3311:Organisations 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3035:Yoga Vasistha 3032: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3009: 3008: 3004: 3002: 3001: 3000:Natya Shastra 2997: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2937:Brahma Sutras 2934: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2883:Sthapatyaveda 2880: 2878: 2877: 2876:Gandharvaveda 2873: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2837:Varaha Purana 2834: 2832: 2831: 2830:Skanda Purana 2827: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2767:Brahma Purana 2764: 2762: 2761: 2760:Garuda Purana 2757: 2755: 2754: 2753:Matsya Purana 2750: 2748: 2747: 2746:Vāmana Purana 2743: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2718:Vishnu Purana 2715: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2662:Bhagavad Gita 2659: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2245:Radhakrishnan 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2225:Narayana Guru 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2205:Jaggi Vasudev 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2195:Chinmayananda 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2056:Ramprasad Sen 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1906:Gorakshanatha 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1851:Allama Prabhu 1849: 1847: 1846:Akka Mahadevi 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1836:Abhinavagupta 1834: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1785:Prashastapada 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645:Other schools 1643: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1621:Shuddhadvaita 1618: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1302:Kalaripayattu 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1237:Bharatanatyam 1235: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1116:Nritta-Nritya 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 961: 957: 956: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 853: 852: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 763: 762: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 737: 734: 733: 729: 725: 724: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 703: 699: 698: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 676: 672: 668: 667: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 641: 637: 636: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 613: 612: 609: 606: 604: 601: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 587: 584: 583: 579: 575: 574: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 547: 541: 540: 537: 534: 532: 529: 528: 522: 521: 518: 513: 512: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 441: 438: 435: 434: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 374: 372: 368: 367: 363: 359: 354: 353: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 332: 328: 327: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 306: 302: 301: 298: 293: 292: 284: 283: 278: 277: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 249: 248: 245: 240: 239: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 217: 216: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 176: 173: 172: 170: 162: 161: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 146: 145: 141: 137: 136: 133: 130: 129: 125: 121: 120: 113:illustration. 112: 108: 105: 101: 97: 87: 78: 67: 58: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 15470:Hindu tantra 15407: 15355:Yuval Harari 15345:S. N. Goenka 15335:Pema Chödrön 15224:Mindful Yoga 15140: 15114: 15110:Silva Method 15087: 14919:Yoga Journal 14917: 14910: 14876:Mindful Yoga 14871:Yoga hybrids 14852: 14799:Downward dog 14664:Anuttarayoga 14592: 14539: 14532: 14525: 14518: 14511: 14504: 14497: 14490: 14483: 14476: 14469: 14462: 14457:Amritasiddhi 14455: 14448: 14383: 14180: 14173: 14166: 14159: 14138: 14065:Five sheaths 14060:Three bodies 13963:at Wikiquote 13907: 13888: 13866: 13847: 13828: 13809: 13773: 13767:. Routledge. 13764: 13744: 13737:. MacMillan. 13734: 13715: 13696: 13671: 13667: 13655: 13647:the original 13632: 13616:. Retrieved 13612: 13589: 13569: 13549: 13537: 13533: 13514: 13489: 13485: 13466: 13447: 13428: 13422:. MacMillan. 13419: 13400: 13373: 13353: 13341:the original 13336: 13320: 13298: 13289: 13267: 13248: 13229: 13210: 13191: 13172: 13146: 13142: 13123: 13082: 13078: 13059: 13040: 13021: 13002: 12998: 12985: 12961: 12933: 12914: 12910: 12894:. Retrieved 12890: 12877: 12873: 12850: 12841: 12818: 12797: 12767: 12757: 12738: 12719: 12699: 12686:. Retrieved 12649: 12626: 12617: 12613: 12594: 12556:. New York. 12553: 12534: 12515: 12496: 12475: 12451: 12432: 12423: 12401: 12392: 12373: 12354: 12335: 12313: 12294: 12269: 12265: 12246: 12226: 12212: 12184: 12151: 12147: 12128: 12109: 12090: 12065: 12044: 12035: 12016: 12006: 11996: 11987: 11977: 11965:Urban (2003) 11960: 11953:Urban (2003) 11948: 11936: 11924: 11912: 11905:Urban (2003) 11900: 11893:Urban (2003) 11888: 11876: 11854:Flood (2006) 11849: 11842:Flood (1996) 11837: 11830:White (2000) 11825: 11820:, p. 9. 11818:White (2000) 11796: 11784: 11772: 11760: 11748: 11736: 11724: 11712: 11685: 11673: 11666:Ghose (1996) 11661: 11649: 11637: 11625: 11598: 11586: 11574: 11567:Gough (2012) 11562: 11550: 11538: 11526: 11514: 11507:Sharf (2002) 11502: 11460: 11448: 11441:Goble (2019) 11436: 11424: 11412: 11401:Payne (2006) 11396: 11367: 11355: 11348:Lidke (2021) 11344:Lidke (2004) 11339: 11295: 11283: 11256: 11244: 11239:, p. 9. 11232: 11220: 11208: 11196: 11184: 11172: 11167:, p. 8. 11145: 11133: 11121: 11109: 11052: 11045:Smith (1996) 11040: 11028: 11016: 11009:Flood (1996) 10989: 10977: 10965: 10953: 10941: 10929: 10917: 10905: 10893: 10881: 10869: 10857: 10845: 10833: 10826:Flood (1996) 10811:Flood (1996) 10806: 10794: 10782: 10775:Einoo (2009) 10770: 10763:Smith (2005) 10758: 10746: 10734: 10722: 10695: 10668: 10656: 10627: 10615: 10603: 10591: 10579: 10567: 10555: 10543: 10501: 10489: 10477: 10465: 10453: 10441: 10429: 10417: 10410:Flood (1996) 10405: 10398:Flood (1996) 10381:Flood (1996) 10361: 10349: 10337: 10325: 10298: 10241: 10229: 10217: 10205: 10193: 10181: 10174:Brown (2002) 10152: 10140: 10128: 10116: 10104: 10092: 10080: 10017: 10005: 9993: 9986:Smith (2012) 9971:White (2003) 9966: 9959:White (2003) 9954: 9942: 9930: 9918: 9911:White (2014) 9906: 9894: 9882: 9870: 9858: 9846: 9798: 9786: 9779:Brown (2002) 9759: 9747: 9735: 9723: 9711: 9699: 9694:, p. 1. 9692:Brown (2002) 9687: 9675: 9668:Flood (2006) 9663: 9651: 9639: 9627: 9622:, p. 3. 9615: 9603: 9591: 9586:, p. 6. 9584:Brown (2002) 9569:Lorea (2018) 9564: 9557:Brown (2002) 9552: 9545:Brown (2002) 9517:, p. 7. 9510: 9498: 9491:Flood (2006) 9486: 9459: 9447: 9435: 9408: 9386:Joshi (2012) 9373:, p. 8. 9366: 9361:, p. 6. 9354: 9347:Joshi (1977) 9325: 9280:Felch (2016) 9263:Urban (2008) 9233:White (2005) 9201:, p. 7. 9194: 9187:Flood (2006) 9134:, p. 1. 9127: 9120:Flood (2006) 9115: 9103: 9091: 9079: 9067: 9060:Flood (2006) 9055: 9043: 9038:, Chapter 1. 9031: 9024:Flood (2006) 9019: 9014:, p. 12 8988: 8967: 8960:Davis (2014) 8955: 8947: 8939: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8914: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8886: 8877: 8869: 8840:Radha Tantra 8807:Julius Evola 8788: 8781:tradition). 8779:Shiva-Shakta 8778: 8759: 8752: 8739: 8735: 8729: 8714: 8706: 8691: 8675: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8647: 8604: 8594: 8584: 8572: 8553: 8547:("wheels"), 8537: 8519:pratyabhijña 8518: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8489: 8478: 8450: 8444: 8398: 8381: 8278: 8253: 8240: 8218: 8214:buddhavacana 8213: 8209: 8206: 8198: 8191: 8178:Tirthankaras 8173: 8167: 8162:Dasam Granth 8160: 8150: 8123: 8096:such as the 8069:Ming dynasty 8041:Liao dynasty 8037:Song dynasty 8021:Tang dynasty 8002: 7998:Newar people 7967: 7669: 7668: 7629: 7628: 7609: 7607: 7574: 7572: 7565: 7564: 7480: 7435: 7434: 7347:Ari-Acharya 7342: 7285: 7281: 7270: 7255: 7247: 7244: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7222: 7214: 7194: 7186: 7184: 7176: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7138: 7089: 7077: 7072:to absolute 7066: 7053: 7036: 7033:āgama, jñāna 7032: 7026: 7023:Hindu tantra 7008: 6995: 6986: 6962: 6950: 6934: 6925: 6920:philosopher 6915: 6911: 6866: 6855: 6849: 6834: 6823: 6807: 6762:Pala Dynasty 6758:Vikramashila 6751: 6747:Khmer Empire 6713:, Krama and 6703: 6683: 6674: 6669:Patan, Nepal 6626:Cakrasamvara 6625: 6618:Cakrasamvara 6617: 6613: 6611: 6606:Cakrasamvara 6605: 6598: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6534: 6519: 6517: 6504: 6500: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6458:Yoginītantra 6456: 6452:Kālikāpurāṇa 6450: 6439: 6433:Anuttarayoga 6432: 6428: 6424: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6396: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6290:Varāhamihira 6283: 6277: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6250: 6243: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6207: 6163: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6122: 6120: 6115: 6105: 6083: 6065: 6057: 6033: 6004: 5984: 5978: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5919: 5900: 5889: 5879: 5869: 5863: 5849: 5839: 5831: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5737: 5731: 5726:Dharmasastra 5723: 5721: 5707: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5655: 5575: 5563: 5561: 5544: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5515: 5513: 5501: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5464: 5449: 5441: 5433: 5425: 5423: 5417: 5409: 5407: 5395: 5391: 5389: 5382:The ancient 5381: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5333: 5326: 5315: 5295:Bhaskararaya 5279: 5255: 5250:Philosopher 5233:Mṛcchakatika 5231: 5223: 5213: 5209: 5191: 5187: 5170: 5145:Tantrodbhuta 5144: 5122: 5104:Viṣṇu Purāṇa 5102: 5091: 5085: 5078: 5072: 5050: 5031: 5015: 4997: 4977: 4974:1200–900 BCE 4966: 4960: 4942: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4893: 4881: 4871: 4857: 4855: 4846: 4839:colonial era 4830: 4828: 4817: 4800:Hindu temple 4769: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4708: 4706: 4635: 4634: 4342: 4341: 4302: 4301: 4282: 4280: 4247: 4245: 4238: 4237: 4153: 4108: 4107: 4020:Ari-Acharya 4015: 3888:Lakshmi Puja 3854: 3850:Panchamakara 3797:Bhaskararaya 3747: 3728:Vidya margam 3727: 3686: 3544: 3418: / 3414: / 3410: / 3406: / 3404:and Buddhism 3402: / 3366:Architecture 3329:Other topics 3267: 3250: 3222:Four varnas: 3221: 3192: 3185: 3178: 3171: 3164: 3157: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3083: 3076: 3069: 3047: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3012: 3007:Panchatantra 3005: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2958:Nyāya Sūtras 2956: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2916:Artha Śastra 2914: 2907: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2823:Kūrma Purana 2821: 2816:Linga Purana 2814: 2809:Shiva Purana 2807: 2800: 2795:Padma Purana 2793: 2786: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2737: 2730: 2723: 2716: 2693: 2686: 2671:s (Hinduism) 2668: 2660: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2581:Atharvaveda: 2580: 2571: 2564: 2557: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2506: 2497: 2490: 2483: 2445: 2436: 2429: 2422: 2415: 2295:Shraddhanand 2270:Ravi Shankar 2250:R. D. Ranade 2111:Śyāma Śastri 2106:Swaminarayan 2066:Rupa Goswami 1976:Morya Gosavi 1936:Jiva Goswami 1841:Adi Shankara 1667:Pratyabhijña 1633: 1626: 1619: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1398:Samavartanam 1378:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ 1363:Annaprashana 1287:Dandiya Raas 1262:Mohiniyattam 1155:Nididhyāsana 960:Epistemology 892:Brahmacharya 772:Ātman (self) 735: 679:Brahmacharya 608:Saccidānanda 560:Panchikarana 436: 369: 360: / 356:Other major 280: 214: 213: 168: 98:(Buddhist), 29: 15340:Susan Piver 15271:Tantric sex 15219:Mindfulness 15164:Biofeedback 15141:Zhan zhuang 14975:Main topics 14786:As exercise 14684:Yantra yoga 14679:Devata yoga 14588:Anapanasati 14431:Sexual Yoga 14352:Kapalabhati 14322:Sama vritti 14273:Surat Shabd 14199:Eight limbs 14129:Bhakti yoga 14116:Three Yogas 14052:Subtle body 13633:Lotus Sutra 13492:: 171–219. 13005:(4): 1–33. 11974:Works cited 11579:Cort (2001) 11531:Keul (2012) 11519:Gray (2016) 11403:, pp. 10145:Osto (2009) 10073:Gray (2016) 9740:Gray (2016) 9644:Gray (2016) 9632:Gray (2016) 9620:Gray (2016) 9530:Gray (2016) 9248:Gray (2016) 9189:, p. 9 9108:Gray (2016) 9072:Beer (2003) 8993:Gray (2016) 8703:Tantric sex 8587:meditations 8554:The use of 8541:subtle body 8479:Worship or 8388:Sexual yoga 8351:Prāyaścitta 8283:) such as: 8132:tradition, 8029:Amoghavajra 7992:. Nepalese 7922:Vajracharya 7518:Bodhisattva 7404:Inner Asian 7379:East Asian 7273:Pañcharatra 7168:Kapalavrata 7141:Mantramārga 7086:Yamunacarya 6857:Amṛtasiddhi 6819:South India 6798:Khmer kings 6782:Mahasiddhas 6740:Bundelkhand 6724:Somavamshis 6632:Tantric age 6624:. The text 6584:Guhyasamaja 6578:Guhyagarbha 6566:immortality 6558:mahasiddhas 6515:practices. 6509:sexual yoga 6471:subtle body 6376:Gavin Flood 6341:Vajravārāhī 6269:Mahavartins 6210:Mahabharata 6202:"left hand" 6144:Dasabhumika 6116:Lotus Sutra 6107:Lotus Sutra 5999:A Buddhist 5985:Atharvaveda 5980:Atharvaveda 5921:Mahabharata 5812:Upanishadic 5661:scholarship 5572:Orientalist 5523:libertinism 5492:ethnography 5274:Jayaratha, 5210:Harṣacarita 5069:Īśvarakṛṣṇa 5052:Arthaśāstra 5043:350–283 BCE 5028:pre-500 BCE 5008:600–500 BCE 4979:Atharvaveda 4894:atma-tantra 4873:Atharvaveda 4833:to mean an 4782:tradition, 4758:. Although 4750:, Japanese 4729:Guhyamantra 4721:Mantramārga 4595:Vajracharya 4191:Bodhisattva 4077:Inner Asian 4052:East Asian 3812:Ramakrishna 3772:Kubjikamata 3749:Kula margam 3687:other texts 3412:and Judaism 3408:and Sikhism 3376:Iconography 3301:Nationalism 3294:Persecution 3078:Shiva Stuti 2972:Yoga Sutras 2802:Agni Purana 2704:Other texts 2695:Mahabharata 2438:Atharvaveda 2335:Vivekananda 2260:Rama Tirtha 2255:Ramakrishna 2230:Nigamananda 2220:Mahesh Yogi 2096:Sripadaraja 2086:Siddheshwar 1981:Mukundarāja 1961:Madhusūdana 1951:Kanaka Dasa 1876:Chakradhara 1820:Yajnavalkya 1810:Vishvamitra 1679:Pancharatra 1577:Vaisheshika 1533:Ratha Yatra 1481:Janmashtami 1476:Rama Navami 1393:Ritushuddhi 1368:Chudakarana 1358:Nishkramana 1328:Garbhadhana 1297:Pandav Lila 1206:Bhakti yoga 1091:Prāyaścitta 862:Niti śastra 710:Bhakti yoga 689:Vānaprastha 504:Vishvakarma 437:Post-Vedic: 273:Vaishnavism 215:Traditional 96:Vajrayogini 15490:Nonduality 15459:Categories 15325:Sam Harris 15261:Relaxation 15157:Techniques 15011:Traditions 14968:Meditation 14898:Yoga Nidra 14704:Karmamudra 14669:Sahajayana 14441:Hatha yoga 14407:Mahasiddha 14327:Shatkarmas 14278:Aghor Yoga 14231:Pratyahara 14152:Philosophy 14134:Jnana yoga 14124:Karma yoga 12917:(6): 172. 12896:8 February 12880:: 257–291. 12620:(1): 1–47. 12572:1099543349 11495:Lye (2003) 8924:Mantrayāna 8920:Tantrayāna 8846:References 8731:Sri Yantra 8701:See also: 8626:Mahavidyas 8622:Sri Yantra 8606:Tantraloka 8596:Ishta-deva 8416:entheogens 8307:Ganachakra 8261:antinomian 8176:where the 8148:movement. 8086:deity yoga 8025:Vajrabodhi 7754:Ganachakra 7729:Death yoga 7722:Dream yoga 7708:Inner heat 7693:Deity yoga 7596:Yogatantra 7589:Charyayoga 7525:Kalachakra 7513:Buddhahood 7488:Mahasiddha 7339:Traditions 7114:Tamil Nadu 7057:Manusmriti 7041:Upanishads 6974:Abhayagiri 6894:Hemacandra 6890:Svetambara 6873:Pāñcarātra 6869:Vaishnavas 6852:Hatha Yoga 6845:Kalachakra 6794:Charyapada 6770:Odantapuri 6734:, and the 6732:Kalachuris 6546:Gorakhnath 6411:Vidyapitha 6406:Vidyapitha 6391:antinomian 6368:karmamudrā 6216:, and the 6138:Gandavyuha 6037:protection 5940:, and the 5876:Bāṇabhaṭṭa 5844:describes 5475:movement. 5472:Neo-Tantra 5461:Modern era 5369:Shri Vidya 5328:Mahābhāṣya 5307:Definition 5281:Tantrāloka 5257:Tantrāloka 5206:Bāṇabhaṭṭa 5188:Kāmikāgama 5114:320–400 CE 5071:author of 5017:Aṣṭādhyāyī 4953:1700–? BCE 4849:means the 4725:Mantrayāna 4427:Ganachakra 4402:Death yoga 4395:Dream yoga 4381:Inner heat 4366:Deity yoga 4269:Yogatantra 4262:Charyayoga 4198:Kalachakra 4186:Buddhahood 4161:Mahasiddha 4012:Traditions 3883:Durga Puja 3704:Ramprasadi 3252:Varna-less 3124:Tiruppukal 3085:Vayu Stuti 3049:Panchadasi 3042:Swara yoga 2930:Kama Sutra 2869:Dhanurveda 2529:Taittiriya 2507:Yajurveda: 2499:Kaushitaki 2476:Upanishads 2468:Upanishads 2392:Scriptures 2240:Prabhupada 2156:Vidyaranya 2041:Ram Charan 2016:Prabhākara 1931:Jayatīrtha 1886:Dadu Dayal 1881:Chāngadeva 1740:Bharadwaja 1730:Ashtavakra 1496:Kumbh Mela 1444:Durga Puja 1373:Karnavedha 1353:Nāmakaraṇa 1282:Yakshagana 1211:Karma yoga 1201:Jnana yoga 1196:Hatha yoga 1133:Meditation 1106:Tirthadana 887:Aparigraha 743:Paramātman 728:Liberation 720:Karma yoga 715:Jnana yoga 444:Dattatreya 244:Traditions 169:Historical 104:Kalachakra 102:(Hindu), 100:Sri Yantra 15510:Vajrayana 15199:Emptiness 15174:Breathing 14907:Journals 14741:Mahamudra 14659:Caryayoga 14643:Vajrayana 14616:Yogachara 14583:Vipassana 14565:Theravada 14424:Kundalini 14419:Laya Yoga 14357:Bhastrika 14295:Mahamudra 14226:Pranayama 14142:Rāja yoga 13688:170592174 13618:3 January 13498:1059-3152 13115:162235701 13099:0018-2710 12999:Religions 12911:Religions 12580:cite book 12286:170547474 12176:255161762 12112:. Mapin. 8981:Citations 8811:Carl Jung 8740:Maha Meru 8642:Kundalini 8579:muladhara 8575:Śrī Vidyā 8510:anavamala 8446:pranayama 8400:vamachara 8313:Guru yoga 8302:shaktipat 8188:Practices 7964:Vajrayana 7748:Festivals 7700:Six yogas 7686:Guru yoga 7582:Kriyayoga 7537:Practices 7260:Śrī Vidyā 7191:Kulamārga 7180:vamachara 7145:Pāśupatas 6966:Anawratha 6815:Sri Vidya 6786:Vajrayana 6744:Cambodian 6542:Tirumülar 6493:kundalini 6261:Kapalikas 6254:Pasupatas 6245:Kadambari 6214:Harivamsa 6198:Kapalikas 6188:A modern 5911:Brahmanas 5740:forms of 5711:neologism 5650:Tantrism. 5562:The term 5341:svatantra 5323:Patanjali 5291:1690–1785 5271:1150–1200 5224:Cārudatta 5215:Kādambari 5139:Rajasthan 4994:Yajurveda 4900:(Self)". 4878:Brahmanas 4876:and many 4868:Vedic era 4814:Etymology 4736:Vajrayana 4711:, in the 4707:The term 4421:Festivals 4373:Six yogas 4359:Guru yoga 4255:Kriyayoga 4210:Practices 3893:Kali Puja 3878:Navaratri 3845:Kundalini 3829:Practices 3762:Kalikulam 3735:Vamachara 3600:Saraswati 3575:Mahavidya 3548:(Supreme) 3426:Criticism 3420:and Islam 3381:Mythology 3234:Kshatriya 3166:Athichudi 3103:Tirumurai 3021:Tirumurai 2630:Vyākaraṇa 2566:Chandogya 2558:Samaveda: 2446:Divisions 2424:Yajurveda 2384:Ātmatuṣṭi 2340:Yogananda 2315:Trailanga 2310:Sivananda 2175:Aurobindo 2161:Vyasaraja 2126:Tyagaraja 2076:Sankardev 2046:Ramananda 1941:Jñāneśvar 1916:Harivansh 1901:Gaudapada 1866:Chaitanya 1805:Vashistha 1775:Patanjali 1755:Jamadagni 1674:Vaishnava 1662:Pashupata 1439:Navaratri 1416:Festivals 1383:Upanayana 1348:Jatakarma 1333:Pumsavana 1252:Kuchipudi 1247:Kathakali 1216:Rāja yoga 1150:Samādhāna 1031:Prarthana 1005:Practices 932:Svādhyāya 536:Mythology 531:Cosmology 524:Worldview 469:Kartikeya 400:Prajapati 339:Saraswati 42:Neotantra 15500:Shaktism 15495:Shaivism 15444:Category 15251:Postures 15194:Counting 15179:Chanting 15148:5Rhythms 14726:Mahayoga 14605:Mahayana 14556:Buddhism 14317:Kumbhaka 14192:Concepts 14107:Hinduism 14085:Sushumna 14007:Hinduism 13983:Religion 13887:(2012). 13792:60383600 13548:(2003). 13506:43855194 13392:53119548 13319:(1995). 13288:(2010). 12980:(2016). 12840:(2005). 12682:Archived 12472:(1996). 12422:(1998). 12334:(1980). 12272:: 1–30. 12168:48703461 11986:(1913). 8899:Kālidāsa 8835:Dzogchen 8829:See also 8797:such as 8795:Indology 8766:pen name 8744:Srividya 8736:Sri Meru 8682:mandalas 8472:statue, 8412:cannabis 8323:Mandalas 8298:Abhiseka 8288:Dakshina 8250:mandalas 8170:Shaktism 8108:and the 8057:dhāraṇīs 8033:Chang'an 7736:Sex yoga 7481:Tantrism 7413:Altaic ( 7397:Nepalese 7388:Japanese 7312:a series 7310:Part of 7288:Sahajiyā 7267:Vaiṣṇava 7256:kālīkula 7164:Bhairava 6922:Shankara 6892:thinker 6694:Vaisnava 6573:Mahayoga 6538:Chandali 6455:and the 6447:Kamakhya 6339:Dancing 6329:Bhairava 6327:Dancing 6240:Shaktism 6170:Pakistan 6166:Gandhara 6159:Amitayus 6155:Aksobhya 6141:and the 6127:and the 6112:dhāraṇīs 6049:dhāraṇīs 6045:Mahayana 5975:Ayurveda 5795:Rig Veda 5776:kaivalya 5738:tantrika 5718:Tantrika 5703:monistic 5576:Tantrism 5564:tantrism 5558:Tantrism 5509:Shaktism 5401:— 5367:sect of 5247:975–1025 5240:Matrikas 5119:Kālidāsa 5047:Chanakya 5000:11.5.5.3 4957:Sāmaveda 4835:esoteric 4820:Sanskrit 4818:Tantra ( 4808:Samhitās 4774:such as 4702:Buddhism 4698:Hinduism 4687:esoteric 4672:Sanskrit 4409:Sex yoga 4154:Tantrism 4086:Altaic ( 4070:Nepalese 4061:Japanese 3985:a series 3983:Part of 3785:Scholars 3757:Srikulam 3590:Matrikas 3546:Mahadevi 3509:Shaktism 3501:a series 3499:Part of 3439:Glossary 3371:Calendar 3306:Hindutva 3229:Brahmana 2900:samhitas 2892:Shastras 2862:Ayurveda 2853:Upavedas 2688:Ramayana 2679:Itihasas 2645:Jyotisha 2612:Vedangas 2596:Mandukya 2492:Aitareya 2484:Rigveda: 2463:Aranyaka 2458:Brahmana 2431:Samaveda 2146:Valluvar 2141:Vallabha 2121:Tulsidas 2051:Ramanuja 2001:Nayanars 1986:Namadeva 1828:Medieval 1770:Kashyapa 1686:Charvaka 1657:Kapalika 1521:Puthandu 1511:Vaisakhi 1408:Antyesti 1388:Keshanta 1312:Adimurai 1307:Silambam 1272:Sattriya 1257:Manipuri 942:Mitahara 922:Santosha 882:Achourya 694:Sannyasa 684:Gṛhastha 543:Ontology 517:Concepts 305:Trimurti 268:Smartism 263:Shaktism 258:Shaivism 132:Hinduism 124:a series 122:Part of 18:Tantrism 15419:Related 15300:Leaders 15276:Silence 15266:Samyama 15241:Oneness 15089:Neigong 14864:Related 14826:Vinyāsa 14816:Drishti 14761:Shingon 14736:Atiyoga 14731:Anuyoga 14573:Samatha 14374:Sādhanā 14362:Trataka 14263:Pranava 14246:Samadhi 14236:Dhāraṇā 14090:Pingala 13969:Portals 13107:1062679 12224:(ed.). 8909:(V.5)." 8775:Vedanta 8670:mandala 8556:mantras 8545:chakras 8470:Ganesha 8406:Use of 8395:siddhis 8333:Mantras 8327:Yantras 8281:sadhana 8254:maṇḍala 8242:acharya 8146:New Age 8126:Sikhism 8114:Shingon 8094:mantras 8061:mantras 8049:Tiantai 7988:by the 7885:Yab-Yum 7679:Ngöndro 7657:Thangka 7636:Mandala 7507:Pursuit 7475:History 7423:b, t, k 7409:Tibetan 7383:Chinese 7248:śrīkula 7210:Kubjikā 7198:tantras 7172:Aghoris 7049:sastras 7045:Puranas 6918:Advaita 6881:Jainism 6784:of the 6754:Nalanda 6706:Kashmir 6614:Hevajra 6600:Hevajra 6562:siddhis 6501:granthi 6357:chakras 6273:dakinis 6236:Parvati 6220:in the 6174:reliefs 6098:rākṣasa 6094:Bharhut 6053:mantras 6028:Mathura 6024:yakṣiṇī 6001:dhāraṇī 5871:chakras 5783:History 5770:nirvana 5750:Brahman 5733:vaidika 5724:Manava 5673:mandala 5658:Western 5580:Western 5551:temples 5384:Mimamsa 5325:in his 5254:in his 5228:Śūdraka 5226:and in 5212:and in 5201:606–647 5163:500–600 5087:Sankhya 5059:shastra 4982:X, 7.42 4967:Sastras 4945:X, 71.9 4943:Ṛigveda 4886:Smritis 4859:Rigveda 4851:warping 4843:weaving 4776:Jainism 4717:mantras 4683: 4558:Yab-Yum 4352:Ngöndro 4330:Thangka 4309:Mandala 4180:Pursuit 4148:History 4096:b, t, k 4082:Tibetan 4056:Chinese 3721:Schools 3652:Tripura 3625:Tantras 3595:Lakshmi 3565:Parvati 3538:Deities 3527:History 3444:Outline 3239:Vaishya 3207:Society 3058:Stotras 2709:Puranas 2635:Nirukta 2625:Chandas 2620:Shiksha 2603:Prashna 2589:Mundaka 2453:Samhita 2417:Rigveda 2280:Samarth 2116:Tukaram 2061:Ravidas 1800:Valmiki 1750:Jaimini 1720:Angiras 1715:Agastya 1707:Ancient 1593:Advaita 1587:Vedanta 1582:Mīmāṃsā 1562:Samkhya 1449:Ramlila 1191:Sādhanā 1081:Tarpana 1066:Kīrtana 1061:Bhajana 1012:Worship 937:Shaucha 912:Akrodha 758:Saṃsāra 622:Ishvara 591:Nirguna 586:Brahman 550:Tattvas 474:Krishna 459:Hanuman 454:Ganesha 390:Chandra 385:Ashvins 349:Parvati 344:Lakshmi 331:Tridevi 297:Deities 204:Śramaṇa 184:History 165:Origins 155:History 107:Mandala 15465:Tantra 15286:Trance 15256:Prayer 15246:Poetry 15214:Mantra 15115:Tantra 15100:Qigong 14777:Modern 14757:Japan 14751:Tangmi 14747:China 14675:Tibet 14650:India 14626:Tendai 14622:Japan 14612:India 14402:Siddhi 14397:Yogini 14384:Tantra 14337:Dhauti 14290:Bandha 14285:Mudras 14258:Mantra 14241:Dhyana 14209:Niyama 14070:Chakra 13961:Tantra 13949:Tantra 13939:, 2021 13914: 13895: 13873: 13854: 13835: 13816: 13790: 13780: 13752: 13722: 13703: 13686: 13639: 13596: 13577: 13556: 13521: 13504: 13496: 13473: 13454: 13435: 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