2195:
2212:
2144:
2178:
2277:
2260:
2234:
2161:
4384:
436:
132:
343:
47:
2350:
5837:
645:
483:
950:
2358:
4832:
2384:, and is not yet completely deciphered today. Deciphered scripts are mostly funerary, following a simple formula of "X son of Y" (X u Y) which is still used to this day in the Kabyle language. Such writings have been found in Kabylie (also known as Kabylia) and continue to be discovered by archeologists. The
990:, the Berber (Amazigh) language (with all its Algerian dialects and varieties) was recognized as a 'national language' in the 2002 Algerian Constitution, but not as an 'official language' until 2016 after a long campaign by activists. French is not recognized in any legal document of Algeria but enjoys a
1027:
has frequently stated that "Amazigh (the Berber language) will never be an official language, and if it has to be a national language, it must be submitted to a referendum". In 2005, President
Bouteflika, stated that "there is no country in the world with two official languages" and "this will never
4824:
997:
The Berber (Amazigh) language faces an unfavourable environment, despite a public radio in
Algeria (Channel II, which dates back to 1925), as well as a public TV channel in Morocco (Channel IV or Tamazight TV). Since private ownership of TV channels is illegal in Algeria, Kabyles have launched a
485:
2010:
In the Kabyle language there are various accents which are the result of assimilations (these accents are generally divided into western and eastern Kabyle). Some of these assimilations are present among all Kabyle "dialects" and some not. These assimilations are not noted in writing, such as:
489:
488:
484:
490:
624:
estimated there were one million Kabyle speakers in France in 2013. Linguist
Matthias Brenzinger estimates the number of Kabyle speakers in Algeria at between 2.5 to 3 million in 2015. Bruce Maddy-Weitzman's 2018 estimate is more than 5 million Kabyle speakers in Kabylie. Linguist
3545:
The predicative particle 'd' is an indispensable tool in speaking Kabyle (or any other
Amazigh language). "d" is equivalent to both "it is + adjective" and "to be + adjective", but cannot be replaced by the verb "ili" (to be). It is always followed by a noun in free state.
3958:
One day, Jehha he.gave-to.him father-his cent, so.that he.buys {head of ewe}. He.bought-it-here, he.ate all meat-its. Stayed-here carcass it.is empty, he.brought-to.him-it-here to father-his. Then, when it-he.saw he.said-to.him: "what-it that?" he.said-to.him: {"head of
2651:(or 'annexed state'). The free state is morphologically unmarked. The construct state is derived either by changing initial /a-/ to /u-/, loss of initial vowel in some feminine nouns, addition of a semi-vowel word-initially, or in some cases no change occurs at all:
1020:" (HCA) in 1995. Berber was subsequently taught as a non-compulsory language in Berber speaking areas. The course being optional, few people attend. The Kabyle school boycott also resulted in the first recognition of Amazigh as a national language in November 1996.
487:
1028:
be the case of
Algeria". Nevertheless, after four decades of pacific struggle, riots, strikes, and social mobilization, including the Berber spring (1980, riots and strikes in the Kabylie region of Tizi Ouzou, Bouira and Bejaïa, as well as Algiers) and the
2078:
Kabyle is mostly composed of fricatives, phonemes which are originally stops in other Berber languages, but in writing there is no difference between fricatives and stops. Below is a list of fricatives vs. stops and when they are pronounced (note that
629:
gives 5.6 million Kabyle speakers worldwide in 2020, mostly in
Algeria. In 2021, Amina Mettouchi, professor of Berber linguistics, estimated the number of speakers at five million worldwide and more than three million in Algeria. In 2022, according to
2471:. However, a majority of Berber activists (both in Morocco and Algeria) prefer the Latin script and see the Tifinagh as a hindrance to literacy in Berber. Kabyle literature continues to be written in Latin script. The use of Tifinagh is limited to
6706:
3442:('this, these'), far-deictic ('that, those') and absence. They may either be suffixed to nouns, or appear in isolation. Examples: « Axxam-a / Axxam-agi» – "This house.", (House-this), «Wagi yelha» – "This is nice." (This is-nice).
2196:
3962:
One day, Jehha's father gave him one cent, to buy a ewe head. He bought it, and ate it all till only an empty carcass was left and brought it to his father. When his father saw that, he said: "what is that?" Jehha said: "a ewe
2213:
5728:. 1982. Dictionnaire kabyle–français, parler des At Mangellet, Algérie. Études etholinguistiques Maghreb–Sahara 1, ser. eds. Salem Chaker, and Marceau Gast. Paris: Société d'études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France.
2145:
2179:
3954:
Yiwen wass, Ǧeḥḥa yefka-yas baba-s frank, akken ad {d-yaɣ aqerruy n tixsi}. Yuɣ-it-id, yečča akk aksum-is. Yeqqim-d uceqlal d ilem, yewwi-yas-t-id i baba-s. Ihi, mi t-iwala yenna-yas: "acu-t wa?" yenna-yas: {"d aqerruy n
2278:
2261:
2235:
2162:
573:
Kabyle Berber is also spoken as a native language among the
Algerian Kabyle-descended diaspora in European and North American cities (mainly France). It is estimated that half of Kabyles live outside the Kabylian region.
3584:
The predicative particle "d" should not be confused with the particle of coordination "d"; indeed, the latter is followed by a noun at its annexed state while the first is always followed by a noun at its free state.
473:
Estimating the number of Berber speakers is very difficult and figures are often contested. A 2004 estimate was that 9.4% of the population speaks Kabyle. The diaspora population has been estimated at one million.
2709:, construct state is used for subjects placed after their verbs, after prepositions, in noun complement constructions, and after certain numerals. Kabyle also places nouns in construct state when they head a
3189:. In English it could be translated into verb+er. It is obtained by prefixing the verb with « am- » or with « an- » if the first letter is b / f / m / w (there are exceptions, however).
1173:, is influenced by the character of the surrounding consonants; emphatic consonants invite a more open realization of the vowel, e.g. aẓru = 'stone' vs. amud = 'seed'. Often /a, i, u/ are realized as .
595:
437:
133:
486:
3617:
has not been studied yet. These loanwords are sometimes
Berberized and sometimes kept in their original form. The Berberized words follow the regular grammar of Kabyle (free and annexed state).
6350:
6330:
6479:
6474:
6613:
1003:
994:
position of an official language as it is used in every
Algerian official administration or institution, at all levels of the government, sometimes much more than Arabic.
600:
4573:
Elizabeth
Fentress; Andrew Wilson (2016). "The Saharan Berber Diaspora and the Southern Frontiers of Byzantine North Africa". In Stevens, Susan; Conant, Jonathan (eds.).
2440:
However, the Kabyle language really became a written language again in the beginning of the 19th century. Under French influence, Kabyle intellectuals began to use the
6620:
583:
4563:', J. Conant and S. Stevens (eds),North Africa under Byzantium and Early Islam, ca. 500 – ca. 800 (Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Symposia and Colloquia. Washington, D.C.)
931:
With the exception of the far-eastern dialect, much of the vocabulary of Kabyle is common across its dialects, though some lexical differences exist, e.g. the word
6627:
6489:
6484:
1032:
in 2001, President Bouteflika and his government recognized Amazigh (Berber) as a "national language" for the second time through a 2002 constitutional amendment.
6231:
6226:
5855:
6221:
5362:
2463:. Attempts were made to modernize the writing system by modifying the shape of the letters and by adding vowels. This new version of Tifinagh has been called
6216:
1016:
In 1994, Kabyle pupils and students boycotted Algerian schools for a year, demanding the officialization of Berber, leading to the symbolic creation of the "
2776:"Weak verbs" have a preterite form that is the same as their aorist. Examples of weak verbs that follow are conjugated at the first person of the singular:
6276:
3613:
vocabulary. Arabic loanwords representing 22.7% to 46% of the total Kabyle vocabulary, with many estimates putting it at about 35%. The number of French
2963:
Verbs are conjugated for person by adding affixes. These suffixes are static and identical for all tenses (only the theme changes). The epenthetic vowel
6402:
6200:
1069:
652:
Many identify two dialects: Greater Kabylie (west) and Lesser Kabylie (east), but the reality is more complex than that, Kabyle dialects constitute a
5695:
2481:
codified a new orthography for the Kabyle language which avoided using French orthography. His script has been adopted by all Berber linguists, the
2967:
may be inserted between the affix and the verb. Verbs are always marked for subject and may also inflect for person of direct and indirect object.
5458:
1166:
vowel which occurs frequently in Kabyle. Historically, it is thought to be the result of a pan-Berber reduction or merger of three other vowels.
4974:
2449:
970:
Almost all Berber speakers are multilingual, in Arabic and often also in French. Kabyle is still strong in villages but Kabyles are increasingly
5312:
5883:
2768:(past), intensive aorist (present perfect, present continuous, past continuous) and the future (ad+aorist). Unlike other Berber languages, the
5614:
4897:
5281:
5046:
4433:
4405:
4667:
677:
Far-eastern: villages such as Aokas, Melbou, At Smail. Also known as Tasaḥlit and considered as a separate language by some according to
5850:
5584:
5546:
5508:
4398:"Nouria Benghabrit : l'enseignement de Tamazight sera élargi à 10 autres wilayas et bénéficiera de 300 nouveaux postes budgétaires"
6124:
4744:
4346:
4629:
4696:
1017:
6737:
610:
estimated that there were 3.1 million Kabyle speakers in Algeria (9.4% of the total Algerian population) and 500,000 in France.
6701:
5414:
4803:
3472:
Some prepositions have two forms: one is used with pronominal suffixes and the other form is used in all other contexts, e.g.
5747:
5578:
5540:
5502:
5341:
5211:
5173:
5017:
4968:
4872:
4775:
4661:
4582:
4507:
534:. It is present in seven Algerian districts. Approximately one-third of Algerians are Berber-speakers, clustered mostly near
5246:
4539:
6691:
6696:
1987:
1945:
5660:
Achab, R. : 1998 – Langue berbère. Introduction à la notation usuelle en caractères latins, Paris, Editions Hoggar.
5116:
1035:
In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic.
6775:
5876:
4825:"Rapport du Comité consultatif pour la promotion des langues régionales et de la pluralité linguistique interne (2013)"
5141:
4462:
6397:
5807:
5672:
5648:
5217:
5179:
4917:
2406:
survive, the number of Kabyle texts was relatively much smaller than those written in other Berber languages such as
2349:
1605:
1381:
5679:
4600:"Géographie culturelle et géopolitique en Kabylie La révolte de la jeunesse kabyle pour une Algérie démocratique"
1561:
1051:
550:(Tizi Wezzu) provinces are in majority Kabyle-speaking. In addition, Kabyle is mainly spoken in the provinces of
2018:("the house of the man") is pronounced either "axxam n wergaz", "axxam bb wergaz" or "axxam pp wergaz". (N+W=BB)
6117:
3226:
ffer "to hide" → tuffra "hiding" (stem VI), « Tuffra n tidett ur telhi » – "Hiding the truth is bad".
3212:
Verbal nouns are derived differently from different classes of verbal stems (including 'quality verbs'). Often
2591:("regular/external" plurals), changing vowels within the word ("broken/internal" plurals), or both. Examples:
2399:
1669:
605:
6711:
6785:
5869:
5383:
1748:
1495:
1008:
2395:
became the official and administrative language in North Africa, as in the rest of the former Roman empire.
599:
there were 2.5 million speakers in Kabylia in 2003 out of 3.1 million worldwide. In 2004, Canadian linguist
300:
6298:
5997:
5725:
1585:
1369:
621:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
1170:
1065:
1061:
6265:
6065:
5708:
2188:
1812:
1679:
1625:
1123:
588:
5657:
Achab, R. : 1996 – La néologie lexicale berbère (1945–1995), Paris/Louvain, Editions Peeters, 1996.
4770:
616:
6060:
5450:
2205:
1973:
1649:
1573:
1148:
4950:
6509:
6457:
6283:
6248:
6110:
5788:
Naït-Zerrad, K. : 1994 – Manuel de conjugaison kabyle (le verbe en berbère), L’Harmattan, Paris.
5308:
2706:
2285:
2268:
2251:
2242:
2225:
2203:
2186:
2169:
2152:
2137:
2135:
1985:
1971:
1953:
1943:
1898:
1888:
1841:
1829:
1810:
1800:
1790:
1776:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1530:
1520:
1509:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1468:
1458:
1447:
1426:
1416:
1406:
1395:
1379:
1367:
1357:
1346:
225:
59:
17:
5075:
4383:
6561:
6514:
6159:
2287:
2171:
1768:
1418:
1348:
1132:
944:
252:
5606:
4397:
6435:
2270:
2227:
2154:
1792:
1708:
1449:
1397:
5704:
5269:
6780:
6732:
6663:
6648:
6606:
6335:
6271:
6081:
5906:
5824:
Tizi-Wwuccen. Méthode audio-visuelle de langue berbère (kabyle), Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1986.
5034:
4560:
4429:
4313:
If that percentage held in 2022, the number of Kabyle speakers in Algeria would be 4.3 million.
2459:, some Kabyle activists tried to revive the Libyco-Berber script, which is still in use by the
2403:
2369:
1204:
1047:
1029:
987:
5791:
Naït-Zerrad, K. : 1995 – Grammaire du berbère contemporain, I – Morphologie, ENAG, Alger.
4651:
4417:
la graphie Tifinagh pour le Targui, Latine pour la Kabylie et Arabe pour le M'Zab et les Aurès
3001:
orients toward the interlocutor or toward a certain place, and could be translated as "there".
2743:
After a preposition (with the exception of "ar" and "s"), all nouns take their annexed state:
1002:, that broadcasts from France. There is no Kabyle newspaper. Some Algerian newspapers such as
6668:
6658:
6452:
6362:
6148:
5949:
5568:
5530:
5492:
5062:
3488:
2485:, and the Algerian HCA. It uses diacritics and two letters from the extended Latin alphabet:
2344:
2244:
1890:
1843:
1831:
1532:
1470:
510:
506:
271:
215:
5090:
4854:
4718:
555:
171:
6551:
6546:
6407:
5892:
3078:
Verb derivation is performed by adding affixes. There are three types of derivation forms:
3072:
3033:
2772:
alone is rarely used in Kabyle (in the other languages it is used to express the present).
2391:
The Libyco-Berber alphabet disappeared in the region of Kabylia by the sixth century, when
2253:
1778:
1635:
1511:
1226:
1024:
163:
159:
68:
6194:
4688:
4599:
8:
5754:
2084:
2039:
175:
64:
4342:
3039:
attached to the verb, and one or more negative words that modify the verb or one of its
6640:
6569:
6345:
4923:
4495:
2537:
2456:
2434:
1199:
614:
estimated there were 5.5 million speakers in 2004, including 3 to 3.5 in Kabylia. The
333:
167:
6599:
6541:
6501:
6303:
6293:
6040:
6032:
6017:
6012:
5813:
5803:
5773:
5743:
5668:
5644:
5574:
5536:
5498:
5377:
5207:
5169:
5108:
5103:
5013:
4964:
4927:
4913:
4878:
4868:
4736:
4731:
4657:
4621:
4578:
4513:
4503:
2411:
1955:
1900:
1758:
1738:
1718:
1615:
1595:
1359:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1233:
1211:
653:
4960:
2353:
A trilingual sign in Algeria, written in Arabic, Kabyle (using Tifinagh), and French
6591:
6536:
6528:
6447:
6385:
6357:
6325:
6257:
6133:
6022:
6002:
5977:
5959:
5914:
5842:
5769:
5098:
5038:
5005:
4995:
4956:
4942:
4905:
4860:
4797:
4726:
4611:
3484:
2636:
2541:
1221:
1194:
1189:
626:
502:
443:
393:
360:
342:
220:
5785:
Mammeri, M. : 1976 – Tajerrumt n tmaziɣt (tantala taqbaylit), Maspero, Paris.
5333:
4765:
3179:
enz "to be sold" → zzenz "to sell" → ttuzenz "to be sold" (ttuzenz = enz !!).
538:, in Kabylian and Shawi, but with some communities related to Kabyle in the west (
6574:
6462:
6441:
6430:
6412:
6318:
6313:
6288:
6211:
6187:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6086:
6007:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5967:
5939:
5931:
5909:
5238:
4946:
4531:
4294:
was translated as "it.is", the particle of direction d was translated as "here".
3598:
2648:
2478:
2415:
2407:
1878:
1823:
1216:
567:
539:
514:
430:
279:
207:
126:
31:
3140:: is obtained by prefixing the verb with ttu- / ttwa- / tt- / mm(e)- / n- / nn-:
6756:
6727:
6379:
6373:
6340:
6308:
6182:
6091:
5944:
3610:
3606:
3461: » "from the village". All words preceded by a preposition (except «
3167:
enɣ "to kill" → mmenɣ "to kill each other" → smenɣ "to make to kill each other"
3083:
2526:
2088:
2043:
971:
264:
35:
5042:
3672:
All verbs of Arabic origin follow a Berber conjugation and verbal derivation:
669:
Eastern-West: villages such as At Mlikeche, Eastern-center: At Aïdel, At Khiar
6769:
6390:
6238:
5112:
4909:
4882:
4740:
4625:
4517:
3087:
2460:
1802:
1659:
1522:
1460:
1428:
1408:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1246:
1105:
636:
there were 7.5 million speakers worldwide, including 6.4 million in Algeria.
451:
186:
5817:
593:
estimates four million Kabyle speakers in 2001 in Algeria. According to the
6368:
6206:
5795:
4999:
4454:
3450:
2988:
based language, Kabyle verbs use two particles to show the path of motion:
2985:
2464:
2441:
2426:
2377:
2027:
Here is a list of some of these assimilations: D/T+T=TS, N+W=BB/PP, I+Y=IG.
611:
5201:
5163:
5137:
5009:
4864:
4371:
3246:
Pronouns may either occur as standalone words or bound to nouns or verbs.
551:
317:
46:
5365:(in French). Amazigh World. n.d. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04
4796:
Redjala, M'Barek; Semmoud, Bouziane. "Kabyle". In Quinsat, Gilles (ed.).
4616:
2710:
2430:
2422:
1933:
1117:
1100:
5697:
The construct form of nouns in African languages: a typological approach
3658:
2388:
script of the Tuaregs was a direct continuation of this earlier script.
663:
Western: villages such as At Menguellat, At Yiraten, At Aïssi, At Yanni,
5861:
4376:
3186:
2080:
2031:
1140:
1110:
679:
632:
547:
4559:'The Saharan Berber diaspora and the southern frontiers of Vandal and
2402:, and while many examples of the Kabyle language written in a form of
974:
to Arabic in cities. A 2013 study found that 54% of Kabyles living in
542:), east and south of the country. The populations of Béjaïa (Bgayet),
5408:
3645:
Many loanwords from Arabic have often a different meaning in Kabyle:
3079:
3071:
to express more complex types of negation. This system developed via
2980:« Yefka-yas-t. » – "He gave it to him." (He.gave-to.him-it)
2765:
2362:
2035:
1548:
1331:
1086:
660:
Far-western: villages such as Tizi-Ghennif, Boghni and Draa el Mizan.
326:
310:
292:
4952:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism
4502:. Gareth King (3 ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 223.
3435:
Example : « Axxam-nneɣ. » – "Our house." (House-our)
2713:
containing a co-referential bound pronoun earlier in the utterance.
2467:
and has been adopted as the official script for Berber languages in
644:
543:
6653:
6102:
5836:
5802:(in French). Aix en Provence: Publications Université de Provence.
3708:
3614:
3067:
Other negative words (acemma... etc.) are used in combination with
3040:
2385:
1057:
275:
3664:
5664:
2468:
2373:
1326:
954:
683:. Mutual intelligibility with Far-western is difficult to absent.
656:
that can be divided into four main dialects (from west to east):
563:
535:
531:
495:
463:
459:
455:
155:
145:
5270:"Between Algeria and France: The origins of the Berber movement"
4572:
3594:
3439:
2769:
2544:, masculine nouns and adjectives generally start with a vowel (
2482:
2452:
was one of the first Kabyle books written using this alphabet.
949:
5239:"Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language"
2995:
orients toward the speaker, and could be translated as "here".
2635:
As in all Berber languages, Kabyle has two types of states or
417:
3602:
3160:: obtained by combining two or more of the previous prefixes:
3043:. For example, simple verbal negation is expressed by «
2977:« Yenna-yas. » – "He said to him." (He.said-to.him)
2514:
2510:
2506:
2490:
2392:
2381:
1163:
559:
467:
5663:
F. Amazit-Hamidchi & M. Lounaci : Kabyle de poche,
4941:
Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2015-12-30). "Berbers (Amazigh)". In
4430:"Kabyle in Arabic Script: A History without Standardisation"
2421:
The first French–Kabyle dictionary was compiled by a French
5302:
5300:
5298:
2640:
2472:
975:
414:
399:
375:
366:
5740:
Grammaire moderne du kabyle, tajerrumt tatrart n teqbaylit
3107:
kcem "to enter" → ssekcem "to make to enter, to introduce"
2502:
2498:
2494:
2486:
986:
After the 2001–02 widespread Kabyle protests known as the
935:
in English (from west to east): bargu, argu, argu, bureg.
4853:
Brenzinger, Matthias (2015). Brenzinger, Matthias (ed.).
3120:: obtained by prefixing the verb with m- / my(e)- / myu-:
3032:
Kabyle usually expresses negation in two parts, with the
2357:
408:
5295:
4896:
Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2018-09-20). Rowe, Paul S (ed.).
1077:
The phonemes below reflect the pronunciation of Kabyle.
198:
3 million in Algeria (2004, 9.4% of the population)
5401:
4653:
International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set
3097:: obtained by prefixing the verb with s- / sse- / ssu-:
466:
and in Algiers itself, but also by various groups near
3469: », "towards", "until" ) take the annexed state.
2974:« Yuɣ-it. » – "He bought it." (He.bought-it)
5567:
Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (2007-01-01).
5491:
Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (2007-01-01).
5309:"Algérie: Les droits linguistiques des berbérophones"
4343:"Algérie: Situation géographique et démolinguistique"
2368:
The most ancient Berber writings were written in the
965:
396:
363:
5832:
5800:
Un parler berbère d'Algérie (Kabylie) : syntaxe
5705:
36th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics
4309:
4307:
3342:
Possessive pronouns are bound to the modified noun.
1056:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
509:. It is believed to have broken off very early from
411:
405:
378:
372:
4902:
Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East
3656:"domestic animals" (cf. the etymologies of English
2034:affects the quality of certain consonants, turning
1169:The phonetic realization of the vowels, especially
402:
369:
4476:
3707:) "two". The noun being counted follows it in the
2579:Plurals generally are formed by replacing initial
2325:ngeb, ngeḥ, ngeẓwer, angaẓ, ngedwi, nages, ngedwal
2024:("it's a girl") is pronounced "tsaqcict". (D+T=TS)
4766:"Définition de kabyle - Encyclopædia Universalis"
4304:
2398:Kabyle became a mostly spoken language after the
347:Percentage of Kabyle speakers in northern Algeria
6767:
5735:. Paris: Edition Association de Culture Berbère.
5037:. Journal of African Languages and Literatures.
4597:
3047: » before the verb and the particle «
1070:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
4988:
3620:Examples of Berberized Arabic or French words:
3339:Example: « Ula d nekk. » – "Me too."
4940:
4895:
4014:-You vile (boy), where are its ears (the ewe)?
3130:ṭṭef "to hold" → myuṭṭaf "to hold each other".
3104:ffeɣ "to go out" → ssuffeɣ "to make to go out"
6118:
5877:
5638:
5566:
5490:
5434:
5307:Leclerc, Jacques; Jean, Lionel (2021-07-27).
4341:Leclerc, Jacques; Jean, Lionel (2022-04-22).
2556:), while feminine nouns generally start with
470:, such as the Beni Salah and Beni Bou Yaqob.
4575:North Africa under Byzantium and Early Islam
3147:krez "to plough" → ttwakrez "to be ploughed"
620:gives 7 million Kabyle speakers. The French
525:
113:
107:
101:
5306:
5088:
5004:. Cambridge University Press. p. 203.
4994:
4789:
4340:
3055:« Urareɣ » ("I played") → «
2764:Verbs are conjugated for three tenses: the
998:private Kabyle speaking TV channel, called
6125:
6111:
5884:
5870:
5858:, The negative preterite in Kabyle Berber.
5677:
5396:
5390:
5355:
4852:
4846:
4795:
648:Geographic distribution of Kabyle dialects
341:
5693:
5478:
5102:
5032:
5026:
4730:
4615:
672:Eastern-East: villages such as At Sliman.
596:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
114:
5891:
5762:Transactions of the Philological Society
5755:"Jespersen's Cycle in Arabic and Berber"
5528:
4494:
2356:
2348:
948:
643:
481:
6738:Amazigh Cultural Association in America
5532:The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber
5206:. Language Science Press. p. 404.
5168:. Language Science Press. p. 406.
5001:Languages of the World: An Introduction
4649:
4643:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4248:-And the skin of its head, where is it?
3483:Some prepositions have a corresponding
3127:ẓer "to see" → mẓer "to see each other"
3110:irid "to be washed" → ssired "to wash".
2425:in the 18th century. It was written in
2073:
14:
6768:
5794:
5752:
5570:Language Planning and Policy in Africa
5494:Language Planning and Policy in Africa
4998:(2020-09-03). "6.3 Berber languages".
4716:
4482:
2739:. "The boy has beaten". (Verb–subject)
2728:. "He has beaten a boy". (Verb–object)
926:
429:
125:
6106:
5865:
5643:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
5604:
5445:
5443:
5267:
5199:
5161:
5049:from the original on 11 November 2021
4532:"World Population Dashboard -Algeria"
4367:
4365:
4363:
3203:inig "to travel" → iminig "traveller"
2540:: masculine and feminine. As in most
1186:
850:
847:
844:
841:
839:
703:
700:
697:
694:
692:
577:
6132:
5733:Manuel de grammaire berbère (kabyle)
4327:
4242:-I weglim n uqerruy-is, anida yella?
3173:Two prefixes can cancel each other:
3024:aman» (bring the water), « awi-
2841:"Strong verbs" or "irregular verbs":
1060:. For the distinction between ,
40:
4859:. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 133.
4500:Compendium of the World's Languages
4245:-And skin of head-its, where it.is?
4008:-A ccmata, anida llan imeẓẓuɣen-is?
3150:ečč "to eat" → mmečč "to be eaten".
3028:aman » (carry away the water).
938:
27:Berber language of northern Algeria
24:
5484:
5440:
5249:from the original on 31 March 2019
4598:Lacoste-Dujardin, Camille (2001).
4360:
3206:eks "to graze" → ameksa "shepherd"
981:
966:Multilingualism and language shift
25:
6797:
5828:
5639:Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971b).
3200:ṭṭef "to hold" → anaṭṭaf "holder"
2338:
1147:
1131:
1122:
477:
5835:
5774:10.1111/j.1467-968X.2007.00189.x
5641:A Reference Grammar of Tamazight
5529:Kossmann, Maarten (2013-07-18).
5363:"Boutefliqa et l'amazighophobie"
5104:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1433
4955:. Oxford, UK: Wiley. p. 1.
4732:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1431
4656:. Oxford University Press, USA.
4382:
3457: » "to the people", «
3438:There are three demonstratives,
1162:is used to write the epenthetic
1018:Haut commissariat à l'amazighité
978:spoke Arabic to their siblings.
392:
359:
45:
5680:"Bouteflika ébranle la Kabylie"
5632:
5617:from the original on 2021-01-22
5598:
5587:from the original on 2023-01-31
5560:
5549:from the original on 2023-06-04
5522:
5511:from the original on 2023-01-31
5472:
5461:from the original on 2022-10-13
5428:
5417:from the original on 2021-04-21
5344:from the original on 2023-02-26
5326:
5315:from the original on 2022-08-12
5284:from the original on 2024-02-26
5261:
5231:
5220:from the original on 2022-12-23
5193:
5182:from the original on 2022-12-23
5155:
5144:from the original on 2023-03-09
5130:
5119:from the original on 2017-10-11
5082:
4977:from the original on 2022-12-23
4961:10.1002/9781118663202.wberen411
4934:
4889:
4835:from the original on 2022-12-25
4817:
4806:from the original on 2023-01-17
4778:from the original on 2022-12-23
4758:
4747:from the original on 2021-07-09
4710:
4699:from the original on 2023-02-22
4681:
4670:from the original on 2023-02-21
4632:from the original on 2022-12-25
4591:
4566:
4553:
4542:from the original on 2023-04-01
4465:from the original on 2023-03-09
4436:from the original on 2022-10-13
4408:from the original on 2022-08-18
4349:from the original on 2023-03-31
4345:(in French). Université Laval.
3445:
3185:Every verb has a corresponding
3013: » (he came), « iruḥ-
2400:Arabic conquest of North Africa
2005:
1052:International Phonetic Alphabet
520:
108:
5091:"Kabylie : Dialectologie"
5089:Naït-Zerrad, K. (2004-05-01).
4945:; Hou, Xiaoshuo; Stone, John;
4577:. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 52.
4536:United Nations Population Fund
4524:
4488:
4447:
4422:
4390:
3718:
3453:precede their objects: «
1013:offer a small Kabyle section.
494:A Kabyle speaker, recorded in
454:in the north and northeast of
13:
1:
5607:"Blog: Les chiffres berbères"
5097:(in French) (26): 4067–4070.
5035:"Negation in Kabyle (Berber)"
4856:Language Diversity Endangered
4725:(in French) (26): 4055–4066.
4650:Frawley, William (May 2003).
4320:
4011:-Oh vile, where are ears-its?
3588:
3512:wemcic » "she gave meat
1176:
5998:South Oran and Figuig Berber
5753:Lucas, Christopher (2007b),
5200:Souag, Lameen (2020-05-20).
5162:Souag, Lameen (2020-05-20).
3725:Les fourberies de Si Djeh'a.
3520:tefka aksum » "The cat
1038:
458:. It is spoken primarily in
7:
5742:. Editions KARTHALA, 2001.
4290:: the predicative particle
3241:
2699:taddart → taddart "village"
2361:Kabyle language edition of
2046:; in particular, geminated
639:
530:Kabyle Berber is native to
58:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
6802:
6365:(transitional to Eastern)
5682:(in French). Algeria-Watch
4719:"Kabylie : La langue"
4455:"Kabyle | Ethnologue Free"
3501: » "for/to" → «
3232:zdi "to be united" → azday
3063: » ("I did not play")
2524:
2520:
2380:times. This script was an
2342:
1182:Kabyle consonant phonemes
942:
601:Jacques Leclerc (linguist)
29:
6776:Northern Berber languages
6750:
6720:
6684:
6677:
6639:
6583:
6560:
6527:
6500:
6423:
6256:
6247:
6158:
6140:
6074:
6053:
6031:
5958:
5930:
5923:
5899:
5694:Creissels, Denis (2006).
5382:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5291:– via SageJournals.
5043:10.6092/JALALIT.V2I2.8059
5033:Mettouchi, Amina (2021).
4717:Chaker, S. (2004-05-01).
3870:he.brought-to.him-it-here
3530:
3408:
3383:
3358:
3347:
3319:netta / nettan / nettani
3312:
3287:
3262:
3251:
2931:
2913:
2905:
2894:
2883:
2707:Central Morocco Tamazight
1932:
1877:
1822:
1547:
1325:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1093:Tamazight vowel phonemes
1080:
913:
899:
896:
880:
877:
745:
688:Phonological differences
526:Geographical distribution
340:
324:
308:
290:
285:
261:
243:
204:
192:
182:
151:
141:
121:
100:
95:
90:
6268:(transitional to Atlas)
5573:. Multilingual Matters.
5497:. Multilingual Matters.
4910:10.4324/9781315626031-23
4799:Encyclopædia Universalis
4771:Encyclopædia Universalis
4689:"France: 1) généralités"
4297:
3723:In Moulieras (Auguste),
3541:Predicative particle 'd'
3516:the cat" → « Amcic
3051: » after the verb:
2759:
2531:
2318:(and their derivatives)
945:Standard Algerian Berber
835:Grammatical differences
617:Encyclopædia Universalis
584:Camille Lacoste-Dujardin
253:Standard Algerian Berber
71:may contain suggestions.
56:may need to be rewritten
30:Not to be confused with
5851:INALCO report on Kabyle
5678:Benchabane, A. (2005).
5605:Tessa (July 30, 2015).
5410:Constitution of Algeria
5274:French Cultural Studies
4898:"The Berbers (Amazigh)"
4693:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
4078:-Anida llant wallen-is?
3305:kemm / kemmi / kemmini
3294:kečč / kečči / keččini
2879:Kabyle subject affixes
2755:man (a glass of water).
2587:, and either suffixing
2457:independence of Algeria
1048:phonetic transcriptions
566:where it coexists with
102:
6733:World Amazigh Congress
6664:Berber Arabic alphabet
6649:Libyco-Berber alphabet
6082:Algerian Sign Language
5070:Cite journal requires
4561:Byzantine North Africa
4148:-Anida yella yiles-is?
3795:d-yaɣ aqerruy n tixsi.
3652:"property" (Ar.) >
3235:ini "to say" → timenna
3229:ɣeẓẓ "to bite" → aɣẓaẓ
2682:murt → tmurt "country"
2365:
2354:
2316:Is a stop in the words
1045:This article contains
962:
649:
505:, a family within the
498:
462:, east of the capital
6669:Judeo-Berber alphabet
6659:Berber Latin alphabet
6299:South Oran and Figuig
5535:. BRILL. p. 98.
5338:La Dépêche de Kabylie
5268:Aïtel, Fazia (2013).
5010:10.1017/9781108783071
4865:10.1515/9783110905694
4459:Ethnologue (Free All)
4154:-Where is its tongue?
4151:-Where is tongue-its?
4116:-She.was it.is blind.
3683:"to understand" >
2360:
2352:
2345:Berber Latin alphabet
1087:three phonemic vowels
1004:La Dépêche de Kabylie
952:
647:
513:, although after the
507:Afroasiatic languages
501:Kabyle is one of the
493:
6786:Languages of Algeria
6614:Fezzan-Tripolitanian
6266:Eastern Middle Atlas
5893:Languages of Algeria
5731:Hamid Hamouma. n.d.
5311:. Université Laval.
5095:Encyclopédie berbère
4723:Encyclopédie berbère
4617:10.3917/her.103.0057
4280:-She.was it.is bald.
4186:-She.was it.is dumb.
4084:-Where are its eyes?
4081:-Where are eyes-its?
4046:-She.was it.is deaf.
3947:"d aqerruy n tixsi".
3593:Kabyle has absorbed
3580:'Idir was a student'
3578:Idir yella d anelmad
3308:kunnemti / kennemti
2404:Berber-Arabic script
2370:Libyco-Berber script
2074:Fricatives vs. stops
886:Possessive pronouns
869:Verb-framing with n
774:Assimilation of n+y
737:Assimilation of n+w
554:, and as well as in
5738:Kamal Nait-Zerrad.
5435:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5245:. 7 February 2016.
4829:www.culture.gouv.fr
4496:Campbell, George L.
4277:-Tella d taferḍast.
4113:-Tella d taderɣalt.
4043:-Tella d taɛeẓẓugt.
3574:'Idir is a student'
3508:« Tefka aksum
3465: » and «
2880:
2811:Muqel (to observe)
2751:man (water), Kas n
2446:Tamacahutt n wuccen
1183:
1094:
957:with welcome sign (
927:Lexical differences
836:
689:
622:Ministry of Culture
582:French ethnologist
431:[θɐqβæjlɪθ]
127:[θɐqβæjlɪθ]
5856:Negative Preterite
5726:Dallet, Jean-Marie
4183:-Tella d tagugamt.
3806:He.bought-it-here,
3333:nutenti / nitenti
3017: » (he went).
2878:
2366:
2355:
1181:
1092:
1000:Berbère Television
963:
905:Aorist preverb ad
834:
687:
650:
578:Number of speakers
556:Bordj Bou Arréridj
499:
200:1 million diaspora
6763:
6762:
6757:extinct languages
6746:
6745:
6523:
6522:
6100:
6099:
6054:Foreign languages
6049:
6048:
5900:Official language
5748:978-2-84586-172-5
5580:978-1-84769-011-1
5542:978-90-04-25309-4
5504:978-1-84769-011-1
5397:Benchabane (2005)
5213:978-3-96110-251-8
5175:978-3-96110-251-8
5019:978-1-108-78307-1
4996:Pereltsvaig, Asya
4970:978-1-118-66320-2
4874:978-3-11-090569-4
4663:978-0-19-513977-8
4584:978-0-88402-408-8
4509:978-0-203-10653-2
4380:(26th ed., 2023)
3505: » "to whom"
3491:), for example:
3433:
3432:
3337:
3336:
3073:Jespersen's cycle
2960:
2959:
2950:
2937:
2924:
2911:
2875:
2874:
2857:Intensive aorist
2838:
2837:
2825:Krez (to plough)
2792:Intensive aorist
2433:based on that of
2333:
2332:
2308:f,b,s,l,r,n,ḥ,c,ɛ
2003:
2002:
1160:⟨e⟩
1157:
1156:
953:Entrance arch in
924:
923:
832:
831:
793:affricates and
654:dialect continuum
544:Bouïra (Tubirett)
491:
444:Berber language (
352:
351:
86:
85:
60:quality standards
16:(Redirected from
6793:
6682:
6681:
6510:Moroccan Amazigh
6458:Sanhaja de Srayr
6398:Western Algerian
6336:Eastern Moroccan
6284:Northern Saharan
6254:
6253:
6134:Berber languages
6127:
6120:
6113:
6104:
6103:
5945:Algerian Saharan
5928:
5927:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5863:
5862:
5845:
5843:Languages portal
5840:
5839:
5821:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5759:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5713:
5707:. Archived from
5702:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5654:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5447:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5405:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5381:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5359:
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5352:
5350:
5349:
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5320:
5304:
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5290:
5289:
5265:
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5228:
5226:
5225:
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5188:
5187:
5159:
5153:
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5150:
5149:
5134:
5128:
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5124:
5106:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5073:
5068:
5066:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5030:
5024:
5023:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4947:Dennis, Rutledge
4943:Smith, Anthony D
4938:
4932:
4931:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4734:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4647:
4641:
4640:
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4637:
4619:
4595:
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4570:
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4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4402:Rafio Algérienne
4394:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4369:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4338:
4314:
4311:
3485:relative pronoun
3345:
3344:
3249:
3248:
2986:satellite-framed
2948:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2881:
2877:
2845:
2844:
2780:
2779:
2542:Berber languages
2296:Is a stop after
2291:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2062:, and geminated
1991:
1977:
1959:
1949:
1904:
1894:
1847:
1835:
1816:
1806:
1796:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1742:
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1712:
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1690:
1683:
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1619:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1555:
1536:
1526:
1515:
1499:
1487:
1474:
1464:
1453:
1443:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1401:
1385:
1373:
1363:
1352:
1338:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1161:
1151:
1135:
1126:
1095:
1091:
1067:
1063:
1012:
939:Status and usage
837:
833:
690:
686:
627:Asya Pereltsvaig
609:
592:
540:Shenwa languages
503:Berber languages
492:
441:
440:
439:
433:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
345:
336:
320:
313:
304:
303:
295:
267:
210:
137:
136:
135:
129:
117:
116:
111:
110:
105:
88:
87:
81:
78:
72:
49:
41:
21:
6801:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6742:
6716:
6702:IRCAM (Morocco)
6673:
6635:
6579:
6556:
6519:
6515:Algerian Berber
6496:
6480:Central-Western
6475:Central-Eastern
6431:Atlas languages
6419:
6363:Tunisian-Zuwara
6351:Western Riffian
6331:Central Riffian
6243:
6154:
6136:
6131:
6101:
6096:
6075:Other languages
6070:
6045:
6027:
5954:
5924:Local languages
5919:
5895:
5890:
5841:
5834:
5831:
5810:
5778:
5776:
5757:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5700:
5685:
5683:
5651:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5620:
5618:
5603:
5599:
5590:
5588:
5581:
5565:
5561:
5552:
5550:
5543:
5527:
5523:
5514:
5512:
5505:
5489:
5485:
5479:Creissels (2006
5477:
5473:
5464:
5462:
5451:"Libyco-Berber"
5449:
5448:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5420:
5418:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5391:
5375:
5374:
5368:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5347:
5345:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5318:
5316:
5305:
5296:
5287:
5285:
5266:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5223:
5221:
5214:
5198:
5194:
5185:
5183:
5176:
5160:
5156:
5147:
5145:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5122:
5120:
5087:
5083:
5071:
5069:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5050:
5031:
5027:
5020:
4993:
4989:
4980:
4978:
4971:
4939:
4935:
4920:
4894:
4890:
4875:
4851:
4847:
4838:
4836:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4809:
4807:
4794:
4790:
4781:
4779:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4750:
4748:
4715:
4711:
4702:
4700:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4673:
4671:
4664:
4648:
4644:
4635:
4633:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4571:
4567:
4558:
4554:
4545:
4543:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4510:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4468:
4466:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4439:
4437:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4411:
4409:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4372:Kabyle language
4370:
4361:
4352:
4350:
4339:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4305:
4300:
4285:
4275:
4267:
4259:
4250:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4191:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4156:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4121:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4086:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4051:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4016:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3965:
3952:
3944:
3942:he.said-to.him:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3918:he.said-to.him:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3721:
3591:
3533:
3524:she gave meat."
3448:
3280:nekk / nekkini
3269:nekk / nekkini
3244:
2961:
2862:Aru (to write)
2762:
2664:drar "mountain"
2649:construct state
2615:rar "mountains"
2568:qcic 'boy' vs.
2560:and end with a
2536:Kabyle has two
2534:
2529:
2523:
2479:Mouloud Mammeri
2347:
2341:
2335:
2317:
2276:
2275:
2259:
2258:
2233:
2232:
2211:
2210:
2194:
2193:
2177:
2176:
2160:
2159:
2143:
2142:
2076:
2008:
1688:
1553:
1441:
1336:
1330:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1228:
1206:
1179:
1159:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1041:
1006:
984:
982:Official status
968:
947:
941:
929:
887:
717:Gemination of
642:
603:
586:
580:
568:Algerian Arabic
528:
523:
515:Zenaga language
482:
480:
435:
434:
425:; native name:
395:
391:
362:
358:
348:
332:
316:
309:
299:
298:
291:
278:(limited use),
268:
263:
257:
246:
239:
211:
208:Language family
206:
199:
195:
194:Native speakers
131:
130:
82:
76:
73:
63:
50:
39:
32:Kabiye language
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6799:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6761:
6760:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6728:Berber Academy
6724:
6722:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6692:AAAL (Algeria)
6688:
6686:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6596:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6506:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6438:
6427:
6425:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6376:
6371:
6360:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6262:
6260:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6209:
6204:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6170:
6164:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6130:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6092:Tetuani Ladino
6089:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5889:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5830:
5829:External links
5827:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5808:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5768:(3): 398–431,
5750:
5736:
5729:
5723:
5691:
5675:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5649:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5597:
5579:
5559:
5541:
5521:
5503:
5483:
5471:
5439:
5427:
5400:
5389:
5354:
5325:
5294:
5260:
5230:
5212:
5192:
5174:
5154:
5129:
5081:
5072:|journal=
5025:
5018:
4987:
4969:
4933:
4918:
4888:
4873:
4845:
4816:
4788:
4757:
4709:
4680:
4662:
4642:
4590:
4583:
4565:
4552:
4523:
4508:
4487:
4475:
4446:
4421:
4389:
4359:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4251:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4192:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4119:-It was blind.
4104:
4096:
4088:
4087:
4069:
4061:
4053:
4052:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4017:
3999:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3950:"head of ewe".
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3867:yewwi-yas-t-id
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3758:he.gave-to.him
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3717:
3713:sin n yirgazen
3689:
3688:
3670:
3669:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3575:
3572:Idir d anelmad
3569:
3563:
3557:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3506:
3447:
3444:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3322:nutni / nitni
3320:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3297:kunwi / kenwi
3295:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3065:
3064:
3030:
3029:
3018:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2797:If (to outdo)
2794:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2741:
2740:
2729:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2665:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2616:
2609:
2533:
2530:
2527:Kabyle grammar
2525:Main article:
2522:
2519:
2372:, mostly from
2343:Main article:
2340:
2339:Writing system
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2283:
2266:
2249:
2240:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2201:
2184:
2167:
2150:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2075:
2072:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:Axxam n wergaz
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1527:
1517:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1465:
1455:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1082:
1079:
1068:⟩, see
1044:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
983:
980:
967:
964:
943:Main article:
940:
937:
928:
925:
922:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
902:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
883:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
866:
865:
862:
860:
857:
853:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
810:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
790:
789:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
771:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
754:Labialization
751:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
734:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
714:
713:
710:
706:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
685:
684:
675:
674:
673:
670:
664:
661:
641:
638:
579:
576:
527:
524:
522:
519:
479:
478:Classification
476:
450:spoken by the
350:
349:
346:
338:
337:
330:
322:
321:
314:
306:
305:
296:
288:
287:
286:Language codes
283:
282:
269:
265:Writing system
262:
259:
258:
256:
255:
249:
247:
245:Standard forms
244:
241:
240:
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
214:
212:
205:
202:
201:
196:
193:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
153:
149:
148:
143:
142:Native to
139:
138:
123:
119:
118:
98:
97:
93:
92:
84:
83:
53:
51:
44:
36:Khabi language
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6798:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6781:Kabyle people
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6758:
6754:
6749:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6707:DNAFLA (Mali)
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6697:HCA (Algeria)
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6630:
6629:
6628:West Numidian
6625:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6607:East Numidian
6604:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6437:
6436:Central Atlas
6434:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:Reconstructed
6139:
6135:
6128:
6123:
6121:
6116:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5887:
5882:
5880:
5875:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5833:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5809:2-85399-075-3
5805:
5801:
5797:
5796:Chaker, Salem
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5714:on 2011-07-28
5710:
5706:
5699:
5698:
5692:
5681:
5676:
5674:
5673:2-7005-0324-4
5670:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5650:0-932098-05-3
5646:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5563:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5525:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5487:
5480:
5475:
5460:
5456:
5455:mnamon.sns.it
5452:
5446:
5444:
5436:
5431:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5404:
5398:
5393:
5385:
5379:
5364:
5358:
5343:
5340:(in French).
5339:
5335:
5329:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5196:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5158:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5064:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5021:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4919:9781315626031
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4849:
4834:
4831:(in French).
4830:
4826:
4820:
4805:
4802:(in French).
4801:
4800:
4792:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4646:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4606:(in French).
4605:
4601:
4594:
4586:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4556:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4484:
4479:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4418:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4326:
4310:
4308:
4303:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4283:-It was bald.
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4190:
4189:-It was dumb.
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4049:-It was deaf.
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:imeẓẓuɣen-is?
3997:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:"to explain".
3686:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:'it's a girl'
3555:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:interrogative
3486:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:is prefixed:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3158:Complex forms
3156:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:iles "tongue"
2695:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2450:Brahim Zellal
2447:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1071:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
979:
977:
973:
960:
956:
951:
946:
936:
934:
919:
916:
910:
907:
904:
903:
893:
890:
885:
884:
874:
871:
868:
867:
863:
861:
858:
855:
854:
838:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
772:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
752:
748:
742:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
707:
691:
682:
681:
676:
671:
668:
667:
665:
662:
659:
658:
657:
655:
646:
637:
635:
634:
628:
623:
619:
618:
613:
607:
602:
598:
597:
590:
585:
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
497:
475:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:Kabyle people
449:
447:
438:
432:
428:
422:
389:
383:
356:
344:
339:
335:
331:
329:
328:
323:
319:
315:
312:
307:
302:
297:
294:
289:
284:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
260:
254:
251:
250:
248:
242:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
218:
217:
213:
209:
203:
197:
191:
188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
134:
128:
124:
122:Pronunciation
120:
104:
99:
94:
89:
80:
70:
66:
61:
57:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
6752:
6712:CRB (France)
6685:Governmental
6678:Institutions
6626:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6590:
6502:Standardised
6469:
6453:Judeo-Berber
6440:
6378:
6199:
6149:Proto-Berber
6147:
5972:
5799:
5777:, retrieved
5765:
5761:
5739:
5732:
5716:. Retrieved
5709:the original
5696:
5684:. Retrieved
5640:
5633:Bibliography
5619:. Retrieved
5610:
5600:
5589:. Retrieved
5569:
5562:
5551:. Retrieved
5531:
5524:
5513:. Retrieved
5493:
5486:
5474:
5463:. Retrieved
5454:
5430:
5419:. Retrieved
5409:
5403:
5392:
5367:. Retrieved
5357:
5346:. Retrieved
5337:
5328:
5317:. Retrieved
5286:. Retrieved
5277:
5273:
5263:
5251:. Retrieved
5242:
5233:
5222:. Retrieved
5202:
5195:
5184:. Retrieved
5164:
5157:
5146:. Retrieved
5132:
5121:. Retrieved
5094:
5084:
5063:cite journal
5051:. Retrieved
5028:
5000:
4990:
4979:. Retrieved
4951:
4936:
4901:
4891:
4855:
4848:
4837:. Retrieved
4828:
4819:
4808:. Retrieved
4798:
4791:
4780:. Retrieved
4769:
4760:
4749:. Retrieved
4722:
4712:
4701:. Retrieved
4692:
4683:
4672:. Retrieved
4652:
4645:
4634:. Retrieved
4607:
4603:
4593:
4574:
4568:
4555:
4544:. Retrieved
4535:
4526:
4499:
4490:
4485:, p. 7.
4478:
4467:. Retrieved
4458:
4449:
4438:. Retrieved
4424:
4416:
4410:. Retrieved
4401:
4392:
4375:
4351:. Retrieved
4291:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3968:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3798:head of ewe.
3797:
3794:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3592:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3566:Nekk d argaz
3565:
3559:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3498:
3482:
3477:
3476:'between' →
3473:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3451:Prepositions
3449:
3446:Prepositions
3440:near-deictic
3437:
3434:
3426:(i)s / ines
3415:(i)s / ines
3401:(i)m / inem
3390:(i)k / inek
3341:
3338:
3245:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3184:
3172:
3157:
3137:
3117:
3094:
3077:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3010:
3009:« iruḥ-
3004:
2998:
2992:
2984:Kabyle is a
2983:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2854:Ad + aorist
2789:Ad + aorist
2763:
2752:
2748:
2747:Free state:
2742:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2704:
2693:
2689:asif "river"
2686:
2679:
2675:mdint "town"
2672:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2644:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2477:
2465:Neo-Tifinagh
2454:
2445:
2442:Latin script
2439:
2427:Latin script
2420:
2397:
2390:
2367:
2334:
2077:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:, geminated
2051:
2047:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2006:Assimilation
1168:
1158:
1084:
1076:
1064:and ⟨
1046:
1034:
1030:Black Spring
1022:
1015:
999:
996:
991:
988:Black Spring
985:
969:
959:Ansuf yiswen
958:
932:
930:
888:(ex: 3rd m)
851:Far-eastern
842:Far-western
704:Far-eastern
695:Far-western
678:
651:
631:
615:
612:Salem Chaker
594:
581:
572:
529:
521:Distribution
511:Proto-Berber
500:
472:
445:
426:
387:
354:
353:
325:
230:
216:Afro-Asiatic
74:
65:You can help
55:
6641:Orthography
6621:Mauretanian
6547:Tawellemmet
6272:Seghrouchen
5334:"Tamazight"
5253:11 December
4483:Chaker 1983
4219:uqerruy-is,
4144:tongue-its?
3886:father-his.
3838:Stayed-here
3719:Sample text
3715:"two men".
3679:(Ar.) >
3637:(Fr.) >
3627:(Ar.) >
3568:'I'm a man'
3376:(i)w / inu
3365:(i)w / inu
3020:« awi-
2711:noun phrase
2431:orthography
2423:ethnologist
1934:Approximant
1085:Kabyle has
1007: [
961:) in Kabyle
604: [
587: [
6770:Categories
6600:Old Libyan
6424:Non-Zenati
5988:Tagargrent
5779:2010-03-22
5718:2010-03-21
5686:2010-03-19
5667:, France,
5621:2021-01-18
5591:2023-01-29
5553:2023-05-28
5515:2023-01-29
5465:2022-10-13
5421:2021-04-21
5369:2010-03-19
5348:2023-02-26
5319:2023-02-26
5288:2024-02-26
5224:2022-12-23
5186:2022-12-23
5148:2018-06-13
5123:2022-12-23
4981:2022-12-23
4839:2022-12-25
4810:2023-02-23
4782:2022-12-23
4751:2022-12-22
4703:2023-02-22
4674:2023-01-29
4636:2022-12-23
4546:2023-02-26
4469:2024-01-09
4440:2022-10-13
4412:2019-02-03
4377:Ethnologue
4353:2023-02-26
4321:References
4270:taferḍast.
4106:taderɣalt.
4071:wallen-is?
4036:taɛeẓẓugt.
3939:yenna-yas:
3915:yenna-yas:
3803:Yuɣ-it-id,
3766:father-his
3691:There are
3589:Vocabulary
3549:Examples:
3459:si taddart
3187:agent noun
3005:Examples:
2970:Examples:
2927:t-... -mt
2851:Preterite
2831:ad kerzeɣ
2820:ttmuquleɣ
2817:ad muqleɣ
2786:Preterite
2716:Examples:
2645:free state
2611:adrar → id
2455:After the
2132:Fricative
2097:Consonant
2085:fricatives
2081:gemination
2040:fricatives
2036:semivowels
2032:Gemination
1177:Consonants
1025:Bouteflika
1023:President
897:-is, -ines
894:-is, -ines
786:geminated
783:geminated
780:geminated
777:geminated
749:preserved
746:geminated
743:geminated
740:geminated
732:preserved
729:geminated
726:geminated
723:geminated
720:geminated
680:Ethnologue
633:Ethnologue
548:Tizi Ouzou
176:Tizi Ouzou
6755:indicate
6570:Tetserret
5983:Tachelhit
5950:Hassānīya
5280:(1): 70.
5138:"Amazigh"
5113:1015-7344
4928:187966078
4883:979749010
4741:1015-7344
4626:0338-487X
4610:(4): 61.
4518:854759616
4222:head-its,
4176:tagugamt.
4141:yiles-is?
4074:eyes-its?
4004:ears-its?
3910:it-he.saw
3830:meat-its.
3827:aksum-is.
3755:yefka-yas
3699:) "one",
3641:"machine"
3615:loanwords
3562:'it's me'
3554:D taqcict
3351:Singular
3283:nekkenti
3255:Singular
3193:Examples:
3118:Reflexive
3095:Causative
3084:reflexive
3080:causative
3041:arguments
2917:t-... -m
2914:t-... -ḍ
2766:preterite
2731:Annexed:
2671:mdint → t
2363:Knowledge
2305:b,j,r,z,ɛ
2022:D taqcict
1554:voiceless
1549:Fricative
1337:voiceless
1332:Affricate
1039:Phonology
666:Eastern:
562:, and in
552:Boumerdès
446:tamazight
427:Taqbaylit
327:Glottolog
311:ISO 639-3
293:ISO 639-2
183:Ethnicity
172:Boumerdes
160:Provinces
115:ثاقبايليث
109:ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ
103:Taqbaylit
69:talk page
18:Taqbaylit
6654:Tifinagh
6542:Tamashek
6314:Wad Righ
6304:Tidikelt
6294:Mozabite
6249:Northern
6195:Ghadamès
6041:Korandje
6018:Mozabite
6013:Tidikelt
6008:Taznatit
5993:Temacine
5940:Algerian
5907:Standard
5818:11317509
5798:(1983).
5615:Archived
5585:Archived
5547:Archived
5509:Archived
5459:Archived
5415:Archived
5378:cite web
5342:Archived
5313:Archived
5282:Archived
5247:Archived
5243:BBC News
5218:Archived
5180:Archived
5142:Archived
5117:Archived
5047:Archived
4975:Archived
4949:(eds.).
4833:Archived
4804:Archived
4776:Archived
4745:Archived
4697:Archived
4668:Archived
4630:Archived
4604:Hérodote
4540:Archived
4498:(2013).
4463:Archived
4434:Archived
4406:Archived
4347:Archived
4257:-She.was
4163:-She.was
4093:-She.was
4023:-She.was
3955:tixsi".}
3926:"what-it
3835:Yeqqim-d
3709:genitive
3639:tamacint
3536:Negation
3455:i medden
3242:Pronouns
3034:particle
2956:... -nt
2940:i/y-...
2868:ad aruɣ
2834:kerrzeɣ
2803:ad ifeɣ
2576:'girl'.
2429:with an
2412:Mozabite
2386:Tifinagh
2374:Numidian
2066:becomes
2058:becomes
2050:becomes
1207:alveolar
1200:Alveolar
1062:/ /
1058:Help:IPA
992:de facto
972:shifting
848:Eastern
845:Western
701:Eastern
698:Western
640:Dialects
517:did so.
388:Kabylian
334:kaby1243
276:Tifinagh
226:Northern
96:Kabylian
77:May 2015
6753:Italics
6592:Guanche
6562:Western
6537:Tamahaq
6490:Western
6485:Eastern
6448:Ghomara
6403:Gouraya
6386:Douiret
6374:Matmata
6358:Shawiya
6341:Iznasen
6326:Riffian
6201:Jaghbub
6160:Eastern
6066:English
6033:Songhay
6023:Tamahaq
6003:Tarifit
5978:Chaouïa
5968:Chenoua
5665:Assimil
4904:: 314.
3977:ccmata,
3907:t-iwala
3883:baba-s.
3846:carcass
3843:uceqlal
3790:he.buys
3782:so.that
3685:ssefhem
3635:machine
3629:taktabt
3522:to whom
3497:«
3354:Plural
3348:Person
3330:nettat
3258:Plural
3252:Person
3138:Passive
3088:passive
3059:urareɣ
2943:... -n
2898:... -ɣ
2884:Person
2871:ttaruɣ
2828:kerzeɣ
2814:muqleɣ
2806:ttifeɣ
2733:Yewwet
2722:Yewwet
2692:iles →
2685:asif →
2660:drar →
2639:of the
2629:"hands"
2600:rgaz →
2564:, e.g.
2538:genders
2521:Grammar
2469:Morocco
1327:Plosive
1234:Glottal
1227:Pharyn-
1212:Palatal
1106:Central
1050:in the
955:Taourga
564:Algiers
536:Algiers
532:Kabylia
496:Algeria
464:Algiers
460:Kabylia
456:Algeria
442:) is a
187:Kabyles
156:Kabylia
146:Algeria
6584:Others
6575:Zenaga
6552:Tayart
6529:Tuareg
6470:Kabyle
6463:Shilha
6413:Shenwa
6408:Shelif
6391:Zuwara
6346:Snouss
6319:Wargla
6289:Gurara
6277:Warayn
6258:Zenati
6232:Yefren
6227:Wazzin
6212:Nafusi
6188:Tmessa
6178:Foqaha
6173:Fezzan
6168:Awjila
6087:Domari
6061:French
5973:Kabyle
5960:Berber
5932:Arabic
5915:Berber
5910:Arabic
5816:
5806:
5746:
5671:
5647:
5577:
5539:
5501:
5210:
5203:Berber
5172:
5165:Berber
5111:
5053:22 Feb
5016:
4967:
4926:
4916:
4881:
4871:
4739:
4660:
4624:
4581:
4516:
4506:
4254:-Tella
4238:it.is?
4235:yella?
4203:weglim
4160:-Tella
4128:-Where
4125:-Anida
4109:blind.
4090:-Tella
4058:-Where
4055:-Anida
4020:-Tella
3963:head".
3959:ewe".}
3934:that?"
3923:"acu-t
3862:empty,
3814:he.ate
3771:frank,
3763:baba-s
3659:cattle
3650:al-māl
3631:"book"
3599:French
3595:Arabic
3560:D nekk
3531:Syntax
3429:nsent
3404:nkent
3379:nnteɣ
3272:nekni
2953:t-...
2901:n-...
2770:aorist
2720:Free:
2705:As in
2621:fus →
2483:INALCO
2461:Tuareg
2435:French
2416:Nafusi
2414:, and
2408:Shilha
2083:turns
1689:voiced
1442:voiced
1222:Uvular
1195:Dental
1190:Labial
1081:Vowels
1066:
864:Aokas
355:Kabyle
280:Arabic
231:Kabyle
221:Berber
168:Bouira
164:Béjaïa
152:Region
91:Kabyle
67:. The
6442:Gharb
6380:Sened
6369:Jerba
6309:Tuwat
6222:Nalut
6207:Kufra
6183:Sokna
5758:(PDF)
5712:(PDF)
5701:(PDF)
5481::3–4)
4924:S2CID
4298:Notes
4273:bald.
4265:it.is
4230:where
4227:anida
4179:dumb.
4171:it.is
4133:yella
4101:it.is
4063:llant
4039:deaf.
4031:it.is
3988:where
3985:anida
3980:vile,
3894:Then,
3859:ilem,
3854:it.is
3811:yečča
3779:akken
3774:cent,
3750:Jehha
3747:Ǧeḥḥa
3739:wass,
3731:Yiwen
3697:yiwet
3693:yiwen
3677:fahim
3625:kitāb
3611:Punic
3607:Greek
3603:Latin
3518:iwumi
3503:iwumi
3418:nsen
3393:nwen
3368:nneɣ
3218:t(u)-
2865:uriɣ
2848:Verb
2800:ifeɣ
2783:Verb
2760:Verbs
2637:cases
2608:"men"
2583:with
2572:aqcic
2532:Nouns
2505:ɣ Ḥḥ
2473:logos
2448:" by
2393:Latin
2382:abjad
2378:Roman
2290:]
2286:[
2273:]
2269:[
2256:]
2252:[
2247:]
2243:[
2230:]
2226:[
2222:Stop
2208:]
2204:[
2191:]
2187:[
2174:]
2170:[
2157:]
2153:[
2140:]
2136:[
2089:stops
2087:into
2044:stops
2042:into
1990:]
1986:[
1976:]
1972:[
1958:]
1954:[
1948:]
1944:[
1903:]
1899:[
1893:]
1889:[
1879:Trill
1846:]
1842:[
1834:]
1830:[
1824:Nasal
1815:]
1811:[
1805:]
1801:[
1795:]
1791:[
1781:]
1777:[
1771:]
1767:[
1761:]
1757:[
1751:]
1747:[
1741:]
1737:[
1731:]
1727:[
1721:]
1717:[
1711:]
1707:[
1699:]
1695:[
1682:]
1678:[
1672:]
1668:[
1662:]
1658:[
1652:]
1648:[
1638:]
1634:[
1628:]
1624:[
1618:]
1614:[
1608:]
1604:[
1598:]
1594:[
1588:]
1584:[
1576:]
1572:[
1564:]
1560:[
1535:]
1531:[
1525:]
1521:[
1514:]
1510:[
1498:]
1494:[
1486:]
1482:[
1473:]
1469:[
1463:]
1459:[
1452:]
1448:[
1431:]
1427:[
1421:]
1417:[
1411:]
1407:[
1400:]
1396:[
1384:]
1380:[
1372:]
1368:[
1362:]
1358:[
1351:]
1347:[
1313:plain
1301:plain
1289:plain
1283:emph.
1277:plain
1271:emph.
1265:plain
1259:emph.
1253:plain
1241:plain
1217:Velar
1205:Post-
1164:schwa
1118:Close
1101:Front
1054:(IPA)
1011:]
933:dream
891:-nnes
712:East
608:]
591:]
560:Jijel
468:Blida
386:) or
272:Latin
6721:NGOs
6239:Siwa
6217:Jadu
5814:OCLC
5804:ISBN
5744:ISBN
5669:ISBN
5645:ISBN
5611:Blog
5575:ISBN
5537:ISBN
5499:ISBN
5437::11)
5384:link
5255:2017
5208:ISBN
5170:ISBN
5109:ISSN
5076:help
5055:2023
5014:ISBN
4965:ISBN
4914:ISBN
4879:OCLC
4869:ISBN
4737:ISSN
4658:ISBN
4622:ISSN
4579:ISBN
4514:OCLC
4504:ISBN
4288:Note
4206:skin
4198:-And
3993:llan
3931:wa?"
3902:when
3891:Ihi,
3742:day,
3705:snat
3703:(f.
3695:(f.
3681:fhem
3662:and
3654:lmal
3609:and
3487:(or
3409:3rd
3384:2nd
3359:1st
3313:3rd
3288:2nd
3263:1st
3086:and
2890:pl.
2887:sg.
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