827:. However, proteolyzed forms of ENaC have been shown to function as a human salt taste receptor. Proteolysis is the process where a protein is cleaved. The mature form of ENaC is thought to be proteolyzed, however the characterization of which proteolyzed forms exist in which tissues is incomplete. Proteolysis of cells created to overexpress hetermulitmeric ENaC comprising alpha, beta and gamma subunits was used to identify compounds that selectively enhanced the activity of proteolyzed ENaC versus non-proteolyzed ENaC. Human sensory studies demonstrated that a compound that enhances proteolyzed ENaC functions to enhance the salty taste of table salt, or sodium chloride, confirming proteolyzed ENaC as the first human salt taste receptor.
476:
heterodimer T1R1/T1R3, the umami taste receptor, which has gone through modifications during their evolution. A recently conducted study showed that along the evolution stages of songbirds, there was a decrease in the ability to sense the umami taste, and an increase in the ability to sense the sweet taste, whereas the primordial songbird parent could only sense the umami taste. Researchers found a possible explanation for this phenomenon to be a structural change in the ligand binding site of the umami receptor between the sweet taste sensing and non-sensing songbirds. It is assumed that a mutation in the binding site occurred over time, which allowed them to sense the sweet taste through the umami taste receptor.
799:
408:
receptor on the cell membrane. II. Part II shows the transduction of the relay molecules. 2. G Protein-coupled receptors, second messengers, are activated. 3. G Proteins activate adenylate cyclase, an enzyme, which increases the cAMP concentration. Depolarization occurs. 4. The energy, from step 3, is given to activate the K+, potassium, protein channels.III. Part III shows the response of the taste cell. 5. Ca+, calcium, protein channels is activated.6. The increased Ca+ concentration activates neurotransmitter vesicles. 7. The neuron connected to the taste bud is stimulated by the neurotransmitters.
620:
neuron attached to object B. I. Part I is the reception of a molecule.1. A bitter substance such as quinine, is consumed and binds to G Protein-coupled receptors.II. Part II is the transduction pathway 2. Gustducin, a G protein second messenger, is activated. 3. Phosphodiesterase, an enzyme, is then activated. 4. Cyclic nucleotide, cNMP, is used, lowering the concentration 5. Channels such as the K+, potassium, channels, close.III. Part III is the response of the taste cell. 6. This leads to increased levels of Ca+. 7. The neurotransmitters are activated. 8. The signal is sent to the neuron.
616:
404:
803:
from an acidic substances, pass through their specific ion channel. Some can go through the Na+ channels. If the taste is salty Na+, sodium, molecules pass through the Na+ channels. Depolarization takes place II. Part II is the transduction pathway of the relay molecules.2. Cation, such as K+, channels are opened. III. Part III is the response of the cell. 3. An influx of Ca+ ions is activated.4. The Ca+ activates neurotransmitters. 5. A signal is sent to the neuron attached to the taste bud.
29:
1855:(ORF). In a study, it was found that in nonfeline carnivorous species, these species showed ORF-disrupting mutations of Tas1r2, and they occurred independently among the species. They also showed high variance in their lineages. It is hypothesized that the pseudogenization of Tas1r2 occurred through convergent evolution where carnivorous species lost their ability to taste sweet because of dietary behavior.
630:
1859:
in terrestrial, carnivorous species. While the panda belongs to the order
Carnivora, it is herbivorous where 99% of its diet is bamboo, and it cannot taste umami. Genome sequence of the panda shows that its Tas1r1 gene is pseudogenized. In a study, it was found that in all species in the order Carnivora except the panda, the
243:
pancreas was found to play an important role in the metabolic regulation of the gut carbohydrate-sensing process and in insulin secretion. This receptor is also found in the bladder, suggesting that consumption of artificial sweeteners which activates this receptor might cause excessive bladder contraction.
1863:
was maintained. In panda, the nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions ratio was found to be much higher than other species in order
Carnivora. This data correlates with fossil records date of the panda to show where panda switched from carnivore to herbivore diet. Therefore, the loss of function of
1858:
Umami is also a taste receptor where the function has been lost in many species. The predominant umami taste receptors are Tas1r1/Tas1r3. In two lineages of aquatic mammals including dolphins and sea lions, Tas1r1 has been found to be pseudogenized. The pseudogenization of Tas1r1 has also been found
892:
Human bitter taste receptor genes are named TAS2R1 to TAS2R64, with many gaps due to non-existent genes, pseudogenes or proposed genes that have not been annotated to the most recent human genome assembly. Many bitter taste receptor genes also have confusing synonym names with several different gene
1845:
The sweet taste receptor is one of the taste receptors where the function has been lost. In mammals, the predominant sweet taste receptor is the Type 1 taste receptor Tas1r2/Tas1r3. Some mammalian species such as cats and vampire bats have shown inability to taste sweet. In these species, the cause
802:
The diagram depicts the signal transduction pathway of the sour or salty taste. Object A is a taste bud, object B is a taste receptor cell within object A, and object C is the neuron attached to object B. I. Part I is the reception of hydrogen ions or sodium ions. 1. If the taste is sour, H+ ions,
1850:
of Tas1r2. The pseudogenization of Tas1r2 is also observed in non-mammalian species such as chickens and tongueless
Western clawed frog, and these species also show the inability to taste sweet. The pseudogenization of Tas1r2 is widespread and independent in the order Carnivora. Many studies have
1841:
In many species, taste receptors have shown loss of functions. The evolutionary process in which taste receptors lost their function is believed to be an adaptive evolution where it is associated with feeding ecology to drive specialization and bifurcation of taste receptors. Out of all the taste
619:
The diagram depicted above shows the signal transduction pathway of the bitter taste. Bitter taste has many different receptors and signal transduction pathways. Bitter indicates poison to animals. It is most similar to sweet. Object A is a taste bud, object B is one taste cell, and object C is a
611:
are shown to be responsible for differences in taste perception. Current studies are focused on determining other such taste phenotype-determining polymorphisms. More recent studies show that genetic polymorphisms in other bitter taste receptor genes influence bitter taste perception of caffeine,
475:
Sensing of the sweet taste has changed throughout the evolution of different animals. Mammals sense the sweet taste by transferring the signal through the heterodimer T1R2/T1R3, the sweet taste receptor. In birds, however, the T1R2 monomer does not exist and they sense the sweet taste through the
407:
The diagram above depicts the signal transduction pathway of the sweet taste. Object A is a taste bud, object B is one taste cell of the taste bud, and object C is the neuron attached to the taste cell. I. Part I shows the reception of a molecule. 1. Sugar, the first messenger, binds to a protein
242:
The sweet taste receptor (T1R2/T1R3) can be found in various extra-oral organs throughout the human body such as the brain, heart, kidney, bladder, nasal respiratory epithelium and more. In most of the organs, the receptor function is unclear. The sweet taste receptor found in the gut and in the
226:
innervate the TAS1R and TAS2R taste receptors. Next to the taste receptors in on the tongue, the gut epithelium is also equipped with a subtle chemosensory system that communicates the sensory information to several effector systems involved in the regulation of appetite, immune responses, and
472:. This may help explain why sugar and artificial sweeteners have different tastes. Genetic polymorphisms in TAS1R3 partly explain the difference in sweet taste perception and sugar consumption between people of African American ancestry and people of European and Asian ancestries.
596:. Though all TAS2Rs are located in gustducin-containing cells, knockout of gustducin does not completely abolish sensitivity to bitter compounds, suggesting a redundant mechanism for bitter tasting (unsurprising given that a bitter taste generally signals the presence of a
230:
In 2010, researchers found bitter receptors in lung tissue, which cause airways to relax when a bitter substance is encountered. They believe this mechanism is evolutionarily adaptive because it helps clear lung infections, but could also be exploited to treat
867:
in human subjects was associated with their ability to taste fats, creating a case for the receptor's relationship to fat tasting. Further research into the CD36 receptor could be useful in determining the existence of a true fat-tasting receptor.
818:
Various receptors have also been proposed for salty tastes, along with the possible taste detection of lipids, complex carbohydrates, and water. Evidence for these receptors had been unconvincing in most mammal studies. For example, the proposed
1842:
receptors, bitter, sweet, and umami are shown to have a correlation between inactivation of taste receptors and feeding behavior. However, there are no strong evidences that support any vertebrates are missing the bitter taste receptor genes.
1864:
umami in panda is hypothesized to be caused by dietary change where the panda became less dependence on meat. However, these studies do not explain herbivores such as horses and cows that have retained the Tas1r1 receptor.
600:). One proposed mechanism for gustducin-independent bitter tasting is via ion channel interaction by specific bitter ligands, similar to the ion channel interaction which occurs in the tasting of sour and salty stimuli.
89:. When food or other substances enter the mouth, molecules interact with saliva and are bound to taste receptors in the oral cavity and other locations. Molecules which give a sensation of taste are considered "sapid".
118:, first characterized in 2000: In humans there are 25 known different bitter receptors, in cats there are 12, in chickens there are three, and in mice there are 35 known different bitter receptors.
395:
During the evolution of songbirds, the umami taste receptor has undergone structural modifications in the ligand binding site, enabling these birds to sense the sweet taste by this receptor.
878:(also termed GPR40) have been implicated to respond to oral fat, and their absence leads to reduced fat preference and reduced neuronal response to orally administered fatty acids.
534:. Though it is certain that multiple TAS2Rs are expressed in one taste receptor cell, it is still debated whether mammals can distinguish between the tastes of different bitter
464:
homodimer also functions as a sweet receptor in much the same way as TAS1R2+3 but has decreased sensitivity to sweet substances. Natural sugars are more easily detected by the
737:
which are capable of destroying bacteria, and also viruses. These fixed innate immune systems (Active
Fortresses) are known in other epithelial tissues than upper airway (
721:. To defend against predators, some plants have produced mimic bacterial markers substances. These plant mimes are interpreted by the tongue, and the brain, as being
6988:
884:
has been shown to be involved in oral fat response and identified as a possible oral fat receptor, but recent evidence presents it as primarily a downstream actor.
3582:
Simons PJ, Kummer JA, Luiken JJ, Boon L (December 2011). "Apical CD36 immunolocalization in human and porcine taste buds from circumvallate and foliate papillae".
49:
765:(keratinocytes) Bitter molecules, their associated bitter taste receptors, and the sequences and homology models of bitter taste receptors, are available via
4242:
1897:
1875:
705:
surface barrier. This fixed immune system is activated by the binding of ligands to specific receptors. These natural ligands are bacterial markers, for
3267:"Activation of airway epithelial bitter taste receptors by Pseudomonas aeruginosa quinolones modulates calcium, cyclic-AMP, and nitric oxide signaling"
2377:
Sainz E, Cavenagh MM, LopezJimenez ND, et al. (June 2007). "The G-protein coupling properties of the human sweet and amino acid taste receptors".
325:, a G-protein involved in vision transduction. Additionally, taste receptors share the use of the TRPM5 ion channel, as well as a phospholipase PLCβ2.
6454:
262:, and regulate appetite, immune responses, and gastrointestinal motility. Five basic tastes are recognized today: salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and
5392:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
3617:
Baillie AG, Coburn CT, Abumrad NA (September 1996). "Reversible binding of long-chain fatty acids to purified FAT, the adipose CD36 homolog".
787:(H) directly depolarised taste receptors. However, specific receptors for sour taste with other methods of action are now being proposed. The
3408:
Woelfle U, Elsholz F (2015). "Expression and
Functional Activity of the Bitter Taste Receptors TAS2R1 and TAS2R38 in Human Keratinocytes".
3101:"Bivariate genome-wide association analysis strengthens the role of bitter receptor clusters on chromosomes 7 and 12 in human bitter taste"
6324:
2707:
Toyono T, Seta Y, Kataoka S, et al. (July 2003). "Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor group I in rat gustatory papillae".
6714:
6709:
791:
were such a proposal; as they are cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. The two ion channels now suggested to contribute to sour taste are
369:
at the tip and edges of the tongue and palate taste receptor cells in the roof of the mouth. These cells are shown to synapse upon the
6745:
6090:
4235:
580:
levels. Further steps in the transduction pathway are still unknown. The βγ-subunit of gustducin also mediates taste by activating IP
538:. Some overlap must occur, however, as there are far more bitter compounds than there are TAS2R genes. Common bitter ligands include
6705:
5491:
5486:
1867:
Overall, the loss of function of the a taste receptor is an evolutionary process that occurred due to a dietary change in species.
122:
Visual, olfactive, "sapictive" (the perception of tastes), trigeminal (hot, cool), mechanical, all contribute to the perception of
6729:
6411:
6406:
6401:
5367:
3509:"Scientists Discover Protein Receptor for Carbonation Taste, October 15, 2009 News Release - National Institutes of Health (NIH)"
3508:
6785:
5655:
5482:
6396:
5342:
2664:
Chaudhari N, Landin AM, Roper SD (February 2000). "A metabotropic glutamate receptor variant functions as a taste receptor".
236:
4186:
2975:"Exploring the Molecular Interactions between Neoculin and the Human Sweet Taste Receptors through Computational Approaches"
7149:
5570:
5382:
4852:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4228:
6383:
5032:
4135:"Pseudogenization of the umami taste receptor gene Tas1r1 in the giant panda coincided with its dietary switch to bamboo"
6288:
5257:
321:
is the most common taste Gα subunit, having a major role in TAS2R bitter taste reception. Gustducin is a homologue for
2926:"New insight into human sweet taste: a genome-wide association study of the perception and intake of sweet substances"
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
5145:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4566:
2093:"Bitter taste receptors on airway smooth muscle bronchodilate by localized calcium signaling and reverse obstruction"
672:
385:
381:
294:
6739:
6734:
5674:
5669:
4750:
4745:
3535:"CD36 involvement in orosensory detection of dietary lipids, spontaneous fat preference, and digestive secretions"
3202:
6918:
6825:
5679:
4925:
4680:
2574:"Comparison of the responses of the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves to taste stimuli in C57BL/6J mice"
1901:
654:
729:
receptors, TAS2R. Bitterness substances are agonist of TAS2R fixed immune system. The innate immune system uses
6774:
6769:
6303:
5544:
5539:
5387:
5236:
5231:
130:) vanilloid receptors are responsible for the perception of heat from some molecules such as capsaicin, and a
6308:
3662:"The fatty acid translocase gene CD36 and lingual lipase influence oral sensitivity to fat in obese subjects"
44:
6765:
5105:
5100:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4316:
4311:
4306:
514:
protein. These proteins, as opposed to TAS1R proteins, have short extracellular domains and are located in
2254:"Expression and Distribution of the Sweet Taste Receptor Isoforms T1R2 and T1R3 in Human and Rat Bladders"
6299:
4866:
4861:
4322:
4302:
380:
Alternative candidate umami taste receptors include splice variants of metabotropic glutamate receptors,
2427:"Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways"
5299:
5294:
5150:
5140:
5135:
5120:
5115:
5088:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4815:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4255:
875:
871:
306:
271:
3361:"Evidence for antiviral effect of nitric oxide. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication"
893:
names referring to the same gene. See table below for full list of human bitter taste receptor genes:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5096:
4982:
4810:
4792:
4773:
4766:
4285:
4220:
4210:
4200:
645:
6891:
6760:
6720:
6366:
5290:
5252:
5111:
4900:
4824:
4778:
4268:
4214:
4204:
3218:"Role of the bitter taste receptor T2R38 in upper respiratory infection and chronic rhinosinusitis"
2974:
278:
179:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5564:
5559:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5456:
5322:
5206:
5174:
5169:
5131:
5126:
5037:
4761:
710:
362:
82:
2530:"Taste preference synergy between glutamate receptor agonists and inosine monophosphate in rats"
5277:
5272:
5189:
5184:
4783:
4384:
4379:
3453:"Cell engineering method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes and flow cytometry"
758:
718:
608:
515:
457:
374:
215:
207:
108:
102:
56:
2477:
Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, et al. (March 2002). "An amino-acid taste receptor".
2035:
1851:
shown that the pseudogenization of taste receptors is caused by a deleterious mutation in the
798:
607:, which contributes to the tasting of both PROP and PTC. It is the first taste receptor whose
6822:
5660:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5600:
5555:
5452:
5315:
5310:
5262:
5165:
5160:
4947:
4831:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4389:
4374:
4251:
4075:"A Matter of Taste: Lineage-Specific Loss of Function of Taste Receptor Genes in Vertebrates"
585:
433:
358:
175:
6872:
6530:
5842:
5665:
5650:
5227:
5180:
4857:
4836:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
3966:
2829:
2766:
2486:
686:
354:
310:
5516:
5511:
5506:
2345:
2069:
8:
6695:
5630:
5521:
5305:
5268:
4733:
4362:
4294:
565:
555:
3970:
2833:
2770:
2490:
685:
It has been demonstrated that bitterness receptors (TAS2R) play an important role in an
592:). These second messengers may open gated ion channels or may cause release of internal
403:
7154:
6914:
6425:
6249:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5285:
4660:
4633:
4370:
4159:
4134:
4101:
4074:
4047:
4020:
3925:
3900:
3876:
3851:
3827:
3802:
3778:
3753:
3688:
3661:
3642:
3559:
3534:
3485:
3452:
3433:
3341:
3293:
3266:
3242:
3217:
3179:
3154:
3127:
3100:
3040:
2950:
2925:
2906:
2798:
2732:
2689:
2510:
2456:
2402:
2354:
2329:
2234:
2174:
2117:
2092:
2017:
1963:
1860:
1852:
835:
An enzyme connected to the sour receptor transmits information about carbonated water.
531:
3512:
3385:
3360:
3027:
3010:
2893:
2876:
2852:
2817:
2600:
2573:
2443:
2426:
2004:
1987:
1950:
1933:
615:
6780:
6724:
6370:
6100:
6095:
5550:
5247:
4596:
4164:
4106:
4052:
3930:
3881:
3832:
3783:
3734:
3693:
3634:
3599:
3564:
3490:
3472:
3425:
3390:
3333:
3298:
3247:
3184:
3132:
3081:
3032:
2955:
2898:
2857:
2802:
2790:
2782:
2724:
2681:
2646:
2605:
2551:
2502:
2448:
2394:
2359:
2291:
2283:
2238:
2226:
2218:
2179:
2161:
2122:
2073:
2009:
1955:
640:
577:
573:
366:
167:
3437:
2910:
2736:
2693:
2406:
2021:
1967:
5575:
5497:
5347:
4154:
4146:
4096:
4086:
4042:
4032:
3974:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3871:
3863:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3773:
3765:
3724:
3683:
3673:
3646:
3626:
3591:
3554:
3546:
3480:
3464:
3417:
3380:
3372:
3345:
3325:
3288:
3278:
3237:
3229:
3174:
3166:
3122:
3112:
3071:
3044:
3022:
2989:
2945:
2937:
2888:
2847:
2837:
2774:
2716:
2673:
2636:
2595:
2585:
2541:
2514:
2494:
2438:
2386:
2349:
2341:
2273:
2265:
2210:
2169:
2153:
2112:
2104:
2065:
1999:
1945:
848:
547:
523:
469:
429:
314:
187:
163:
155:
3867:
3769:
2460:
2141:
6968:
6755:
6564:
5853:
5535:
5502:
5242:
4539:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
3955:"Complex evolutionary history of the vertebrate sweet/umami taste receptor genes"
3852:"Accumulating evidence supports a taste component for free fatty acids in humans"
3595:
3233:
2157:
864:
823:
receptor for sodium detection can only be shown to contribute to sodium taste in
490:
437:
182:
do not contain taste buds). Beyond the papillae, taste receptors are also in the
171:
2253:
847:, has been identified. CD36 has been localized to the circumvallate and foliate
5529:
4756:
4549:
4544:
4534:
4510:
4480:
4475:
4025:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3729:
3712:
3468:
2822:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2269:
2198:
856:
722:
495:
453:
370:
219:
115:
3979:
3954:
3170:
3117:
2994:
2720:
2546:
2529:
2214:
783:
Historically it was thought that the sour taste was produced solely when free
701:
tissues. This innate immune system adds an "active fortress" to the physical
126:. Of these, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (
7143:
6896:
6545:
6540:
6535:
5461:
5397:
4465:
4091:
3476:
3283:
2786:
2754:
2287:
2222:
2165:
702:
539:
389:
199:
4150:
4037:
3316:
Klotman ME, Chang TL (June 2006). "Defensins in innate antiviral immunity".
2778:
2641:
2624:
2142:"Functional roles of the sweet taste receptor in oral and extraoral tissues"
859:
is produced, and research has shown that the CD36 receptor binds long chain
6818:
5216:
5210:
4820:
4805:
4628:
4395:
4168:
4110:
4056:
3934:
3885:
3836:
3787:
3738:
3697:
3603:
3568:
3494:
3429:
3337:
3302:
3251:
3188:
3136:
3085:
3076:
3059:
3036:
2959:
2902:
2861:
2842:
2794:
2728:
2685:
2650:
2609:
2555:
2506:
2452:
2398:
2363:
2295:
2230:
2183:
2126:
2077:
2013:
1959:
730:
726:
373:
nerves to send their signals to the brain, although some activation of the
223:
211:
3638:
3630:
3394:
2941:
2590:
3901:"Transient receptor potential channel type M5 is essential for fat taste"
3533:
Laugerette F, Passilly-Degrace P, Patris B, et al. (November 2005).
2252:
Elliott, Ruth A.; Kapoor, Shalini; Tincello, Douglas G. (December 2011).
788:
589:
267:
203:
3678:
448:
taste receptor cells in the roof of the mouth. These cells are shown to
62:
33:
Taste receptors of the tongue are present in the taste buds of papillae.
7120:
7036:
6263:
4187:"A Novel Family of Mammalian Taste Receptors - An Investigative Review"
2753:
Toda, Yasuka; Ko, Meng-Ching; Liang, Qiaoyi; et al. (2021-07-08).
2390:
1847:
860:
813:
698:
543:
527:
503:
342:
322:
139:
4250:
3421:
3376:
2498:
2278:
778:
6829:
6750:
4272:
3550:
852:
784:
734:
714:
569:
559:
346:
341:
heterodimer receptor functions as an umami receptor, responding to L-
318:
282:
259:
195:
159:
97:
3532:
3329:
2108:
7054:
7032:
3099:
Hwang LD, Gharahkhani P, Breslin PA, et al. (September 2018).
766:
485:
365:(GMP) molecules. TAS1R1+3 expressing cells are found mostly in the
290:
286:
270:. Sweet, bitter, and umami tastes, however, are detected by way of
3803:"Taste preference for fatty acids is mediated by GPR40 and GPR120"
2923:
2677:
2376:
2091:
Deshpande DA, Wang WC, McIlmoyle EL, et al. (November 2010).
28:
6125:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
3710:
1774:
1645:
1629:
1612:
1596:
1580:
1564:
1547:
1531:
1515:
1411:
1394:
1278:
1261:
1216:
1185:
1169:
1151:
1121:
750:
746:
742:
706:
694:
604:
593:
449:
135:
134:
is responsible for the perception of cold from molecules such as
3711:
Kimura I, Ichimura A, Ohue-Kitano R, Igarashi M (January 2020).
3451:
Shekdar K, Langer J, Venkatachalan S, et al. (March 2021).
3450:
3009:
Chandrashekar J, Mueller KL, Hoon MA, et al. (March 2000).
2425:
Zhang Y, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, et al. (February 2003).
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6963:
6908:
6903:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6817:
6700:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6338:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6244:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6085:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5376:
5067:
4890:
4884:
4454:
4449:
4439:
4434:
3800:
3264:
2056:
Steensels S, Depoortere I (2018). "Chemoreceptors in the Gut".
1932:
Nelson G, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, et al. (August 2001).
1105:
1089:
1073:
1042:
1026:
1010:
979:
958:
941:
924:
754:
535:
519:
507:
465:
461:
445:
441:
417:
413:
338:
334:
232:
191:
183:
143:
3659:
2090:
650:
Need to check tone and formatting in this following paragraph.
7103:
6794:
6789:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6552:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6333:
6328:
6318:
6313:
6254:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5406:
5371:
5221:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5027:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4919:
4879:
4874:
4797:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4444:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4184:
3660:
Pepino MY, Love-Gregory L, Klein S, Abumrad NA (March 2012).
3098:
3060:"Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet taste transduction"
3008:
2424:
1985:
881:
792:
597:
425:
421:
350:
263:
255:
251:
131:
127:
86:
2755:"Early origin of sweet perception in the songbird radiation"
2528:
Delay ER, Beaver AJ, Wagner KA, et al. (October 2000).
1931:
266:. Salty and sour taste sensations are both detected through
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
6476:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6268:
6258:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5525:
5401:
4895:
3801:
Cartoni C, Yasumatsu K, Ohkuri T, et al. (June 2010).
2476:
2199:"Do Pancreatic Cells "Taste" Nutrients to Secrete Insulin?"
2140:
Laffitte, Anni; Neiers, Fabrice; Briand, Loïc (July 2014).
844:
820:
762:
738:
690:
511:
353:
taste is most frequently associated with the food additive
7030:
3898:
2924:
Hwang LD, Lin C, Gharahkhani P, et al. (April 2019).
2874:
2527:
162:. Taste buds, in turn, are contained in structures called
92:
Vertebrate taste receptors are divided into two families:
6293:
3265:
Freund J, Mansfield CJ, Doghramji LJ, and Lee RJ (2018).
725:. The fixed immune system receptors are identical to the
305:
The standard bitter, sweet, or umami taste receptor is a
3899:
Liu P, Shah BP, Croasdell S, Gilbertson TA (June 2011).
2146:
Current
Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
1986:
Adler E, Hoon MA, Mueller KL, et al. (March 2000).
1846:
of loss of function of the sweet receptor is due to the
2875:
Zhao GQ, Zhang Y, Hoon MA, et al. (October 2003).
2706:
568:
of bitter stimuli is accomplished via the α-subunit of
166:. There are three types of papillae involved in taste:
3581:
2625:"Receptor and transduction processes for umami taste"
2251:
3616:
2816:
Li X, Staszewski L, Xu H, et al. (April 2002).
2815:
2663:
2139:
2877:"The receptors for mammalian sweet and umami taste"
2055:
1876:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
4185:Adler E, Hoon MA, Mueller KL, et al. (2000).
4019:Jiang P, Josue J, Li X, et al. (March 2012).
4018:
3222:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
2327:
1898:"The Science of the Oven - Excerpt from Chapter 1"
3713:"Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease"
2752:
2571:
874:(also termed GPR120) and to a much lesser extent
357:(MSG) and can be enhanced through the binding of
313:. Ligand binding at the taste receptors activate
7141:
4133:Zhao H, Yang JR, Xu H, Zhang J (December 2010).
16:Type of cellular receptor that facilitates taste
4132:
2748:
2746:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
328:
4072:
3407:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
4236:
2472:
2470:
1988:"A novel family of mammalian taste receptors"
603:One of the best-researched TAS2R proteins is
3704:
3315:
2743:
2616:
2413:
2302:
2051:
2049:
4267:
2818:"Human receptors for sweet and umami taste"
2567:
2565:
1974:
1916:
572:. This G protein subunit activates a taste
6365:
4243:
4229:
3751:
3215:
3152:
3057:
2467:
27:
4213:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4203:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4158:
4100:
4090:
4046:
4036:
4021:"Major taste loss in carnivorous mammals"
3978:
3924:
3875:
3826:
3777:
3728:
3687:
3677:
3558:
3484:
3384:
3292:
3282:
3258:
3241:
3178:
3126:
3116:
3075:
3026:
3011:"T2Rs function as bitter taste receptors"
2993:
2949:
2892:
2851:
2841:
2640:
2599:
2589:
2545:
2442:
2353:
2277:
2173:
2116:
2046:
2003:
1949:
673:Learn how and when to remove this message
502:genes, each of which (excluding the five
432:. TAS1R2+3 expressing cells are found in
424:receptor by binding to a wide variety of
277:In addition, some agents can function as
3952:
3203:"Le système immunitaire fixe, les TAS2R"
3148:
3146:
2562:
797:
614:
460:to send their signals to the brain. The
402:
2196:
1510:not annotated in human genome assembly
1495:not annotated in human genome assembly
1452:not annotated in human genome assembly
1319:not annotated in human genome assembly
1068:not annotated in human genome assembly
530:taste buds, with reduced expression in
317:cascades to depolarize the taste cell.
7142:
5393:Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
4014:
4012:
4010:
3849:
2972:
2930:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2572:Danilova V, Hellekant G (March 2003).
1891:
1889:
420:heterodimer receptor functions as the
300:
149:
7029:
6816:
6397:Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
6364:
4266:
4224:
4189:. Davidson College Biology Department
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4068:
4066:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3539:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
3365:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
3358:
3143:
2622:
2346:10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111329
2070:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121332
237:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
3155:"Taste receptors in innate immunity"
1895:
863:. Differences in the amount of CD36
623:
498:taste receptors. There are 43 human
158:consists of taste receptor cells in
4073:Antinucci M, Risso D (2017-11-28).
3754:"Is fat taste ready for primetime?"
3064:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2328:Bachmanov AA, Beauchamp GK (2007).
1886:
1836:
843:A possible taste receptor for fat,
13:
4117:
4079:Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
4063:
3987:
3941:
85:that facilitates the sensation of
14:
7166:
4178:
1934:"Mammalian sweet taste receptors"
612:quinine and denatonium benzoate.
6746:Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
3752:DiPatrizio NV (September 2014).
3410:Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
628:
6706:Corticotropin-releasing hormone
4139:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3892:
3843:
3794:
3745:
3653:
3619:The Journal of Membrane Biology
3610:
3575:
3526:
3501:
3444:
3401:
3352:
3309:
3271:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3209:
3205:(in French). September 4, 2020.
3195:
3092:
3051:
3002:
2966:
2917:
2868:
2809:
2700:
2657:
2521:
2370:
202:that innervate the tongue; the
100:, first characterized in 2001:
5368:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
3917:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6273-10.2011
3819:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0496-10.2010
3058:Margolskee RF (January 2002).
2245:
2190:
2133:
2084:
2028:
830:
1:
6786:Vasoactive intestinal peptide
5656:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
3868:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.05.002
3770:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.002
3028:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80706-0
2894:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00844-4
2444:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00071-0
2197:Henquin, J.-C. (2012-08-21).
2005:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80705-9
1951:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00451-2
1880:
3953:Feng P, Zhao H (June 2013).
3850:Mattes RD (September 2011).
3596:10.1016/j.acthis.2010.08.006
3234:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000120
2158:10.1097/mco.0000000000000058
757:(mammary epithelial cells),
329:Savory or glutamates (Umami)
7:
7150:G protein-coupled receptors
5571:Prolactin-releasing peptide
4256:G protein-coupled receptors
3905:The Journal of Neuroscience
3807:The Journal of Neuroscience
2058:Annual Review of Physiology
1870:
648:. The specific problem is:
246:
227:gastrointestinal motility.
10:
7171:
3730:10.1152/physrev.00041.2018
3469:10.1007/s10529-021-03101-5
3318:Nature Reviews. Immunology
3216:Lee RJ, Cohen, NA (2015).
3153:Lee RJ, Cohen, NA (2015).
2379:Developmental Neurobiology
2334:Annual Review of Nutrition
2270:10.1016/j.juro.2011.07.083
973:
876:free fatty acid receptor 1
872:Free fatty acid receptor 4
811:
776:
307:G protein-coupled receptor
7113:
7047:
7043:
7025:
6882:
6840:
6836:
6812:
6686:
6563:
6382:
6378:
6360:
6235:
5852:
5700:
5693:
5199:
5087:
5080:
4845:
4732:
4723:
4559:
4464:
4361:
4293:
4284:
4280:
4262:
3980:10.1007/s11434-013-5811-5
3856:Physiology & Behavior
3758:Physiology & Behavior
3666:Journal of Lipid Research
3171:10.1007/s00018-014-1736-7
3118:10.1186/s12864-018-5058-2
2995:10.17576/jsm-2020-4903-06
2721:10.1007/s00441-003-0740-2
2215:10.1126/scisignal.2003325
918:
479:
55:
43:
38:
26:
21:
6892:Calcium-sensing receptor
6761:Methuselah-like proteins
4215:Medical Subject Headings
4205:Medical Subject Headings
4092:10.3389/fmolb.2017.00081
3959:Chinese Science Bulletin
3284:10.1074/jbc.RA117.001005
2709:Cell and Tissue Research
2629:The Journal of Nutrition
887:
711:acyl-homoserine lactones
398:
5038:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
4926:Hydroxycarboxylic acids
4211:taste+receptors,+type+2
4201:taste+receptors,+type+1
4038:10.1073/pnas.1118360109
2973:Yousif R (March 2020).
2779:10.1126/science.abf6505
2623:Brand JG (April 2000).
2547:10.1093/chemse/25.5.507
851:, which are present in
807:
772:
458:glossopharyngeal nerves
363:guanosine monophosphate
186:and early parts of the
6919:Metabotropic glutamate
3077:10.1074/jbc.R100054200
2843:10.1073/pnas.072090199
2330:"Taste receptor genes"
838:
814:Taste § Saltiness
804:
719:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
621:
516:circumvallate papillae
434:circumvallate papillae
409:
375:glossopharyngeal nerve
345:binding, especially L-
216:glossopharyngeal nerve
208:glossopharyngeal nerve
176:circumvallate papillae
57:Anatomical terminology
4948:Lysophosphatidic acid
4252:Cell surface receptor
4151:10.1093/molbev/msq153
3717:Physiological Reviews
3631:10.1007/s002329900111
3457:Biotechnology Letters
2642:10.1093/jn/130.4.942S
2635:(4S Suppl): 942S–5S.
2591:10.1186/1471-2202-4-5
801:
779:Taste § Sourness
618:
586:inositol triphosphate
440:near the back of the
406:
359:inosine monophosphate
311:transmembrane domains
178:. (The fourth type -
6873:Vomeronasal receptor
5843:Vomeronasal receptor
1896:This, Hervé (2012).
687:innate immune system
655:improve this section
644:to meet Knowledge's
552:-propyl-2-thiouracil
484:The TAS2R proteins (
355:monosodium glutamate
6766:Parathyroid hormone
4726:signaling molecules
3971:2013ChSBu..58.2198F
3679:10.1194/jlr.M021873
3159:Cell. Mol. Life Sci
2942:10.1093/ajcn/nqz043
2834:2002PNAS...99.4692L
2771:2021Sci...373..226T
2666:Nature Neuroscience
2491:2002Natur.416..199N
1853:open reading frames
566:Signal transduction
556:phenylthiocarbamide
301:Mechanism of action
150:Tissue distribution
6915:Glutamate receptor
6300:Protease-activated
2391:10.1002/dneu.20403
2258:Journal of Urology
2036:"Browse Receptors"
1861:open reading frame
805:
622:
532:fungiform papillae
410:
367:fungiform papillae
254:helps to identify
198:. There are three
168:fungiform papillae
7137:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7021:
7020:
7017:
7016:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6347:
5689:
5688:
5076:
5075:
4719:
4718:
3965:(18): 2198–2204.
3584:Acta Histochemica
3422:10.1159/000367631
3377:10.1172/JCI116479
3277:(25): 9824–9840.
2765:(6551): 226–231.
2499:10.1038/nature726
2485:(6877): 199–202.
2203:Science Signaling
1834:
1833:
1769:absent in humans
1755:absent in humans
1741:absent in humans
1727:absent in humans
1713:absent in humans
1699:absent in humans
1685:absent in humans
1671:absent in humans
1480:absent in humans
1466:absent in humans
1437:absent in humans
1389:absent in humans
1375:absent in humans
1361:absent in humans
1347:absent in humans
1333:absent in humans
1304:absent in humans
1266:TAS2R23, TAS2R48
1241:absent in humans
1146:absent in humans
683:
682:
675:
646:quality standards
637:This section may
578:cyclic nucleotide
574:phosphodiesterase
470:sugar substitutes
430:sugar substitutes
274:taste receptors.
272:G protein-coupled
180:filiform papillae
83:cellular receptor
71:
70:
66:
7162:
7045:
7044:
7027:
7026:
6838:
6837:
6814:
6813:
6380:
6379:
6362:
6361:
5698:
5697:
5085:
5084:
4983:Lysophospholipid
4730:
4729:
4291:
4290:
4286:Neurotransmitter
4282:
4281:
4264:
4263:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4222:
4221:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4130:
4115:
4114:
4104:
4094:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4040:
4016:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3950:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3879:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3681:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3551:10.1172/JCI25299
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3511:. Archived from
3505:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3371:(6): 2446–2452.
3359:Croen K (1993).
3356:
3350:
3349:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3120:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3030:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2982:Sains Malaysiana
2979:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2953:
2936:(6): 1724–1737.
2921:
2915:
2914:
2896:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2845:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2578:BMC Neuroscience
2569:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2446:
2422:
2411:
2410:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2325:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2264:(6): 2455–2462.
2249:
2243:
2242:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2103:(11): 1299–304.
2088:
2082:
2081:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2007:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1953:
1929:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1900:. Archived from
1893:
1848:pseudogenization
1837:Loss of function
896:
895:
753:), for example:
678:
671:
667:
664:
658:
632:
631:
624:
560:glucopyranosides
524:foliate papillae
510:and codes for a
438:foliate papillae
377:has been found.
315:second messenger
188:digestive system
172:foliate papillae
156:gustatory system
63:edit on Wikidata
60:
31:
19:
18:
7170:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7125:
7109:
7039:
7013:
6900:
6878:
6832:
6800:
6682:
6559:
6374:
6344:
6231:
5848:
5685:
5291:Cholecystokinin
5195:
5072:
4901:Free fatty acid
4841:
4725:
4724:Metabolites and
4715:
4555:
4460:
4357:
4276:
4258:
4249:
4192:
4190:
4181:
4176:
4145:(12): 2669–73.
4131:
4118:
4071:
4064:
4031:(13): 4956–61.
4017:
3988:
3951:
3942:
3911:(23): 8634–42.
3897:
3893:
3848:
3844:
3813:(25): 8376–82.
3799:
3795:
3750:
3746:
3709:
3705:
3658:
3654:
3615:
3611:
3580:
3576:
3545:(11): 3177–84.
3531:
3527:
3518:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3449:
3445:
3406:
3402:
3357:
3353:
3330:10.1038/nri1860
3314:
3310:
3263:
3259:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3151:
3144:
3097:
3093:
3056:
3052:
3007:
3003:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2922:
2918:
2873:
2869:
2814:
2810:
2751:
2744:
2705:
2701:
2662:
2658:
2621:
2617:
2570:
2563:
2534:Chemical Senses
2526:
2522:
2475:
2468:
2423:
2414:
2375:
2371:
2326:
2303:
2250:
2246:
2195:
2191:
2138:
2134:
2109:10.1038/nm.2237
2097:Nature Medicine
2089:
2085:
2054:
2047:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1984:
1975:
1930:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1839:
975:
920:
890:
841:
833:
816:
810:
781:
775:
761:and also human
679:
668:
662:
659:
652:
633:
629:
583:
482:
401:
331:
303:
279:taste modifiers
249:
152:
67:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7168:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7051:
7049:
7041:
7040:
7023:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6986:
6980:
6975:
6966:
6961:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6912:
6906:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6847:
6845:
6834:
6833:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6792:
6783:
6778:
6772:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6718:
6712:
6703:
6698:
6692:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6569:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6388:
6386:
6376:
6375:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6336:
6331:
6322:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6297:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6252:
6247:
6245:Adrenomedullin
6241:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5858:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5707:
5705:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5677:
5672:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5637:
5628:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5598:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5573:
5568:
5562:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5533:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5480:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5450:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5365:
5359:
5354:
5345:
5340:
5334:
5329:
5323:Formyl peptide
5320:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5303:
5297:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5275:
5266:
5260:
5255:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5187:
5178:
5172:
5163:
5154:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5109:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4980:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4923:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4877:
4864:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4795:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4754:
4748:
4738:
4736:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4678:
4672:
4667:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4594:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4528:
4522:
4517:
4508:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4393:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4329:
4320:
4314:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4260:
4259:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4208:
4198:
4180:
4179:External links
4177:
4175:
4174:
4116:
4062:
3986:
3940:
3891:
3842:
3793:
3744:
3723:(1): 171–210.
3703:
3652:
3609:
3574:
3525:
3500:
3463:(5): 949–958.
3443:
3416:(3): 137–146.
3400:
3351:
3308:
3257:
3208:
3194:
3165:(2): 217–236.
3142:
3091:
3050:
3001:
2988:(3): 517–525.
2965:
2916:
2867:
2808:
2742:
2699:
2656:
2615:
2561:
2520:
2466:
2437:(3): 293–301.
2412:
2369:
2301:
2244:
2189:
2152:(4): 379–385.
2132:
2083:
2045:
2027:
1998:(6): 693–702.
1973:
1915:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
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1779:
1777:
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1770:
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1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
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1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
991:
989:
986:
984:
982:
977:
971:
970:
968:
965:
963:
961:
955:
954:
952:
949:
946:
944:
938:
937:
935:
932:
929:
927:
922:
916:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
889:
886:
857:lingual lipase
840:
837:
832:
829:
809:
806:
774:
771:
681:
680:
663:September 2022
636:
634:
627:
581:
576:and decreases
494:) function as
481:
478:
468:receptor than
454:chorda tympani
400:
397:
371:chorda tympani
330:
327:
302:
299:
248:
245:
222:branch of the
220:chorda tympani
200:cranial nerves
151:
148:
120:
119:
112:
75:taste receptor
69:
68:
59:
53:
52:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
22:Taste receptor
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7167:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7028:
7024:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6820:
6815:
6811:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6554:
6551:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6478:
6475:
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6448:
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6437:
6434:
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6427:
6424:
6423:
6422:
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6413:
6410:
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6400:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6381:
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6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6234:
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6224:
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6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
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6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5694:Miscellaneous
5692:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5207:Anaphylatoxin
5205:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4784:Prostaglandin
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:Acetylcholine
4565:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4067:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3862:(4): 624–31.
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3590:(8): 839–43.
3589:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3515:on 2015-07-03
3514:
3510:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:(6): 447–56.
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3021:(6): 703–11.
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2887:(3): 255–66.
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2828:(7): 4692–6.
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:10.1038/72053
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2540:(5): 507–15.
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:(7): 948–59.
2384:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:(239): pe36.
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1944:(3): 381–90.
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1904:on 2 May 2014
1903:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1225:7q31.1-q31.3
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
997:
994:
993:
990:
987:
985:
983:
981:
978:
972:
969:
966:
964:
962:
960:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
945:
943:
940:
939:
936:
933:
930:
928:
926:
923:
917:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
897:
894:
885:
883:
879:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
836:
828:
826:
822:
815:
800:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:hydrogen ions
780:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:Immune system
700:
696:
692:
688:
677:
674:
666:
656:
651:
647:
643:
642:
635:
626:
625:
617:
613:
610:
609:polymorphisms
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
561:
557:
553:
551:
545:
541:
540:cycloheximide
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:
487:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
405:
396:
393:
391:
390:NMDA receptor
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
298:
296:
292:
289:for sweet or
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
244:
240:
238:
234:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:CMR1 receptor
129:
125:
117:
113:
111:
110:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
93:
90:
88:
84:
81:is a type of
80:
76:
64:
58:
54:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
6883:
6850:
6841:
6823:Metabotropic
6687:
6572:
6525:
6483:
6449:
6420:
6391:
6236:
5861:
5710:
5701:
5661:Urotensin-II
5601:Somatostatin
5556:Prokineticin
5453:Melanocortin
5156:
5089:Neuropeptide
5028:Oxoglutarate
4870:
4832:Prostacyclin
4801:
4788:
4741:
4629:GHB receptor
4530:
4473:
4191:. Retrieved
4142:
4138:
4082:
4078:
4028:
4024:
3962:
3958:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3672:(3): 561–6.
3669:
3665:
3655:
3625:(1): 75–81.
3622:
3618:
3612:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3517:. Retrieved
3513:the original
3503:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3228:(1): 14–20.
3225:
3221:
3211:
3197:
3162:
3158:
3108:
3105:BMC Genomics
3104:
3094:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3018:
3014:
3004:
2985:
2981:
2968:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2762:
2758:
2715:(1): 29–35.
2712:
2708:
2702:
2672:(2): 113–9.
2669:
2665:
2659:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2581:
2577:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2482:
2478:
2434:
2430:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2337:
2333:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2061:
2057:
2039:
2030:
1995:
1991:
1941:
1937:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1874:
1866:
1857:
1844:
1840:
914:Description
891:
880:
870:
842:
834:
824:
817:
795:and TASK-1.
789:HCN channels
782:
731:nitric oxide
727:bitter taste
717:produced by
684:
669:
660:
653:Please help
649:
638:
602:
564:
549:
499:
489:
483:
474:
411:
394:
379:
332:
304:
276:
268:ion channels
250:
241:
229:
224:facial nerve
212:facial nerve
153:
123:
121:
107:
101:
91:
78:
74:
72:
6531:Latrophilin
5666:Vasopressin
5651:Thyrotropin
5228:Angiotensin
5181:Neurotensin
4858:Cannabinoid
4837:Thromboxane
2340:: 389–414.
2064:: 117–141.
1830:pseudogene
1815:pseudogene
1800:pseudogene
1256:pseudogene
1211:pseudogene
1164:pseudogene
1051:7q31.3-q32
1035:7q31.3-q32
1019:7q31.3-q32
1005:pseudogene
861:fatty acids
831:Carbonation
697:) ciliated
689:of airway (
657:if you can.
590:diglyceride
588:) and DAG (
504:pseudogenes
309:with seven
295:mask bitter
258:, maintain
204:vagus nerve
39:Identifiers
7144:Categories
7121:Smoothened
7114:Smoothened
7037:Smoothened
6696:Calcitonin
5631:Tachykinin
5528:, but not
5522:Nociceptin
5388:Kisspeptin
5306:Endothelin
5269:Bradykinin
5157:Neuromedin
4734:Eicosanoid
4363:Purinergic
4295:Adrenergic
4193:2008-08-11
3764:: 145–54.
3519:2014-10-06
3111:(1): 678.
3070:(1): 1–4.
2279:2381/10362
1881:References
865:expression
855:and where
853:taste buds
825:Drosophila
812:See also:
777:See also:
723:bitterness
715:quinolones
699:epithelium
544:denatonium
528:epiglottis
388:, and the
361:(IMP) and
343:amino acid
323:transducin
210:, and the
194:and upper
160:taste buds
140:eucalyptol
7155:Gustation
7031:Class F:
6830:pheromone
6826:glutamate
6250:Olfactory
5286:Chemokine
5068:Succinate
4853:Bile acid
4661:Melatonin
4634:Histamine
4474:(all but
4466:Serotonin
4371:Adenosine
4273:Rhodopsin
3477:0141-5492
2803:235769720
2787:0036-8075
2288:0022-5347
2239:206671643
2223:1945-0877
2166:1363-1950
2040:Bitter DB
1820:TAS2R64P
1805:TAS2R63P
1790:TAS2R62P
976:(bitter)
905:Synonyms
735:defensins
709:example:
570:gustducin
558:), and β-
491:IPR007960
452:upon the
347:glutamate
319:Gustducin
283:miraculin
260:nutrition
196:esophagus
190:like the
7055:Frizzled
7048:Frizzled
7033:Frizzled
6875:, type 2
6781:Secretin
6721:Glucagon
6426:Cadherin
6384:Adhesion
6371:Secretin
5704:, bitter
5551:Oxytocin
5248:Bombesin
4896:Estrogen
4597:Dopamine
4169:20573776
4111:29234667
4057:22411809
3935:21653867
3886:21557960
3837:20573884
3788:24631296
3739:31487233
3698:22210925
3604:20950842
3569:16276419
3495:33683511
3438:19912094
3430:25573083
3338:16724099
3303:29748385
3252:25304231
3189:25323130
3137:30223776
3086:11696554
3037:10761935
2960:31005972
2911:11773362
2903:14636554
2862:11917125
2795:34244416
2737:41546387
2729:12898387
2694:16650588
2686:10649565
2651:10736357
2610:12617752
2556:11015322
2507:11894099
2453:12581520
2407:29736077
2399:17506496
2364:17444812
2296:22019168
2231:22932700
2184:24763065
2127:20972434
2078:29029594
2022:14604586
2014:10761934
1968:11886074
1960:11509186
1871:See also
1827:12p13.2
1812:12p13.2
1760:TAS2R59
1746:TAS2R58
1732:TAS2R57
1718:TAS2R56
1704:TAS2R55
1690:TAS2R54
1676:TAS2R53
1662:TAS2R52
1655:12p13.2
1650:TAS2R51
1638:12p13.2
1605:12p13.2
1500:TAS2R37
1485:TAS2R36
1471:TAS2R35
1457:TAS2R34
1442:TAS2R33
1428:TAS2R32
1421:12p13.2
1416:TAS2R44
1404:12p13.2
1399:TAS2R47
1380:TAS2R29
1366:TAS2R28
1352:TAS2R27
1338:TAS2R25
1324:TAS2R24
1309:TAS2R22
1295:TAS2R21
1288:12p13.2
1283:TAS2R49
1271:12p13.2
1253:12p13.2
1246:TAS2R18
1232:TAS2R17
1208:12p13.2
1201:TAS2R15
1161:12p13.2
1156:TAS2R26
1137:TAS2R11
951:1p36.23
934:1p36.23
921:(sweet)
908:Aliases
849:papillae
767:BitterDB
639:require
554:), PTC (
546:, PROP (
506:) lacks
486:InterPro
291:sterubin
287:curculin
247:Function
218:and the
164:papillae
114:Type 2,
96:Type 1,
6844:, sweet
6819:Class C
6751:PACAPR1
6367:Class B
5576:Relaxin
5498:Motilin
5383:Ghrelin
5348:Galanin
5081:Peptide
4269:Class A
4160:3108379
4102:5712339
4048:3324019
3967:Bibcode
3926:3125678
3877:3139746
3828:6634626
3779:4162865
3689:3276480
3647:5911289
3639:8694909
3560:1265871
3486:7937778
3395:8390481
3346:8603587
3294:6016477
3243:5902169
3180:4286424
3128:6142396
3045:7293493
2951:6537940
2830:Bibcode
2767:Bibcode
2759:Science
2515:1730089
2487:Bibcode
2355:2721271
2175:4059820
2118:3066567
1775:TAS2R60
1646:TAS2R50
1630:TAS2R46
1613:TAS2R45
1597:TAS2R43
1581:TAS2R42
1565:TAS2R41
1548:TAS2R40
1532:TAS2R39
1516:TAS2R38
1412:TAS2R31
1395:TAS2R30
1279:TAS2R20
1262:TAS2R19
1217:TAS2R16
1186:TAS2R14
1170:TAS2R13
1152:TAS2R12
1122:TAS2R10
1058:TAS2R6
1002:7p21.3
995:TAS2R2
751:bronchi
747:trachea
743:sinuses
707:TAS2R38
695:sinuses
641:cleanup
605:TAS2R38
594:calcium
536:ligands
508:introns
488::
450:synapse
136:menthol
79:tastant
7035:&
6964:GPRC6A
6701:CALCRL
6565:Orphan
5854:Orphan
5845:type 1
5536:Orexin
5524:&
5503:Opioid
5243:Apelin
4217:(MeSH)
4207:(MeSH)
4167:
4157:
4109:
4099:
4085:: 81.
4055:
4045:
3933:
3923:
3884:
3874:
3835:
3825:
3786:
3776:
3737:
3696:
3686:
3645:
3637:
3602:
3567:
3557:
3493:
3483:
3475:
3436:
3428:
3393:
3386:443304
3383:
3344:
3336:
3301:
3291:
3250:
3240:
3187:
3177:
3135:
3125:
3084:
3043:
3035:
2958:
2948:
2909:
2901:
2860:
2853:123709
2850:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2735:
2727:
2692:
2684:
2649:
2608:
2601:153500
2598:
2554:
2513:
2505:
2479:Nature
2461:718601
2459:
2451:
2405:
2397:
2362:
2352:
2294:
2286:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2182:
2172:
2164:
2125:
2115:
2076:
2020:
2012:
1966:
1958:
1908:30 Apr
1619:GPR59
1589:12p13
1554:GPR60
1194:12p13
1178:12p13
1130:12p13
1114:12p13
1106:TAS2R9
1098:12p13
1090:TAS2R8
1082:12p13
1074:TAS2R7
1043:TAS2R5
1027:TAS2R4
1011:TAS2R3
980:TAS2R1
974:type 2
959:TAS1R3
948:GPR71
942:TAS1R2
931:GPR70
925:TAS1R1
919:type 1
911:Locus
899:Class
755:breast
526:, and
520:palate
496:bitter
480:Bitter
466:TAS1R3
462:TAS1R3
446:palate
442:tongue
426:sugars
418:TAS1R3
414:TAS1R2
386:mGluR1
382:mGluR4
349:. The
339:TAS1R3
335:TAS1R1
256:toxins
233:asthma
214:. The
192:larynx
184:palate
174:, and
144:icilin
142:, and
116:bitter
109:TAS1R3
103:TAS1R2
6884:Other
6851:TAS1R
6842:Taste
6740:GLP2R
6735:GLP1R
6688:Other
6553:ELTD1
6526:ADGRL
6484:ADGRG
6450:ADGRE
6421:ADGRC
6392:ADGRB
6373:-like
6255:Opsin
6237:Other
5711:TAS2R
5702:Taste
5530:Sigma
5512:Kappa
5507:Delta
5215:C5a (
5200:Other
4846:Other
4774:FPRL1
4742:CysLT
4560:Other
4511:5-HT2
4481:5-HT1
4476:5-HT3
4275:-like
3643:S2CID
3434:S2CID
3342:S2CID
3041:S2CID
2978:(PDF)
2907:S2CID
2799:S2CID
2733:S2CID
2690:S2CID
2584:: 5.
2511:S2CID
2457:S2CID
2403:S2CID
2235:S2CID
2018:S2CID
1964:S2CID
1797:7q34
1573:7q34
1557:7q34
1540:7q34
1524:7q34
988:5p15
967:1p36
902:Gene
888:Types
882:TRPM5
793:ASIC2
598:toxin
500:TAS2R
422:sweet
399:Sweet
351:umami
281:, as
264:umami
252:Taste
128:TRPV1
124:taste
98:sweet
87:taste
61:[
50:84662
6989:RAIG
6897:GABA
6730:GIPR
6477:CD97
6325:SREB
6126:137B
6101:109B
6096:109A
5526:Zeta
5483:MCHR
5263:NMBR
5258:GRPR
5253:BRS3
4891:EBI2
4757:LTB4
4681:TAAR
4531:5-HT
4165:PMID
4107:PMID
4053:PMID
3931:PMID
3882:PMID
3833:PMID
3784:PMID
3735:PMID
3694:PMID
3635:PMID
3600:PMID
3565:PMID
3491:PMID
3473:ISSN
3426:PMID
3391:PMID
3334:PMID
3299:PMID
3248:PMID
3185:PMID
3133:PMID
3082:PMID
3033:PMID
3015:Cell
2956:PMID
2899:PMID
2881:Cell
2858:PMID
2791:PMID
2783:ISSN
2725:PMID
2682:PMID
2647:PMID
2606:PMID
2552:PMID
2503:PMID
2449:PMID
2431:Cell
2395:PMID
2360:PMID
2292:PMID
2284:ISSN
2227:PMID
2219:ISSN
2180:PMID
2162:ISSN
2123:PMID
2074:PMID
2010:PMID
1992:Cell
1956:PMID
1938:Cell
1910:2014
845:CD36
821:ENaC
808:Salt
773:Sour
763:skin
739:nose
733:and
693:and
691:nose
512:GPCR
456:and
444:and
436:and
428:and
412:The
384:and
333:The
235:and
154:The
6983:179
6978:158
6973:156
6969:GPR
6756:GPR
6677:157
6672:155
6667:144
6662:143
6657:133
6652:128
6647:126
6642:125
6637:124
6632:123
6627:116
6622:115
6617:114
6612:113
6607:112
6602:111
6597:110
6573:GPR
6455:EMR
6294:RRH
6289:RGR
6284:1SW
6279:1MW
6274:1LW
6226:183
6221:182
6216:177
6211:176
6206:174
6201:173
6196:171
6191:162
6186:161
6181:160
6176:153
6171:152
6166:151
6161:150
6156:149
6151:148
6146:146
6141:142
6136:141
6131:139
6121:135
6116:132
6111:120
6106:119
6091:103
6086:101
5862:GPR
5398:MAS
5343:FSH
5211:C3a
5097:B/W
5033:PAF
4885:119
4871:GPR
4867:CB2
4862:CB1
4823:),
4800:),
4779:OXE
4396:P2Y
4385:A2B
4380:A2A
4155:PMC
4147:doi
4097:PMC
4087:doi
4043:PMC
4033:doi
4029:109
3975:doi
3921:PMC
3913:doi
3872:PMC
3864:doi
3860:104
3823:PMC
3815:doi
3774:PMC
3766:doi
3762:136
3725:doi
3721:100
3684:PMC
3674:doi
3627:doi
3623:153
3592:doi
3588:113
3555:PMC
3547:doi
3543:115
3481:PMC
3465:doi
3418:doi
3381:PMC
3373:doi
3326:doi
3289:PMC
3279:doi
3275:293
3238:PMC
3230:doi
3175:PMC
3167:doi
3123:PMC
3113:doi
3072:doi
3068:277
3023:doi
3019:100
2990:doi
2946:PMC
2938:doi
2934:109
2889:doi
2885:115
2848:PMC
2838:doi
2775:doi
2763:373
2717:doi
2713:313
2674:doi
2637:doi
2633:130
2596:PMC
2586:doi
2542:doi
2495:doi
2483:416
2439:doi
2435:112
2387:doi
2350:PMC
2342:doi
2274:hdl
2266:doi
2262:186
2211:doi
2170:PMC
2154:doi
2113:PMC
2105:doi
2066:doi
2000:doi
1996:100
1946:doi
1942:106
1622:12
1507:12
1492:12
1449:12
1316:12
839:Fat
759:gut
713:or
293:to
285:or
77:or
45:FMA
7146::
7104:10
6960:))
6828:/
6821::
6725:GR
6592:98
6587:97
6582:64
6577:56
6369::
6081:92
6076:88
6071:87
6066:85
6061:84
6056:83
6051:82
6046:81
6041:78
6036:75
6031:68
6026:65
6021:63
6016:62
6011:61
6006:55
6001:52
5996:50
5991:45
5986:44
5981:42
5976:39
5971:37
5966:35
5961:34
5956:33
5951:32
5946:31
5941:27
5936:26
5931:25
5926:23
5921:22
5916:21
5911:20
5906:19
5901:18
5896:17
5891:15
5886:12
5836:60
5831:50
5826:46
5821:45
5816:43
5811:42
5806:41
5801:40
5796:39
5791:38
5786:31
5781:30
5776:20
5771:19
5766:16
5761:14
5756:13
5751:10
5675:1B
5670:1A
5517:Mu
5447:X4
5442:X3
5437:X2
5432:X1
5407:1L
5278:B2
5273:B1
5224:))
5177:))
5112:FF
4887:))
4880:55
4875:18
4869:,
4825:FP
4802:EP
4789:DP
4675:1C
4670:1B
4665:1A
4654:H4
4649:H3
4644:H2
4639:H1
4622:D5
4617:D4
4612:D3
4607:D2
4602:D1
4591:M5
4586:M4
4581:M3
4576:M2
4571:M1
4540:5A
4455:14
4450:13
4445:12
4440:11
4435:10
4390:A3
4375:A1
4353:β3
4348:β2
4343:β1
4323:α2
4303:α1
4271::
4254::
4163:.
4153:.
4143:27
4141:.
4137:.
4119:^
4105:.
4095:.
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