613:. The living conditions for aquatic organisms significantly depend on their location relative to the thermocline. The formation of a thermocline is related to the great depth of the lakes and the high mountain walls, which provide protection from the wind that stirs up waves. A measurement conducted on 2 August 1937 at Morskie Oko revealed that the well-mixed upper water layer, stirred by waves, was only 3 meters thick with a temperature of 12.1°C. From the surface to a depth of 10 meters, the temperature dropped by almost 1°C per meter; between 10 and 20 meters, it decreased much more slowly (around 0.25°C per meter). Below 20 meters, all the way to the bottom, the temperature remained constant at around 4°C. Surface water temperatures in the summer fluctuate differently in various ponds. For example, in Niżni Staw Toporowy, they range from 10.5°C to 21.5°C, in Morskie Oko from 9.4°C to 21.5°C, and in Czarny Staw pod Rysami from 7°C to 11.5°C.
588:. Lower-altitude moraine ponds, like Smreczyński Staw and Toporowe Stawy, which have richer organic life, are much less transparent (around 2 meters). High-altitude, deep, and nutrient-poor Tatra lakes, when viewed from a distance, appear sapphire blue. Slightly lower lakes, such as Morskie Oko, appear blue with an emerald hue, while Smreczyński Staw has a brownish color. However, these colors are observed only in the shallower water layers; in deep lakes, the water appears black due to the absorption and scattering of light, which prevents it from penetrating to great depths. When observing a lake from above, different shades can be seen depending on the depth of the bottom.
759:). Kurtkowiec contains Poland's highest island (1,689 m). Typically, the shores of the lakes are steep and descend quickly into the depths. The bottoms of larger lakes are usually flat (e.g., in Wielki Staw Polski, 14.4% of the lake bottom is below 70 meters) and muddy; larger boulders are generally found near the rocky walls. The shape, surface area, and depth of the lakes are continuously changing, as these bodies of water are being filled with scree from the steep slopes and sediments carried by streams flowing into them. Some lakes have already disappeared entirely, such as Lejkowy Staw. The current
1720:
96:
1389:
67:
547:
622:
78:
1641:
1295:
1896:, and it was the only habitat of this species in all of Poland. Most likely, fish stocking led to its extinction; in the small lake, trout eradicated the crustacean completely, and the fish themselves perished during the winter. Those responsible for the stocking did not consider that this lake loses water in winter. A thick layer of ice forms on its surface, blocking the water inflow, while the water beneath the ice drains away through underground channels.
1868:
6-meter-high cone of hotel waste was discovered at the bottom of the lake. Nowadays, shelters usually have sewage treatment facilities, but tourists remain a threat by throwing large amounts of trash and coins into the lakes. The metals contained in them contaminate the clean water of these lakes. Every year, divers retrieve huge amounts of garbage from the lake bottoms: pots, cans, broken chairs and tables, skis, sleds, and even baby strollers.
113:
130:
1488:
22:
1479:, while in lakes stocked only in the last few decades, the vertical migrations are of smaller amplitude. This suggests that under the influence of fish that prey on plankton, zooplankton perform larger vertical migrations, but the process of adapting to the presence of predatory fish takes a long time. In the first few decades after fish appear, these migrations do not reach their maximum amplitude.
1354:, located at a lower altitude, can thaw in just between 2 and 3 weeks. During the thawing process, the surface water temperature remains close to 0. High-altitude lakes in the Tatras are also characterized by very thick ice cover during winter. By the end of winter, ice thickness can range from 150 to 375 cm, with the thickest recorded ice cover of 3.75 meters observed on
703:. The deepest lake in the Tatras is Wielki Staw Polski (79.3 meters), which is also the third-deepest lake in Poland. Across the entire Tatra range, 8 lakes have a surface area of more than 10 hectares (5 of which are in the Polish Tatras), while 49 lakes are larger than 1 hectare, with 11 of these located in the Polish Tatras. The largest group of lakes is the
476:
Tatra lakes are surface-fed by rain and meltwater, streams, and underground springs. The water levels in the ponds are generally stable, with the surface level fluctuating by only a few dozen centimeters. The highest levels occur during spring thaws, while the lowest levels are observed in autumn and
1379:
The structure of winter ice on Tatra lakes resembles that of Alpine lakes. The top layer consists of dry snow, beneath which lies a layer of wet snow and ice, sometimes interspersed with multiple layers of wet snow and ice. This layered structure occurs because the heavy snow from the frequent Tatra
1871:
The unauthorized stocking of some Tatra lakes with fish by unknown individuals was an ill-considered action with harmful effects on the natural fauna of these lakes. In the cold, oligotrophic Tatra lakes, the fauna of small animals that could serve as food for fish is very scarce. In some lakes,
583:
is either absent or poorly developed. The bottom sediments are highly mineralized and low in organic compounds, particularly nitrogen compounds. This is also one of the reasons for the low abundance of plankton in these lakes. The water in these lakes is cold and highly oxygenated, and they are
1867:
Tatra lakes, like the entire Tatra region, are threatened by the effects of mass tourism. Mountain huts located on their shores have often discharged municipal sewage into the lakes. Waste from a hotel laundry discharged into
Popradzki Staw caused a change in the color of its water, and a
1467:, while in stocked lakes, species that are harder for fish to catch but have weaker competitive abilities coexist, resulting in more species diversity. The duration of fish populations also affects the behavior of planktonic animals. In fishless lakes, they concentrate in the
153:. Out of this number, approximately 40 are located in the Polish Tatras, with the rest situated on the Slovak side. In traditional folk nomenclature, they are referred to as "ponds", and this terminology has also been adopted in literature, including scientific works.
1552:
studied 8 lakes on the Polish (then
Galician) side of the Tatras. His research results included the water level, its temperature and color, shoreline plans, and the lake bottom's topography. The first water temperature measurements at various depths were conducted by
1707:. Comparing the conditions in fishless lakes, lakes with long-established fish populations, and recently stocked lakes allowed for the verification of several ecological hypotheses regarding the impact of predation pressure on zooplankton populations, including the
1342:
freezes between
September and October and thaws between June and August. The thawing process itself can take weeks; for instance, Zadni Staw Gąsienicowy, despite being small, takes from 5 to 9 weeks to completely thaw due to its high elevation. In contrast,
1679:
was the first to take a closer interest in the lakes of the
Western Tatras (Jamnickie Stawy, Bystre Stawy, and Siwe Stawki). In the spring of 1934, all the named permanent lakes of the Polish Tatras (40 in total) were thoroughly surveyed by the
1626:, studied 15 lakes on both sides of the Tatras in detail (including measurements, thermal profiles, water transparency, and color) and collected samples for biological research. An outstanding limnologist of the Tatras during this period was
1380:
snowfalls presses down on the lake’s ice cover, causing it to submerge slightly. Water seeps through cracks in the ice, saturating the snow until an equilibrium is reached between the weight of the displaced water and the weight of the snow.
1568:
carried out systematic research on the thermal conditions of Tatra lakes in different seasons (about 1,600 measurements). By the late 19th century, interest in lake flora and fauna had also begun. Leading zoological research at the time was
690:
Compared to the lowland lakes of Poland, Tatra lakes have a small surface area, but some of them are remarkably deep, which is rare among lowland lakes. The largest lakes by surface area are located on the Polish side of the Tatras:
717:
Tatra lakes generally have a rounded shape, with short shorelines, and deeply indented bays are rare. Small islands are found in only a few lakes. These islands formed from masses of scree that slid into the lake (e.g.,
1703:. In the 1990s, research was also conducted with the participation of scuba divers. At the end of the 20th century, the fauna of Tatra lakes became the subject of research by the Department of Hydrobiology at the
1376:. The thickness of the ice and the duration of ice cover can vary greatly from year to year. For example, during the winter of 1950/1951, Morskie Oko did not freeze until January but had already thawed by March.
1312:
The duration of ice cover on Tatra lakes depends on their elevation, size, shading, and exposure. Generally, the higher the elevation, the longer the lakes remain frozen. Some of the highest lakes, known as
1780:, and more, who created an entire series of paintings depicting the Tatra lakes. Artists from other countries also frequently painted them. Countless photographs and albums of Tatra lakes were also made.
466:
frozen lakes located at between 2,050 and 2,180 meters above sea level, with summer temperatures not exceeding 5°C, and surfaces rarely free of ice; in some years, they remain covered with ice all year
1176:
975:
730:
676:
situated above 2,200 meters, should hold the record, but they are often omitted from most maps. In the Polish Tatra
Mountains, the lowest lake is Toporowy Staw Niżni (1,089 m), and the highest is
1520:
1072:
949:
571:(19 meters), in Czarny Staw pod Rysami (from 16.5 to 17.5 meters), and in Morskie Oko (12 meters). Such high transparency is related to the very low organic life in these lakes, the absence of
511:
1331:
Lakes that are not shaded and located on the southern slopes of the Tatras tend to thaw earlier. For example, Morskie Oko usually freezes in
November and thaws between May and July, while
1684:. The results of these surveys remain official and are the most commonly referenced to this day. In the Slovak part of the Tatras, most of the water bodies were measured by employees of
704:
1541:
provided a more reliable depth measurement of
Morskie Oko (49 meters). In 1875, Dezső Dénes measured the depth and surface area of Štrbské pleso and Popradské pleso. A little later,
760:
1668:
was the most active, publishing numerous scientific papers related to Tatra lakes, and his measurements covered a large number of lakes on the southern side of the ridge as well.
1124:
1740:
1542:
563:
Most of the Tatra lakes are characterized by very high transparency. The highest transparency (measured by the visibility of a submerged white disk) is found in high-altitude
589:
82:
1366:
1150:
165:, which is closely related to their origin. They are mainly of glacial origin, as glaciers significantly reshaped the landscape in the High Tatras, much more so than in the
1873:
1590:
478:
287:
261:
1783:
Many legends about the Tatra lakes circulated among the local population. One of the most popular was the myth of
Morskie Oko being connected to the sea (hence its name –
1098:
897:
745:
489:
379:
227:
390:
1800:
1332:
1286:
from the 1960s, with updates in subsequent years. Polish measurements reflect conditions on the day of measurement, while Slovak data corresponds to high water levels.
625:
298:
533:
1616:
1530:
continuously for a full day. His measurements showed no inflows or outflows, debunking the then-common belief that Tatra lakes were connected to the sea. In 1806,
1770:
1669:
1344:
212:
677:
1759:
416:
43:
1001:
666:
644:
463:
high altitude cold lakes (from 1,800 to 2,000 meters above sea level) whose surfaces are ice-free for less than 3 months, with summer temperatures below 8°C;
457:
deep lakes at between 1,500 and 1,800 meters above sea level whose surfaces are ice-free for 3 to 5 months, with summer temperatures of between 8°C and 14°C;
1658:
1392:
1221:
434:
197:
99:
1644:
923:
448:
large submontane reservoirs (up to 1,400 meters above sea level) with surfaces free of ice for at least 6 months a year, characterized by low transparency;
309:
1872:
trout have completely died out; in others, a small population lingers, feeding on small invertebrates. The most significant damage was caused by stocking
1832:
1627:
451:
shallow ponds and marshes (from 1,400 to 1,450 meters above sea level) characterized by significant temperature fluctuations in summer (from 4°C to 22°C);
378:), and ponds in ridge hollows (e.g., a pond on the Kasne pass). Additionally, there are about a dozen artificial lakes created by humans. Among these are
1570:
1355:
1046:
550:
1727:
As Tatra tourism became popular among the intellectual elite, Tatra lakes inspired painters, poets, and writers. As early as 1825, Jakob Müller painted
1554:
1491:
1449:
Fish naturally occurred in only a few lakes, including
Morskie Oko and Popradzki Staw. However, some lakes have been artificially stocked, mainly with
250:
1298:
182:
1605:
1509:
500:
719:
272:
237:
are cirque-moraine lakes, located in deepened glacial valleys, closed by rock thresholds upon which terminal moraine ridges settled. There are also
133:
1318:
770:
was once a large lake, which gradually filled with rock debris from the surrounding slopes. Lower-altitude ponds are shrinking due to progressive
655:
335:
1696:
between 1961 and 1964 (mapping) and later (supplementing bathymetry, hydrological studies, and determining the altitude of the water surface).
357:
1693:
1283:
1247:
522:
401:
116:
368:
346:
1274:
This list includes the 20 largest lakes in the Tatra
Mountains by surface area. The data is based on measurements conducted by the Polish
454:
shallow ponds at between 1,450 and 1,700 meters above sea level with considerable temperature fluctuations in summer (from 4°C to 17°C);
699:. Depending on the measurement, one or the other of these lakes may hold the surface area record. The third-largest by surface area is
30:
1181:
980:
735:
2313:
2280:
516:
477:
winter. Water levels also rise after heavy rainfall, typically with a one-day delay. Some ponds give rise to streams, such as
2409:
1371:
609:
Temperature measurements in the ponds show the existence of distinct water layers with a sharp temperature drop, known as a
1534:
measured the depth of Czarny Staw pod Rysami, but his result (190 meters) significantly deviated from modern measurements.
1525:
1077:
954:
2210:
1406:
Shoreline vegetation occurs only in the lower-lying lakes. The lowest lakes and the few foothill lakes contain a lot of
373:
765:
2435:
2193:
1948:
505:
1745:
1129:
665:, both located in the Slovak Tatra Mountains. Some experts believe that the small permanent water bodies known as
406:
1708:
1681:
1547:
1275:
724:
460:
shallow lakes at between 1,700 and 1,900 meters above sea level with summer temperatures of between 8°C and 14°C;
1475:
and other animals. In lakes where fish have been present for at least several hundred years, they perform large
594:
1878:
1595:
483:
292:
266:
1685:
2347:"Life history synchronization in a long-lifespan single-cohort Daphnia population in a fishless alpine lake"
902:
750:
494:
232:
1103:
649:
395:
1837:
1805:
1337:
630:
303:
384:
1699:
Since the 1960s, Tatra lakes have been studied by scientists from the Institute of Water Biology at the
1202:
2445:
1788:
1700:
1689:
1279:
1637:, whose research covered topics such as fauna, water thermics, ice cover duration, and ice structure.
1621:
1155:
636:
1775:
1732:
1674:
1349:
217:
87:
2440:
2430:
859:
682:
568:
421:
1764:
1657:
During the interwar period, many researchers became involved in measuring and mapping the lakes.
1476:
35:
1755:
1226:
671:
538:
1751:
1006:
840:
700:
576:
178:
1848:
1663:
1397:
709:
439:
202:
2009:
1885:
1585:
928:
2109:
1632:
2358:
2245:
2159:
2134:
Szaflarski, Józef (1936). "Morfometrja jezior tatrzańskich. Cz. I: Jeziora Tatr Polskich".
1704:
1580:, who discovered several new species of copepods in Tatra lakes, and in 1882, he found the
1575:
1360:
1051:
555:
1559:
1531:
8:
1496:
255:
196:
tend to be smaller and shallower. They formed in depressions dammed by lateral moraines (
193:
104:
2362:
2249:
2328:
2295:
1815:
1728:
1610:
1565:
1514:
1450:
878:
821:
696:
246:
1827:
1736:
1600:. In the same year, the first chemical analysis of water composition was conducted by
1027:
741:
320:
2405:
2382:
2374:
2261:
2189:
2036:
1944:
1649:
1463:
585:
314:
2366:
2253:
1799:). Numerous poets also dedicated works to the Tatra lakes. The first was a poem by
1323:
660:
277:
208:
2346:
1601:
1538:
1411:
1407:
1303:
756:
362:
187:
161:
Most of the ponds are located at elevations above 1,600 meters, primarily in the
150:
2218:
1719:
1890:
527:
166:
138:
95:
2424:
2378:
2265:
2040:
1823:
1819:
1472:
1458:
1388:
600:
580:
351:
340:
66:
2386:
2233:
1581:
1439:
1252:
149:
are a group of around 200 lakes (excluding small and seasonal ones) in the
121:
2370:
1564:
in 1876 (he continued these in later years), while between 1890 and 1893,
1438:
are found here. Frogs and newts occur in the lower-lying lakes. Among the
546:
2345:
Gliwicz, Maciej; Slusarczyk, Anna; Slusarczyk, Miroslaw (29 March 2001).
1468:
1454:
1423:
802:
692:
610:
564:
238:
223:
170:
162:
71:
621:
77:
1893:
1811:
1640:
1435:
327:
326:
There are a few small water bodies of different origins. These include
2257:
1505:
1294:
1431:
1427:
572:
331:
242:
2234:"Predation and the evolution of vertical migration in zooplankton"
112:
1443:
1419:
1415:
1414:. Higher elevation lakes are poor in flora and fauna in terms of
1328:), may remain frozen year-round or thaw for only a brief period.
129:
2327:(5). Polskie Towarzystwo Hydrobiologiczne: 10–14. Archived from
2294:(2). Polskie Towarzystwo Hydrobiologiczne: 16–22. Archived from
606:, which stains the stones on the lakebed a reddish-brown color.
21:
1418:, but they exhibit relatively high species diversity. Numerous
174:
1731:. Among Poles, the first to capture Morskie Oko in 1837 were
1487:
412:
283:
2344:
2136:
Prace Instytutu Geograficznego Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
1453:. The presence of fish affects the overall biodiversity of
771:
2209:
Gliwicz, Maciej; Mikołuszko, Wojciech (18 December 2001).
1457:. In fishless lakes, zooplankton is dominated by a single
543:, are seasonal and often dry up during the summer months.
1939:
Radwańska-Paryska, Zofia; Paryski, Witold Henryk (2004).
1508:
research in the Tatra Mountains was conducted in 1751 by
1938:
1446:
and 16 species of Turbellaria live in the Tatra lakes.
1410:, few mineral salts, are acidic, and are classified as
777:
2088:(in Polish). Kraków: Drukarnia W. L. Anczyca i Spółki.
2027:
Barczyk, Grzegorz (2008). "Między chmurą a źródłem".
1714:
1711:, diel vertical migrations, pigmentation, and more.
2314:"Moje badania tatrzańskie w Zakładzie Biologii Wód"
1830:described Smreczyński Staw in the second volume of
2404:(in Polish) (XIII ed.). Latchorzew: Trawers.
2208:
2035:(24). Zakopane: Tatrzański Park Narodowy: 60–67.
1482:
282:, fill depressions between piles of boulders and
2422:
2188:(in Polish) (II ed.). Latchorzew: Trawers.
63:Group of around 200 lakes in the Tatra Mountains
1442:not found in lowland regions, four species of
1402:, a lake with relatively abundant organic life
2083:
1694:Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava
1284:Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava
643:Among the permanent ponds, the lowest one is
2399:
1461:species. In Czarny Staw pod Rysami, this is
1943:(in Polish). Poronin: Wydawnictwo Górskie.
744:(rock outcrops) surrounded by water (e.g.,
567:. Record transparency has been recorded in
2157:
2133:
444:classified the Tatra lakes into 7 groups:
429:
2110:"Zmienność poziomu wód i repery jeziorne"
2107:
2016:(in Polish). Zakład Ochrony Przyrody PAN.
2278:
1718:
1639:
1486:
1387:
1293:
620:
616:
545:
241:that fill depressions left by so-called
128:
111:
94:
76:
65:
46:of all important aspects of the article.
2231:
2058:(in Polish). Warsaw: Sport i Turystyka.
2053:
2026:
2423:
2400:Nyka, Józef; Nyczanka, Monika (2002).
2008:
1750:, Irena Zaborowska, Julia Stabrowska,
1739:. Others followed in their footsteps:
42:Please consider expanding the lead to
2311:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
286:, and their origins are often mixed.
2183:
2158:Gregor, Viktor; Pacl, Juraj (2005).
2153:
2151:
2149:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
778:Largest lakes in the Tatra Mountains
714:, with 27 lakes in a single valley.
15:
1787:). These legends were described by
1519:, who measured water levels in the
788:Elevation (meters above sea level)
13:
1383:
471:
14:
2457:
2232:Gliwicz, Maciej (24 April 1986).
2146:
2092:
2062:
1957:
1905:
1723:Štrbské pleso, painting from 1865
1715:Tatra lakes in art and literature
81:Different shades of water in the
1797:The Fabulous World of the Tatras
245:blocks. An example is the large
20:
2393:
2338:
2305:
2281:"Moja przygoda z hydrobiologią"
2272:
2225:
2202:
2160:"Hydrológia tatranských jazier"
2117:Wiadomości Służby Geograficznej
2054:Paryski, Witold Henryk (1964).
1709:competitive exclusion principle
1682:Military Geographical Institute
1276:Military Geographical Institute
34:may be too short to adequately
2177:
2127:
2047:
2020:
1941:Wielka encyklopedia tatrzańska
1818:, Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer,
1483:History of scientific research
575:, and the minimal presence of
44:provide an accessible overview
1:
2108:Śliwerski, Kazimierz (1935).
2084:Młodziejowski, Jerzy (1935).
1899:
1543:Eugeniusz Klemens Dziewulski
1289:
1177:Nižné Žabie pleso Bialčanské
976:Vyšné Žabie pleso Bialčanské
731:Vyšné Žabie pleso Bialčanské
705:Plesá Veľkej Studenej doliny
512:Malé Žabie pleso Mengusovské
323:troughs carved by glaciers.
7:
2321:Wiadomości Hydrobiologiczne
2288:Wiadomości Hydrobiologiczne
2217:(in Polish). Archived from
2211:"Między głodem a drapieżcą"
2186:Tatry słowackie. Przewodnik
1521:Nižné Temnosmrečinské pleso
1367:Valley of Five Polish Ponds
1073:Vyšné Temnosmrečinské pleso
950:Nižné Temnosmrečinské pleso
10:
2462:
2279:Kownacki, Andrzej (2012).
1862:
1789:Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer
1701:Polish Academy of Sciences
1690:Slovak Academy of Sciences
1280:Slovak Academy of Sciences
400:, and water reservoirs on
156:
2402:Tatry Polskie: przewodnik
1125:Vyšné Wahlenbergovo pleso
590:Czerwony Staw Pańszczycki
356:), overflow ponds (e.g.,
2436:Lakes of the High Tatras
2167:Acta Hydrologica Slovaca
2086:Stawy w krajobrazie Tatr
2014:Tatrzański Park Narodowy
1883:. This lake was home to
1874:Dwoisty Staw Gąsienicowy
1741:Maciej Bogusz Stęczyński
1591:Dwoisty Staw Gąsienicowy
1477:diel vertical migrations
1203:Zielony Staw Gąsienicowy
584:classified as extremely
510:, which originates from
479:Czarny Potok Gąsienicowy
389:, Nowe Morskie Oko near
288:Pośrednie Stawy Rohackie
262:Dwoisty Staw Gąsienicowy
898:Czarny Staw Gąsienicowy
794:Maximum depth (meters)
761:Wielka Polana Małołącka
746:Czarny Staw Gąsienicowy
654:, while the highest is
490:Czarny Staw Gąsienicowy
430:Classification of lakes
228:Czarny Staw Gąsienicowy
70:Biggest of the lakes –
2312:Galas, Joanna (2013).
1801:Józef Przerwa-Tetmajer
1733:Jan Nepomucen Głowacki
1724:
1654:
1501:
1403:
1333:Zadni Staw Gąsienicowy
1309:
1151:Zelené pleso Krivánske
841:Czarny Staw pod Rysami
797:Volume (cubic meters)
701:Czarny Staw pod Rysami
640:
626:Zadni Staw Gąsienicowy
599:owes its color to the
560:
299:Wyżnie Mnichowe Stawki
260:. Smaller ponds, like
179:Czarny Staw pod Rysami
143:
126:
109:
92:
74:
2371:10.1007/s004420100673
1886:Branchinecta paludosa
1810:in 1829, followed by
1722:
1643:
1586:Branchinecta paludosa
1490:
1471:, where they feed on
1430:, several species of
1391:
1297:
1099:Nižné Terianske pleso
678:Zadni Mnichowy Stawek
624:
617:Morphometric features
604:Pleurocapsa aurantica
549:
488:, which flows out of
367:in the expansions of
132:
115:
98:
80:
69:
2184:Nyka, Józef (1998).
2056:Tatry Wysokie cz. XI
1756:Stanisław Witkiewicz
1705:University of Warsaw
1617:Stanisław Minkiewicz
391:Palenica Białczańska
194:Moraine-dammed lakes
83:Nižné Jamnícke pleso
2363:2001Oecol.128..368G
2250:1986Natur.320..746G
1849:Seweryn Goszczyński
1826:, and many others.
1793:Bajeczny świat Tatr
1771:Zenon Pokrywczyński
1686:Tatra National Park
1670:Jerzy Młodziejowski
1345:Toporowy Staw Wyżni
1278:in 1934 and by the
1002:Przedni Staw Polski
860:Veľké Hincovo pleso
645:Pleso pod Zverovkou
577:suspended particles
569:Veľké Hincovo pleso
521:. Some ponds, like
213:Toporowy Staw Niżni
169:. These are mostly
1816:Franciszek Nowicki
1725:
1655:
1566:Ludwik Birkenmajer
1502:
1404:
1310:
924:Czarny Staw Polski
822:Wielki Staw Polski
697:Wielki Staw Polski
641:
561:
534:Dolné Bystré pleso
380:Nové Štrbské pleso
144:
127:
110:
93:
75:
2446:Lakes of Slovakia
2411:978-83-915859-1-7
2244:(6064): 746–748.
2215:Forum Akademickie
2010:Szafer, Władysław
1752:Leon Wyczółkowski
1571:Antoni Wierzejski
1532:Stanisław Staszic
1464:Daphnia pulicaria
1356:Zadni Staw Polski
1272:
1271:
1047:Zadni Staw Polski
551:Zadni Staw Polski
209:terminal moraines
61:
60:
2453:
2416:
2415:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2258:10.1038/320746a0
2229:
2223:
2222:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2105:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2006:
1955:
1954:
1936:
1882:
1841:
1809:
1779:
1768:
1749:
1678:
1667:
1659:Józef Szaflarski
1653:
1636:
1625:
1615:, together with
1614:
1599:
1579:
1563:
1551:
1529:
1518:
1500:
1492:Pleso nad Skokom
1412:dystrophic lakes
1408:humic substances
1401:
1393:Smreczyński Staw
1375:
1364:
1353:
1341:
1327:
1307:
1256:
1230:
1222:Batizovské pleso
1185:
1159:
1133:
1107:
1081:
1055:
1010:
984:
958:
932:
906:
791:Area (hectares)
782:
781:
769:
754:
742:roche moutonnées
739:
728:
713:
686:
675:
664:
653:
634:
598:
559:
542:
531:
520:
509:
498:
487:
443:
435:Józef Szaflarski
425:
410:
399:
388:
377:
366:
355:
344:
319:fill hollows of
318:
307:
296:
281:
270:
259:
251:Kotlinowy Stawek
236:
221:
206:
198:Smreczyński Staw
191:
142:
125:
108:
91:
56:
53:
47:
24:
16:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2441:Lakes of Poland
2431:Tatra Mountains
2421:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2398:
2394:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2230:
2226:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2182:
2178:
2162:
2156:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2112:
2106:
2093:
2082:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2025:
2021:
2007:
1958:
1951:
1937:
1906:
1902:
1876:
1865:
1835:
1828:Stefan Żeromski
1803:
1773:
1762:
1760:Stanisław Gałek
1743:
1737:Adam Gorczyński
1717:
1672:
1661:
1647:
1630:
1628:Alfred Lityński
1619:
1608:
1606:Ludomir Sawicki
1602:Karol Olszewski
1593:
1573:
1557:
1545:
1539:Ludwik Zejszner
1523:
1512:
1510:Jakob Buchholtz
1494:
1485:
1395:
1386:
1384:Flora and fauna
1369:
1358:
1347:
1335:
1321:
1301:
1292:
1250:
1224:
1179:
1153:
1127:
1101:
1075:
1049:
1028:Popradské pleso
1004:
978:
952:
926:
900:
780:
763:
748:
733:
722:
707:
680:
669:
658:
647:
628:
619:
592:
553:
536:
525:
514:
503:
492:
481:
474:
472:Characteristics
437:
432:
419:
404:
393:
382:
371:
360:
349:
338:
321:roche moutonnée
312:
301:
290:
275:
264:
253:
230:
215:
200:
185:
159:
151:Tatra Mountains
136:
119:
102:
85:
64:
57:
51:
48:
41:
29:This article's
25:
12:
11:
5:
2459:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2392:
2357:(3): 368–378.
2337:
2334:on 2013-11-10.
2304:
2301:on 2013-11-10.
2271:
2224:
2221:on 2008-11-18.
2201:
2194:
2176:
2145:
2126:
2091:
2061:
2046:
2019:
1956:
1949:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1891:glacial relict
1864:
1861:
1785:Eye of the Sea
1716:
1713:
1555:Leopold Świerz
1484:
1481:
1459:filter feeding
1385:
1382:
1291:
1288:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
998:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
875:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
837:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
779:
776:
667:Batizovské oká
618:
615:
473:
470:
469:
468:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
431:
428:
167:Western Tatras
158:
155:
62:
59:
58:
38:the key points
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2458:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2330:
2326:
2323:(in Polish).
2322:
2315:
2308:
2297:
2293:
2290:(in Polish).
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2195:83-901580-8-6
2191:
2187:
2180:
2173:(1): 161–187.
2172:
2169:(in Slovak).
2168:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2138:(in Polish).
2137:
2130:
2122:
2119:(in Polish).
2118:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:(in Polish).
2030:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1950:83-7104-009-1
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1824:Leopold Lewin
1821:
1820:Jerzy Liebert
1817:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:Štrbské pleso
1721:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1660:
1651:
1646:
1645:Račkove plesá
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:phytoplankton
1470:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:invertebrates
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1308:with ice floe
1305:
1300:
1299:Okrúhle pleso
1296:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
989:
986:
982:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
963:
960:
956:
951:
948:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
930:
925:
922:
921:
917:
914:
911:
908:
904:
899:
896:
895:
891:
888:
885:
882:
880:
879:Štrbské pleso
877:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
783:
775:
773:
767:
762:
758:
752:
747:
743:
737:
732:
726:
721:
715:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
688:
684:
679:
673:
668:
662:
657:
651:
646:
638:
632:
627:
623:
614:
612:
607:
605:
602:
601:cyanobacteria
596:
591:
587:
582:
581:littoral zone
578:
574:
570:
566:
557:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
529:
524:
518:
513:
507:
502:
496:
491:
485:
480:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
446:
445:
441:
436:
427:
423:
418:
414:
408:
403:
397:
392:
386:
381:
375:
370:
364:
359:
353:
348:
342:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
316:
311:
310:Zamrznuté oká
305:
300:
294:
289:
285:
279:
274:
268:
263:
257:
252:
249:or the small
248:
247:Štrbské pleso
244:
240:
234:
229:
225:
219:
214:
210:
204:
199:
195:
189:
184:
183:Okrúhle pleso
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
154:
152:
148:
140:
135:
131:
123:
118:
114:
106:
101:
97:
89:
84:
79:
73:
68:
55:
45:
39:
37:
32:
27:
23:
18:
17:
2401:
2395:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2329:the original
2324:
2320:
2307:
2296:the original
2291:
2287:
2274:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2219:the original
2214:
2204:
2185:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2085:
2055:
2049:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2013:
1940:
1884:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1852:
1851:in his work
1844:
1831:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1782:
1726:
1698:
1656:
1584:
1582:fairy shrimp
1536:
1506:limnological
1503:
1462:
1448:
1405:
1378:
1330:
1315:frozen ponds
1314:
1311:
1273:
720:Zmrzlé pleso
716:
689:
642:
608:
603:
586:oligotrophic
562:
475:
433:
358:Rybie Stawki
325:
273:Anitino očko
239:kettle lakes
160:
146:
145:
134:Dračie pleso
49:
33:
31:lead section
1877: [
1836: [
1804: [
1774: [
1763: [
1744: [
1673: [
1662: [
1648: [
1631: [
1620: [
1609: [
1604:. In 1909,
1594: [
1574: [
1558: [
1546: [
1524: [
1513: [
1495: [
1469:photic zone
1455:zooplankton
1451:river trout
1436:crustaceans
1424:Turbellaria
1396: [
1370: [
1359: [
1348: [
1336: [
1322: [
1319:Modré pleso
1302: [
1251: [
1248:Capie pleso
1225: [
1180: [
1154: [
1128: [
1102: [
1076: [
1050: [
1005: [
979: [
953: [
927: [
901: [
835:12,967,000
803:Morskie Oko
774:formation.
764: [
749: [
734: [
723: [
708: [
693:Morskie Oko
687:(2,070 m).
681: [
670: [
659: [
656:Modré pleso
648: [
629: [
611:thermocline
593: [
554: [
537: [
526: [
523:Siwe Stawki
515: [
504: [
493: [
482: [
438: [
420: [
405: [
402:Bystra Woda
394: [
383: [
372: [
361: [
350: [
339: [
336:Tiché pleso
328:karst lakes
313: [
302: [
291: [
276: [
265: [
254: [
231: [
224:Morskie Oko
216: [
201: [
186: [
163:High Tatras
147:Tatra lakes
137: [
120: [
117:Capie pleso
103: [
100:Ťažké pleso
86: [
72:Morskie Oko
52:August 2024
2425:Categories
2123:: 295–310.
1900:References
1894:crustacean
1812:Adam Asnyk
1504:The first
1022:1,130,000
970:1,501,500
944:2,825,800
918:3,797,800
892:1,299,400
873:4,091,712
854:7,761,700
816:9,935,000
785:Lake name
757:Kurtkowiec
501:Žabí potok
369:Rybi Potok
347:Mokra Jama
177:, such as
173:, filling
2379:0029-8549
2351:Oecologia
2266:0028-0836
2041:0867-4531
1845:The Ashes
1537:In 1849,
1290:Ice cover
740:) or are
637:Kościelec
332:sinkholes
36:summarize
2387:24549906
2012:(1962).
1444:copepods
1432:mollusks
1428:protozoa
1420:rotifers
1282:and the
1268:163,987
1259:2,075.3
1242:232,089
1233:1,884.2
1216:260,500
1207:1,671.7
1197:325,244
1188:1,674.6
1171:288,685
1162:2,012.5
1145:392,078
1136:2,157.0
1119:871,668
1110:1,940.4
1093:414,712
1084:1,724.8
1067:918,400
1058:1,889.6
1041:504,380
1032:1,494.3
1013:1,668.3
996:839,413
987:1,699.1
961:1,677.0
935:1,722.1
909:1,619.6
883:1,346.6
864:1,944.8
845:1,579.5
826:1,664.6
807:1,392.8
639:mountain
573:plankton
330:filling
243:dead ice
2359:Bibcode
2246:Bibcode
1863:Threats
1847:), and
1833:Popioły
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