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mostly by the most senior tawaif of the kotha. Tawaifs enjoyed influence among writers, journalists and poets. The poets longed for a tawaif to sing their works and asked the famous tawaif if she could sing his poems. In those days, having tawaif perform his own work was a way to ensure that poetry would be remembered and passed down from generation to generation. A Tawaif had an unconventional approach to relationships, where female performers were expected to remain unmarried but were permitted to have relationships with patrons. Tawaifs traditionally served loyal mistresses to wealthy patrons. Only once a relationship was terminated, either due to the death of their patron or a mutual decision to part ways, would a tawaif look to enter into another relationship.
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to dodge guns, goons and Ghalibâs ghazals. The tawaifs who are still performing no longer have the same literary education as before, but they are not sex workers, "a courtesan is no less than a circus performer, balancing a bottle on her head".They are all trained in Kathak, to regale the men who visit them in the evenings. Another skill they are expected to master is singing. Ghazals, hori and thumris, they know it all to the best of their ability. But just enough to earn a livelihood.In addition to performing at kotha, tawaifs also performed during weddings at home, celebrations of child birth and other festivities, provided the entertainment of singing and dancing.The
708:
retaliation from colonial authorities. Their kotha was searched and their belongings confiscated. The
Victorian-era morality project, which placed a premium on womenâs chastity and domesticity. As public performers, tawaifs were equated with prostitutes and their kothas were branded as brothels. Mujra dance originally did not refer to vulgar dance, but an elegant and ceremonial dance, usually performed by tawaif. During the British colonial period, some tawaifs became prostitute. The distinction between prostitutes and tawaifs began to blur. Some prostitutes also called their erotic dances mujra dance. Mujra dance gradually became associated with sex and prostitution.
256:
740:, there were still tawaif performing activities in the area, Heera Mandi retained its reputation as a centre of the performing arts. After the partition, young and attractive tawaifs from Heera Mandi became the first choice of Pakistan filmmakers. Tawaifs from Heera Mandi joined the Lollywood industry and gained much fame and wealth. Some of the most skilled tawaifs performed as backup dancers in early Pakistan films.In Heera Mandi and surrounding areas, there were many dance classrooms and music classrooms, which were closed as the tawaifs and musicians left.
413:
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years of rigorous training. Tawaif is a performer who thrives on sponsorship from the royal and aristocratic families, and the dancers are responsible for performing mujra dance with good manners. True mujra dance is elegant, complex, and artistic, presented in an elegant manner. At grand occasions such as a marriage or the birth of a male heir, the tawaif is also invited to perform. In such occasions, they usually perform a mythological or legendary story, like singing. The tawaifs would dance, sing (especially
33:
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as performers in the newly emerging industries of mass entertainment, such as the gramophone, theatre and later films. The earliest singers to record for the gramophone, in the early 20th century, came from tawaif backgrounds, as did the first actresses of Parsi theatre and, later, the âtalkiesâ, films with sound. A majority of tawaifs could not make this transition, however, and continued to perform within their kothas to a dwindling group of patrons.
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and wives of maharajas and wealthy individuals. They were the first singers to record on gramophone with the emergence of that new technology. With the emergence of movies, however, they lost popularity. With their traditional spaces and modes of music rehearsal under attack, many tawaifs found space
401:
festival. Such events provided significant platform for tawaifs, not just for the patronage but also for the opportunity it offered for tawaifs to showcase their skills to general audiences and, thereby, retain societal acceptability for their trade. As a result of their popularity many dancing girls
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The kotha of a tawaif is a performance space and as a guardian of arts and culture, and is only open to the city's elite and wealthy patrons. In these rarified spaces, tawaifs would compose poetry, sing and dance with live musical composition, as well as performing at banquets, all of which required
755:
With the development of time, the tawaif in India has gradually disappeared. In the 1980s, when kothas were no longer recognized as centres for aesthetics, and society disapproved of the tawaifâs art, as they felt it was sex work in the guise of adakari (performance). It was an era when tawaifs had
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tradition in Japan, their main purpose was to professionally entertain their guests, and while sex was often incidental, it was not assured contractually. High-class or the most popular tawaifs could often pick and choose among the best of their suitors. Tawaifs performed at temples during holidays
421:
There were hierarchies among the performing artists, and the tawaifs were at the top, a class distinct from street performers and prostitutes. (A Tawaif is a dancer, not a prostitute.) Tawaif kothas, where the tawaifs often lived and performed, would host meetings of local intelligentsia, presided
355:
poetry and etiquette from tawaifs. The boys would be told to sit and observe how a tawaif goes about her interactions. The Tawaif's contribution to society came from a tradition of families and enjoyed a hierarchy. The uppermost echelon of tawaifs was entrusted with the responsibility of teaching
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which included the ability to recognise and appreciate good music and literature, perhaps even practice it, especially the art of ghazal writing. They also became teachers for the sons of wealthy and elite families, who would often send their sons to kothas so that they could learn Urdu speaking,
108:
girlâ during the
British rule. Tawaifs were largely a North Indian institution central to Mughal court culture from the 16th century onwards and became even more prominent with the weakening of Mughal rule in the mid-18th century. They contributed significantly to the continuation of traditional
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The tawaifs had actively participated in anti-British actions behind the scenes. Their buildings, known as "kothas", became meeting areas and hiding places for anti-British elements. Those tawaifs who accumulated wealth provided financial support to anti-British elements. Some tawaifs suffered
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326:, connotes abstinence, devotion, discipline and hard labour. At a mundane level, regular riyaz is necessary for a flawless performance before an audience.Many well-known tawaifs practiced and learned music throughout their careers, seeking masters from different music traditions (
128:
said: âThe word âtawaifâ deserves respect, not disdain. A lot of them were singers and not sex workers. People think of them as prostitutes, undermining their value as great musicians.âOn 12 May 2024, Pakistan's Dawn newspaper described tawaif as "cultural idols and female
365:(manners) to the kings and young princes. They would also familiarize the royalty with the finer nuances of poetry, music, dance and literature. By the 18th century, they had become the central element of polite, refined culture in North India.
306:
associated with their craft, in which they were seen as experts.During the Mughal period, prostitutes were known as randi, kasbi and thakahi,some prostitutes also sing and dance, but many of them did not even have access to artistic training.
168:
referred to a courtesan or public dancing girl. Ganikas were trained in fine arts like dance and music in order to entertain kings, princes, and other wealthy patrons on religious and social occasions. Women competed to win the title of a
416:
Painting of a Tawaif from 1931. She would be accomplished in the arts of music, dancing and poetry and would entertain the men of the court, particularly in Moghul India. Her elegance and expensive gold-embroidered veil show her high
433:, the services of Tawaifs were no longer valued and even the most highly trained dancing girls were reviled as lewd by the Victorian standards of the British. Despite this, British men were happy to take local women as
768:"Tawaifs & Kothas" cultural tour initiated by "Enroute Indian History". Explore the lives of the tawaifs or dancing girls on a heritage walk through the streets of Shahjahanabad with Enroute Indian History.
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took place in a temple in the presence of a king who honoured her with titles and gifts and she would be well versed in temple rituals and took part in temple festivals. Devadasis were well received across
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in 1856 sounded the first death-knell for this medieval-era institution. It was soon looked down upon with disfavour by the colonial government, and the tawaifs were eventually forced to go into
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and participated in temple celebrations, which had been passed down from generation to generation. They also had the tradition of performing at the Burhwa Mangal bazaar in the spring after
2532:
314:, high-class courtesans who served the rich and noble. Unsurprisingly then, their training in music and dance started at a very young age, under the guidance and tutelage of renowned
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in
Calcutta brought an end to the kothas in the busy commercial district. As dance bars and disco music replaced mujras, kathak and thumri, the tawaifs abandoned the profession.
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2470:"Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2015) 'The missÄ«-stained finger-tip of the fair': A cultural history of teeth and gum blackening in South Asia. eJournal of Indian Medicine 8(1): 1â32"
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A Few Famous
Tawaifs of the Time, THE TAWAIF, THE ANTI â NAUTCH MOVEMENT, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH INDIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC: Part 6 â The Passing of the Torch
649:(12 July 1901 â 25 February 1982), Pakistani classical, ghazal singer and actress. She was known as The Queen of Music for singing songs in films and on radio.
408:"struck by their collars of gold studded with diamonds, rubies and pearls, bracelets on their arms, girdles below and, of necessity, anklets on their feet.".
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They used to be the only source of popular music and dance and were often invited to perform on weddings and other occasions. Some of them became
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Indian
Classical Dance and the Making of Postcolonial National Identities: Dancing on Empire's Stage, Sitara Thobani, Routledge, 27 March 2017
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Schoffield, Katherine Butler (April 2012). "The
Courtesan Tale: Female Musicians and Dancers in Mughal Historical Chronicles, c.1556â1748".
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of
Hindustani classical music. She is also known by her honorific title Malika-e-Mauseeqi (The Queen of Music) in both Pakistan and India.
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697:(11 November 1931 â 11 December 2007), Pakistani singer, known as "The Queen of Yesteryear" for singing songs in films and on radio.
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writing and enunciation, as well as social skills employed in cultivating patrons and retaining them, particularly the complex
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in his famous study of India in the 11th century recorded that about 500 dancing girls were active in the
Somnath temple.
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703:(10 July 1918 â 20 October 2008), Pakistani folk singer, known as "The Singing Siren" and "The Nightingale of Lahore".
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1998:
630:(15 February 1915 â December 1945) Indian singer and actress, often referred to as the "Nightingale of Bengal".
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590:(7 October 1914 â 30 October 1974), Indian singer and actress, known as "Mallika-e-Ghazal" (Queen of Ghazals).
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1479:(depicts a tawaif in a supporting role, often in situations where a man in a loveless marriage goes to her.)
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girls to the
British) were forced to go into prostitution due to a lack of opportunities by the time of the
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Miniature painting showing
Qudsiya Begum being entertained with fireworks and dance (1742 CE by Mir Miran)
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who visited India in the 7th century testified to the large number of dancing girls in the Sun Temple of
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Once a trainee had matured and possessed a sufficient command over dancing and singing, she became a
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2605:"Tawaifs and tehzeeb: Notes from a symposium on courtesans' contributions to art, freedom struggle"
2008:
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in India opposed them as social decadence.But some tawaif and institutions still survived until
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675:(1925â2004), Indian singer in the light Hindustani classical style, known as The Thumri Queen.
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The Tawaif, The Anti â Nautch Movement, and the Development of North Indian Classical Music
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After the British colonization, although more brothels and prostitutes were operating in
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The tawaif's introduction into her profession was marked by a celebration, the so-called
255:
150:
62:
3117:
3007:"Beyond Heeramandi: A brief history of India's courtesans sans the glamour of Bollywood"
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2505:"Prabha Khaitan Foundation launches Vikram Sampath's book 'Mera Naam Gauhar Jaan Hai'"
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Essay on Asia art, history, epigraphy and culture in Honour of Gouriswar Bhattacharya
3479:
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but were uninterested in becoming patrons of the formerly well tolerated tawaifs of
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Many girls were taken at a young age and trained in both performing arts, including
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dance and music forms. The tawaifs excelled in and contributed to music, dance (
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3157:"Tawaifs & Kothas : Exploring Chawri Bazaar (Old Delhi Heritage Walk)"
1858:
1823:
1808:
1498:
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633:
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237:
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and imparted the divine knowledge of dance unto humans. The first dance of the
158:
2800:
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3370:""Deewar-e-Shab" Teaser Is All About An Artisan's Love Story [Video]"
1735:
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20:
1945:
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153:, with one of the earliest references to the profession being the character
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618:(1892â1949), Indian master music composer, singer, actress, and film maker.
587:
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403:
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ceremony, that customarily included the inaugural blackening of her teeth.
130:
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596:(1862â1941), Indian actress, pioneering entrepreneur of the Bengali stage.
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4265:
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1205:
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512:(a notable classical singer who sang for India's first-ever record), and
509:
477:
434:
426:
202:
154:
125:
85:
74:
3533:
3420:"'Tawaifnama' review: Banaras down the ages through the eyes of tawaifs"
2623:"The Sonshine Years: Bitter-sweet Memories of Growing up in Kamathipura"
5242:
3777:
3772:
3690:
3639:
3448:
Urdu edition release www.oup.com.pk/pdf/higherEducation/urdu.pdf Kalunk
1939:
1799:
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182:
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32:
2917:"Niggo - A Heera Mandi girl in Lollywood and victim of honour killing"
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1973:
1957:
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118:
47:
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1909:
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The image of the tawaif has had an enduring appeal, immortalized in
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3172:"Making a Woman from a Tawaif:Courtesans as Heroes in Hindi Cinema"
2127:
Dance in Thumri, Projesh Banerji, Abhinav Publications, 1986, p. 31
1303:
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457:
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327:
210:
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197:
193:
178:
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1988:
1968:
1927:
1759:
719:
tawaifs performing at Hyderabad, in the presence of the courtiers
682:
666:
643:(1873â1930), who created the first Indian song recording in 1902.
263:
189:
2181:"WIDE ANGLE: WHAT HEERAMANDI GETS WRONG ABOUT COURTESAN CULTURE"
2163:"Harking back: 'Lahore cannot be understood. It has to be felt'"
743:
141:
5392:
5168:
5124:
5114:
5084:
5040:
4916:
4891:
3934:
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1983:
1915:
1447:
1399:
1015:
1007:
873:
865:
857:
609:
442:
430:
393:
378:
374:
370:
323:
291:
287:
275:
259:
214:
105:
93:
70:
54:
50:
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445:, and even less interested in spending lavish sums upon them.
23:. For the small kingdoms of Al-Andalus known as tawa'if, see
5158:
5143:
5109:
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5070:
5025:
4432:
3941:
3876:
3475:
The tribes and castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh
1978:
1933:
1653:
691:(1868-1913), Hindustani classical singer of the Agra gharana.
524:
341:
319:
315:
295:
271:
241:
233:
110:
24:
3322:"TV adaptation of Rajinder Singh Bedi's 'Lajwanti' launched"
504:(Wajid Ali's first wife who played an important role in the
5287:
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5060:
665:(1917 â 6 December 1982), vocalist belonging to the Kirana
624:(15 July 1890 â 1 January 1986), Indian actress and singer.
398:
299:
229:
114:
58:
4813:â India's first European-style brewery still in operation:
5055:
5030:
2801:
GAUHER JAN FIRST INDIAN RECORD IN KOLKATTA, Oct 31, 2009
173:. The most beautiful woman, and most talented in various
101:
2840:"Tawaifs: The Unsung heroes of India's Freedom Struggle"
2637:"Tawaifnama: A brief history of Tawaif culture in India"
2580:
Nautch girls of India : dancers, singers, playmates
2519:"Tawaifnama: A brief history of Tawaif culture in India"
2456:"Tawaifnama: A brief history of Tawaif culture in India"
2290:
Nautch girls of India : dancers, singers, playmates
2045:"Tawaifs: The Unsung heroes of India's Freedom Struggle"
402:
became very wealthy, according to Portuguese traveller,
117:
literary tradition, and were considered an authority on
602:(1892â1983), Indian actress, director and screenwriter.
406:
the dancing girls were fabulously rich and Domingo was
104:
these professional singers and dancers were dubbed as â
2813:"Zareena Begum, Awadh's last royal singer, dies at 88"
1936:, a similar profession in the pre-modern Islamic world
232:
region and the subsequent atmosphere of 16th century
3133:
The Last Courtesan : Writing My Mother's Memoir
3072:
The Last Courtesan : Writing My Mother's Memoir
3047:
The Last Courtesan : Writing My Mother's Memoir
3022:
The Last Courtesan : Writing My Mother's Memoir
2788:"A TALE OF TWO WOMEN - in search of their own songs"
3344:"Bazar 1990 comprehension |Manto | bazar| telefilm"
448:Some of the most prominent tawaifs in history were
2265:Nautch girls of India: Dancers, singers, playmates
3510:The courtesan's arts: cross-cultural perspectives
2969:TABOO: The Hidden Culture of a Red Light District
2944:TABOO: The Hidden Culture of a Red Light District
2752:TABOO: The Hidden Culture of a Red Light District
2727:TABOO: The Hidden Culture of a Red Light District
2702:TABOO: The Hidden Culture of a Red Light District
2652:TABOO: The Hidden Culture of a Red Light District
1864:Akhtari : The Life and Music of Begum Akhtar
1814:TABOO: The Hidden Culture of a Red Light District
298:. The training of young tawaifs also encompassed
5431:
2147:. Chennai, India. 11 August 2004. Archived from
636:(1912 â 2004), Pakistani ghazal and folk singer.
318:(masters). Young girls regularly spent hours in
4995:Consumption of alcohol vs other drinks in India
519:A number of television and film actresses from
2903:"Heera Mandi: Red-Light Area With ARoyal Past"
2231:
852:. Films with a tawaif as a character include:
4736:
4028:
3549:
2993:"Footprints: When shahi mohallah fell silent"
2199:"The Ganika in Buddhist and Jaina literature"
685:(1947 â 12 May 2018),Indian classical singer.
583:in 1947. Some of the famous tawaifs include:
236:made arts-related careers a viable prospect.
177:, was chosen as the Nagarvadhu. For example,
5000:Global comparison of Per capital consumption
4790:History of alcoholic drinks in ancient India
3264:"THE ICON REVIEW: A SEPARATION FROM HISTORY"
2679:. HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 34â36.
3478:. Asian Educational Services. p. 364.
575:due to a lack of employment opportunities.
344:-to-be were sent to these tawaifs to learn
4743:
4729:
4042:
4035:
4021:
3556:
3542:
2339:"7 - Cultural Clash: From Tawaif to Kasbi"
2061:
1567:
550:
149:Tawaifs have existed for centuries in the
3563:
1906:, a similar profession in the Middle East
192:was said to have been born on earth as a
188:It is believed in folkloric history that
4632:Social impact of Indian television drama
3239:"Ash glows at the mahurat of Umrao Jaan"
2857:The History of Mujra Dancing in Pakistan
2359:. ORIENT PAPERBACKS. 1970. p. 104.
742:
710:
554:
411:
383:
254:
140:
31:
4927:India's non-indigenous alcoholic drinks
2602:
2357:UMRAO JAN ADA: THE COURTESAN OF LUCKNOW
1948:, a similar profession in ancient India
1942:, a similar profession in ancient India
1622:(2004), PTV telefilm based on story by
1506:
1483:
655:(1902 â 15 December 1974), Indian
16:Historical term for courtesans in India
5432:
3471:
3130:
3069:
3044:
3019:
2971:. Made for Success. pp. 377â378.
2966:
2941:
2754:. Made for Success. pp. 377â378.
2749:
2724:
2699:
2649:
2577:
2384:. Rupa Publcations India. p. 45.
2379:
2287:
2262:
1900:Similar professions in other cultures
763:
480:(who rose to rule the principality of
266:, an albumen print by Frith, c.1870's.
5233:Bollywood and historic alcohol deaths
4724:
4016:
3537:
3096:"Revisiting The Courtesans of Bombay"
2674:
330:) to add to their performance style.
5381:State alcohol marketing corporations
4750:
2654:. Made for Success. pp. 85â86.
2582:. Ravi Kumar Publisher. p. 30.
2533:"Courtesans resisted male dominance"
2429:
2292:. Ravi Kumar Publisher. p. 35.
2029:
2027:
1954:, a similar profession in Azerbaijan
775:
496:(patronised by Lucknow's last nawab
388:Tawaif Mah Laqa Bai dancing in court
4886:India's indigenous alcoholic drinks
3372:. propakistani.pk. 28 December 2022
2837:
2042:
1866:by Yatindra Mishra, Maneesha Taneja
61:who catered to the nobility of the
13:
3501:
3459:"StreeShakti - the Parallel Force"
2777:, David Courtney, 23 February 2016
2668:
2541:. 29 December 2002. Archived from
2267:. Prakriti India. pp. 19â22.
806:by removing the content or adding
771:
248:expert dancing girl whom he named
36:Tawaif Mah Laqa Bai singing poetry
14:
5481:
4933:Indian-made foreign liquor (IMFL)
4869:Indian-made foreign liquor (IMFL)
3717:Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee
3522:
3215:. 4 November 2006. Archived from
3169:
3074:. HarperCollins. pp. 28â34.
2946:. Made for Success. p. 158.
2729:. Made for Success. p. 158.
2704:. Made for Success. p. 325.
2024:
1912:, a similar profession in Vietnam
1536:Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali
488:(who became the wife of Maharaja
377:) and entertain their suitors at
2603:Deodhar, Neerja (11 June 2019).
2314:"A hundred years of unsung love"
2076:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01673.x
1789:
780:
4456:Proposed states and territories
3507:Martha Feldman, Bonnie Gordon.
3451:
3439:
3412:
3398:
3384:
3362:
3336:
3314:
3300:
3270:
3256:
3231:
3199:
3163:
3149:
3124:
3106:
3088:
3063:
3038:
3013:
2999:
2985:
2960:
2935:
2909:
2895:
2881:
2866:
2850:
2831:
2805:
2794:
2780:
2768:
2743:
2718:
2693:
2643:
2629:
2615:
2596:
2571:
2557:
2525:
2511:
2497:
2483:
2462:
2448:
2423:
2398:
2373:
2349:
2331:
2306:
2281:
2256:
2239:"The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum"
2216:
1960:, a similar profession in China
1930:, a similar profession in Korea
1924:, a similar profession in Japan
1918:, a similar profession in Japan
340:It is also believed that young
3589:Prostitution in colonial India
3135:. HarperCollins. p. 171.
3049:. HarperCollins. p. 171.
3024:. HarperCollins. p. 155.
2873:Mujra: A Misunderstood Concept
2191:
2173:
2155:
2131:
2120:
2090:
2055:
2036:
1999:Prostitution in colonial India
567:The annexation of Oudh by the
19:For the 1985 Indian film, see
1:
3671:Chaturbhuj Sthan, Muzaffarpur
2889:"In search of the other song"
2017:
1560:Heeramandi:The Diamond Bazaar
539:also were tawaifs, including
4854:Alcohol prohibition in India
3599:Prostitution in Kuki society
3392:"THE TUBE Pehli Si Muhabbat"
2838:Rao, Soumya (20 June 2019).
2043:Rao, Soumya (20 June 2019).
1881:The Unsung Martyred Tawayafs
1160:Pran Jaye Par Vachan Na Jaye
7:
4962:Alcohol deadly for drinking
4859:Drink driving laws of India
4826:â India's first malt whisky
4220:Water supply and sanitation
1893:
835:
747:Nautch dancer or Tawaif in
535:. A number of singers from
484:in western Uttar Pradesh),
244:himself was enchanted by a
10:
5486:
4800:History of whisky in India
4107:Public distribution system
1544:A Suitable Boy (TV series)
758:1993 Bow Bazaar bomb blast
731:
657:Hindustani classical music
280:Hindustani classical music
136:
124:Indian writer and scholar
65:, particularly during the
18:
5406:
5380:
5339:
5324:Violence against children
5189:
4982:
4877:
4841:
4832:â India's most iconic rum
4820:â Asia'a first beer brand
4756:
4645:
4622:Films about social issues
4600:
4547:
4484:
4446:
4413:
4340:
4289:
4233:
4190:
4167:
4050:
3826:
3735:
3704:
3658:
3617:
3571:
3174:. University of Auckland.
2675:Brown, Louise T. (2006).
2382:Mera Naam Gauhar Jaan Hai
1805:Mera Naam Gauhar Jaan Hai
1691:(2013), a television film
1671:(2009), a television film
1360:Mangal Pandey: The Rising
802:Please help Knowledge to
639:Malka Jaan, and daughter
46:was a highly successful
5460:Culture of Uttar Pradesh
5214:Alcohol poisonings cases
4795:History of beer in India
3712:All Bengal Women's Union
3472:Crooke, William (1999).
3346:. KTV Prime. 27 May 2019
3310:. Samvaad Video Pvt.Ltd.
3131:Manish, Gaekwad (2023).
3070:Manish, Gaekwad (2023).
3045:Manish, Gaekwad (2023).
3020:Manish, Gaekwad (2023).
2565:"Chronicling courtesans"
2491:"Chronicling courtesans"
2406:"The Last Song of Awadh"
2380:Vikram, Sampath (2012).
2009:Prostitution in Pakistan
1965:Similar topics in India
1491:The Courtesans of Bombay
523:were tawaifs, including
425:However by the time the
157:from the 5th century BC
80:Known variously as
4090:National Pension System
3900:Laaga Chunari Mein Daag
3748:Bangalore Nagarathnamma
3594:Prostitution in Kolkata
3282:Washington Bangla Radio
2677:Dancing Girls of Lahore
2434:. Context. p. 90.
2223:Spectrum lead article,
1641:Makan Aka Home a Heaven
1568:In Pakistani television
1368:Kisna: The Warrior Poet
1176:Sharafat Chhod Di Maine
551:British colonial period
286:, poetry (particularly
5357:United Breweries Group
5329:Violence against women
4428:Caste-related violence
4144:Universal basic income
4044:Social issues in India
3604:Prostitution in Mumbai
3406:"THE TUBE Namak Haram"
3187:Cite journal requires
3114:"Courtesans of Bombay"
2967:Fouzia, Saeed (2014).
2942:Fouzia, Saeed (2014).
2817:www.hindustantimes.com
2750:Fouzia, Saeed (2014).
2725:Fouzia, Saeed (2014).
2700:Fouzia, Saeed (2014).
2650:Fouzia, Saeed (2014).
1528:Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!
1222:Devadasu Malli Puttadu
752:
720:
564:
418:
389:
267:
146:
37:
5445:Sex industry in India
4849:Alcohol laws of India
4627:Freedom of expression
3928:Pati Patni Aur Tawaif
3705:NGOs and associations
3659:Major red-light areas
3584:Prostitution in India
3565:Prostitution in India
3120:on 13 September 2024.
3102:on 13 September 2024.
2921:Daily Pakistan Global
2578:Nevile, Pran (1996).
2345:on 13 September 2024.
2288:Nevile, Pran (1996).
2263:Nevile, Pran (1996).
2004:Prostitution in India
1871:Nautch Girls of India
1704:Alif Allah Aur Insaan
1588:Samandar Hai Darmiyan
1320:Pati Patni Aur Tawaif
976:Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam
746:
714:
558:
415:
387:
258:
224:The patronage of the
144:
35:
5440:Obsolete occupations
5414:Agriculture in India
5139:Other accompaniments
4476:Separatist movements
3691:Shivdaspur, Varanasi
2545:on 16 September 2011
2430:Saba, Dewan (2019).
2187:on 8 September 2024.
2169:on 8 September 2024.
2151:on 27 November 2004.
2064:Gender & History
1883:by Dr. K.S. Bhardwaj
1584:(1995), drama on STN
1578:(1995), drama on STN
1507:In Indian television
1484:In documentary films
1214:Muqaddar Ka Sikandar
804:improve this article
581:India's independence
209:and Chinese pilgrim
113:), theatre, and the
5130:South Indian snacks
4514:Illegal immigration
4159:Widening income gap
3736:Notable individuals
3686:Meergunj, Allahabad
3681:Kamathipura, Mumbai
3609:Sacred prostitution
3513:. pp. 312â352.
3324:. 15 September 2015
2567:. 11 February 2020.
2493:. 11 February 2020.
2098:"Fall of a culture"
1836:novel by Hasan Shah
1552:Jubilee (TV series)
1281:Maati Maangey Khoon
1198:Shatranj Ke Khilari
816:independent sources
764:Cultural influences
559:Singer and dancer,
151:Indian subcontinent
69:era. Many tawaifs (
63:Indian subcontinent
5455:Culture of Lucknow
5450:Courtesans by type
5309:Domestic violence
5283:Shiv Kumar Batalvi
5198:Alcohol and health
4466:Religious violence
4327:Female infanticide
4312:Child prostitution
4129:Standard of living
3842:Born into Brothels
3827:In popular culture
3753:Begum Hazrat Mahal
3696:Sonagachi, Kolkata
3666:Budhwar Peth, Pune
3212:The Times of India
3170:Booth, Gregory D.
3009:. 2 February 2024.
2891:. 25 January 2011.
2538:The Times of India
2225:The Sunday Tribune
2139:"Mapping cultures"
1849:The Last Courtesan
1844:Saadat Hasan Manto
1744:Khuda Aur Mohabbat
1624:Saadat Hasan Manto
1455:Hamidabai Ki Kothi
1432:Thugs Of Hindostan
753:
721:
569:East India Company
565:
502:Begum Hazrat Mahal
419:
390:
373:), recite poetry (
268:
164:. In early India,
147:
38:
5470:Pakistani tawaifs
5465:Indian courtesans
5427:
5426:
5304:Alcoholic poverty
5268:Nachhatar Chhatta
5209:Alcohol poisoning
4864:Dry Days in India
4718:
4717:
4504:Human trafficking
4317:Child trafficking
4246:Domestic violence
4215:Natural disasters
4210:Manual scavenging
4070:Farmers' suicides
4010:
4009:
3640:Nagarvadhu system
3579:Indian Penal Code
3485:978-81-206-1210-5
3278:"The Black Woman"
2995:. 21 August 2015.
2108:on 10 August 2011
1851:by Manish Gaekwad
1752:Pehli Si Muhabbat
1677:(2010), PTV drama
1657:(2006), PTV drama
1649:(2006), PTV drama
1631:(2004), PTV drama
1610:(2004), PTV drama
1440:Ek Je Chhilo Raja
1096:Aansoo Aur Muskan
945:Zindagi Ya Toofan
833:
832:
514:Zohrabai Agrewali
185:or royal dancer.
5477:
5372:Yuksom Breweries
5164:Indian beverages
4967:Cleaning alcohol
4878:Types of alcohol
4751:Alcohol in India
4745:
4738:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4710:Police brutality
4499:Groom kidnapping
4461:Ethnic relations
4322:Female foeticide
4037:
4030:
4023:
4014:
4013:
3635:Dance bar system
3558:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3308:"Umrao Jaan Ada"
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3288:on 27 April 2011
3284:. Archived from
3274:
3268:
3267:
3266:. 30 April 2023.
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3116:. Archived from
3110:
3104:
3103:
3098:. Archived from
3092:
3086:
3085:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2870:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2809:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2507:. 29 March 2022.
2501:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2341:. Archived from
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2243:tribuneindia.com
2235:
2229:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2183:. Archived from
2177:
2171:
2170:
2165:. Archived from
2159:
2153:
2152:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2104:. Archived from
2094:
2088:
2087:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2034:
2031:
1952:Shamakhi dancers
1887:Dance to Freedom
1829:Mirza Hadi Ruswa
850:Pakistani dramas
828:
825:
819:
784:
783:
776:
717:Mehil-e-Mushaira
663:Roshan Ara Begum
577:Social reformers
506:Indian Rebellion
361:(etiquette) and
252:(heart warmer).
5485:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5402:
5376:
5335:
5219:Substance abuse
5185:
5154:Chewing tobacco
5010:Drinking places
4978:
4873:
4837:
4814:
4810:Kasauli Brewery
4752:
4749:
4719:
4714:
4641:
4596:
4543:
4524:Organised crime
4509:Illegal housing
4480:
4442:
4409:
4385:Menstrual taboo
4336:
4332:Street children
4285:
4256:Family planning
4229:
4186:
4163:
4046:
4041:
4011:
4006:
3822:
3731:
3700:
3676:G.B.Road, Delhi
3654:
3613:
3567:
3562:
3525:
3504:
3502:Further reading
3499:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3467:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3408:. 3 March 2024.
3404:
3403:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3129:
3125:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3018:
3014:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2905:. 3 March 2021.
2901:
2900:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2871:
2867:
2855:
2851:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2625:. 4 March 2022.
2621:
2620:
2616:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2060:
2056:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2015:
1995:Related topics
1896:
1792:
1669:Mere Humnasheen
1570:
1509:
1486:
1477:The Black Woman
1470:Huey Tum Ajnabi
1190:Surraya Bhopali
1136:Gomti Ke Kinare
1104:Insan Aur Aadmi
1072:Kaviya Thalaivi
838:
829:
823:
820:
801:
797:popular culture
785:
781:
774:
772:Popular culture
766:
734:
659:vocal musician.
553:
470:Zainabadi Mahal
205:and modern-day
139:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5483:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5362:United Spirits
5359:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5298:Crime in India
5293:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
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5250:
5245:
5240:
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5228:
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5216:
5211:
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5187:
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5181:
5176:
5171:
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5151:
5146:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4972:Methyl alcohol
4969:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4519:Illegal mining
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4423:Caste politics
4419:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4375:Women's health
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4307:Child marriage
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4271:Nuclear family
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4225:Water disputes
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:Climate change
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4134:Street vendors
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4060:Communications
4056:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3977:Umrao Jaan Ada
3973:
3970:The Other Song
3966:
3959:
3956:Salaam Bombay!
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:Nalini Jameela
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3625:Aadhiya system
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3523:External links
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3484:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3450:
3438:
3411:
3397:
3394:. August 2021.
3383:
3361:
3335:
3313:
3299:
3269:
3255:
3230:
3198:
3189:|journal=
3162:
3148:
3142:978-9356993129
3141:
3123:
3105:
3087:
3081:978-9356993129
3080:
3062:
3056:978-9356993129
3055:
3037:
3031:978-9356993129
3030:
3012:
2998:
2984:
2978:978-1483007397
2977:
2959:
2953:978-1483007397
2952:
2934:
2908:
2894:
2880:
2877:esamskriti.com
2865:
2849:
2830:
2804:
2793:
2779:
2767:
2761:978-1483007397
2760:
2742:
2736:978-1483007397
2735:
2717:
2711:978-1483007397
2710:
2692:
2685:
2667:
2661:978-1483007397
2660:
2642:
2639:. 7 July 2021.
2628:
2614:
2595:
2588:
2570:
2556:
2524:
2521:. 7 July 2021.
2510:
2496:
2482:
2461:
2458:. 7 July 2021.
2447:
2441:978-9388754347
2440:
2422:
2410:Indian Express
2397:
2391:978-8129120588
2390:
2372:
2366:978-8122203936
2365:
2348:
2330:
2305:
2298:
2280:
2274:978-8190068802
2273:
2255:
2230:
2215:
2203:INDIAN CULTURE
2190:
2172:
2154:
2130:
2119:
2089:
2070:(1): 150â171.
2054:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:by A.K. Gandhi
1884:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1859:Malika Pukhraj
1855:Song Sung True
1852:
1846:
1837:
1831:
1824:Umrao Jaan Ada
1820:
1811:
1809:Vikram Sampath
1802:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1635:Bheegi Palkain
1632:
1626:
1617:
1614:Adhoray Khawab
1611:
1605:
1601:Umrao Jaan Ada
1597:
1594:Ghulam Gardish
1591:
1585:
1579:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1513:Umrao jaan ada
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1499:The Other Song
1495:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1328:Dil Aashna Hai
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1261:Deedaar-e-Yaar
1258:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1128:Umrao Jaan Ada
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
992:Mujhe Jeene Do
988:
980:
972:
964:
956:
948:
942:
934:
926:
918:
910:
902:
894:
886:
878:
870:
862:
837:
834:
831:
830:
824:September 2021
795:references to
788:
786:
779:
773:
770:
765:
762:
733:
730:
705:
704:
698:
692:
686:
676:
670:
660:
650:
644:
637:
634:Malika Pukhraj
631:
625:
619:
613:
603:
597:
591:
552:
549:
498:Wajid Ali Shah
159:Sanskrit drama
138:
135:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5482:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:Manufacturers
5338:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5238:Daniyal Mirza
5236:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:Indian snacks
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:Religious use
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:Indian whisky
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4746:
4741:
4739:
4734:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:Superstitions
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4678:Homosexuality
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:Bride burning
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3856:Bazaar-e-Husn
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Binodini Dasi
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Nautch system
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Chukri System
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3460:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3407:
3401:
3393:
3387:
3371:
3365:
3357:
3345:
3339:
3323:
3317:
3309:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3265:
3259:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3219:on 3 May 2012
3218:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3194:
3181:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3002:
2994:
2988:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2923:. 7 June 2017
2922:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2819:. 12 May 2018
2818:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2783:
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2227:, 24 Dec 2000
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2102:Tribune India
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1790:In literature
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1736:Raqs e Bismil
1733:
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1728:Deewar-e-Shab
1725:
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1344:Sardari begum
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997:
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986:
985:
984:Uttar Falguni
981:
978:
977:
973:
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969:
965:
962:
961:
960:Mughal-E-Azam
957:
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953:
949:
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939:
935:
932:
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927:
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906:Chandni Chowk
903:
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827:
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799:
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789:This article
787:
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769:
761:
759:
750:
745:
741:
739:
729:
726:
718:
713:
709:
702:
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696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
680:
679:Zareena Begum
677:
674:
671:
668:
664:
661:
658:
654:
651:
648:
647:Mukhtar Begum
645:
642:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:Binodini Dasi
592:
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582:
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574:
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562:
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548:
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526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
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491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:Mubarak Begum
471:
467:
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336:
331:
329:
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308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:, as well as
281:
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265:
261:
257:
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251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:court in the
227:
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191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
143:
134:
132:
131:intellectuals
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
44:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:Tawaif (film)
5419:Ethanol fuel
5352:Mohan Meakin
5347:Khoday Group
5296:
5273:Ranjit Singh
5263:Meena Kumari
5253:K. L. Saigal
5232:
5196:
5138:
5079:
5051:Prostitution
5035:
5008:
4989:
4961:
4938:Indian Beers
4925:
4884:
4808:
4784:
4763:
4690:Human rights
4646:Other issues
4592:Tuberculosis
4577:Malnutrition
4415:Caste system
4390:Prostitution
4302:Child labour
4261:Joint family
4251:Dowry system
4241:Cohabitation
4200:Conservation
4154:Unemployment
4149:Urbanisation
4085:Debt bondage
4080:Land reforms
3999:
3992:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3962:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3906:
3898:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3868:
3862:
3854:
3848:
3840:
3833:
3808:Zeenat Begum
3803:Tulasa Thapa
3788:Moran Sarkar
3783:Mah Laqa Bai
3649:
3508:
3489:. Retrieved
3474:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3423:
3414:
3400:
3386:
3374:. Retrieved
3364:
3354:– via
3348:. Retrieved
3338:
3328:28 September
3326:. Retrieved
3316:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3286:the original
3281:
3272:
3258:
3246:. Retrieved
3242:
3233:
3221:. Retrieved
3217:the original
3210:
3207:"Umrao Jaan"
3201:
3180:cite journal
3165:
3151:
3132:
3126:
3118:the original
3108:
3100:the original
3090:
3071:
3065:
3046:
3040:
3021:
3015:
3001:
2987:
2968:
2962:
2943:
2937:
2925:. Retrieved
2920:
2911:
2897:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2843:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2816:
2807:
2796:
2782:
2770:
2751:
2745:
2726:
2720:
2701:
2695:
2676:
2670:
2651:
2645:
2631:
2617:
2608:
2598:
2579:
2573:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2543:the original
2536:
2527:
2513:
2499:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2464:
2450:
2431:
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2356:
2351:
2343:the original
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:
2308:
2289:
2283:
2264:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:
2193:
2185:the original
2175:
2167:the original
2157:
2149:the original
2142:
2133:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:the original
2101:
2092:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2048:
2038:
1886:
1880:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1822:
1818:Fouzia Saeed
1813:
1804:
1795:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1712:Kahan Ho Tum
1710:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1681:Chand Chehra
1680:
1674:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:Chand Grehan
1573:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1497:
1489:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1408:Dedh Ishqiya
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1312:Bazar-e-Husn
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:Prem Tapasya
1266:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1032:Teesri Kasam
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
982:
974:
966:
958:
950:
944:
936:
928:
920:
914:Mirza Ghalib
912:
904:
896:
888:
880:
872:
864:
856:
839:
821:
791:may contain
790:
767:
754:
735:
722:
716:
706:
701:Tamancha Jan
695:Zeenat Begum
673:Shobha Gurtu
653:Rasoolan Bai
588:Begum Akhtar
573:prostitution
566:
545:Tamancha Jan
541:Zeenat Begum
518:
490:Ranjit Singh
486:Moran Sarkar
466:Qudsia Begum
454:Mah Laqa Bai
447:
429:had annexed
424:
420:
407:
404:Domingo Paes
391:
367:
362:
356:
349:
345:
339:
334:
332:
311:
309:
269:
249:
223:
187:
181:is a famous
162:Máčcchakatika
148:
123:
97:
89:
81:
79:
42:
41:
39:
29:
5367:White Rhino
5258:Madan Mohan
5224:Teetotalism
4983:Consumption
4953:Indian wine
4824:Solan No. 1
4695:Prohibition
4534:Vigilantism
4448:Communalism
4438:Reservation
4370:Eve teasing
4365:Dowry death
4350:Acid attack
4266:Infertility
4192:Environment
4112:Remittances
3995:(2006 film)
3987:(1981 film)
3894:(2002 film)
3886:(1955 film)
3870:Chandni Bar
3768:Gauhar Jaan
3758:Begum Samru
3618:Professions
2208:20 December
1922:ShirabyĆshi
1876:Pran Nevile
1783:Namak Haram
1696:Mein Sitara
1662:Jhumka Jaan
1206:Kasme Vaade
1056:Mere Huzoor
848:movies and
738:Heera Mandi
641:Gauhar Jaan
600:Fatma Begum
563:(1873â1930)
561:Gauhar Jaan
510:Gauhar Jaan
478:Begum Samru
427:British Raj
211:Huein Tsang
203:North India
175:dance forms
155:Vasantasena
126:Pran Nevile
86:North India
75:British Raj
5434:Categories
5393:Tamil Nadu
5243:Geeta Dutt
4990:Statistics
4943:Indian Rum
4705:Disability
4610:Censorship
4539:Cybercrime
4494:Corruption
4471:Secularism
3993:Umrao Jaan
3985:Umrao Jaan
3778:Lal Kunwar
3773:Kanhopatra
3431:2 November
3376:29 January
3350:29 January
3292:22 January
3248:22 January
3223:22 January
2861:Desi Blitz
2686:0060740434
2549:22 January
2432:Tawaifnama
2415:22 January
2323:22 January
2112:22 January
2018:References
1940:Nagarvadhu
1800:Saba Dewan
1796:Tawaifnama
1384:Umrao Jaan
1336:In Custody
1246:Umrao Jaan
1048:Bahu Begum
793:irrelevant
751:, ca. 1900
725:concubines
622:Rattan Bai
462:Lal Kunwar
439:mistresses
435:concubines
284:literature
246:Portuguese
183:Nagarvadhu
171:Nagarvadhu
5398:Telangana
5248:Guru Dutt
5204:Addiction
5149:Cigarette
5046:Nightclub
5021:Dance bar
4897:Desi daru
4818:Lion beer
4668:Sexuality
4658:Feudalism
4653:Colourism
4637:Fake news
4562:Epidemics
4529:Terrorism
4276:Polyandry
4169:Education
4139:Transport
4122:Clearance
3914:Meghadƫta
3835:Amar Prem
3425:The Hindu
2927:1 January
2846:. Lahore.
2611:. Mumbai.
2609:FirstPost
2144:The Hindu
2084:161453756
2051:. Lahore.
1974:Dance bar
1842:story by
1827:novel by
1768:Dil Awaiz
1424:Mah e Mir
1416:Jaanisaar
1183:Harmonium
1144:Amar Prem
1064:Sunghursh
952:Jalsaghar
846:Lollywood
842:Bollywood
808:citations
628:Kajjanbai
616:Jaddanbai
606:Husna Bai
392:Like the
304:etiquette
262:girls in
219:Al-Biruni
119:etiquette
92: in
84: in
48:courtesan
5407:See also
5314:Gambling
5016:Beer bar
4830:Old Monk
4765:Ayurveda
4663:Gambling
4615:Internet
4567:HIV/AIDS
4557:Diabetes
4380:Feminism
4360:Devadasi
4297:Abortion
4290:Children
4281:Polygyny
4177:Literacy
4001:Zubeidaa
3921:Pakeezah
3813:Zohrabai
3798:Roopmati
3743:Amrapali
3727:Prajwala
2823:4 August
2475:31 March
1894:See also
1582:Red Card
1520:Lajwanti
1376:Bhagmati
1304:Maa Beti
1296:Angaaray
1275:Ghungroo
1168:Devadasu
1120:Pakeezah
1080:Sharafat
1040:Anarkali
930:Anarkali
898:Devadasu
890:Anarkali
836:In films
812:reliable
749:Calcutta
689:Zohrabai
537:Pakistan
521:Pakistan
494:Wazeeran
482:Sardhana
458:Bhagmati
450:Anarkali
328:gharanas
240:Emperor
207:Pakistan
198:devadasi
194:devadasi
179:Amrapali
5278:Savitri
5179:Smoking
5120:Papadam
5105:Non-veg
5090:Chakhna
4785:History
4757:History
4587:Suicide
4582:Obesity
4572:Leprosy
4182:Ragging
4095:Poverty
4052:Economy
3979:(novel)
3863:Chameli
3818:Zubeida
3722:Sanlaap
3572:General
3356:YouTube
2318:Mid Day
1989:Devdasi
1969:Bargirl
1928:Kisaeng
1834:Nashtar
1760:Badzaat
1688:Anjuman
1629:Kaantay
1238:Pakeeza
1112:Khilona
1088:Anjuman
1000:Benazir
882:Anhonee
732:Decline
683:Lucknow
667:gharana
612:singer.
417:status.
379:mehfils
371:ghazals
351:tehzeeb
316:ustaads
264:Kashmir
250:Dilruba
190:Urvashi
137:History
98:naikins
88:,
82:tawaifs
5388:Kerala
5190:Issues
5169:Naswar
5125:Peanut
5115:Pakora
5085:Bhujia
5041:Nautch
4917:Tharra
4892:Arrack
4771:Madira
4549:Health
4405:Sexism
4234:Family
4075:Labour
4065:Famine
3963:Tawaif
3949:Sadhna
3935:Pyaasa
3892:Devdas
3884:Devdas
3849:Bazaar
3650:Tawaif
3491:10 May
3482:
3243:Rediff
3139:
3078:
3053:
3028:
2975:
2950:
2758:
2733:
2708:
2683:
2658:
2586:
2438:
2388:
2363:
2296:
2271:
2248:4 July
2082:
1984:Nautch
1946:GaáčikÄ
1916:Geisha
1910:Ca trĂč
1785:(2024)
1779:(2023)
1776:Nauroz
1771:(2022)
1763:(2022)
1755:(2021)
1747:(2021)
1739:(2020)
1731:(2019)
1723:(2019)
1715:(2018)
1707:(2017)
1699:(2016)
1683:(2013)
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