333:"is really nothing more than a bad utopian fantasy," that functions to support oil and gas industry and as "an apology for nuclear energy." Demos continued that "What is additionally striking about the Ecomodernist document, beyond its factual weaknesses and ecological falsehoods, is that there is no mention of social justice or democratic politics," and "no acknowledgement of the fact that big technologies like nuclear reinforce centralized power, the military-industrial complex, and the inequalities of corporate globalization."
238:, argued that "Pollution limits are far, far more important than R&D for what really matters -- reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and driving clean technologies into the marketplace." (Romm also acknowledged that he had not read the book: "I won't waste time reading their new instant bestseller, unhelpfully titled
279:, "most of the criticism of was more about tone than content. The manifesto's basic arguments, after all, are hardly radical. To wit: technology, thoughtfully applied, can reduce the suffering, human and otherwise, caused by climate change; ideology, stubbornly upheld, can accomplish the opposite." At
47:
as "ecomodernists," while the authors have described themselves as the "bad boys" of environmentalism. Like
Shellenberger, Nordhaus generally advocates for increased use of natural resources through an embrace of modernization, technological development, and increasing U.S. economic growth, usually
139:
said that "Nordhaus and
Shellenberger persuasively argue, environmentalists must stop congratulating themselves for their own willingness to confront inconvenient truths and must focus on building a politics of shared hope rather than relying on a politics of fear.", adding that the paper "is more
198:
instead of focusing on systemic inequalities that create environmental injustices. Specifically Sze and Ziser argue that
Nordhaus and Shellenberger's "evident relish in their notoriety as the 'sexy' cosmopolitan 'bad boys' of environmentalism (their own words) introduces some doubt about their
1261:
On
Tuesday, a group of scholars involved in the environmental debate, including Professor Roy and Professor Brook, Ruth DeFries of Columbia University, and Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus of the Breakthrough Institute in Oakland, Calif., issued what they are calling the "Eco-modernist
1203:
On
Tuesday, a group of scholars involved in the environmental debate, including Professor Roy and Professor Brook, Ruth DeFries of Columbia University, and Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus of the Breakthrough Institute in Oakland, Calif., issued what they are calling the "Eco-modernist
270:. It proposed dropping the goal of “sustainable development” and replacing it with a strategy to shrink humanity’s footprint by using natural resources more intensively through technological innovation. The authors argue that economic development is necessary to preserve the environment.
207:
while actively trading on suspect political tropes," such as blaming China and other
Nations as large-scale polluters so that the United States may begin and continue Nationalistic technology-based research-and-development environmentalism, while continuing to emit more
105:
In 2004 Nordhaus and
Shellenberger co-authored "The Death of Environmentalism: Global Warming Politics in a Post-Environmental World." The paper argued that environmentalism is incapable of dealing with climate change and should "die" so that a new politics can be born.
156:. The book is an argument for what its authors describe as a positive, "post-environmental" politics that abandons the environmentalist focus on nature protection for a new focus on technological innovation to create a new economy. They were named
48:
through a combination of nuclear power and urbanization. Many of
Nordhaus' positions have been criticized by environmental scientists and academics, while reception from writers and journalists in the popular press have been mixed.
121:
Executive
Director John Passacantando said in 2005, referring to both Nordhaus and Shellenberger, "These guys laid out some fascinating data, but they put it in this over-the-top language and did it in this in-your-face way."
313:
led a group of scholars in a review which argued that
Ecomodernism "violates everything we know about ecosystems, energy, population, and natural resources," and "Far from being an ecological statement of principles, the
174:
wrote that, "If heeded, Nordhaus and Shellenberger's call for an optimistic outlook -- embracing economic dynamism and creative potential -- will surely do more for the environment than any U.N. report or Nobel Prize."
285:, Eduardo Porter wrote approvingly of ecomodernism's alternative approach to sustainable development. In an article titled "Manifesto Calls for an End to 'People Are Bad' Environmentalism",
500:
216:" on "community organizing." Such technology-based "approaches like those of Nordhaus and Shellenberger miss entirely" the "structural environmental injustice" that natural disasters like
1232:
A good Anthropocene demands that humans use their growing social, economic, and technological powers to make life better for people, stabilize the climate, and protect the natural world.
1174:
A good Anthropocene demands that humans use their growing social, economic, and technological powers to make life better for people, stabilize the climate, and protect the natural world.
113:
Executive Director Carl Pope called the essay "unclear, unfair and divisive." He said it contained multiple factual errors and misinterpretations. However, former Sierra Club President
988:
92:. The institute advocates higher levels of public spending on technology innovation, which they argue will lead to higher environmental quality, economic growth, and quality of life.
581:
Gelobter, Michel; Dorsey, Michael; Fields, Leslie; Goldtooth, Tom; Mendiratta, Anuja; Moore, Richard; Morello-Frosch, Rachel; Shepard, Peggy M.; Torres, Gerald (May 27, 2005).
254:
argued that a critical reevaluation of green politics was unwarranted because global warming had become a high-profile issue and the Democratic Congress was preparing to act.
1005:
786:
1356:
771:
1361:
582:
224:
believe "that community-based environmental justice poses a threat to the smooth operation of a highly capitalized, global-scale Environmentalism."
130:
in response, criticizing "Death" for demanding increased technological innovation rather than addressing the systemic concerns of people of color.
1245:
1187:
80:
The Breakthrough Institute has argued that climate policy should be focused on higher levels of public funding on technology innovation to "make
981:
854:
1142:
212:
than most other nations. In turn, Shellenberger and Nordhaus seek to move away from proven Environmental Justice tactics, "calling for a
740:
1087:
632:
389:
1273:"Decoupled ideals: 'Ecomodernist Manifesto' reframes sustainable development, but the goal remains the same." (21 April 2015).
293:
wrote "It's inclusive, it's exciting, and it gives environmentalists something to fight for for a change." The science journal
65:
Nordhaus and Shellenberger have written a number of articles at Breakthrough, with subjects ranging from positive treatment of
1107:
1013:
1351:
970:
872:
822:
62:
Nordhaus is director of research at the Breakthrough Institute, which he co-founded with Michael Shellenberger in 2003.
1123:
342:
66:
318:
merely rehashes the naĂŻve belief that technology will save us and that human ingenuity can never fail." Further, "The
1371:
955:
612:
163:
888:
70:
950:
372:
1317:
931:
803:
235:
100:
1062:
586:
194:
continued the trend Gelobter pointed out related the authors' commitment to technological innovation and
1292:
458:(2007). "Climate Change, Environmental Aesthetics, and Global Environmental Justice Cultural Studies".
23:
560:
266:
305:
was met with critiques similar to Gelobter's evaluation of "Death" and Sze and Ziser's analysis of
143:
920:
905:
709:
654:
231:
170:
1139:
512:
1366:
1312:
57:
906:
Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger, "Second Life: A Manifeto for a New Environmentalism,"
1035:
204:
35:
1085:
Debunking Shellenberger & Nordhaus: Part I: The death of 'The Death of Environmentalism'
1376:
536:
Daren Samuelsohn, "Report: Treat climate change like 'Fight Club'," Politico, July 26, 2011
195:
152:
74:
583:"The Soul of Environmentalism Rediscovering transformational politics in the 21st century"
8:
310:
128:
The Soul of Environmentalism: Rediscovering transformational politics in the 21st century
1084:
932:
Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger, "How to Change the Global Energy Conversation,
714:
483:
475:
394:
281:
135:
1275:
921:
Richard Harris, "Putting a Financial Spin on Global Warming," NPR News, June 24, 2009
830:
662:
608:
487:
399:
217:
109:
The paper was criticized by members of the mainstream environmental movement. Former
85:
971:
David Leonhardt, "There's Still Hope for the Planet," New York Times, July 21, 2012
467:
346:
294:
213:
43:
1336:
1146:
1091:
992:
959:
694:
157:
123:
982:
Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, "A Boom in Shale Gas? Credit the Feds,"
855:
Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, "A Boom in Shale Gas? Credit the Feds,"
501:
Keith Kloor, "The Great Schism in the Environmental Movement," December 12, 2012
153:
Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility
145:
Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility
28:
Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility
745:
275:
209:
1345:
1321:
834:
666:
471:
403:
290:
101:"The Death of Environmentalism: Global Warming in a Post-Environmental World"
373:
Felicity Barringer, "Paper Sets Off A Debate On Environmentalism's Future,"
349:
and the brother of Hannah Nordhaus, environmental journalist and author of
114:
89:
81:
946:
1216:
1158:
1006:"Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger - Heroes of the Environment 2008"
326:
227:
110:
545:
Lisa Friedman, "'Climate pragmatists' call for an end to Kyoto process"
479:
309:. Environmental historian Jeremy Caradonna and environmental economist
118:
341:
Nordhaus is the son of Robert Nordhaus, former General Counsel of the
455:
187:
264:
In April 2015, Nordhaus joined with a group of scholars in issuing
787:"Manifesto Calls for an End to "People Are Bad" Environmentalism."
22:(born 1965) is an American author and the director of research at
741:"Is the "Ecomodernist Manifesto" the Future of Environmentalism?"
631:
Caradonna, Jeremy L.; Norgaard, Richard B.; Borowy, Iris (2015).
947:"Fast, Clean and Cheap: Cutting Global Warming's Gordian Knot,"
873:
Kevin Begos, "Decades of Federal Dollars Helped Fuel Gas Boom,"
695:
The Lowdown on Doomsday: Why the public shrugs at global warming
424:
605:
Against the Anthropocene: Visual Culture and Environment Today
580:
26:. He has co-edited and written a number of books, including
1293:"In Memoriam: Robert R. Nordhaus | Energy Future Coalition"
561:"Fighting Climate Change by Not Focusing on Climate Change"
84:
cheap", and has been critical of climate policies such as
176:
848:
322:
suffers from factual errors and misleading statements."
975:
630:
1209:
1063:"Paper Sets Off a Debate on Environmentalism's Future"
390:"Paper Sets Off a Debate on Environmentalism's Future"
199:
sincerity and reliability." The authors asserted that
183:
on his "recommended reading list" for climate change.
1151:
770:
Eduardo Porter, The New York Times, April 14, 2015.
126:
and other environmental experts and academics wrote
868:
866:
633:"A Degrowth Response to an Ecomodernist Manifesto"
329:agreed with Caradonna, and wrote in 2017 that the
140:convincing in its case for a change in rhetoric."
1343:
772:/ 'A Call to Look Past Sustainable Development."
16:American environmentalist and author (born 1965)
1108:Review: Why get so heated about global warming?
863:
179:'s science correspondent Richard Harris listed
1243:
242:and you shouldn't either.") Reviewers for the
1246:"A Call to Look Past Sustainable Development"
1188:"A Call to Look Past Sustainable Development"
710:"A Climate Change Reading List For Laypeople"
150:In 2007 Nordhaus and Shellenberger published
257:
823:"Opinion | A Ray of Hope on Climate Change"
1357:American non-fiction environmental writers
1337:Ted Nordhaus at the Breakthrough Institute
814:
1237:
1060:
964:
820:
387:
368:
366:
220:make visible. Ultimately, the authors of
51:
1362:American people of German-Jewish descent
1179:
1124:Life After the Death of Environmentalism
1061:Barringer, Felicity (February 6, 2005).
652:
453:
388:Barringer, Felicity (February 6, 2005).
95:
381:
117:praised the authors' arguments. Former
1344:
1185:
653:Yglesias, Matthew (January 13, 2008).
576:
574:
363:
1287:
1285:
1003:
801:
781:
779:
766:
764:
735:
733:
704:
702:
685:
683:
648:
646:
626:
624:
602:
598:
596:
558:
449:
447:
445:
425:"A manifesto for a Good Anthropocene"
571:
13:
1282:
1186:Porter, Eduardo (April 14, 2015).
821:Leonhardt, David (July 21, 2012).
776:
761:
730:
699:
680:
643:
621:
593:
442:
343:United States Department of Energy
203:fails "to incorporate the aims of
14:
1388:
1330:
1244:Eduardo Porter (April 14, 2015).
802:Totty, Michael (April 17, 2010).
336:
325:Environmental and Art historian
164:Heroes of the Environment (2008)
1306:
1267:
1128:
1112:
1096:
1073:
1054:
1028:
997:
954:, January 2008, Vol. II, No. 1
940:
925:
914:
899:
881:
795:
785:Eric Holthaus (20 April 2015).
75:planetary boundaries hypothesis
1004:Walsh, Bryan (July 29, 2009).
559:Walsh, Bryan (July 26, 2011).
552:
539:
530:
505:
494:
417:
190:and Michael Ziser argued that
1:
951:Harvard Law and Policy Review
607:. MIT Press. pp. 46–49.
567:– via content.time.com.
356:
299:editorialized the manifesto.
236:Center for American Progress
7:
1217:"An Ecomodernist Manifesto"
1159:"An Ecomodernist Manifesto"
10:
1393:
1352:American environmentalists
991:December 16, 2013, at the
55:
41:The two were described by
24:The Breakthrough Institute
1145:January 31, 2009, at the
1140:The Consultants' Republic
1090:December 7, 2008, at the
804:"Nuclear's Fall—and Rise"
513:"Orion Magazine - Evolve"
429:An Ecomodernist Manifesto
303:An Ecomodernist Manifesto
267:An Ecomodernist Manifesto
259:An Ecomodernist Manifesto
34:(2015) with collaborator
32:An Ecomodernist Manifesto
1372:Radical centrist writers
1036:"Dead movement walking?"
810:– via www.wsj.com.
472:10.1353/dis.2007.a266843
166:after writing the book.
1104:San Francisco Chronicle
718:. December 3, 2009. NPR
691:The Wall Street Journal
585:. Grist. Archived from
244:San Francisco Chronicle
232:US Department of Energy
171:The Wall Street Journal
1314:The Beekeeper's Lament
655:"Beyond Mother Nature"
351:The Beekeeper's Lament
345:, nephew of economist
234:official now with the
58:Breakthrough Institute
52:Breakthrough Institute
889:"Boundary conditions"
205:environmental justice
96:Writing and reception
36:Michael Shellenberger
910:, September 24, 2007
877:, September 23, 2012
693:, 27 November 2007,
196:capital accumulation
133:Matthew Yglesias of
73:to critiques of the
1122:, 11 October 2007,
986:, December 16, 2011
936:, November 28, 2012
934:Wall Street Journal
859:, December 16, 2011
808:Wall Street Journal
311:Richard B. Norgaard
186:However, academics
1250:The New York Times
1192:The New York Times
1136:Harvard Law Review
1106:, 7 October 2007,
1083:, 3 October 2007,
1067:The New York Times
1042:. January 14, 2005
958:2013-01-11 at the
827:The New York Times
715:Talk of the Nation
659:The New York Times
603:Demos, TJ (2017).
395:The New York Times
282:The New York Times
252:Harvard Law Review
136:The New York Times
1120:American Prospect
589:on July 11, 2005.
517:Orionmagazine.org
248:American Prospect
218:Hurricane Katrina
1384:
1324:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1221:Ecomodernism.org
1213:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1163:ecomodernism.org
1155:
1149:
1132:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1102:Robert Collier,
1100:
1094:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1016:on July 29, 2009
1012:. Archived from
1001:
995:
979:
973:
968:
962:
944:
938:
929:
923:
918:
912:
908:The New Republic
903:
897:
896:
895:. June 16, 2012.
885:
879:
875:Associated Press
870:
861:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
818:
812:
811:
799:
793:
783:
774:
768:
759:
758:
756:
754:
737:
728:
727:
725:
723:
706:
697:
689:Jonathan Adler,
687:
678:
677:
675:
673:
650:
641:
640:
628:
619:
618:
600:
591:
590:
578:
569:
568:
556:
550:
543:
537:
534:
528:
527:
525:
523:
509:
503:
498:
492:
491:
466:(2/3): 384–410.
454:Ziser, Michael;
451:
440:
439:
437:
435:
421:
415:
414:
412:
410:
385:
379:
377:February 6, 2005
370:
347:William Nordhaus
210:greenhouse gases
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1272:
1268:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1238:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1196:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1147:Wayback Machine
1134:Douglas Kysar,
1133:
1129:
1118:Kate Sheppard,
1117:
1113:
1101:
1097:
1092:Wayback Machine
1078:
1074:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1002:
998:
993:Wayback Machine
984:Washington Post
980:
976:
969:
965:
960:Wayback Machine
945:
941:
930:
926:
919:
915:
904:
900:
887:
886:
882:
871:
864:
857:Washington Post
853:
849:
839:
837:
819:
815:
800:
796:
784:
777:
769:
762:
752:
750:
739:
738:
731:
721:
719:
708:
707:
700:
688:
681:
671:
669:
651:
644:
629:
622:
615:
601:
594:
579:
572:
557:
553:
549:, July 26, 2011
544:
540:
535:
531:
521:
519:
511:
510:
506:
499:
495:
452:
443:
433:
431:
423:
422:
418:
408:
406:
386:
382:
371:
364:
359:
339:
262:
148:
124:Michel Gelobter
103:
98:
60:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1331:External links
1329:
1326:
1325:
1320:2013-02-16 at
1305:
1281:
1266:
1236:
1208:
1178:
1150:
1127:
1111:
1095:
1072:
1053:
1027:
996:
974:
963:
939:
924:
913:
898:
880:
862:
847:
813:
794:
775:
760:
749:. June 2, 2015
746:The New Yorker
729:
698:
679:
642:
620:
613:
592:
570:
551:
538:
529:
504:
493:
441:
416:
380:
375:New York Times
361:
360:
358:
355:
338:
335:
276:The New Yorker
261:
256:
240:Break Through,
147:
142:
102:
99:
97:
94:
90:carbon pricing
67:nuclear energy
56:Main article:
53:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1389:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Living people
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1322:archive.today
1319:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:, June 2008,
1137:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1020:September 18,
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
994:
990:
987:
985:
978:
972:
967:
961:
957:
953:
952:
948:
943:
937:
935:
928:
922:
917:
911:
909:
902:
894:
893:The Economist
890:
884:
878:
876:
869:
867:
860:
858:
851:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
809:
805:
798:
791:
788:
782:
780:
773:
767:
765:
748:
747:
742:
736:
734:
717:
716:
711:
705:
703:
696:
692:
686:
684:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
647:
638:
634:
627:
625:
616:
614:9783956792106
610:
606:
599:
597:
588:
584:
577:
575:
566:
562:
555:
548:
542:
533:
518:
514:
508:
502:
497:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
450:
448:
446:
430:
426:
420:
405:
401:
397:
396:
391:
384:
378:
376:
369:
367:
362:
354:
352:
348:
344:
337:Personal life
334:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
312:
308:
307:Break Through
304:
300:
298:
297:
292:
291:Eric Holthaus
288:
284:
283:
278:
277:
273:According to
271:
269:
268:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
223:
222:Break Through
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
201:Break Through
197:
193:
192:Break Through
189:
184:
182:
181:Break Through
178:
173:
172:
167:
165:
162:
160:
155:
154:
146:
141:
138:
137:
131:
129:
125:
120:
116:
112:
107:
93:
91:
87:
86:cap and trade
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
49:
46:
45:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1313:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1274:
1269:
1260:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1239:
1231:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1211:
1202:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:
1181:
1173:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1153:
1135:
1130:
1119:
1114:
1103:
1098:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1039:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1014:the original
1009:
999:
983:
977:
966:
949:
942:
933:
927:
916:
907:
901:
892:
883:
874:
856:
850:
838:. Retrieved
826:
816:
807:
797:
789:
751:. Retrieved
744:
720:. Retrieved
713:
690:
670:. Retrieved
658:
636:
604:
587:the original
564:
554:
546:
541:
532:
520:. Retrieved
516:
507:
496:
463:
459:
432:. Retrieved
428:
419:
407:. Retrieved
393:
383:
374:
350:
340:
330:
324:
319:
315:
306:
302:
301:
295:
286:
280:
274:
272:
265:
263:
258:
251:
247:
243:
239:
226:
221:
200:
191:
185:
180:
169:
168:
158:
151:
149:
144:
134:
132:
127:
115:Adam Werbach
108:
104:
82:clean energy
79:
64:
61:
42:
40:
31:
27:
20:Ted Nordhaus
19:
18:
1377:1966 births
1262:Manifesto."
1204:Manifesto."
722:December 5,
547:ClimateWire
434:January 26,
230:, a former
228:Joseph Romm
111:Sierra Club
30:(2007) and
1346:Categories
1079:Joe Romm,
1046:August 13,
637:Resilience
522:August 13,
456:Sze, Julie
357:References
327:T.J. Demos
250:, and the
214:moratorium
119:Greenpeace
1255:April 17,
1226:April 17,
1197:April 17,
1168:April 17,
1040:Salon.com
840:April 26,
835:0362-4331
667:0362-4331
488:143411081
460:Discourse
409:April 26,
404:0362-4331
331:Manifesto
320:Manifesto
316:Manifesto
188:Julie Sze
71:shale gas
1318:Archived
1298:July 10,
1143:Archived
1088:Archived
989:Archived
956:Archived
753:June 29,
672:June 28,
480:41389785
161:magazine
1276:Nature
833:
665:
611:
486:
478:
402:
296:Nature
246:, the
1081:Grist
790:Slate
484:S2CID
476:JSTOR
287:Slate
44:Slate
1300:2022
1257:2015
1228:2015
1199:2015
1170:2015
1048:2018
1022:2022
1010:Time
842:2018
831:ISSN
755:2022
724:2009
674:2022
663:ISSN
609:ISBN
565:Time
524:2018
436:2016
411:2018
400:ISSN
159:Time
88:and
69:and
468:doi
289:'s
177:NPR
1348::
1284:^
1259:.
1248:.
1230:.
1219:.
1201:.
1190:.
1172:.
1161:.
1065:.
1038:.
1008:.
891:.
865:^
829:.
825:.
806:.
778:^
763:^
743:.
732:^
712:.
701:^
682:^
661:.
657:.
645:^
635:.
623:^
595:^
573:^
563:.
515:.
482:.
474:.
464:29
462:.
444:^
427:.
398:.
392:.
365:^
353:.
77:.
38:.
1302:.
1279:.
1069:.
1050:.
1024:.
844:.
792:.
757:.
726:.
676:.
639:.
617:.
526:.
490:.
470::
438:.
413:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.