1295:, and family strife in childhood are more likely to become pregnant as teenagers, and the risk of becoming pregnant as a teenager increases with the number of adverse childhood experiences. In a 2004 study, one-third of teenage pregnancies could be prevented by eliminating exposure to abuse, violence, and family strife. The researchers note that "family dysfunction has enduring and unfavorable health consequences for women during the adolescent years, the childbearing years, and beyond." When the family environment does not include adverse childhood experiences, becoming pregnant as an adolescent does not appear to raise the likelihood of long-term, negative psychosocial consequences. A 2001 study suggested that boys raised by mothers who experienced physical abuse, or who experienced domestic violence directly, were more likely to be involved in a teenage pregnancy.
365:(UNFPA), "Pregnancies among girls less than 18 years of age have irreparable consequences. It violates the rights of girls, with life-threatening consequences in terms of sexual and reproductive health, and poses high development costs for communities, particularly in perpetuating the cycle of poverty." Health consequences include not yet being physically ready for pregnancy and childbirth leading to complications and malnutrition as the majority of adolescents tend to come from lower-income households. The risk of maternal death for girls under age 15 in low and middle income countries is higher than for women in their twenties. Teenage pregnancy also affects girls' education and income potential as many are forced to drop out of school which ultimately threatens future opportunities and economic prospects.
40:
1584:
1116:. In most European countries, by contrast, once an adolescent has reached the age of consent, he or she can legally have sexual relations with adults because it is held that in general (although certain limitations may still apply), reaching the age of consent enables a juvenile to consent to sex with any partner who has also reached that age. Therefore, the definition of statutory rape is limited to sex with a person under the minimum age of consent. What constitutes statutory rape ultimately differs by jurisdiction (see
448:
to go on welfare. Many teen parents do not have the intellectual or emotional maturity that is needed to provide for another life. Often, these pregnancies are hidden for months, resulting in a lack of adequate prenatal care and dangerous outcomes for the babies. Factors that determine which mothers are more likely to have closely spaced repeat births, include marriage and education. The likelihood decreases with the level of education of the young woman – or her parents – and increases if she gets married.
1884:
1406:
7881:
1993:, the majority of teenage mothers are not married to the father of their children. In the UK, half of all teenagers with children are lone parents, 40% are cohabitating as a couple, and 10% are married. Teenage parents are frequently in a romantic relationship at the time of birth, but many adolescent fathers do not stay with the mother and this often disrupts their relationship with the child. US surveys tend to under-report the prevalence of teen fatherhood.
9024:
1048:, researchers found that from a comparative perspective, however, teenage pregnancy rates in the US are less nuanced than one might initially assume. "Since timing and levels of sexual activity are quite similar across , the high U.S. rates arise primarily because of less, and possibly less-effective, contraceptive use by sexually active teenagers." Thus, the cause for the discrepancy between rich nations can be traced largely to contraceptive-based issues.
1444:(NFP) is a non-profit organization operating in the United States and the UK designed to serve the needs of young mothers who may have special needs in their first pregnancy. Each mother served is partnered with a registered nurse early in her pregnancy and receives ongoing nurse home visits that continue through her child's second birthday. NFP intervention has been associated with improvements in maternal health, child health, and economic security.
1475:
10076:
293:
1156:
1621:, "In every region of the world – including high-income countries – girls who are poor, poorly educated or living in rural areas are at greater risk of becoming pregnant than those who are wealthier, well-educated or urban. This is true on a global level, as well: 95 percent of the world's births to adolescents (aged 15–19) take place in developing countries. Every year, some 3 million girls in this age bracket resort to
9048:
1508:
to success is that adolescents know where they can go to obtain information and services, can get there easily and are assured of receiving confidential, nonjudgmental care, and that these services and contraceptive supplies are free or cost very little." In addressing high rates of unplanned teen pregnancies, scholars agree that the problem must be confronted from both the biological and cultural contexts.
9036:
1299:
present throughout their childhood. Even when the researchers took into account other factors that could have contributed to early sexual activity and pregnancy, such as behavioral problems and life adversity, early father-absent girls were still about five times more likely in the US and three times more likely in New
Zealand to become pregnant as adolescents than were father-present girls.
843:. If the younger sisters of teenage parents babysit the children, they have an increased probability of getting pregnant themselves. Once an older daughter has a child, parents often become more accepting as time goes by. A 2011 study in Norway found that the probability of a younger sister having a teenage pregnancy went from 1:5 to 2:5 if the elder sister had a baby as a teenager.
1397:
indicating that an increase in funding, education, or reach could decrease teenage pregnancy even further. Although 3% sounds like a small number, given a teenage girl population of 10 million females aged 15–19 in 2020, and ~190,000 teenage births per year, a 3% reduction would translate to about 6,000 prevented teenage births per year when extrapolated to the whole nation.
1325:
University of
Chicago study of youth transitioning out of foster care in Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin found that nearly half of the females had been pregnant by age 19. The Utah Department of Human Services found that girls who had left the foster care system between 1999 and 2004 had a birth rate nearly three times the rate for girls in the general population.
388:, may be more important than the age of the mother at the birth. Many solutions to counteract the more negative findings have been proposed. Teenage parents who can rely on family and community support, social services and child-care support are more likely to continue their education and get higher paying jobs as they progress with their education.
1139:
beaten by their child's father than women over age 18. A UK study found that 70% of women who gave birth in their teens had experienced adolescent domestic violence. Similar results have been found in studies in the US. A Washington State study found 70% of teenage mothers had been beaten by their boyfriends, 51% had experienced attempts of
1997:
older, and almost one in five had partners six or more years older. A 1990 study of births to
California teens reported that the younger the mother, the greater the age gap with her male partner. In the UK in 2005, in 72% of jointly registered births to women aged under 20, the father is over 20, with almost 1 in 4 being over 25.
717:. In the United States, teenage pregnancy costs taxpayers between $ 9.4 and $ 28 billion in 2016, due to factors such as foster care and lost tax revenue. A 2014 study estimated that an increase in economic productivity from ending teenage pregnancy in Brazil and India would be worth $ 3.5 billion and $ 7.7 billion respectively.
336:, not by the estimated date of conception. Consequently, the statistics do not include pregnancies that began at age 19, but that ended on or after the woman's 20th birthday. Similarly, statistics on the mother's marital status are determined by whether she is married at the end of the pregnancy, not at the time of conception.
774:, early marriage and pregnancy is more common in traditional rural communities than in cities. Many teenagers are not taught about methods of birth control and how to deal with peers who pressure them into having sex before they are ready. Many pregnant teenagers do not have any cognition of the central facts of sexuality.
2025:
In conclusion, teenage pregnancy is a complex issue that reflects the interplay between individual behavior, societal norms and cultural attitudes. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that includes education, access to healthcare, and support for young people. By working together,
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in 1999, 87% of women surveyed were married and 53% had given birth to a child before the age of 18. A 2018 study found that socio-cultural factors, economic factors, environmental factors, individual factors, and health service-related factors were responsible for the high rates of teenage pregnancy
1375:
In the United States 2016, 39 states and the
District of Columbia out of the 50 states required some form of sex education of HIV education. Out of these 39 states and the District of Columbia, 17 states require that the sexual education provided be medically accurate, and 3 states prohibit a program
1146:
In a study of 379 pregnant or parenting teens and 95 teenage girls without children, 62% of girls aged 11–15 and 56% of girls aged 16–19 reported experiencing domestic violence at the hands of their partners. Moreover, 51% of the girls reported experiencing at least one instance where their boyfriend
1111:
In some countries, sexual intercourse between a minor and an adult is not considered consensual under the law because a minor is believed to lack the maturity and competence to make an informed decision to engage in fully consensual sex with an adult. In those countries, sex with a minor is therefore
447:
According to the
National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, nearly 1 in 4 teen mothers will experience another pregnancy within two years of having their first. Pregnancy and giving birth significantly increases the chance that these mothers will become high school dropouts and as many as half have
2017:
The effects of teenage pregnancy can be far-reaching and long-lasting. Pregnant teenagers are at increased risk of health problems, including complications during pregnancy and childbirth, and are more likely to experience poverty and limited opportunities later in life. Their children are also more
1891:
In 2001, the teenage birth rate in the US was the highest in the developed world, and the teenage abortion rate is also high. In 2005, 57% of teen pregnancies resulted in a live birth, 27% ended in an induced abortion, and 16% in a fetal loss. The US teenage pregnancy rate was at a high in the 1950s
1632:
survey, in 10 out of 12 developed nations with available data, more than two thirds of young people have had sexual intercourse while still in their teens. In
Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Norway, the UK and the US, the proportion is over 80%. In Australia, the UK and the US, approximately 25%
1507:
by distributing "funding to a network of public, private, and nonprofit entities services on a sliding scale based on income." Studies indicate that, internationally, success in reducing teen pregnancy rates is directly correlated with the kind of access that Title X provides: "What appears crucial
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showed. The study used federal funded sex education programs as a proxy for sex education, but provided no details about funding levels, the number of students reached, or the amount of time spent on sex education. The reduction of teenage births, not pregnancy, was significant, with a 3% reduction,
1379:
From this data, 11 states currently have no requirement for sexual education for any years of schooling, meaning these 11 states may have no sexual education at all. This could mean these states are allowed to teach sexual education in any way they would like, including in medically inaccurate ways.
1138:
Studies have indicated that adolescent girls are often in abusive relationships at the time of their conceiving. They have also reported that knowledge of their pregnancy has often intensified violent and controlling behaviors on part of their boyfriends. Girls under age 18 are twice as likely to be
1103:
Studies from South Africa have found that 11–20% of pregnancies in teenagers are a direct result of rape. About 60% of teenage mothers had unwanted sexual experiences preceding their pregnancy. Before age 15, a majority of first-intercourse experiences among females are reported to be non-voluntary.
2005:
Teenage pregnancy remains a significant social and cultural issue in many countries around the world. While the rate of teenage pregnancies has declined in recent decades, it continues to be a cause for concern, both from a health perspective and in terms of its impact on the lives of young people.
1636:
In 2022, UNICEF reported that from 2000 to 2022, "the global adolescent birth rate for the age group 10–14 has declined by over 50 percent, from 3.3 to 1.6 per 1,000 adolescent girls aged 10–14", and "for the age group 15–19 has declined by over 30 percent, from 65 to 43 births per 1,000 adolescent
1465:
to prescribe hormonal birth control, an IUD or emergency birth control to women, as long as they comply with prescribed standards in the
Prescription infirmière: Guide explicatif conjoint, and are properly trained in providing contraceptives. In 2020, Québec will offer online training to registered
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In a 2012 US study, over 1,000 females were surveyed to find out factors contributing to not using contraception. Of those surveyed, almost half had been involved in unprotected sex within the previous three months. These women gave three main reasons for not using contraceptives: trouble obtaining
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Less than one third of teenage mothers receive any form of child support, vastly increasing the likelihood of turning to the government for assistance. The correlation between earlier childbearing and failure to complete high school reduces career opportunities for many young women. One study found
344:
Teenage pregnancy, with conceptions normally involving girls between ages 16 and 19, was far more normal in previous centuries, and common in developed countries in the 20th century. Among
Norwegian women born in the early 1950s, nearly a quarter became teenage mothers by the early 1970s. The rates
268:
In 2023, globally, about 41 females per 1,000 gave birth between the ages of 15 and 19, compared with roughly 65 births per 1,000 in 2000. From 2015 to 2021, an estimated 14 percent of adolescent girls and young women globally reported giving birth before age 18. The adolescent birth rate is higher
2021:
Despite these challenges, there are many programs and initiatives aimed at reducing the rate of teenage pregnancy and supporting young people who become pregnant. These efforts include comprehensive sex education programs, access to contraception and family planning services, and support for young
1324:
youth are more likely than their peers to become pregnant as teenagers. The
National Casey Alumni Study, which surveyed foster care alumni from 23 communities across the US, found the birth rate for girls in foster care was more than double the rate of their peers outside the foster care system. A
978:
Adolescents may lack knowledge of, or access to, conventional methods of preventing pregnancy, as they may be too embarrassed or frightened to seek such information. Contraception for teenagers presents a huge challenge for the clinician. In 1998, the government of the UK set a target to halve the
643:
estimates that the risk of death following pregnancy is twice as high for girls aged 15–19 than for women aged 20–24. The maternal mortality rate can be up to five times higher for girls aged 10–14 than for women aged 20–24. Illegal abortion also holds many risks for teenage girls in areas such as
391:
A holistic approach is required in order to address teenage pregnancy. This means not focusing on changing the behaviour of girls but addressing the underlying reasons of adolescent pregnancy such as poverty, gender inequality, social pressures and coercion. This approach should include "providing
1371:
The Dutch approach to preventing teenage pregnancy has often been seen as a model by other countries. The curriculum focuses on values, attitudes, communication and negotiation skills, as well as biological aspects of reproduction. The media has encouraged open dialogue and the health-care system
1362:
along with education decreased the rates of teen pregnancies by around 80% and the rate of abortions by more than 75%. Currently there are four federal programs aimed at preventing teenage pregnancy: Teen
Pregnancy Prevention (TPP), Personal Responsibility Education Program (PREP), Title V Sexual
761:
Rates of teenage pregnancies are higher in societies where it is traditional for girls to marry young and where they are encouraged to bear children as soon as they are able. For example, in some sub-Saharan African countries, early pregnancy is often seen as a blessing because it is proof of the
1926:
In 2006, the US teen birth rate rose for the first time in fourteen years. In 2010, it reached a historic low: 34.3 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19. In 2017, the birth rate for girls ages 15–19 was 18.8 per 1,000. Given a teenage girl population of 10 million females, aged 15–19, in 2020, this
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A team of researchers and educators in California have published a list of "best practices" in the prevention of teen pregnancy, which includes, in addition to the previously mentioned concepts, working to "instill a belief in a successful future", male involvement in the prevention process, and
1515:
approved $ 155 million in new funding for comprehensive sex education programs designed to prevent teenage pregnancy. The money is being awarded "to states, non-profit organizations, school districts, universities and others. These grants will support the replication of teen pregnancy prevention
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is a valuable resource that describes what the minimum requirements of sexual education should be across the nation. Giving teenagers the tools that are outlined in that roadmap would have positive effects, as it gives teenagers the resources to make educated decisions. Currently, there is not a
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A 2003 study found that girls whose fathers left the family early in their lives had the highest rates of early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy. Girls whose fathers left them at a later age had a lower rate of early sexual activity. The lowest rates are found in girls whose fathers were
1107:
Multiple studies have indicated a strong link between early childhood sexual abuse and subsequent teenage pregnancy in industrialized countries. Up to 70% of women who gave birth in their teens were molested as young girls. By contrast, 25% of women who did not give birth as teens were molested.
2879:
Pregnancies are the sum of births, abortions and miscarriages. Please note that in these tables, "age" refers to the woman's age when the pregnancy ended. Consequently, actual numbers of pregnancies that occurred among teenagers are higher than those reported here, because most of the women who
1996:
In many cases, "teenage father" may be a misnomer. Studies in the 1990s found that about two-thirds of births to teenage girls in the US are fathered by adult men aged over 20. In 1995, the Guttmacher Institute reported that over 40% of mothers aged 15–17 had sexual partners three to five years
1383:
Without a nationwide mandate for medically accurate programs, teenagers in the United States are at risk for missing out on valuable information that can protect them. It is unfair to expect teenagers to make educated decisions about sex that can lead to teen pregnancy when they have never been
695:
84 percent of pregnant adolescents aged 15-19 attended at least one antenatal care visit as compared to 88 percent of all women and girls aged 15-49. Fewer adolescent girls received skilled delivery care as compared to all women and girls (77 to 84 percent). Additionally, fewer adolescent girls
2013:
Poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and limited opportunities for education and employment can also contribute to the high rate of teenage pregnancy. These factors can make it difficult for young people to make informed choices about their sexual health and can limit their ability to access
2009:
The causes of teenage pregnancy are complex and multi-faceted, reflecting the interplay between individual behavior, societal norms and cultural attitudes. In many cultures, there is a lack of comprehensive sexual education, which contributes to a lack of understanding about contraception and
1969:
teenage birth rate steadily declined for both younger (15–17) and older (18–19) teens. It dropped from 20.1 per 1,000 women in 2000, to 8.4 in 2020. In Canada, the stability of familial structure significantly influences the risk of teenage pregnancy. In a 2018 study, experiencing one or more
865:
study of US teenagers, 29% of teens reported feeling pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens reported "being in a relationship where they felt things were moving too fast sexually", and 24% had "done something sexual they didn't really want to do". Several polls have indicated
352:
of 1996 included the objective of reducing the number of young Black and Latina single mothers on welfare, which became the foundation for teenage pregnancy prevention in the United States and the founding of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, now known as Power to Decide.
857:
In most countries, most males experience sexual intercourse for the first time before their 20th birthday. Males in Western developed countries have sex for the first time sooner than in undeveloped and culturally conservative countries such as sub-Saharan Africa and much of Asia.
995:, often affect choice. Missing up to three pills a month is common, and in this age group the figure is likely to be higher. Restarting after the pill-free week, having to hide pills, drug interactions and difficulty getting repeat prescriptions can all lead to method failure.
1282:
There is little evidence to support the common belief that teenage mothers become pregnant to get benefits, welfare, and council housing. Most knew little about housing or financial aid before they got pregnant, and what they thought they knew often turned out to be wrong.
1002:, sexually active adolescent women wishing to avoid pregnancy were less likely than older women to use contraceptives (18% of 15–19-year-olds used no contraceptives, versus 10.7% for women aged 15–44). More than 80% of teen pregnancies are unintended. Over half of
791:
methods (or their inconsistent and/or incorrect use; the use of a method with a high failure rate is also a problem) may be factors in teen pregnancy. Most teenage pregnancies in the developed world appear to be unplanned. Many Western countries have instituted
396:, sexual violence and coercion, building gender-equitable societies by empowering girls and engaging men and boys and ensuring adolescents' access to sexual and reproductive health information as well as services that welcome them and facilitate their choices".
1668:, where women tend to marry at an early age. In 2023, in Western and Central Africa, and Eastern and Southern Africa, over 25% of adolescent girls and young women gave birth before age 18. In these regions, this amounts to an estimated 11 million young women.
460:
of the infant. The children of teen mothers are more likely to be born prematurely with a low birth weight, predisposing them to many other lifelong conditions. Children of teen mothers are at higher risk of intellectual, language, and socio-emotional delays.
4562:
Theuri, Joseph and Nzioka, David (2021). Alcohol and drug abuse as ecological predictors of risk taking behaviour among secondary school students in Kajiado North Sub-County, Kajiado County, Kenya. African Journal of Empirical Research, 2 (1), 50-55. DOI:
1704:
was high, with 62 pregnant teens out of every 1,000 women. India is fast approaching to be the most populous country in the world by 2050 and increasing teenage pregnancy, an important factor for the population rise, is likely to aggravate the problems.
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of 15-year-olds and 50% of 17-year-olds have had sex. In 2004, approximately 15 million girls under the age of 20 in the world had a child each year. Estimates were that 20–60% of these pregnancies in developing countries are mistimed or unwanted.
399:
In the United States one third of high school students reported being sexually active. In 2011–2013, 79% of females reported using birth control. Teenage pregnancy puts young women at risk for health issues, economic, social and financial issues.
982:
Young women often think of contraception either as 'the pill' or condoms and have little knowledge about other methods. They are heavily influenced by negative, second-hand stories about methods of contraception from their friends and the media.
554:
is higher among adolescent mothers. In a rural hospital in West Bengal, teenage mothers between 15 and 19 years old were more likely to have anemia, preterm delivery, and a baby with a lower birth weight than mothers between 20 and 24 years old.
201:
than women aged 20 or older. There are additional concerns for those under the age of 15 as they are less likely to be physically developed to sustain a healthy pregnancy or to give birth. For girls aged 15–19, risks are associated more with
1466:
nurses, provided by the Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec (OIIQ). Nurses that do not have training in the areas of sexually transmitted and blood borne infections may have to take additional online courses provided by the INSPQ.
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average of 6.9. However, the UK birth rate has fallen by almost a third (32.3%) since 2004 compared with a fall of 15.6% in the EU. In 2004, the UK rate was 13.6 births per 1,000 women aged 15–17 compared with an EU average rate of 7.7.
584:
Young mothers who are given high-quality maternity care have significantly healthier babies than those who do not. Many of the health-issues associated with teenage mothers appear to result from lack of access to adequate medical care.
890:
may possibly encourage unintended sexual activity. If so, it is unknown if the drugs themselves directly influence teenagers to engage in riskier behavior, or whether teenagers who engage in drug use are more likely to engage in sex.
1826:. In 2015, Bulgaria had a birth rate of 37 per 1,000 women aged 15–19. Romania had a birth rate of 34 per 1,000 women aged 15–19. The teen birth rate of these two countries is even higher than that of underdeveloped countries like
516:
in the children of teenage mothers has also been noted, with many of the children being held back a grade level, scoring lower on standardized tests, and/or failing to graduate from secondary school. Daughters born to adolescent
3990:
1104:
The Guttmacher Institute found that 60% of girls who had sex before age 15 were coerced by males, who on average were six years their senior. In 2003, one in five teenage fathers admitted to forcing girls to have sex with them.
1594:
In 2003, worldwide teenage pregnancy rates ranged from 143 per 1,000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1,000 in South Korea. In the US in 2013, 82% of pregnancies in those between 15 and 19 were unplanned. Among
269:
in lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC), compared to higher- income countries. In the developing world, approximately 2.5 million females aged 15 to 19 years old have children each year. Another 3.9 million have
1856:
shows. This compares with 6,279 in the same period in 2013 and 7,083 for the June quarter the year before that. Historically, the UK has had one of the highest teenage pregnancy and abortion rates in Western Europe.
2010:
sexually transmitted infections. There is also a cultural stigma attached to discussing sexual health and relationships, which makes it difficult for young people to access the information and support they need.
1516:
programs that have been shown to be effective through rigorous research as well as the testing of new, innovative approaches to combating teen pregnancy." Of the total of $ 150 million, $ 55 million is funded by
7769:
7750:
7735:
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from promoting sexual education in a religious way. These three states include California, Colorado, and Louisiana. 19 of those 39 states stress the importance of only having sex when in a committed marriage.
8890:
5428:"Does the UK government's teenage pregnancy strategy deal with the correct risk factors? Findings from a secondary analysis of data from a randomised trial of sex education and their implications for policy"
1380:
This point is also valid for those 22 states that do not require sexual education to be medically accurate. Comprehensive sexual education has been proven to work to reduce the risk of teen pregnancies.
700:
The agency noted regional disparities, noting that in West and Central Africa, "48 percent of newborns to adolescent mothers had a postnatal contact as compared to 52 percent of newborns to all mothers".
979:
under-18 pregnancy rate by 2010. The Teenage Pregnancy Strategy (TPS) was established to achieve this. The pregnancy rate in this group, although falling, rose slightly in 2007, to 41.7 per 1,000 women.
1278:
Teen pregnancy cost the US over $ 9.1 billion in 2004, including $ 1.9 billion for health care, $ 2.3 billion for child welfare, $ 2.1 billion for incarceration, and $ 2.9 billion in lower tax revenue.
345:
have steadily declined throughout the developed world since that 20th-century peak. Among those born in Norway in the late 1970s, less than 10% became teenage mothers, and rates have fallen since then.
1194:
In the UK in 2001, around half of all pregnancies to those under 18 were concentrated among the 30% most deprived population, with only 14% occurring among the 30% least deprived. For example, in
1306:
expectations have been pinpointed as a risk factor. A girl is more likely to become a teenage parent if her mother or older sister gave birth in her teens. A majority of respondents in a 1988
1433:
when compared to comprehensive sex education. It does not decrease the sexual activity rates of students, when compared to students who undertake comprehensive sexual education classes.
3994:
1852:
The teen pregnancy rate in England and Wales was 23.3 per 1,000 women aged 15 to 17. There were 5,740 pregnancies in girls aged under 18 in the three months to June 2014, data from the
1037:. 36.2% of Hispanics said they never used contraception during intercourse, compared to 23.3% of Black teens and 17.0% of White teens who did not use contraceptives during intercourse.
1978:
In some cases, the father of the child is the husband of the teenage girl. The conception may occur within wedlock, or the pregnancy itself may precipitate the marriage, the so-called
1089:, published in 2004, there has been an increased effort to provide contraception to adolescents via family planning services and school-based health, such as HIV prevention education.
7285:
James, E. A.; Rashid, M (2013). ""Welfare queens" and "teen moms": How the social construction of fertile women impacts unintended pregnancy prevention policy in the United States".
2046:, a former teacher and graduate from Seton Hall University used his knowledge of issues concerning young students at his school which included teenage pregnancy to compose the song,
1461:'s Institut national de santé publique (INSPQ) began implementing adjustments to the Protocole de contraception du Québec (Québec Contraception Protocol). The new protocol allows
2034:
Some politicians condemn pregnancy in unmarried teenagers as a drain on taxpayers, if the mothers and children receive welfare payments and social housing from the government.
870:
as a factor in encouraging both girls and boys to have sex. The increased sexual activity among adolescents is manifested in increased teenage pregnancies and an increase in
964:
Girls who mature early (precocious puberty) are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse at a younger age, which in turn puts them at greater risk of teenage pregnancy.
5960:
Kohler, Pamela; Lafferty, William; Manhart, Lisa (April 2008). "Abstinence-Only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy".
1487:
253:. Teenage pregnancy in developing countries often occurs within marriage and approximately half are planned. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with
5322:
Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Chapman DP, Croft JB, Williamson DF, Santelli J, Dietz PM, Marks JS (2001). "Abused boys, battered mothers, and male involvement in teen pregnancy".
1082:), which prevent pregnancy for months or years at a time, are more effective in women who have trouble remembering to take pills or using barrier methods consistently.
9592:
815:
Teen pregnancy and motherhood can influence younger siblings. One study found that the younger sisters of teen mothers were less likely to emphasize the importance of
800:. Countries with low levels of teenagers giving birth accept sexual relationships among teenagers and provide comprehensive and balanced information about sexuality.
6716:
1847:
166:
Worldwide, pregnancy complications are the leading cause of death for women and girls 15 to 19 years old. The definition of teenage pregnancy includes those who are
8895:
5929:
Underhill, K; Operario, D; Montgomery, P (17 October 2007). Operario, Don (ed.). "Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries".
6876:
5145:
1860:
There are no comparable rates for conceptions across Europe, but the under-18 birth rate suggests England is closing the gap. The under-18 birth rate in 2012 in
1528:
In the developing world, programs of reproductive health aimed at teenagers are often small scale and not centrally coordinated, although some countries such as
635:
result in the deaths of an estimated 70,000 teen girls in developing countries each year. Young mothers and their babies are also at greater risk of contracting
780:
also influence the decision to have children. In societies where children are set to work at an early age, it is economically attractive to have many children.
4761:
1520:
through the Personal Responsibility Education Program, which requires states receiving funding to incorporate lessons about both abstinence and contraception.
683:. For mothers who are older than fifteen, age is not a risk factor, and poor outcomes are associated more with socioeconomic factors rather than with biology.
6945:
6479:
6042:
1512:
570:
reports that one-third of pregnant teens receive insufficient prenatal care and that their children are more likely to have health issues in childhood or be
4497:
1339:, "teens exposed to the most sexual content on TV are twice as likely as teens watching less of this material to become pregnant before they reach age 20".
4424:
East, P. L. (1998). "Impact of Adolescent Childbearing on Families and Younger Sibling: Effects that Increase Younger Siblings' Risk for Early Pregnancy".
1333:
A 2006 study found that adolescents who were more exposed to sexuality in the media were more likely to engage in sexual activity themselves. According to
6700:
9086:
4076:
6347:
5475:
5614:
Secura, Gina M.; Madden, Tessa; McNicholas, Colleen; Mullersman, Jennifer; Buckel, Christina M.; Zhao, Qiuhong; Peipert, Jeffrey F. (2 October 2014).
2631:
Loto OM, Ezechi OC, Kalu BK, Loto A, Ezechi L, Ogunniyi SO (2004). "Poor obstetric performance of teenagers: Is it age- or quality of care-related?".
4849:
Biggs, M. A.; Karasek, D; Foster, D. G. (2012). "Unprotected intercourse among women wanting to avoid pregnancy: Attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs".
4016:
2845:
Pregnancies, births, and abortions among adolescents and young women in the United States, 2013: National and state trends by age, race and ethnicity
226:
by the time a girl is 16, as they are not observed in births to older teens after controlling for other risk factors, such as access to high-quality
197:
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same pregnancy-related issues as older women. Teenagers are more likely to experience pregnancy complications or
6936:
California Resident Live Births, 1990, by Age of Father, by Age of Mother, California Vital Statistics Section, Department of Health Services, 1992.
4648:
Deardorff, J; Gonzales, NA; Christopher, FS; Roosa, MW; Millsap, RE (2005). "Early puberty and adolescent pregnancy: the influence of alcohol use".
1051:
Among teens in the UK seeking an abortion, a 2007 study found that the rate of contraceptive use was roughly the same for teens as for older women.
6465:
6160:
2825:
1030:
349:
5305:
5409:
2969:
1307:
7121:"FSRH Clinical Guideline: Contraceptive Choices for Young People (March 2010, amended May 2019) - Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare"
4814:
Speidel, J. J.; Harper, C. C.; Shields, W. C. (2008). "The potential of long-acting reversible contraception to decrease unintended pregnancy".
4159:
6633:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J. (7 January 2009).
3720:
Sterling, Sandra P. (2009). "Contraceptive Use Among Adolescent Latinas Living in the United States: The Impact of Culture and Acculturation".
1775:, an increase in the age at which women experience their first birth, and a decrease in the number of births among teenagers. Most continental
1591:
In reporting teenage pregnancy rates, the number of pregnancies per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19,. when the pregnancy ends, is generally used.
6696:
Dryburgh, H. (2002). Teenage pregnancy. Health Reports, 12 (1), 9–18; Statistics Canada . (2005). Health Indicators, 2005, 2. Retrieved from
5540:
5055:
Saewyc, E. M.; Magee, L. L.; Pettingell, S. E. (2004). "Teenage pregnancy and associated risk behaviors among sexually abused adolescents".
2675:
444:. A 2009 study found that teenage girls who are pregnant or are mothers are seven times more likely to commit suicide than other teenagers.
6798:
6578:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011) Health Disparities and Inequality Report – United States, MMWR, Jan 14, 2011 volume 60"
6577:
1751:
was 11.9 births per 1,000 women. The rate has fallen from 55.5 births per 1,000 women in 1971, probably due to ease of access to effective
9655:
9640:
7870:
4477:
4250:
3145:
1533:
5187:
5092:
4546:
9493:
8946:
6028:
5203:
4533:
4201:
4097:
3543:
Furstenberg FF, Levine JA, Brooks-Gunn J (1990). "The children of teenage mothers: patterns of early childbearing in two generations".
2208:
1517:
7186:"Perspectives on Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Strategies in the United States: Looking Back, Looking Forward [Corrigendum]"
6075:
3609:
Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Belsky DH (1994). "Prenatal care and maternal health during adolescent pregnancy: A review and meta-analysis".
9419:
4064:
7352:
7333:
2844:
9582:
9005:
6595:
3306:
Kalmuss DS, Namerow PB (1994). "Subsequent childbearing among teenage mothers: the determinants of a closely spaced second birth".
2851:
1041:
birth control (the most frequent reason), lack of intention to have sex, and the misconception that they "could not get pregnant".
5494:
A Joint Project of The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy and UCAN (Uhlich Children’s Advantage Network) 16 February 2006
4701:
1425:. Evidence does not support the effectiveness of abstinence-only sex education. It has been found to be ineffective in decreasing
9739:
9605:
9079:
9052:
8928:
7287:
1644:
found that, annually, 13 million children are born to women aged under 20 worldwide, with more than 90% in developing countries.
7120:
5254:
5020:
Saewyc EM, Magee LL, Pettingell SE (2004). "Teenage pregnancy and associated risk behaviors among sexually abused adolescents".
5007:
47:
A US government poster on teen pregnancy. Over 1,100 teenagers, mostly aged 18 or 19, give birth every day in the United States.
9617:
8966:
1878:
380:
impact of pregnancy and parenthood in teens. Life outcomes for teenage mothers and their children vary. Other factors, such as
3396:
7702:
7681:
7658:
7639:
7618:
7597:
7576:
7557:
7538:
7519:
7498:
7073:
3698:
2757:
6451:
3217:
10049:
9612:
1359:
892:
7275:
Dorothy. Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. New York: Pantheon Books, 1997. Chapter 3
6720:
5235:
3497:
Crockenberg S (1987). "Predictors and correlates of anger toward and punitive control of toddlers by adolescent mothers".
1171:
Teenage pregnancy has been defined predominantly within the research field and among social agencies as a social problem.
713:
caused by teenage pregnancy in different countries varies, from 1% to 30% of the annual GDP, with 30% being the figure in
9455:
8900:
2490:
Jeha, D.; Usta, I.; Ghulmiyyah, L.; Nassar, A. (2015). "A review of the risks and consequences of adolescent pregnancy".
1895:
The teenage pregnancy rate decreased significantly in the 1990s. This decline was across all racial groups. Teenagers of
1713:
The rates of early marriage and pregnancy in some Asian countries are high. In the 2000s, the rates decreased sharply in
589:
393:
5565:
Oringanje, Chioma; Meremikwu, Martin M; Eko, Hokehe; Esu, Ekpereonne; Meremikwu, Anne; Ehiri, John E (3 February 2016).
5504:
L'Engle, KL; Brown, JD; Kenneavy, K (2006). "The mass media are an important context for adolescents' sexual behavior".
2322:
Oringanje, Chioma; Meremikwu, Martin M; Eko, Hokehe; Esu, Ekpereonne; Meremikwu, Anne; Ehiri, John E (3 February 2016).
1887:
The US teen pregnancy rate 15 to 19 year olds, per 1,000, 1973 to 2011, including Black, Hispanic, and White populations
9622:
9072:
9040:
9010:
6888:
6102:
5160:
3397:
American Academy Of Pediatrics. Committee On Adolescence Committee On Early Childhood Adoption, Dependent Care (2001).
2253:
7416:
7397:
3107:
469:
issues are increased in children born to teen mothers. One study suggested that adolescent mothers are less likely to
9972:
9349:
8905:
8053:
7649:
Rhode, Deborah L. (2007). "Politics and Pregnancy: Adolescent Mothers and Public Policy". In Nancy Ehrenreich (ed.).
6251:
4169:
3590:
1079:
938:
have significantly reduced rates of conception compared to their peers who do not use opioids, and peers who do use
4789:
1970:
episodes of poverty before the age of 13 made young Canadian girls 75% to 90% more vulnerable to teenage pregnancy.
10061:
10044:
9597:
9286:
9271:
8238:
6483:
3068:
1722:
1059:
999:
581:
who become pregnant face barriers to receiving healthcare because they are the least insured group in the country.
276:
In 2021, 13.3 million babies, or about 10 percent of the total worldwide, were born to mothers under 20 years old.
7460:
6049:
5852:
4029:
Coley RL, Chase-Lansdale PL (1998). "Adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. Recent evidence and future directions".
2470:
392:
age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education for all young people, investing in girls' education, preventing
8607:
8430:
8204:
7863:
7803:
4504:
1578:
39:
2880:
conceived at age 19 had their births or abortions after they turned 20 and, thus, were not counted as teenagers.
1532:
have a systematic policy framework for teaching about sex within schools. Non-governmental agencies such as the
1033:
surveyed 1,027 students in the US in grades 7–12 to compare the use of contraceptives among Whites, Blacks, and
9539:
9321:
9095:
7893:
6953:
Note: 24% of births to women under 20 were solo registrations where the age of the father cannot be determined.
6697:
4636:
4098:"Adolescents in Changing Times: Issues and Perspectives for Adolescent Reproductive Health in The ESCAP Region"
1853:
1738:
1384:
properly educated about the issue. A program developed by experts in public health and sexual education titled
797:
521:
are more likely to become teen mothers themselves. Sons born to teenage mothers are three times more likely to
362:
5109:
Rosen D (2004). ""I Just Let Him Have His Way" Partner Violence in the Lives of Low-Income, Teenage Mothers".
2054:. Radio stations became involved in trying to get the message across. It ended up being a national hit on the
2026:
we can help to reduce the rate of teenage pregnancy and improve the lives of young people and their families.
1637:
girls aged 15–19". UNICEF noted that these declines were "tied to improvements in almost all regional rates".
10120:
10105:
9932:
8988:
8956:
8854:
7822:
5757:
5482:
1422:
1012:
871:
2872:"U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions: National and State Trends and Trends by Race and Ethnicity"
783:
In societies where adolescent marriage is less common, such as many developed countries, young age at first
9519:
9404:
9394:
8933:
8849:
8187:
7370:
6810:
4960:"Sexual violence and reproductive health outcomes among South African female youths: A contextual analysis"
1066:
are higher for teenagers, particularly poor ones, than for older users. Long-acting contraceptives such as
6684:
1355:
appear to reduce unplanned teenage pregnancy. It is unclear which type of intervention is most effective.
1010:, most of the rest are due to inconsistent or incorrect use. 23% of sexually active young women in a 1996
9962:
9732:
9587:
9529:
8462:
8405:
7969:
1311:
258:
194:). In healthy, well-nourished girls, the first period usually takes place between the ages of 12 and 13.
111:
7832:
6967:
5728:
5252:
Teen Births Cost U.S. Government $ 9.1B In 2004 Despite Drop In Teen Birth, Pregnancy Rates, Report Says
2773:
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1583:
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9488:
9136:
9028:
8993:
8983:
8023:
7905:
7856:
6003:
5302:
3831:
Sanchez PA, Idrisa A, Bobzom DN, Airede A, Hollis BW, Liston DE, Jones DD, Dasgupta A, Glew RH (1997).
1645:
1537:
1491:
632:
7054:"Chapter 8. Advocacy Strategies for Young People's Sexual and Reproductive Health: Using UN Processes"
6632:
5406:
5359:"Does father absence place daughters at special risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy?"
2240:
1054:
In other cases, contraception is used, but proves to be inadequate. Inexperienced adolescents may use
546:
health is of particular concern among teens who are pregnant or parenting. The worldwide incidence of
10039:
10029:
9769:
9169:
9131:
9126:
8786:
8656:
8614:
8475:
2422:"Menstrual cycle among adolescents: Girls' awareness and influence of age at menarche and overweight"
1258:
1244:
840:
696:
received postnatal care for themselves as compared to all women and girls (66 percent vs 69 percent).
640:
322:
171:
6544:
4662:
4595:
4123:
MacLeod, C. (1999). "The 'Causes' of Teenage Pregnancy: Review of South African Research – Part 2".
3446:
Hofferth SL, Reid L (2002). "Early Childbearing and Children's Achievement And Behavior over Time".
3081:
305:
10079:
9572:
9261:
9116:
8998:
8522:
8338:
8305:
8197:
7784:
7382:
6243:
5089:
1441:
1231:
862:
462:
457:
425:
7842:
7184:
Brindis, Claire D; Decker, Martha J; Gutmann-Gonzalez, Abigail; Berglas, Nancy F (December 2022).
6564:"U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions, 2011: National Trends by Age, Race and Ethnicity"
6563:
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9650:
9577:
9503:
9294:
9187:
8951:
8805:
8597:
8290:
5548:
3174:
Hofferth SL, Reid L, Mott FL (2001). "The effects of early childbearing on schooling over time".
3146:"Not Just Another Single Issue: Teen Pregnancy Prevention's Link to Other Critical Social Issues"
2987:
908:
726:
725:
at the time of giving birth. A 2002 study found that nearly 50% of all adolescent mothers sought
624:
77:
6263:
3938:
2803:
2374:
9899:
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9725:
9299:
9281:
9236:
9121:
8864:
8732:
8722:
8587:
8310:
8243:
8218:
8154:
8028:
6136:
4657:
4590:
4248:
Teenage Mothers: Decisions and Outcomes – Provides a unique review of how teenage mothers think
2534:"Pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death in teenage girls in developing countries"
1393:
1140:
433:
7744:
6436:
6101:
Fe Moncloa; Marilyn Johns; Elizabeth J. Gong; Stephen Russell; Faye Lee; Estella West (2003).
5216:
4472:
4247:
3152:
1482:
In the US, one policy initiative that has been used to increase rates of contraceptive use is
10020:
9894:
9889:
9813:
9796:
9478:
9465:
9141:
8844:
8646:
8450:
8125:
5184:
4889:"Teenage Sexual and Reproductive Behavior in Developed Countries: Can More Progress Be Made?"
4282:"Attitude and practice of family planning methods among Roma women living in northern Turkey"
4267:
2165:
2155:
1892:
and has decreased since then, although there has been an increase in births out of wedlock.
1548:
and educational prospects have led to an increase in the age at first birth in areas such as
1175:
is associated with increased rates of teenage pregnancy. Economically poor countries such as
1071:
935:
824:
6799:
Do most teens who choose to raise the child get married when they find out they're pregnant?
6079:
4958:
Speizer, I. S.; Pettifor, A; Cummings, S; MacPhail, C; Kleinschmidt, I; Rees, H. V. (2009).
4208:
4101:
2437:
2400:
1026:
poll claimed it was embarrassing to buy birth control or request information from a doctor.
9979:
9764:
9699:
9544:
9379:
9111:
8859:
8810:
8130:
8120:
8048:
8043:
8018:
8003:
7998:
6620:
6450:
Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (13 December 2017).
5795:
5692:
4941:
3872:
Peña E, Sánchez A, Solano L (2003). "Profile of nutritional risk in pregnant adolescents".
2744:
2049:
1912:
1772:
1315:
1133:
1045:
1003:
852:
567:
513:
478:
90:
6634:
6452:"Media Release – September most common month for babies born in Australia (Media Release)"
651:
Risks for medical complications are greater for girls aged under 15, as an underdeveloped
8:
10115:
9994:
9879:
9843:
9399:
9339:
9256:
9103:
8363:
8320:
8285:
8192:
8172:
7773:
6040:
4474:
In Their Own Right: Addressing the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Men Worldwide.
3964:
3010:
2674:
Raatikainen, Kaisa; Heiskanen, Nonna; Verkasalo, Pia K.; Heinonen, Seppo (1 April 2006).
2043:
1990:
1838:
populations, who have an occurrence of teenage pregnancies well above the local average.
1685:
1599:
1430:
1067:
771:
490:
421:
7817:
6993:
6599:
5799:
5275:
Smith, Carolyn (1996). "The link between childhood maltreatment and teenage pregnancy".
4827:
4777:
4100:. United Nations Social and Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Archived from
3905:
2848:
1721:, although it remains relatively high in Indonesia. In the industrialized Asian nations
9967:
9939:
9884:
9823:
9645:
9534:
9440:
9241:
9164:
8961:
8690:
8544:
8315:
8300:
7312:
7220:
7185:
6903:
6852:
6827:
6775:
6742:
6424:
6397:
6372:
Kumar A, Singh T, Basu S, Pandey S, Bhargava V (2007). "Outcome of teenage pregnancy".
6328:
6315:
6288:
6100:
5985:
5906:
5881:
5826:
5783:
5640:
5615:
5591:
5566:
5452:
5427:
5383:
5358:
5194:. Florida State University Center for Prevention & Early Intervention Policy (2005)
5126:
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4140:
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3514:
3479:
3463:
3428:
3371:
3350:
3323:
3283:
3258:
3191:
2950:
2656:
2605:
2475:
2446:
2421:
2348:
2323:
2150:
1796:
1665:
959:
784:
777:
645:
628:
179:
64:
6717:"Adolescent fertility rates, 2000 to 2020 – the Health of Canada's Children and Youth"
5357:
Ellis BJ, Bates JE, Dodge KA, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Pettit GS, Woodward L (2003).
4604:
4280:
Avci, Ilknur Aydin; Cavusoglu, Figen; Aydin, Mesiya; Altay, Birsen (17 January 2018).
3259:"Body Size and Intelligence in 6-year-olds: Are Offspring of Teenage Mothers at Risk?"
2746:
International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach
2558:
2533:
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9944:
9927:
9334:
8781:
8700:
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8602:
8115:
8033:
7884:
7698:
7692:
7677:
7669:
7654:
7635:
7629:
7614:
7608:
7593:
7587:
7572:
7553:
7534:
7515:
7494:
7304:
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7207:
7166:
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7005:
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5911:
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5457:
5388:
5339:
5251:
5072:
5037:
4989:
4866:
4831:
4781:
4675:
4632:
4608:
4406:
4354:
4329:
East PL (1996). "Do adolescent pregnancy and childbearing affect younger siblings?".
4311:
4165:
4144:
4046:
3988:
3881:
3854:
3813:
3778:
3737:
3677:
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3522:
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2909:
2901:
2820:
2753:
2705:
2697:
2648:
2613:
2563:
2507:
2451:
2353:
2249:
2212:
2170:
1930:
In 2009, the Latina teenage pregnancy rate was 75% higher than the national average.
1916:
1904:
1861:
1641:
1292:
1160:
1022:
932:
672:
664:
660:
52:
7778:
7316:
7147:"The social costs of child poverty: a systematic review of the qualitative evidence"
7026:
6659:
6428:
6401:
6332:
5989:
5130:
4687:
3921:
3483:
3432:
3082:"Few teens use the most effective types of birth control| CDC Online Newsroom | CDC"
2660:
2200:
667:. In developing regions where medical services might be unavailable, it can lead to
10125:
9872:
9786:
9676:
9671:
9567:
9551:
8343:
8110:
8105:
7296:
7252:
7215:
7197:
7158:
7061:
7016:
6847:
6839:
6770:
6754:
6526:
6416:
6381:
6310:
6300:
6216:
5969:
5938:
5934:
5901:
5893:
5821:
5803:
5784:"More comprehensive sex education reduced teen births: Quasi-experimental evidence"
5635:
5627:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5513:
5447:
5439:
5378:
5370:
5331:
5284:
5118:
5064:
5029:
4979:
4971:
4888:
4858:
4823:
4773:
4667:
4600:
4433:
4396:
4388:
4338:
4301:
4293:
4132:
4038:
3844:
3805:
3768:
3729:
3667:
3657:
3618:
3552:
3506:
3455:
3410:
3366:
3358:
3315:
3278:
3270:
3183:
2940:
2687:
2640:
2597:
2553:
2545:
2499:
2441:
2433:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2160:
2084:
2018:
likely to experience health and developmental problems, and to grow up in poverty.
1896:
1776:
1500:
1462:
767:
710:
676:
593:
207:
6339:
5426:
Allen E, Bonell C, Strange V, Copas A, Stephenson J, Johnson AM, Oakley A (2007).
3809:
3695:
2201:"Birth Rates for U.S. Teenagers Reach Historic Lows for All Age and Ethnic Groups"
1779:
countries have very low teenage birth rates. This is varyingly attributed to good
987:
are extremely difficult to overcome. Over concern about side-effects, for example
301:
10001:
9914:
9833:
9756:
9498:
9435:
9369:
9329:
9311:
9179:
9064:
8839:
8695:
8559:
8517:
8378:
8353:
8277:
8167:
8149:
8095:
7979:
7789:
7509:
6704:
6289:"Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review"
6221:
6204:
5897:
5413:
5309:
5258:
5239:
5191:
4481:
4254:
3702:
3594:
3221:
2855:
2644:
1979:
1756:
1622:
1335:
900:
563:
547:
211:
167:
7848:
7613:. New Haven, CT: Yale Child Study Center: Distributed by Yale University Press.
5232:
4913:
4297:
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2871:
2549:
1183:
have far more teenage mothers compared with economically rich countries such as
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9922:
8882:
8709:
8685:
8629:
8507:
8502:
8492:
8480:
8358:
8142:
8013:
7959:
7053:
6043:"Policy Brief: Title X Plays a Critical Role in Preventing Unplanned Pregnancy"
4437:
4392:
4136:
4042:
3399:"American Academy of Pediatrics: Care of adolescent parents and their children"
2821:
2132:
1908:
1541:
1117:
1113:
1007:
939:
896:
887:
733:
680:
571:
522:
498:
385:
369:
223:
198:
8891:
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
7763:
7065:
6843:
6385:
6305:
4862:
4377:"The younger siblings of teenage mothers: a follow-up of their pregnancy risk"
3274:
1474:
895:. The drugs with the strongest evidence linking them to teenage pregnancy are
332:
The mother's age is determined by the easily verified date when the pregnancy
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9781:
9748:
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9409:
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7925:
7552:(1st Illinois paperback ed.). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
7300:
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7170:
7095:
7009:
6766:
6698:
Facts and Statistics: Sexual Health and Canadian Youth – Teen Pregnancy Rates
6505:
5817:
5443:
5122:
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4975:
4451:
3257:
Cornelius MD, Goldschmidt L, Willford JA, Leech SL, Larkby C, Day NL (2008).
3043:
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2701:
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2117:
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1920:
1835:
1800:
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1752:
1352:
1348:
1207:
1199:
973:
911:. The drugs with the least evidence to support a link to early pregnancy are
867:
804:
796:
programs, the main objective of which is to reduce unplanned pregnancies and
793:
788:
559:
262:
250:
234:
227:
219:
203:
116:
95:
7759:
5808:
5374:
4232:
3773:
3756:
3662:
3029:
2945:
2928:
2893:
2692:
420:. A 2001 study found that women who gave birth during their teens completed
178:
as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Pregnancy can occur with
9954:
9904:
9867:
9706:
9689:
8749:
8744:
8485:
8385:
8330:
8058:
7937:
7932:
7308:
7244:
7229:
6861:
6784:
6393:
6324:
6230:
6189:
6114:
5981:
5946:
5915:
5835:
5649:
5600:
5525:
5461:
5392:
5343:
5335:
5288:
5076:
5041:
4993:
4870:
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4785:
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4671:
4612:
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Besharov, D. J.; Gardiner, K. N. (1997). "Trends in Teen Sexual Behavior".
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3398:
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3351:"The impact of early age at first childbirth on maternal and infant health"
3292:
3242:"Statistics on Teen Pregnancy". National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
3203:
2913:
2709:
2652:
2567:
2511:
2455:
2357:
2216:
2112:
2096:
2090:
1697:
1310:
survey attributed the occurrence of adolescent pregnancy to a breakdown of
1129:
1098:
1075:
836:
741:
652:
609:
551:
441:
413:
254:
7674:
Children, Families, and Government: Preparing for the Twenty-First Century
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Handbook of Social Work Practice with Vulnerable and Resilient Populations
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Armstrong, Bruce (2001). "Adolescent Pregnancy". In Alex Gitterman (ed.).
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What the Polling Data Tell Us: A Summary of Past Surveys on Teen Pregnancy
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3833:"Calcium and vitamin D status of pregnant teenagers in Maiduguri, Nigeria"
3817:
3630:
3587:
3572:
3526:
3335:
2726:
2617:
1405:
835:
at younger ages. Younger brothers, too, were found to be more tolerant of
257:
and poor health care to cause medical problems. When used in combination,
9828:
9524:
9483:
9450:
9218:
9211:
8739:
8675:
8512:
8455:
8395:
8390:
8228:
8177:
8038:
7845:, a special issue from the Journal of Applied Research on Children (2011)
7202:
6420:
5217:
Teenage Conceptions By Small Area Deprivation In England and Wales 2001-2
2503:
2080:
1934:
1903:
descent retain a higher rate of teen pregnancy, in comparison to that of
1883:
1812:
1792:
1788:
1611:
1603:
1392:
Teen pregnancy can be reduced by sex education, as a 2022 study in 55 US
1321:
1203:
1184:
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988:
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597:
486:
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326:
238:
7880:
4235:, US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
4233:
Beginning Too Soon: Adolescent Sexual Behavior, Pregnancy And Parenthood
2954:
2087:, was born to a 17-year-old mother as the result of a teenage pregnancy.
9803:
9684:
9384:
9374:
9306:
8137:
8077:
8008:
7837:
6758:
5616:"Provision of No-Cost, Long-Acting Contraception and Teenage Pregnancy"
5567:"Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents"
4564:
4350:
3564:
3518:
3467:
3327:
3195:
2609:
2405:
2324:"Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents"
2198:
2076:
1938:
1744:
1649:
1211:
1180:
883:
820:
656:
613:
506:
494:
437:
377:
121:
57:
7727:
7589:
Not Our Kind of Girl: Unraveling the Myths of Black Teenage Motherhood
7417:
Page 29 CASH BOX CHARTS, TOP R&B SINGLES, 14 BABIES HAVING BABIES
7398:
Page 13 CASH BOX CHARTS, TOP R&B SINGLES, 14 BABIES HAVING BABIES
6527:"Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15–19) – Data"
5476:"Fostering Hope: Preventing Teen Pregnancy Among Youth in Foster Care"
2804:"Early childbearing can have severe consequences for adolescent girls"
1020:
with a partner who did not use a condom, while 70% of girls in a 1997
300:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
9855:
9473:
9361:
9201:
8527:
8400:
8260:
8250:
8085:
8063:
7990:
7550:
When Children want Children: The Urban Crisis of Teenage Childbearing
7146:
6743:"Family Histories and Teen Pregnancy in the United States and Canada"
5303:
Teenage pregnancy risk rises with childhood exposure to family strife
3754:
2673:
2122:
1966:
1748:
1726:
1714:
1553:
1540:
provide contraceptive advice for young women worldwide. Laws against
1529:
1503:) provides family planning services for those who do not qualify for
1413:, promoting abstinence for the prevention of unplanned pregnancy and
1303:
984:
924:
828:
816:
763:
668:
617:
474:
409:
270:
183:
156:
85:
69:
7183:
7162:
6901:
5959:
5068:
5033:
4342:
4257:
Policy Studies Institute, University of Westminster, 30 October 1998
3757:"Good outcome of teenage pregnancies in high-quality maternity care"
3556:
3510:
3459:
3319:
3187:
2676:"Good outcome of teenage pregnancies in high-quality maternity care"
2601:
9860:
9776:
9445:
9389:
9246:
9206:
8910:
8727:
8641:
8619:
8539:
8440:
8348:
8255:
8182:
8100:
7920:
6741:
Smith, Chelsea; Strohschein, Lisa; Crosnoe, Robert (October 2018).
6103:"Best Practices in Teen Pregnancy Prevention Practitioner Handbook"
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Gutierrez Y, King JC (1993). "Nutrition during teenage pregnancy".
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Makinson C (1985). "The health consequences of teenage fertility".
1942:
1900:
1819:
1718:
1689:
1545:
1504:
1414:
1155:
1143:
within the last year, and 21% experienced school or work sabotage.
1034:
1017:
920:
832:
770:
are common experience higher levels of teenage pregnancies. In the
748:, with nearly half in the bottom fifth of the income distribution.
543:
466:
373:
246:
187:
7021:
7019:
6415:
Jones, Gavin (2010). Changing Marriage Patterns in Asia (Report).
4886:
3644:
Banerjee B, Pandey G, Dutt D, Sengupta B, Mondal M, Deb S (2009).
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Research indicates that pregnant teens are less likely to receive
8829:
8800:
8776:
8758:
8554:
8534:
7672:. In Edward Zigler; Sharon Lynn Kagan; Nancy Wilson Hall (eds.).
5928:
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UNFPA, State of World Population 2003. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
4647:
4516:
Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2005. Retrieved 23 January 2007
3256:
2137:
2102:
1954:
1827:
1823:
1483:
1172:
912:
745:
722:
605:
601:
578:
381:
316:
Teenage pregnancy rate in the United States by age group in 2013.
245:. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of
242:
9717:
5613:
5312:
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, March–April 2004
2988:"PRESIDENT WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS"
2894:"Intended and unintended births in the United States: 1982-2010"
1206:
it is 10.0 per 1,000. Similarly, in the US in 2001, sociologist
1062:, or fail to use the contraceptives they had previously chosen.
9791:
9251:
8667:
8549:
8373:
8295:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7754:
7739:
6041:
The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy.
4957:
3946:
3030:"Adolescent pregnancy - UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund"
2970:"Is broadband responsible for falling teenage pregnancy rates?"
2807:
2471:"What Pregnancy and Childbirth Do to the Bodies of Young Girls"
2107:
1831:
1768:
1629:
1557:
1458:
1363:
Risk Avoidance Education, and Sexual Risk Avoidance Education.
1210:
noted that teenage birth rates closely mapped poverty rates in
1055:
928:
927:, of which a well-known effect is the significant reduction of
916:
737:
714:
526:
518:
408:
Being a young mother in a first world country can affect one's
215:
160:
6176:
Treffers PE (2003). "Teenage pregnancy, a worldwide problem".
3989:
United States Department of Health and Human Services (2016).
3962:
2892:
Mosher, William D.; Jones, Jo; Abma, Joyce C. (24 July 2012).
1544:
have reduced but not eliminated the practice. Improved female
1389:
national implementation of this program in the United States.
8429:
7964:
7915:
7533:. Toronto, Canada; Buffalo, NY: University of Toronto Press.
6825:
3755:
Raatikainen K, Heiskanen N, Verkasalo PK, Heinonen S (2005).
3218:"The Psychological Effects of Teenage Women During Pregnancy"
1983:
1945:. In 2012, the states with the lowest teenage birthrate were
1933:
In 2012, the states with the highest teenage birthrates were
1808:
1804:
1701:
1693:
1672:
1653:
1618:
1607:
1410:
1195:
1188:
1176:
502:
482:
6994:"Impact of Social and Cultural Factors on Teenage Pregnancy"
6076:"HHS Awards Evidence-based Teen Pregnancy Prevention Grants"
5407:
Father's Absence Increases Daughter's Risk of Teen Pregnancy
3542:
3236:
1729:, teenage birth rates remain among the lowest in the world.
1488:
Family Planning Services and Population Research Act of 1970
1429:
risk in the developed world, and does not decrease rates of
9989:
8634:
6264:"Early childbearing and teenage pregnancy rates by country"
4887:
Darroch, Jacqueline E.; Jennifer J. Frost; Susheela Singh.
2199:
Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J. (10 April 2012).
1692:
sometimes results in adolescent pregnancy, particularly in
1596:
1549:
992:
943:
904:
839:
and early births, in addition to being more susceptible to
6828:"The Quality of Male Fertility Data in Major U.S. Surveys"
5782:
Mark, Nicholas D. E.; Wu, Lawrence L. (22 February 2022).
3643:
3349:
Gibbs, CM.; Wendt, A.; Peters, S.; Hogue, CJ. (Jul 2012).
2401:"Can a Girl Get Pregnant if She Has Never Had Her Period?"
1372:
guarantees confidentiality and a non-judgmental approach.
1147:
attempted to sabotage their efforts to use birth control.
497:
toward their needs. Another found that those who had more
206:
factors than with the biological effects of age. Risks of
142:
Leading cause of death in 15 to 19 year old females, 2018.
8445:
7493:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
5723:
5721:
4532:
The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. (1997).
3830:
3143:
The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. (2002).
2099:, world renowned guitarist, born to a 16-year-old mother.
1848:
Teenage pregnancy and sexual health in the United Kingdom
1664:
The highest rate of teenage pregnancy in the world is in
1587:
The adolescent birth rate in women aged 10–19 years, 2016
1426:
636:
8896:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
7610:
Children in Jeopardy: Can We Break the Cycle of Poverty?
6621:
U.S. Teenage Pregnancy Rate Drops For 10th Straight Year
5564:
5503:
5356:
4737:
Adams, A.; D'Souza, R. (2009). "Teenage contraception".
4736:
4718:
Adams, A.; D'Souza, R. (2009). "Teenage contraception".
4717:
2489:
2321:
1986:, the majority of teenage births occur within marriage.
7531:
Teen Pregnancy and Parenting: Social and Ethical Issues
6902:
National Center for Health Statistic (September 1993).
6826:
Joyner, K; Peters, H.E.; Hynes, K; et al. (2012).
6740:
6287:
Yakubu, Ibrahim; Salisu, Waliu Jawula (December 2018).
5752:
5750:
5425:
5321:
4279:
3646:"Teenage pregnancy: A socially inflicted health hazard"
3005:
3003:
3001:
2847:. Washington, DC: Guttmacher Institute. Lay summary at
1865:
1818:
On the other hand, the teen birth rate is very high in
7631:
Dubious Conceptions: The Politics of Teenage Pregnancy
7060:, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 110–123,
6521:
6519:
5718:
4096:
Mehta, Suman; Groenen, Riet; Roque, Francisco (1998).
3715:
3713:
3711:
2000:
1569:
designing interventions that are culturally relevant.
8586:
6797:
National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. (2007).
6029:
Protocole de contraception du Québec Mise à jour 2018
6027:
Institut national de santé publique du Québec. 2018.
5099:
University of Southern California, Science Blog, 2004
5054:
5019:
3906:"Early Marriage and Motherhood in Sub-Saharan Africa"
3348:
2843:
Kost, K., Maddow-Zimet, I., & Arpaia, A. (2017).
7717:
6371:
6163:. Statcan.gc.ca (5 June 2007). Retrieved 2011-12-03.
5747:
5204:
Indicator: Births per 1000 women (aged 15–19) – 2002
4813:
4762:"Reducing unintended pregnancy in the United States"
2998:
2727:"Young mothers face stigma and abuse, say charities"
1696:
regions where the rate is much higher than it is in
729:within the first five years of their child's life.
7694:
Girls on the Stand: How Courts Fail Pregnant Minors
6998:
Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice
6904:"Advance Report of Final Natality Statistics, 1991"
6516:
6348:"Teen pregnancies higher in India than even UK, US"
5662:
4754:
4752:
4028:
3708:
3608:
2827:
World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results
329:as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years.
9094:
7569:Latina Adolescent Childbearing in East Los Angeles
5663:Fernandes-Alcantara, Adrienne L. (30 April 2018).
5090:Study Links Childhood Sexual Abuse, Teen Pregnancy
4848:
4202:"A League Table of Teenage Births in Rich Nations"
2630:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2419:
1606:had the highest level of teenage pregnancy, while
1492:
1159:A young poverty-stricken girl clutches her child.
627:is an even more marked problem among teenagers in
428:14–29% as often as women who waited until age 30.
7878:
6687:. CBS News (10 April 2012). Retrieved 2013-09-26.
6593:
6562:Kost, Kathryn; Maddow-Zimet, Isaac (April 2016).
6137:"Adolescent birth rate in women aged 10-19 years"
5541:"Sex on TV Increases Teen Pregnancy, Says Report"
4937:
4935:
4095:
3871:
2869:
1314:between parents and child and also to inadequate
134:23 million per year in the developed world, 2018.
10092:
7592:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
6561:
6244:A League Table of Teenage Births in Rich Nations
6202:
6074:U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
5672:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service
4749:
4580:
3173:
3108:"American Teens' Sexual and Reproductive Health"
1198:in 2001, the teenage birth rate in the well-off
1031:National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
350:Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act
6927:Family Planning Perspectives, July/August 1995.
6874:
5788:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4539:
3933:
3931:
2980:
2891:
2518:
1308:Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies
877:
273:. It is more common in rural than urban areas.
16:Childbirth in human females under the age of 20
7371:Terry Tate by Terry Tate, Babies Having Babies
6992:Akella, Devi; Jordan, Melissa (1 April 2015).
5922:
5880:Ott, Mary A; Santelli, John S (October 2007).
5274:
5102:
5057:Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
5022:Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
4932:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
3538:
3536:
3448:Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
3305:
2248:. World Health Organization. 2004. p. 5.
659:. Obstructed labour is normally dealt with by
9733:
9080:
7864:
7245:"Teenage pregnancy and parenthood in England"
3795:
3496:
2824:. Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
2798:
2796:
2794:
2014:contraception and other forms of protection.
1927:would translate to ~190,000 births per year.
596:common in adolescence, including attempts to
7676:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
7251:, Bristol University Press, pp. 67–88,
7190:Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics
6991:
6464:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6286:
5886:Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology
4759:
4374:
3928:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3445:
3024:
3022:
3020:
2721:
2719:
1400:
1360:long acting form of reversible birth control
732:A 1999 study of 100 teenaged mothers in the
9656:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
9641:Birth control movement in the United States
7697:. New York, NY: New York University Press.
7690:
7653:. New York, NY: New York University Press.
7634:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
7284:
6962:
6960:
6690:
6685:U.S. teen birth rates fall to historic lows
6545:"Silence Makes Babies – Transitions Online"
6480:"Teenage pregnancy – Better Health Channel"
6175:
5879:
5684:
5666:Teen Pregnancy: Federal Prevention Programs
5185:Violence, Abuse and Adolescent Childbearing
5143:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4519:
4370:
4368:
4260:
3837:Journal of the National Medical Association
3533:
3252:
3250:
3248:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2420:Marques, P.; Madeira, T.; Gama, A. (2022).
1534:International Planned Parenthood Federation
1202:is only 3.3 per 1,000, while in the poorer
721:that, in 1988, 60% of teenage mothers were
265:can reduce unintended teenage pregnancies.
10075:
9740:
9726:
9494:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
9087:
9073:
8947:International Center for Research on Women
7871:
7857:
6449:
5882:"Abstinence and abstinence-only education"
5690:
4809:
4807:
4228:
4226:
3342:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
2791:
2587:
2209:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2194:
2192:
2070:
1513:US Department of Health and Human Services
38:
7838:Teenage pregnancies and obstetric outcome
7571:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
7528:
7511:Teenage Pregnancy and Reproductive Health
7488:
7461:"15 Celebs Who Were Born To Teen Parents"
7219:
7201:
6851:
6774:
6314:
6304:
6220:
5953:
5905:
5875:
5873:
5825:
5807:
5639:
5590:
5451:
5416:Health Behavior News Service, 27 May 2003
5382:
4983:
4694:
4661:
4594:
4492:
4490:
4400:
4305:
4286:International Journal of Nursing Sciences
4017:Pregnancy, Poverty, School and Employment
3892:
3848:
3772:
3671:
3661:
3414:
3370:
3282:
3017:
2967:
2944:
2926:
2716:
2691:
2557:
2445:
2347:
2317:
2315:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2235:
2233:
7566:
7529:Checkland, David and James Wong (1999).
7381:rareandobscuremusic, 12 December 1989 -
7288:Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice
6957:
6596:"The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy"
6171:
6169:
5853:"U.S. population by age and gender 2019"
5197:
4569:
4467:
4465:
4365:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4019:. moappp.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
3958:
3956:
3719:
3245:
2574:
1882:
1582:
1473:
1404:
1286:
1154:
1150:
1074:, and contraceptive injections (such as
967:
7051:
6178:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
5931:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5571:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5233:America’s Pointless "Teen Sex" Squabble
5108:
4804:
4328:
4223:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4122:
3991:"Negative Impacts of Teen Childbearing"
3963:United Nations Population Fund (2014).
3694:Guttmacher Institute. (September 1999).
3126:
2865:
2863:
2633:Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
2531:
2328:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2189:
1915:attributed about 25% of the decline to
1523:
1386:National Sexuality Education Standards,
1167:by George Carter Needham, Boston, 1884.
810:
744:. Most British teenage mothers live in
10093:
7833:WHO fact sheet on adolescent pregnancy
7606:
7585:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7144:
6203:Marnach ML, Long ME, Casey PM (2013).
5870:
5847:
5845:
5781:
5560:
5558:
4882:
4880:
4487:
4243:
4241:
3874:Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion
3392:
3390:
2492:Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine
2398:
2369:
2367:
2312:
2269:
2230:
1879:Teenage pregnancy in the United States
1656:among women aged 15–19 in such areas.
505:toward their children or to rely upon
9721:
9068:
8666:
7852:
7667:
7648:
7627:
7507:
6414:
6345:
6166:
5221:Health Statistics Quarterly Volume 33
4462:
4082:
3953:
3903:
3761:The European Journal of Public Health
2468:
1973:
1659:
1016:magazine poll admitted to having had
803:Teenage pregnancies are common among
9035:
8929:Office of Research on Women's Health
7670:"Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting"
7547:
7351:, 14–27 August 1989 Vol. 3 No. 11 -
7332:, 14–27 August 1989 Vol. 3 No. 11 -
7242:
7058:Reproductive Health and Human Rights
7052:Shepard, Bonnie (31 December 2009),
6346:Dawan, Himanshi (28 November 2008).
6094:
5538:
4760:Trussell J, Wynn LL (January 2008).
4565:https://doi.org/10.51867/ajer.v2i1.9
4423:
4178:
4070:
3650:Indian Journal of Community Medicine
2870:Kost K, Henshaw S, Carlin L (2010).
2860:
893:Correlation does not imply causation
286:
33:Teen pregnancy, adolescent pregnancy
9047:
8967:Society for Women's Health Research
8901:International Day of the Girl Child
7434:
6594:Boonstra, Heather (February 2002).
6506:"Teen pregnancy rate 'lower still'"
6472:
5842:
5555:
4877:
4828:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.06.001
4778:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.09.001
4452:"Teenage pregnancy is 'contagious'"
4238:
4157:
4125:South African Journal of Psychology
3982:
3387:
2752:. Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 18.
2364:
2001:Intersection of society and culture
1834:. Many of the teen births occur in
1625:, risking their lives and health."
588:Many pregnant teens are at risk of
233:Teenage pregnancies are related to
13:
9011:Birth control in the United States
7481:
5010:. www.csa.za.org. 23 November 2003
5008:Teen mothers often forced into sex
4914:"Teenage pregnancy myth dismissed"
4583:Children and Youth Services Review
3585:Maynard, Rebecca A. (Ed.). (1996).
2927:Lappegård, Trude (15 March 2000).
2898:National Health Statistics Reports
2469:Nolen, Stephanie (July 18, 2022).
2399:Hirsch, Larissa (September 2016).
1872:
1700:areas. In 2008, teen pregnancy in
1497:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1328:
1123:
412:. Teen mothers are more likely to
14:
10137:
9747:
9350:self-report sexual risk behaviors
8906:Commission on the Status of Women
7916:External female genitalia (vulva)
7713:
6946:FM1 Birth statistics no.34 (2005)
6877:"The United States at Mid-Decade"
6642:National Vital Statistics Reports
6205:"Current Issues in Contraception"
4964:American Journal of Public Health
4758:National Surveys of Family Growth
4702:Britain: Sex Education Under Fire
4536:. teenpregnancy.org (April 1997).
3263:Maternal and Child Health Journal
2680:European Journal of Public Health
2438:10.1590/1984-0462/2022/40/2020494
2093:was born to a 19-year-old mother.
2065:
1841:
1771:since 1970 has been a decreasing
1080:combined injectable contraceptive
998:In the US, according to the 2002
686:
10074:
9420:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
9046:
9034:
9023:
9022:
8239:Assisted reproductive technology
7879:
7425:
7406:
7387:
7375:
7360:
7342:
7323:
7278:
7269:
7236:
7177:
7138:
7113:
7088:
7045:
6985:
6939:
6930:
6921:
6895:
6875:De Vita; Carol J. (March 1996).
6868:
6819:
6803:
6791:
6734:
6709:
6678:
6652:
6626:
6614:
6587:
6570:
6555:
6537:
6498:
6443:
6408:
6365:
6280:
6256:
6237:
6196:
6154:
6129:
6067:
6034:
6021:
5996:
5974:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.026
5775:
5656:
5607:
5532:
5518:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.020
5497:
5468:
5419:
5399:
5350:
5315:
5295:
5268:
4631:. Doubleday books, p. 128,
3722:Journal of Pediatric Health Care
3611:The Journal of Adolescent Health
3363:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01290.x
2929:"New fertility trends in Norway"
1919:and 75% to the effective use of
1469:
1447:
1000:National Survey of Family Growth
953:
574:than those born to older women.
537:
456:Early motherhood can affect the
291:
9540:Sexually transmitted infections
8205:Breastfeeding and mental health
6911:Monthly Vital Statistics Report
5620:New England Journal of Medicine
5539:Park, Alice (3 November 2008).
5245:
5225:
5209:
5178:
5137:
5083:
5048:
5013:
5000:
4951:
4906:
4894:. The Alan Guttmacher Institute
4842:
4730:
4711:
4641:
4619:
4556:
4444:
4417:
4322:
4273:
4151:
4116:
4063:Social Exclusion Unit. (1999).
4057:
4022:
4015:O’Halloran, Peggy (April 1998)
4009:
3865:
3824:
3789:
3748:
3688:
3637:
3602:
3579:
3490:
3439:
3299:
3210:
3167:
3100:
3074:
3069:Teen Pregnancy: The Tangled Web
3061:
3036:
2992:clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov
2961:
2920:
2885:
2837:
2814:
2766:
2737:
2667:
2624:
1579:Prevalence of teenage pregnancy
1092:
751:
740:, while the remaining 89% were
736:found that only 11% received a
249:and is often associated with a
9096:Sexual and reproductive health
7651:The Reproductive Rights Reader
7100:United Nations Population Fund
6949:Office For National Statistics
6815:Office For National Statistics
6747:Journal of Marriage and Family
6161:Teenage pregnancy –Definitions
5939:10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2
5583:10.1002/14651858.CD005215.pub3
4946:Encyclopedia of Women's Health
4545:Allen, Colin. (22 May 2003). "
4266:Guttmacher Institute. (2005).
3969:United Nations Population Fund
3048:United Nations Population Fund
2483:
2462:
2413:
2392:
2340:10.1002/14651858.cd005215.pub3
1854:Office for National Statistics
1755:, rather than any decrease in
1739:Teenage pregnancy in Australia
1165:Street Arabs and Gutter Snipes
1087:Encyclopedia of Women's Health
577:In the United States, teenage
363:United Nations Population Fund
186:, which can happen before the
1:
8855:Social determinants of health
6811:Census 2001 People aged 16–29
6635:"Births: Final Data for 2006"
4605:10.1016/S0190-7409(97)00022-4
4426:Applied Developmental Science
4375:East PL, Jacobson LJ (2001).
3810:10.3928/0090-4481-19930201-07
2426:Revista Paulista de Pediatria
2182:
1572:
1436:
1423:abstinence-only sex education
1342:
872:sexually transmitted diseases
279:
9520:Disorders of sex development
8850:Gender disparities in health
8188:Mother-to-child transmission
7823:Resources in other libraries
7691:Silverstein, Helena (2007).
7586:Kaplan, Elaine Bell (1997).
7567:Erickson, Pamela I. (1998).
7249:When children become parents
7027:"About Teen Pregnancy | CDC"
6660:"About Teen Pregnancy | CDC"
6374:Indian Journal of Pediatrics
6222:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.01.007
5962:Journal of Adolescent Health
5898:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282efdc0b
5506:Journal of Adolescent Health
5432:J Epidemiol Community Health
5265:. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
4471:Guttmacher Institute (2003)
4331:Family Planning Perspectives
4158:Fog, A. (28 February 1999).
3623:10.1016/1054-139X(94)90491-K
3176:Family Planning Perspectives
2645:10.1080/01443610410001685529
2590:Family Planning Perspectives
1732:
1602:in 2001, the US, the UK and
1366:
1274:* per 1,000 women aged 15–19
1058:incorrectly, forget to take
878:Role of drug and alcohol use
846:
807:because they marry earlier.
704:
691:In 2022, UNICEF noted that:
655:can lead to difficulties in
424:10–12% as often and pursued
7:
9963:Child-on-child sexual abuse
9530:Reproductive system disease
8463:Pelvic inflammatory disease
8406:Hormone replacement therapy
7970:Reproductive system disease
5144:Quinlivan J (Winter 2006).
4298:10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.01.002
3734:10.1016/j.pedhc.2008.02.004
2550:10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1152-a
2143:
2029:
1965:Between 1992 and 2002, the
1960:
1478:US statistics in April 2015
1358:In the US free access to a
1064:Contraceptive failure rates
403:
112:Comprehensive sex education
10:
10142:
9489:Obstetrics and gynaecology
8957:Black Women's Health Study
8024:Complications of pregnancy
7607:Harris, Irving B. (1996).
7431:Robinson (2010), pp. 14–15
6004:"Nurse-Family Partnership"
4547:Peer Pressure and Teen Sex
4498:"U.S.Teen Sexual Activity"
4438:10.1207/s1532480xads0202_1
4393:10.1037/0012-1649.37.2.254
4270:. Retrieved 8 August 2006.
4137:10.1177/008124639902900102
4079:. everychildmatters.gov.uk
4043:10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.152
3357:. 26 Suppl 1 (1): 259–84.
3355:Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol
2968:Alex Hern (23 June 2015).
1876:
1864:was 9.2, compared with an
1845:
1811:) or both (in the case of
1736:
1646:Complications of pregnancy
1576:
1556:, and the Indian state of
1538:Marie Stopes International
1127:
1096:
971:
957:
931:– it appears that teenage
850:
823:and more likely to accept
756:
633:Complications of pregnancy
625:nutrition during pregnancy
562:, often seeking it in the
532:
463:Developmental disabilities
368:Studies have examined the
356:
348:In the United States, the
339:
10070:
10015:
9953:
9913:
9755:
9664:
9633:
9560:
9512:
9464:
9428:
9405:Pregnant patients' rights
9360:
9320:
9270:
9227:
9178:
9170:Pre-conception counseling
9152:
9127:Abortion-rights movements
9102:
9018:
8975:
8934:Women's Health Initiative
8919:
8881:
8872:
8821:
8787:Major depressive disorder
8655:
8615:Intimate partner violence
8577:
8476:Female genital mutilation
8471:
8420:
8329:
8271:
8217:
8163:
8076:
7989:
7978:
7904:
7891:
7818:Resources in your library
7721:
7066:10.9783/9780812206104.110
6844:10.1007/s13524-011-0073-9
6703:30 September 2011 at the
6623:." Retrieved 7 July 2006.
6386:10.1007/s12098-007-0171-2
6306:10.1186/s12978-018-0460-4
6008:Social Programs that Work
5190:27 September 2013 at the
5159:(2): 25–6. Archived from
4863:10.1016/j.whi.2012.03.003
4480:27 September 2013 at the
4031:The American Psychologist
3275:10.1007/s10995-008-0399-0
2379:World Health Organization
2298:World Health Organization
1762:
1652:are the leading cause of
1452:
1401:Abstinence only education
641:World Health Organization
501:were less likely to show
422:secondary-level schooling
323:World Health Organization
259:educational interventions
172:World Health Organization
168:legally considered adults
138:
130:
104:
76:
63:
51:
46:
37:
29:
24:
9291:Gamete Cryopreservation
9137:Circumcision controversy
9117:Compulsory sterilization
8523:Gynaecological disorders
8339:Culture and menstruation
8306:Contraceptive prevalence
8198:Compulsory sterilization
7668:Seitz, Victoria (1996).
7301:10.1177/1527154413510408
5691:Valk, Guus (July 2000).
5444:10.1136/jech.2005.040865
5412:6 September 2015 at the
5123:10.1177/1077801203256069
4976:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136606
4220:. Retrieved 7 July 2006.
4067:. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
3965:"Population and poverty"
3705:. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
3593:26 November 2005 at the
3164:. Retrieved 27 May 2006.
2854:11 November 2021 at the
2037:
1787:use (in the case of the
1679:
1563:
1442:Nurse-Family Partnership
1291:Girls exposed to abuse,
1044:In a 2011 study for the
1006:were to women not using
909:substituted amphetamines
863:Kaiser Family Foundation
590:nutritional deficiencies
458:psychosocial development
451:
426:post-secondary education
9651:Social hygiene movement
9504:Transgender health care
8806:Urinary tract infection
8598:Abuse during childbirth
7628:Luker, Kristin (1996).
7145:Attree, Pamela (2006).
6566:. Guttmacher Institute.
6209:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
5809:10.1073/pnas.2113144119
5729:"Sex and HIV Education"
5375:10.1111/1467-8624.00569
5308:4 November 2007 at the
5238:13 October 2018 at the
4739:General Practice Update
4720:General Practice Update
4553:Retrieved 14 July 2006.
3904:Locoh, Thérèse (1999).
3663:10.4103/0970-0218.55289
2946:10.4054/DemRes.2000.2.3
2071:Born to teenage mothers
1982:. In countries such as
1747:among teenage women in
1708:
1676:in Sub-Saharan Africa.
1511:In September 2010, the
9479:Genitourinary medicine
9282:In vitro fertilization
9237:Hormonal contraception
9122:Contraceptive security
8723:Cardiovascular disease
8311:Contraceptive security
8244:In vitro fertilization
8155:Postpartum confinement
8029:Hyperemesis gravidarum
7508:Baker, Philip (2007).
7151:Children & Society
7096:"Adolescent pregnancy"
6968:"Adolescent pregnancy"
5336:10.1542/peds.107.2.e19
5111:Violence Against Women
4708:Retrieved 7 July 2006.
4700:Slater, Jon. (2000). "
4672:10.1542/peds.2005-0542
3696:Teen Sex and Pregnancy
3599:Retrieved 27 May 2006.
3416:10.1542/peds.107.2.429
3044:"Adolescent pregnancy"
3011:"Adolescent Pregnancy"
2774:"Adolescent pregnancy"
2294:"Adolescent pregnancy"
1888:
1588:
1479:
1418:
1168:
1141:birth control sabotage
1072:contraceptive implants
1004:unintended pregnancies
698:
665:industrialized nations
475:affectionate behaviors
434:industrialized country
188:first menstrual period
170:in their country. The
163:under the age of 20.
9895:Sex-positive movement
9890:Sex-positive feminism
9814:Obesity and sexuality
9142:Intersex human rights
8845:Healthcare inequality
8647:Gender discrimination
8451:Human papilloma virus
8126:Vesicovaginal fistula
7257:10.2307/j.ctt9qgncm.9
5758:"Sexuality Education"
5632:10.1056/NEJMoa1400506
5488:on 28 September 2007.
4851:Women's Health Issues
4268:Sex and Relationships
4253:24 March 2017 at the
3774:10.1093/eurpub/cki158
3158:on 28 September 2007.
2693:10.1093/eurpub/cki158
2166:Reproductive coercion
2156:Pregnancy over age 50
1886:
1801:social stigmatization
1767:The overall trend in
1586:
1477:
1421:Some schools provide
1408:
1287:Childhood environment
1158:
1151:Socioeconomic factors
968:Lack of contraception
825:human sexual behavior
693:
616:, and consumption of
473:their infant through
222:are not connected to
10121:Pediatric gynecology
10106:Adolescent sexuality
9980:Cybersex trafficking
9765:Adolescent sexuality
9700:tax on childlessness
9456:Genital modification
9380:Unintended pregnancy
9112:Reproductive Justice
8952:Nurses' Health Study
8860:Reproductive justice
8811:Urinary incontinence
8431:Sexually transmitted
8286:Intrauterine devices
8131:Rectovaginal fistula
8121:Obstetrical fistulae
8049:Gestational diabetes
8044:Obstetrical bleeding
8019:Adolescent pregnancy
8004:Gravidity and parity
7999:Unintended pregnancy
7415:, 14 October 1989 -
7203:10.2147/ahmt.s402218
6486:on 23 September 2015
6421:10.2139/ssrn.1716533
6107:Journal of Extension
5733:Guttmacher Institute
5405:Quigley, Ann (2003)
5289:10.1093/swr/20.3.131
5277:Social Work Research
4970:(Suppl 2): S425–31.
4625:Sax, Leonard (2005)
4510:on 16 February 2008.
3939:"Early childbearing"
3701:3 April 2005 at the
3112:Guttmacher Institute
2933:Demographic Research
2504:10.3233/NPM-15814038
2242:Adolescent Pregnancy
2050:Babies Having Babies
1913:Guttmacher Institute
1773:total fertility rate
1524:Developing countries
1316:parental supervision
1134:Teen dating violence
1068:intrauterine devices
1046:Guttmacher Institute
882:Inhibition-reducing
853:Adolescent sexuality
811:Other family members
629:developing countries
568:Guttmacher Institute
514:academic performance
487:verbal communication
153:adolescent pregnancy
91:postpartum infection
9900:Sex workers' rights
9880:Reproductive rights
9400:Pregnancy from rape
9257:Intrauterine device
8865:Women's empowerment
8733:Alzheimer's disease
8364:Cloth menstrual pad
8321:Fertility awareness
8291:Oral contraceptives
8173:Perinatal mortality
7548:Dash, Leon (1989).
7396:, 7 October 1989 -
7355:MAJOR MARKET MOVERS
6887:(4). Archived from
6881:Population Bulletin
6512:. 25 February 2014.
6293:Reproductive Health
6113:(2). Archived from
5800:2022PNAS..11913144M
5762:Advocates for Youth
5551:on 6 November 2008.
5301:Tamkins, T. (2004)
5257:12 May 2011 at the
5231:Males, Mike (2001)
5146:"Teenage pregnancy"
4104:on 11 February 2012
3910:African Environment
2733:. 25 February 2014.
2375:"Adolescent health"
1783:and high levels of
1723:such as South Korea
1686:Indian subcontinent
1600:developed countries
1518:Affordable Care Act
1431:unplanned pregnancy
1060:oral contraceptives
841:high-risk behaviors
787:and lack of use of
778:Economic incentives
772:Indian subcontinent
182:after the start of
72:under the age of 20
9968:Child sexual abuse
9940:Child prostitution
9885:Right to sexuality
9646:History of condoms
9535:Sexual dysfunction
9441:Sexual orientation
9395:Options counseling
9242:Male contraception
9165:Genetic counseling
8962:Cartwright Inquiry
8873:Politics, research
8691:Endometrial cancer
8545:Sexual intercourse
8316:Planned parenthood
8301:Male contraceptive
7349:The R&B Report
7330:The R&B Report
7033:. 15 November 2021
6917:(3, Supplement 9).
6759:10.1111/jomf.12512
6531:data.worldbank.org
6352:The Economic times
6082:on 10 January 2011
5794:(8): e2113144119.
5700:The UNESCO Courier
5263:Medical News Today
4706:The UNESCO Courier
4628:Why Gender Matters
4161:Cultural Selection
3545:Fam Plann Perspect
3314:(4): 149–53, 159.
3308:Fam Plann Perspect
3224:on 16 January 2009
2476:The New York Times
2300:. 23 February 2018
2151:Precocious puberty
1974:Teenage fatherhood
1905:European-Americans
1889:
1797:traditional values
1666:sub-Saharan Africa
1660:Sub-Saharan Africa
1589:
1480:
1419:
1169:
1163:illustration from
960:Precocious puberty
766:. Countries where
646:sub-Saharan Africa
237:, including lower
180:sexual intercourse
10101:Teenage pregnancy
10088:
10087:
9945:Child sex tourism
9928:Child pornography
9715:
9714:
9415:Teenage pregnancy
9132:Genital integrity
9062:
9061:
8942:
8941:
8767:
8766:
8718:
8717:
8701:Papanicolaou test
8657:Non-communicable
8625:Sexual harassment
8603:Domestic violence
8573:
8572:
8416:
8415:
8213:
8212:
8116:Retained placenta
8034:Ectopic pregnancy
7809:Teenage pregnancy
7804:Library resources
7799:
7798:
7704:978-0-8147-4031-6
7683:978-0-521-24219-6
7660:978-0-8147-2230-5
7641:978-0-674-21702-7
7620:978-0-300-06892-4
7599:978-0-520-08736-1
7578:978-0-292-72093-0
7559:978-0-252-07123-2
7540:978-0-8020-4215-6
7521:978-1-904752-38-7
7500:978-0-231-11396-0
7420:
7401:
7075:978-0-8122-4152-5
6666:. 28 October 2020
6246:. unicef-irc.org
6184:(47): 2320–2325.
6141:Our World in Data
5693:"The Dutch Model"
5626:(14): 1316–1323.
5363:Child Development
4920:. 22 January 2007
4792:on 19 August 2018
4551:Psychology Today.
4077:Teenage pregnancy
4065:Teenage Pregnancy
3067:Stepp, G. (2009)
2759:978-92-3-100259-5
2171:Sexual abstinence
1862:England and Wales
1642:Save the Children
1617:According to the
1614:had the lowest.
1486:. Title X of the
1463:registered nurses
1293:domestic violence
1275:
1271:
1270:
768:teenage marriages
727:social assistance
673:obstetric fistula
661:caesarean section
566:, if at all. The
361:According to the
313:
312:
149:Teenage pregnancy
146:
145:
25:Teenage pregnancy
19:Medical condition
10133:
10078:
10077:
9742:
9735:
9728:
9719:
9718:
9677:Two-child policy
9672:One-child policy
9552:Gender dysphoria
9089:
9082:
9075:
9066:
9065:
9050:
9049:
9038:
9037:
9026:
9025:
8879:
8878:
8664:
8663:
8584:
8583:
8578:Non-reproductive
8427:
8426:
8344:Feminine hygiene
8111:Cesarian section
8106:Obstructed labor
7987:
7986:
7902:
7901:
7883:
7873:
7866:
7859:
7850:
7849:
7719:
7718:
7708:
7687:
7664:
7645:
7624:
7603:
7582:
7563:
7544:
7525:
7504:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7457:
7432:
7429:
7423:
7421:Terry Tate 14 13
7418:
7410:
7404:
7402:Terry Tate 16 12
7399:
7391:
7385:
7379:
7373:
7364:
7358:
7346:
7340:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7282:
7276:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7243:Daguerre, Anne,
7240:
7234:
7233:
7223:
7205:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7023:
7014:
7013:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6964:
6955:
6943:
6937:
6934:
6928:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6908:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6891:on 24 July 2008.
6872:
6866:
6865:
6855:
6823:
6817:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6778:
6753:(5): 1244–1258.
6738:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6719:. Archived from
6713:
6707:
6694:
6688:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6639:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6602:on 25 March 2016
6598:. Archived from
6591:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6523:
6514:
6513:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6482:. Archived from
6476:
6470:
6469:
6463:
6455:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6318:
6308:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6260:
6254:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6224:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6173:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6117:on 8 August 2020
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6078:. Archived from
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6055:on 7 August 2011
6054:
6048:. Archived from
6047:
6038:
6032:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5909:
5877:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5849:
5840:
5839:
5829:
5811:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5754:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5725:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5697:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5671:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5643:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5594:
5562:
5553:
5552:
5547:. Archived from
5536:
5530:
5529:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5487:
5481:. Archived from
5480:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5455:
5423:
5417:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5319:
5313:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5272:
5266:
5249:
5243:
5242:, c Youth Today.
5229:
5223:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5150:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5106:
5100:
5095:29 June 2012 at
5087:
5081:
5080:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5017:
5011:
5006:Cullinan, Kerry
5004:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4955:
4949:
4942:"Teen Pregnancy"
4939:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4788:. Archived from
4756:
4747:
4746:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4715:
4709:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4665:
4645:
4639:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4598:
4589:(5–6): 341–367.
4578:
4567:
4560:
4554:
4543:
4537:
4530:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4503:. Archived from
4502:
4494:
4485:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4458:. 9 August 2011.
4448:
4442:
4441:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4277:
4271:
4264:
4258:
4245:
4236:
4230:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:on 29 June 2006.
4213:
4207:. Archived from
4206:
4197:
4176:
4175:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4093:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4026:
4020:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3997:on 21 March 2019
3993:. Archived from
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3935:
3926:
3925:
3901:
3890:
3889:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3852:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3798:Pediatric Annals
3793:
3787:
3786:
3776:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3717:
3706:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3665:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3606:
3600:
3588:Kids Having Kids
3583:
3577:
3576:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3418:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3254:
3243:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3220:. Archived from
3214:
3208:
3207:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3151:. Archived from
3150:
3141:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3015:
3014:
3007:
2996:
2995:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2810:. December 2022.
2800:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2695:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2585:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2532:Mayor S (2004).
2529:
2516:
2515:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2290:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2247:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2196:
2161:Pregnancy school
2062:charts in 1989.
2042:In 1989, singer
1897:African-American
1803:(in the case of
1777:Western European
1623:unsafe abortions
1498:
1494:
1273:
1217:
1216:
946:, cannabis, and
711:opportunity cost
677:infant mortality
552:low birth weight
430:Young motherhood
295:
294:
287:
208:low birth weight
151:, also known as
42:
22:
21:
10141:
10140:
10136:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10131:
10130:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10084:
10080:Topical outline
10066:
10011:
10002:Sex trafficking
9949:
9915:Child sexuality
9909:
9819:Objectification
9757:Human sexuality
9751:
9746:
9716:
9711:
9660:
9629:
9602:United Kingdom
9556:
9508:
9499:Sexual medicine
9460:
9436:Gender identity
9424:
9370:Maternal health
9356:
9316:
9312:fertility fraud
9273:
9266:
9223:
9174:
9148:
9098:
9093:
9063:
9058:
9014:
8999:Family planning
8977:
8971:
8938:
8915:
8874:
8868:
8840:Gender equality
8823:
8817:
8763:
8714:
8696:Cervical cancer
8658:
8651:
8589:
8579:
8569:
8560:Sex differences
8518:Forced marriage
8467:
8432:
8422:
8412:
8354:Menstrual cycle
8325:
8278:Family planning
8276:
8267:
8220:
8209:
8168:Maternal deaths
8159:
8150:Postpartum care
8096:Multiple births
8072:
7981:
7974:
7907:
7898:
7895:
7887:
7877:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7812:
7811:
7807:
7800:
7795:
7794:
7730:
7716:
7711:
7705:
7684:
7661:
7642:
7621:
7600:
7579:
7560:
7541:
7522:
7501:
7484:
7482:Further reading
7479:
7478:
7469:
7467:
7459:
7458:
7435:
7430:
7426:
7411:
7407:
7392:
7388:
7380:
7376:
7365:
7361:
7347:
7343:
7328:
7324:
7295:(3–4): 125–32.
7283:
7279:
7274:
7270:
7261:
7259:
7241:
7237:
7182:
7178:
7163:10.1002/chi.854
7143:
7139:
7129:
7127:
7119:
7118:
7114:
7104:
7102:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7050:
7046:
7036:
7034:
7025:
7024:
7017:
6990:
6986:
6976:
6974:
6966:
6965:
6958:
6944:
6940:
6935:
6931:
6926:
6922:
6906:
6900:
6896:
6873:
6869:
6824:
6820:
6808:
6804:
6796:
6792:
6739:
6735:
6726:
6724:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6705:Wayback Machine
6695:
6691:
6683:
6679:
6669:
6667:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6637:
6631:
6627:
6619:
6615:
6605:
6603:
6592:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6571:
6560:
6556:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6525:
6524:
6517:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6489:
6487:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6457:
6456:
6448:
6444:
6413:
6409:
6380:(10): 927–931.
6370:
6366:
6356:
6354:
6344:
6340:
6285:
6281:
6272:
6270:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6242:
6238:
6201:
6197:
6174:
6167:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6143:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6120:
6118:
6099:
6095:
6085:
6083:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6045:
6039:
6035:
6026:
6022:
6012:
6010:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5958:
5954:
5933:(4): CD005421.
5927:
5923:
5878:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5851:
5850:
5843:
5780:
5776:
5766:
5764:
5756:
5755:
5748:
5738:
5736:
5735:. 14 March 2016
5727:
5726:
5719:
5709:
5707:
5695:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5661:
5657:
5612:
5608:
5577:(2): CD005215.
5563:
5556:
5537:
5533:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5485:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5424:
5420:
5414:Wayback Machine
5404:
5400:
5355:
5351:
5320:
5316:
5310:Wayback Machine
5300:
5296:
5273:
5269:
5259:Wayback Machine
5250:
5246:
5240:Wayback Machine
5230:
5226:
5219:" (Spring 2007)
5214:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5192:Wayback Machine
5183:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5166:on 20 July 2008
5163:
5148:
5142:
5138:
5107:
5103:
5088:
5084:
5069:10.1363/3609804
5053:
5049:
5034:10.1363/3609804
5018:
5014:
5005:
5001:
4956:
4952:
4940:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4878:
4847:
4843:
4812:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4757:
4750:
4735:
4731:
4716:
4712:
4699:
4695:
4663:10.1.1.558.9628
4646:
4642:
4624:
4620:
4596:10.1.1.673.5213
4579:
4570:
4561:
4557:
4544:
4540:
4531:
4520:
4513:
4507:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4482:Wayback Machine
4470:
4463:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4422:
4418:
4373:
4366:
4343:10.2307/2136190
4327:
4323:
4278:
4274:
4265:
4261:
4255:Wayback Machine
4246:
4239:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4211:
4204:
4200:
4199:UNICEF. (2001).
4198:
4179:
4172:
4156:
4152:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4094:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4062:
4058:
4027:
4023:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3961:
3954:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3902:
3893:
3870:
3866:
3843:(12): 805–811.
3829:
3825:
3794:
3790:
3753:
3749:
3718:
3709:
3703:Wayback Machine
3693:
3689:
3642:
3638:
3607:
3603:
3595:Wayback Machine
3584:
3580:
3557:10.2307/2135509
3541:
3534:
3511:10.2307/1130537
3495:
3491:
3460:10.2307/3030231
3444:
3440:
3395:
3388:
3347:
3343:
3320:10.2307/2136238
3304:
3300:
3255:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3188:10.2307/3030193
3172:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2966:
2962:
2925:
2921:
2890:
2886:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2856:Wayback Machine
2849:ChildTrends.org
2842:
2838:
2830:
2819:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2672:
2668:
2629:
2625:
2602:10.2307/2135024
2586:
2575:
2530:
2519:
2488:
2484:
2467:
2463:
2418:
2414:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2334:(2): CD005215.
2320:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2205:NCHS Data Brief
2197:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2146:
2083:and founder of
2073:
2068:
2040:
2032:
2003:
1980:shotgun wedding
1976:
1963:
1911:. In 2006, the
1909:Asian-Americans
1881:
1875:
1850:
1844:
1765:
1757:sexual activity
1741:
1735:
1711:
1682:
1662:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1526:
1496:
1472:
1455:
1450:
1439:
1403:
1369:
1345:
1331:
1329:Media influence
1289:
1200:central regions
1153:
1136:
1126:
1124:Dating violence
1101:
1095:
1070:, subcutaneous
1018:unprotected sex
976:
970:
962:
956:
880:
855:
849:
813:
759:
754:
707:
689:
564:third trimester
548:premature birth
540:
535:
454:
406:
359:
342:
319:
318:
317:
314:
309:
296:
292:
282:
212:premature labor
126:
100:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10139:
10129:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10082:
10071:
10068:
10067:
10065:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10053:
10052:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10026:
10024:
10017:Age of consent
10013:
10012:
10010:
10009:
10007:Sexual slavery
10004:
9999:
9998:
9997:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9976:
9975:
9965:
9959:
9957:
9951:
9950:
9948:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9936:
9935:
9925:
9923:Child marriage
9919:
9917:
9911:
9910:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9876:
9875:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9853:
9852:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9773:
9772:
9761:
9759:
9753:
9752:
9745:
9744:
9737:
9730:
9722:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9709:
9704:
9703:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9679:
9674:
9668:
9666:
9662:
9661:
9659:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9637:
9635:
9631:
9630:
9628:
9627:
9626:
9625:
9620:
9618:teen pregnancy
9610:
9609:
9608:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9564:
9562:
9558:
9557:
9555:
9554:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9516:
9514:
9510:
9509:
9507:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9470:
9468:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9432:
9430:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9366:
9364:
9358:
9357:
9355:
9354:
9353:
9352:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9332:
9326:
9324:
9318:
9317:
9315:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9303:
9302:
9297:
9289:
9284:
9278:
9276:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9233:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9221:
9216:
9215:
9214:
9209:
9199:
9194:
9184:
9182:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9156:
9154:
9150:
9149:
9147:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9139:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9108:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9092:
9091:
9084:
9077:
9069:
9060:
9059:
9057:
9056:
9044:
9032:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9008:
9003:
9002:
9001:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8979:
8976:Women's health
8973:
8972:
8970:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8937:
8936:
8931:
8925:
8923:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8887:
8885:
8883:United Nations
8876:
8875:& advocacy
8870:
8869:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8825:
8822:Sociocultural
8819:
8818:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8793:
8792:
8791:
8790:
8789:
8779:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8761:
8756:
8755:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8737:
8736:
8735:
8725:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8710:Ovarian cancer
8707:
8706:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8693:
8686:Uterine cancer
8683:
8678:
8672:
8670:
8661:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8638:
8637:
8630:Sexual assault
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8600:
8594:
8592:
8581:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8531:
8530:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8508:Child marriage
8505:
8503:Breast ironing
8500:
8495:
8493:Breast binding
8490:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8481:Clitoridectomy
8472:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8465:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8448:
8443:
8437:
8435:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8414:
8413:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8359:Menstrual aids
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8335:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8282:
8280:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8225:
8223:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8143:Husband stitch
8135:
8134:
8133:
8128:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8082:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8066:
8061:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8021:
8016:
8014:Antenatal care
8011:
8006:
8001:
7995:
7993:
7984:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7960:Fallopian tube
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7929:
7928:
7912:
7910:
7906:Reproductive
7899:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7885:Women's health
7876:
7875:
7868:
7861:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7843:Teen Pregnancy
7840:
7835:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7814:
7813:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7781:
7766:
7747:
7731:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7722:Classification
7715:
7714:External links
7712:
7710:
7709:
7703:
7688:
7682:
7665:
7659:
7646:
7640:
7625:
7619:
7604:
7598:
7583:
7577:
7564:
7558:
7545:
7539:
7526:
7520:
7505:
7499:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7433:
7424:
7405:
7386:
7374:
7359:
7341:
7322:
7277:
7268:
7235:
7176:
7137:
7112:
7087:
7074:
7044:
7015:
6984:
6956:
6938:
6929:
6920:
6894:
6867:
6838:(1): 101–124.
6818:
6802:
6790:
6733:
6708:
6689:
6677:
6651:
6625:
6613:
6586:
6569:
6554:
6551:. 6 July 2010.
6536:
6515:
6497:
6471:
6442:
6407:
6364:
6338:
6279:
6255:
6236:
6215:(3): 295–299.
6195:
6165:
6153:
6128:
6093:
6066:
6033:
6020:
5995:
5968:(4): 344–351.
5952:
5921:
5892:(5): 446–452.
5869:
5841:
5774:
5746:
5717:
5683:
5655:
5606:
5554:
5531:
5512:(3): 186–192.
5496:
5492:(42.1 KB)
5467:
5418:
5398:
5369:(3): 801–821.
5349:
5314:
5294:
5283:(3): 131–141.
5267:
5244:
5224:
5208:
5196:
5177:
5136:
5101:
5082:
5047:
5012:
4999:
4950:
4931:
4905:
4876:
4841:
4822:(3): 197–200.
4803:
4748:
4729:
4710:
4693:
4640:
4618:
4568:
4555:
4538:
4518:
4486:
4461:
4443:
4416:
4364:
4337:(4): 148–153.
4321:
4272:
4259:
4237:
4222:
4177:
4170:
4150:
4115:
4081:
4069:
4056:
4037:(2): 152–166.
4021:
4008:
3981:
3952:
3927:
3891:
3880:(2): 141–149.
3864:
3823:
3788:
3767:(2): 157–161.
3747:
3707:
3687:
3656:(3): 227–231.
3636:
3617:(6): 444–456.
3601:
3578:
3532:
3489:
3438:
3386:
3341:
3298:
3269:(6): 847–856.
3244:
3235:
3209:
3182:(6): 259–267.
3166:
3125:
3099:
3088:. 7 April 2015
3073:
3060:
3035:
3016:
3013:. UNFPA. 2013.
2997:
2979:
2960:
2919:
2884:
2859:
2836:
2822:United Nations
2813:
2790:
2765:
2758:
2736:
2715:
2686:(2): 157–161.
2666:
2639:(4): 395–398.
2623:
2596:(3): 132–139.
2573:
2544:(7449): 1152.
2517:
2482:
2461:
2412:
2391:
2363:
2311:
2268:
2255:978-9241591454
2254:
2229:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2133:Jack Nicholson
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Notable people
2064:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2002:
1999:
1989:In the US and
1975:
1972:
1962:
1959:
1921:contraceptives
1877:Main article:
1874:
1871:
1846:Main article:
1843:
1842:United Kingdom
1840:
1764:
1761:
1737:Main article:
1734:
1731:
1710:
1707:
1681:
1678:
1661:
1658:
1577:Main article:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1542:child marriage
1525:
1522:
1471:
1468:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1438:
1435:
1402:
1399:
1368:
1365:
1351:and access to
1347:Comprehensive
1344:
1341:
1330:
1327:
1288:
1285:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1152:
1149:
1125:
1122:
1118:age of consent
1114:statutory rape
1094:
1091:
1008:contraceptives
972:Main article:
969:
966:
958:Main article:
955:
952:
879:
876:
848:
845:
812:
809:
762:young woman's
758:
755:
753:
750:
706:
703:
688:
687:Antenatal care
685:
681:maternal death
606:skipping meals
539:
536:
534:
531:
499:social support
453:
450:
405:
402:
394:child marriage
386:social support
358:
355:
341:
338:
315:
311:
310:
299:
297:
290:
285:
284:
283:
281:
278:
261:and access to
224:biological age
199:maternal death
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
108:
106:
102:
101:
99:
98:
93:
88:
82:
80:
74:
73:
67:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10138:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10081:
10073:
10072:
10069:
10063:
10062:South America
10060:
10058:
10055:
10051:
10050:United States
10048:
10047:
10046:
10045:North America
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10018:
10014:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9996:
9993:
9992:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9974:
9971:
9970:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9956:
9952:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9916:
9912:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9874:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9854:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9809:Miscegenation
9807:
9805:
9802:
9798:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9771:
9770:Rainbow party
9768:
9767:
9766:
9763:
9762:
9760:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9749:Sexual ethics
9743:
9738:
9736:
9731:
9729:
9724:
9723:
9720:
9708:
9705:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9695:child benefit
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9682:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9663:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9632:
9624:
9623:birth control
9621:
9619:
9616:
9615:
9614:
9613:United States
9611:
9607:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9559:
9553:
9550:
9546:
9543:
9542:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9517:
9515:
9511:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9469:
9467:
9463:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9427:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9410:Prenatal care
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9359:
9351:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9341:
9338:
9337:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9319:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9269:
9263:
9262:Sterilization
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9230:
9229:Contraception
9226:
9220:
9217:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9197:Birth spacing
9195:
9193:
9192:childlessness
9189:
9188:Childfreeness
9186:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9177:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9160:Sex education
9158:
9157:
9155:
9151:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9090:
9085:
9083:
9078:
9076:
9071:
9070:
9067:
9055:
9054:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9033:
9031:
9030:
9021:
9020:
9017:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9000:
8997:
8996:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8974:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8944:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8922:
8921:United States
8918:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8884:
8880:
8877:
8871:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8835:Disadvantaged
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8820:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8797:
8796:Urinary tract
8794:
8788:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8772:Mental health
8770:
8769:
8760:
8757:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8738:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8711:
8708:
8702:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8681:Breast cancer
8679:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8654:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8636:
8633:
8632:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8591:
8590:against women
8585:
8582:
8576:
8566:
8565:Sex education
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8498:Breast health
8496:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8464:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8434:
8428:
8425:
8419:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8369:Menstrual cup
8367:
8365:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8274:
8273:Contraception
8270:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8234:Childlessness
8232:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8219:Reproductive
8216:
8206:
8203:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8193:Sterilization
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8162:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8144:
8141:
8140:
8139:
8136:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8091:Preterm birth
8089:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
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7943:
7939:
7936:
7934:
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7927:
7926:Clitoral hood
7924:
7923:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7903:
7900:
7897:
7894:Reproductive
7890:
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7882:
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7869:
7867:
7862:
7860:
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7854:
7851:
7844:
7841:
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7440:
7438:
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7422:
7419:(Trumpet 166)
7414:
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7403:
7400:(Trumpet 166)
7395:
7390:
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6777:
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6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6723:on 2022-01-04
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6702:
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6507:
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6475:
6467:
6461:
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6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
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6411:
6403:
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6387:
6383:
6379:
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6353:
6349:
6342:
6334:
6330:
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6312:
6307:
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6294:
6290:
6283:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6253:
6252:88-85401-75-9
6249:
6245:
6240:
6232:
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6223:
6218:
6214:
6210:
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6199:
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6179:
6172:
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6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
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6051:
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5858:
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5805:
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5380:
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5368:
5364:
5360:
5353:
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5341:
5337:
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5329:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5307:
5304:
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5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5205:
5200:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5181:
5162:
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5154:
5147:
5140:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5097:archive.today
5094:
5091:
5086:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5063:(3): 98–105.
5062:
5058:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5028:(3): 98–105.
5027:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4943:
4938:
4936:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4890:
4883:
4881:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4857:(3): e311–8.
4856:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4816:Contraception
4810:
4808:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4766:Contraception
4763:
4755:
4753:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4656:(6): 1451–6.
4655:
4651:
4644:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
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4575:
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4514:(147 KB)
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4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4387:(2): 254–64.
4386:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4369:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4325:
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4308:
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4299:
4295:
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4218:(888 KB)
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4171:9780792355793
4167:
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4154:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4090:
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4086:
4078:
4073:
4066:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4012:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3898:
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3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3804:(2): 99–108.
3803:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3739:
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3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3537:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3505:(4): 964–75.
3504:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3409:(2): 429–34.
3408:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
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3223:
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3114:. 1 June 2016
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2206:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2177:
2176:Single parent
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Oprah Winfrey
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Justin Bieber
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2098:
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2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:Massachusetts
1948:
1947:New Hampshire
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1918:
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1898:
1893:
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1873:United States
1870:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:contraceptive
1782:
1781:sex education
1778:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:birth control
1750:
1746:
1743:In 2015, the
1740:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1677:
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1626:
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1615:
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1598:
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1570:
1561:
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1521:
1519:
1514:
1509:
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1502:
1495:
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1476:
1470:United States
1467:
1464:
1460:
1448:Public policy
1445:
1443:
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1432:
1428:
1424:
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1407:
1398:
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1387:
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1377:
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1364:
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1356:
1354:
1353:birth control
1350:
1349:sex education
1340:
1338:
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1326:
1323:
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1313:
1312:communication
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:Tulare County
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:(Caucasians)
1246:
1245:Tulare County
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1223:Poverty rate
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:Mike A. Males
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1085:According to
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1029:In 1995, the
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
980:
975:
974:Birth control
965:
961:
954:Early puberty
951:
949:
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937:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
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898:
894:
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885:
875:
873:
869:
868:peer pressure
864:
859:
854:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
808:
806:
805:Romani people
801:
799:
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794:sex education
790:
789:contraceptive
786:
781:
779:
775:
773:
769:
765:
749:
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743:
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735:
730:
728:
724:
718:
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712:
709:The lifetime
702:
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684:
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678:
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621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:eating habits
591:
586:
582:
580:
575:
573:
569:
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561:
560:prenatal care
556:
553:
549:
545:
542:Maternal and
538:Prenatal care
530:
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510:
508:
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389:
387:
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379:
378:psychological
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371:
370:socioeconomic
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306:MediaWiki.org
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263:birth control
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251:social stigma
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235:social issues
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228:prenatal care
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220:pre-eclampsia
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204:socioeconomic
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185:
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173:
169:
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158:
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150:
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118:
117:birth control
115:
113:
110:
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96:preterm birth
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78:Complications
75:
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9955:Sexual abuse
9905:Survival sex
9868:Prostitution
9707:Abortion law
9690:bachelor tax
9414:
9340:vulvovaginal
9274:reproduction
9051:
9039:
9027:
8750:Hip fracture
8745:Osteoporosis
8486:Infibulation
8386:Dysmenorrhea
8379:Sanitary pad
8331:Menstruation
8059:Preeclampsia
8054:Hypertension
7938:Labia majora
7933:Labia minora
7808:
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7125:www.fsrh.org
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7099:
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7030:
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6971:
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6663:
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5761:
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5732:
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5665:
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4854:
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4160:
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4072:
4059:
4034:
4030:
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3995:the original
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3968:
3942:
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3913:
3909:
3877:
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3551:(2): 54–61.
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3451:
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3311:
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3262:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3222:the original
3212:
3179:
3175:
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3153:the original
3116:. Retrieved
3111:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3085:
3076:
3071:. vision.org
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3047:
3038:
2991:
2982:
2974:The Guardian
2973:
2963:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2900:(55): 1–28.
2897:
2887:
2878:
2839:
2826:
2816:
2783:13 September
2781:. Retrieved
2777:
2768:
2745:
2739:
2730:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2593:
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2464:
2432:: e2020494.
2429:
2425:
2415:
2404:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:
2331:
2327:
2302:. Retrieved
2297:
2259:. Retrieved
2241:
2220:. Retrieved
2204:
2113:Selena Gomez
2097:Eric Clapton
2091:Barack Obama
2059:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1988:
1977:
1964:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1894:
1890:
1859:
1851:
1817:
1766:
1742:
1712:
1683:
1670:
1663:
1639:
1635:
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1616:
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1590:
1567:
1527:
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1440:
1420:
1409:A notice in
1391:
1385:
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1378:
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1370:
1357:
1346:
1334:
1332:
1320:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1261:(Hispanics)
1232:Marin County
1226:Birth rate*
1193:
1170:
1164:
1161:Frontispiece
1145:
1137:
1130:Dating abuse
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:Sexual abuse
1093:Sexual abuse
1086:
1084:
1076:Depo-Provera
1053:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1028:
1021:
1011:
997:
981:
977:
963:
881:
860:
856:
814:
802:
782:
776:
760:
752:Risk factors
731:
723:impoverished
719:
708:
699:
694:
690:
650:
622:
610:food faddism
587:
583:
576:
572:hospitalized
557:
541:
511:
455:
446:
442:social class
429:
407:
398:
390:
367:
360:
347:
343:
333:
331:
320:
275:
267:
255:malnutrition
232:
196:
191:
175:
165:
152:
148:
147:
9829:Pornography
9824:Orientation
9593:Philippines
9525:Infertility
9484:Gynaecology
9451:Transgender
9219:Sperm theft
9212:foster care
9053:WikiProject
8740:Bone health
8676:Lung cancer
8513:Dyspareunia
8456:HPV vaccine
8396:Amenorrhoea
8391:Menorrhagia
8229:Infertility
8178:Stillbirths
8039:Miscarriage
7196:: 107–108.
7031:www.cdc.gov
6972:www.who.int
6951:pp. 14–15.
6664:www.cdc.gov
6549:www.tol.org
6268:UNICEF DATA
6146:15 February
6086:15 February
6059:15 February
5862:22 February
5438:(1): 20–7.
5117:(1): 6–28.
4898:14 February
4796:8 September
4745:(6): 36–39.
4726:(6): 36–39.
4381:Dev Psychol
3943:UNICEF Data
3086:www.cdc.gov
3053:19 February
2833:. New York.
2778:www.who.int
2081:billionaire
1935:Mississippi
1813:Switzerland
1793:Scandinavia
1789:Netherlands
1612:South Korea
1604:New Zealand
1322:Foster care
1304:educational
1204:Mezzogiorno
1185:Switzerland
1112:considered
989:weight gain
948:amphetamine
837:non-marital
785:intercourse
623:Inadequate
598:lose weight
489:, or to be
436:can affect
418:high school
327:adolescence
302:Phabricator
241:levels and
239:educational
176:adolescence
30:Other names
10116:Motherhood
10095:Categories
9985:Harassment
9804:Infidelity
9685:baby bonus
9681:Financial
9561:By country
9385:childbirth
9375:Obstetrics
9307:Sperm bank
8978:by country
8782:Depression
8433:infections
8138:Episiotomy
8078:Childbirth
8009:Obstetrics
7470:2024-05-25
7383:Terry Tate
7336:SPOTLIGHTS
7262:4 February
7130:4 February
7105:4 February
7081:4 February
7037:4 February
6977:4 February
6832:Demography
6727:2021-08-22
6606:15 January
6273:2023-11-07
6121:3 December
6013:4 December
5767:21 October
5739:21 October
5330:(2): E19.
5324:Pediatrics
4944:(2004) in
4772:(1): 1–5.
4650:Pediatrics
4637:0786176814
4484:pp. 19–21.
3403:Pediatrics
2498:(1): 1–8.
2406:KidsHealth
2384:7 November
2304:2 November
2183:References
2077:Jeff Bezos
2044:Terry Tate
1939:New Mexico
1917:abstinence
1745:birth rate
1650:childbirth
1628:In a 2001
1573:Prevalence
1437:Assistance
1343:Prevention
1212:California
1181:Bangladesh
1128:See also:
1097:See also:
985:Prejudices
915:, such as
907:and other
861:In a 2005
851:See also:
821:employment
742:unemployed
657:childbirth
592:from poor
523:serve time
507:punishment
467:behavioral
438:employment
280:Definition
122:Abstinence
105:Prevention
58:Obstetrics
9856:Pregnancy
9787:Fetishism
9782:Education
9598:Singapore
9513:Disorders
9474:Andrology
9362:Pregnancy
9346:Research
9202:Parenting
9153:Education
8608:Pregnancy
8588:Violence
8528:Vaginitis
8401:Menopause
8261:Fostering
8251:Parenting
8221:life plan
8086:Midwifery
8064:Eclampsia
7991:Pregnancy
7980:Maternal
7212:1179-318X
7171:0951-0605
7157:: 54–66.
7010:2166-5222
6767:0022-2445
6490:31 August
6299:(1): 15.
5818:0027-8424
4658:CiteSeerX
4591:CiteSeerX
4145:144455158
3499:Child Dev
3228:5 January
2906:2164-8344
2702:1464-360X
2123:Lil Wayne
2056:Billboard
2022:mothers.
1749:Australia
1733:Australia
1727:Singapore
1715:Indonesia
1698:urbanized
1654:mortality
1640:In 2004,
1554:Indonesia
1530:Sri Lanka
1457:In 2018,
1367:Education
1035:Hispanics
1013:Seventeen
944:"ecstasy"
925:oxycodone
905:"ecstasy"
847:Sexuality
829:parenting
817:education
764:fertility
705:Economics
669:eclampsia
618:fast food
495:accepting
491:sensitive
471:stimulate
410:education
271:abortions
184:ovulation
157:pregnancy
131:Frequency
86:Eclampsia
70:Pregnancy
53:Specialty
9861:Abortion
9777:Adultery
9588:Pakistan
9466:Medicine
9446:Intersex
9429:Identity
9390:Abortion
9272:Assisted
9247:Safe sex
9207:adoption
9180:Planning
9029:Category
8989:Ethiopia
8911:UN Women
8728:Dementia
8659:diseases
8642:Femicide
8620:Misogyny
8540:Polygamy
8441:Safe sex
8349:Menarche
8256:Adoption
8183:Abortion
8101:Oxytocin
7921:Clitoris
7514:. RCOG.
7413:Cash Box
7394:Cash Box
7367:Music VF
7353:Page 11
7334:Page 21
7317:27940515
7309:24376151
7230:36597418
6862:22203451
6785:30555182
6701:Archived
6510:BBC News
6460:cite web
6429:53398466
6402:37537112
6394:17978452
6333:28017533
6325:29374479
6231:23489454
6190:14669537
5990:16986622
5982:18346659
5947:17943855
5916:17885460
5857:Statista
5836:35165192
5650:25271604
5601:26839116
5526:16488814
5462:17183010
5410:Archived
5393:12795391
5344:11158493
5306:Archived
5255:Archived
5236:Archived
5188:Archived
5131:72957028
5093:Archived
5077:15306268
5042:15306268
4994:19372525
4918:BBC News
4871:22555219
4836:18692608
4786:18082659
4688:36296702
4680:16322170
4613:12295352
4478:Archived
4456:BBC News
4411:11269393
4316:31406798
4251:Archived
4131:: 8–16.
4001:22 March
3974:22 March
3922:70677057
3886:14528603
3783:16141302
3742:19103403
3699:Archived
3682:20049301
3591:Archived
3484:13558045
3476:11990638
3433:71188516
3425:11158485
3381:22742615
3293:18683038
3204:11804435
2955:26348001
2914:23115878
2852:Archived
2731:BBC News
2710:16141302
2661:43808921
2653:15203579
2568:15142897
2512:25766198
2456:35019010
2358:26839116
2222:18 April
2217:22617115
2144:See also
2060:Cash Box
2030:Politics
1967:Canadian
1943:Arkansas
1901:Hispanic
1820:Bulgaria
1719:Malaysia
1690:marriage
1688:, early
1546:literacy
1505:Medicaid
1415:HIV/AIDS
1394:counties
921:morphine
901:cannabis
833:marriage
614:snacking
600:through
544:prenatal
477:such as
414:drop out
404:Teenager
325:defines
247:marriage
192:menarche
174:defines
65:Symptoms
10126:Puberty
10057:Oceania
9849:women's
9844:lesbian
9634:History
9583:Ireland
9335:Women's
9041:Commons
8830:Poverty
8824:factors
8801:Urethra
8777:Anxiety
8759:Anaemia
8555:Puberty
8535:Leblouh
8421:Sexual
8296:Condoms
7790:D011253
7369:.com -
7221:9805729
6853:3500148
6776:6289283
6437:1716533
6316:5787272
5907:5913747
5827:8872707
5796:Bibcode
5706:(7): 19
5641:4230891
5592:8730506
5453:2465587
5384:2764264
5170:22 June
5153:O&G
4985:3515795
4402:3878983
4359:8853279
4351:2136190
4307:6626220
4051:9491745
3859:9433060
3850:2608295
3818:8493060
3673:2800903
3631:7811676
3573:2347409
3565:2135509
3527:3608666
3519:1130537
3468:3030231
3372:4562289
3336:7957815
3328:2136238
3284:2759844
3196:3030193
3118:26 July
3092:26 July
2618:2431924
2610:2135024
2447:8734600
2349:8730506
2261:28 July
2211:: 1–8.
2138:50 Cent
2103:Dr. Dre
1991:Ireland
1955:Vermont
1828:Burundi
1824:Romania
1684:In the
1493:Pub. L.
1484:Title X
1220:County
1173:Poverty
1056:condoms
940:alcohol
913:opioids
897:alcohol
888:alcohol
757:Culture
746:poverty
602:dieting
579:Latinas
533:Medical
519:parents
483:smiling
382:poverty
374:medical
357:Effects
340:History
304:and on
243:poverty
10040:Europe
10030:Africa
10021:reform
9792:Incest
9665:Policy
9545:clinic
9322:Health
9252:Condom
9104:Rights
9006:Russia
8668:Cancer
8580:health
8550:Orgasm
8423:health
8374:Tampon
7982:health
7955:Uterus
7950:Cervix
7945:Vagina
7896:health
7806:about
7745:QA43.5
7701:
7680:
7657:
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6670:13 May
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6250:
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5710:3 July
5648:
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5381:
5342:
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4924:25 May
4869:
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4304:
4216:
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4108:7 July
4049:
3947:UNICEF
3920:
3884:
3857:
3847:
3816:
3781:
3740:
3680:
3670:
3629:
3571:
3563:
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2953:
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2808:UNICEF
2756:
2708:
2700:
2659:
2651:
2616:
2608:
2566:
2559:411126
2556:
2510:
2454:
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2252:
2215:
2207:(89).
2108:Eminem
2085:Amazon
1961:Canada
1832:Rwanda
1769:Europe
1763:Europe
1630:UNICEF
1558:Kerala
1501:91–572
1499:
1459:Québec
1453:Canada
1417:, 2005
1023:PARADE
933:opioid
929:libido
923:, and
917:heroin
831:, and
738:salary
715:Uganda
653:pelvis
639:. The
527:prison
485:, and
432:in an
376:, and
218:, and
216:anemia
161:female
139:Deaths
10111:Youth
9573:India
9568:China
9330:Men's
9300:Sperm
8994:India
8984:China
8275:&
7965:Ovary
7908:tract
7764:Z35.6
7313:S2CID
7004:(1).
6907:(PDF)
6638:(PDF)
6581:(PDF)
6425:S2CID
6398:S2CID
6357:2 May
6329:S2CID
6053:(PDF)
6046:(PDF)
5986:S2CID
5696:(PDF)
5676:5 May
5670:(PDF)
5486:(PDF)
5479:(PDF)
5164:(PDF)
5149:(PDF)
5127:S2CID
4892:(PDF)
4684:S2CID
4508:(PDF)
4501:(PDF)
4347:JSTOR
4212:(PDF)
4205:(PDF)
4141:S2CID
3918:S2CID
3561:JSTOR
3515:JSTOR
3480:S2CID
3464:JSTOR
3429:S2CID
3324:JSTOR
3192:JSTOR
3156:(PDF)
3149:(PDF)
2951:JSTOR
2875:(PDF)
2831:(PDF)
2750:(PDF)
2657:S2CID
2606:JSTOR
2246:(PDF)
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