Telangana Rebellion

3493:, even advocated for escalating the rebellion into a national revolution. Both sides exchanged accusations, denouncing each other as "right wing reformists" and "left wing adventurists". The government used this to its advantage, as they were occasionally able to coerce former participants into becoming informants. The urban population, unaware of the events in the countryside, had supported the intervention and were convinced by the government and with the help of various statements made by revolutionaries against the Congress, that they were indulging in an unnecessary peasants' partisan warfare after the annexation. On the other hand, the division weakened the communists. Many of the peasants had abandoned the rebellion, especially those from the middle and richer peasantry, some of whom were dissatisfied with the latest land ceiling and who used to provide important contacts and financial support. Despite the desertions, most of the peasants remained sympathetic towards the guerrillas who had decided to keep fighting, and refused to cooperate with the police. 5245:(brigades) were initially created for defensive purposes. They developed into an armed force and were reorganised separately from the organisation of the communes. The garrison village brigades remained within them while guerrilla brigades were divided into five area groups, each with a number of zones and a commanding officer in each zone overseeing several brigades. The individual squads were composed of 10 combatants. The revolutionary headquarters became the coordination centre for the brigades. The brigade leaders in the early stages were usually middle peasantry with small landholding while the majority of the members were landless labourers and rural poor. The disparity existed as a consequence of much of the population being illiterate, and literacy became a requirement for effective long-distance communication. Only 10% of the population in Telangana was literate and the ones that could be found were from the middle peasantry. 809: 610: 528: 512: 435: 3578:. Fearing the loss of credibility as a democratic government and with the understanding that further repression would only popularise the communists, the Congress administration started making reconciliatory gestures towards the Communist Party from early 1951. There was increasing distrust of the Congress in the state as information from the Telangana countryside was spreading. The leftist congressmen involved in the earlier agitations against the Nizam had started being harshly critical of the government, referring to brutal and unjust repression. There were also ongoing student and labour agitations since 1948–49 in the urban areas. 3287:. To mitigate this advantage, the rebels dug trenches around the villages and roads were either blocked, breached or had planks with nails placed on them. The military would often respond by forcing a group of villagers to refill the trenches, shooting some of them while they worked on it. On 26–27 February, the rebels conducted a major operation with twenty simultaneous coordinated attacks on infrastructure targets including important telecommunication facilities, bridges and sections of railway tracks which paralysed the transportation and communication capabilities of the government forces from thereon. 1042: 456: 359: 2640: 2525:'s organisation, grew in popularity among the peasants and started being referred to as the Andhra Mahasabha (AMS) in Telangana. Prominent feminists disillusioned with the Congress who formed the Mahila Navjeevan Mandali in 1941, also joined the AMS and eventually became members of the Communist Party by 1943. Venkateshwara Rao directly recruited disillusioned Congress members and sympathisers into the Communist Party during the same period. Initially faced with opposition from the moderate leadership, landlords organisations such as the Agriculturalists Association and through heavy 2957:, conducted his own investigation in December and reported that the peasants had legitimate grievances and that it was not communist propaganda as previously assumed. The report stated that raiding villages and arresting communists would not succeed in stopping attacks on government officials without an administrative overhaul in the princely state, which according to him the Nizam's officials were incapable of conducting. The AISPC passed a resolution on 27 December condemning the activities of both the government and the communists, based on a report from their president, 2923: 5206: 2571: 2512: 2853: 581: 569: 556: 498: 382: 366: 2942:

faction wanted to not only admonish the government for repression but also convert the party into a more militant mass movement. They were prevented from doing so by the moderates, who were adamantly opposed to any further move to the left. The working committee drafted three resolutions demanding the government end their repression in Nalgonda, lift the ban on the Communist Party of India and cease criticising the communists for a sectarian approach towards the Congress. The moderates were dissatisfied with it,

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accept the continuation of armed struggle was a mistake. The rebellion was on the defensive, restricted to its remote safe havens in the forests and had no hopes for regaining lost ground. In the plains, the peasants had also started frequent agricultural strikes and agitations since the dissolution of the communes. The party attempted to negotiate with the Congress to retain some of the gains made by the peasantry by sending a three-man team to Hyderabad and in anticipation of taking the electoral route in the

1281: 2713: 213: 3552: 2961:, who had arrived in Hyderabad to conduct his own investigation. In a private letter, Kachru wrote to Tirtha that despite their official stance, the grievances of the peasants were genuine such that "no organisation worthy of its name could put up with" and admitted the communists had simply outflanked them through their mass mobilisation. The activities of the Congress in the state were being marginalised as the conflict between the Nizam's government and the communists engulfed Telangana. 5105: 2310: 402: 3327:. In Adilabad, Medak and Karimnagar, the Tirtha Group of the Congress had established some bases that defected towards the communists. Around 16,000 square miles (41,000 km), covering 4,000 villages, were being directly administered by communes. The rebel forces had reached a peak with 10,000 troops in garrisons and 2,000 in guerrilla forces. There were an additional three to four million active workers and non-combatant supporters of the rebel forces. In August 1948, the number of 73: 9826: 483: 2865:

with the Hyderabad State. Meanwhile, the military camps were withdrawn in January 1947 after a period of absence of any visible disturbances. Despite some instances of armed confrontations, the peasants uprising was spasmodic in their actions and lacked any systemically planned offensives in the initial period. It had begun as a spontaneous upsurge where the organised Andhra Mahasabha and Communist Party of India acted primarily in an auxiliary capacity.

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motivated, being entirely composed of volunteers, increasingly ideological and antagonised by years of repression. The rebels were also better adjusted to the terrain and shaped their organisation along the lines of geography and the strategic considerations of guerrilla warfare as they built it from the ground up. This made them much more effective in terms of tactics and logistics. The rebel forces were organised into two categories —

3659: 3291: 32: 5117: 5088: 422: 3471: 5307:; land revenues were abolished. The communes also introduced regulations on interest rates, guarantees on repayments and price control measures. The period was marked by exhilaration among the peasantry. The rebels no longer had to pay exorbitant rents, taxes or repay debts. They had gained land through redistribution instead, and were able to feed themselves two meals a day for the first time in their lives. 310: 299: 288: 2985:(INC) which had started pressuring the Nizam to accede. In March 1947, the working committee of the State Congress was restored and Swami Ramananda Tirtha was reelected with a wide margin of 751 to 498 votes against B.G. Rao, enabling him to completely exclude the moderates. He praised the communists for their revolt and suggested the incorporation of a more revolutionary policy for the State Congress. 120: 3022:, were a significant section of the communist activists and base of support, and relied on toddy for their livelihoods. Some degree of co-ordination continued to occur especially due to increase in police repression and the agitations becoming interspersed with instances of violent confrontations. One major incident occurred in Warangal district where a crowd of 2,000 armed with spears and 2997:

by communists, the police were unable to differentiate between the two and assumed that they had entered into a league. In the urban areas, communists and Congress members held joint meetings and demonstrations which provided material benefits to the rebels in the countryside. The general understanding among the communists was that the "rightist congressmen" were backed by the

3601:

Narayana Reddy, who had just been released from jail, was the candidate with the highest margin in any constituency in India, greater than that of Jawaharlal Nehru, which became a major source of embarrassment for the Congress. The Communist Party of India was still banned in the state and had contested through a registered, unrecognised organisation called the

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left-wing faction decided to fight the feudal system, began embracing communism and started building up the organisation in the villages from 1941 onwards. They reduced the enrolment fee by one-fourth, encouraged participation by the landless and impoverished sections of the population. They took up peasants' causes such as the abolition of

2845:(bamboo sticks) in this period. By the end of 1946, the police had reported 156 cases of assault by peasants and four major police–peasant battles had occurred, but neither the actions of the military, the police nor the private armies were able to dislodge the communists. Most of the confrontations occurred in the Suryapet and Jangaon 3489:, among other veteran party leaders wanted to abandon the armed rebellion and attempt to employ legal pathways to stop the repression to continue their movement, while others antagonised by the actions of the administration wanted to continue an armed guerrilla struggle against the military. Some, including the new General Secretary 3454:

personnel from outside the state, as it was feared that locals might be apprehensive of conducting violence against their own and might even be covert communist sympathisers. Chaudhuri also issued a warning to the police personnel from outside the state about falling under communist influence. The administration orchestrated an

2897:(AISPC) containing delegates of regional organisations which boycotted the predominantly communist Andhra Conference and instead invited the marginal splinter organisation formed by the moderates. The socialists had protested against the policy, leading to further friction with the moderates in Hyderabad. 3597:, the first ones to be held in independent India and with universal adult franchise. The demands included a halt on all land evictions, withdrawal of the military and release of all detained communists. These were rejected by the Congress, but the communists decided to call off the rebellion regardless. 5294:

increased substantially and prevalent domestic gender norms were questioned. In the early stages, women had begun serving in auxiliary roles for the brigades. They eventually began to be recruited in the brigades themselves despite the abundance of male and female volunteers. Discriminatory attitudes

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made it more difficult for the government as they had to deploy more troops at the frontiers. One critical advantage the government forces had was in terms of transportation. They could use trucks, jeeps and railways to move troops quickly through the few hard bed roads and railway lines that existed

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campaign. The communists joined up with Congress workers in their agitation although they held reservations over the effectiveness of Gandhian methods. Due to the organisational weakness of the Congress, most of the Congress agitation in Telangana especially in the rural areas was carried out instead

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estate and redistributed by the peasants. The incident sparked a spontaneous movement where groups of villagers would go from one village to another, people would drop out and return to their village after coming some distance, while others from the villages they passed through would take their place

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and the administration. The private militias of the feudal lords and the police were sent to conduct violent attacks on the agitators with greater frequency as the movement went on. Hyderabad State passed a legislation for minimum tenurial security in 1945, which only worsened conditions as landlords

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Contrary to expectations, the land redistribution program resulted in an expansion of agricultural production in spite of the ongoing conflict with the state. The grains produced were hidden in scattered storage deposits in the fields. The communes were still dependent on the external market to sell

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The military administration did not induct any local police personnel or civil servants, including those affiliated with the Hyderabad State Congress, who were sidelined. Vallabhbhai Patel distrusted them and justified it with the claim that they had a partisan character. They deployed officials and

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The military, equipped with modern firearms, made it much harder for the rebels to operate and the movement became more clandestine in the presence of military camps near their villages; the Andhra communists in the Madras Presidency initiated dialogue with the rebels in preparation for open warfare

1018:. They had access to land records and there was a lack of literacy among the peasants. The system turned them into a hybrid of a feudal lord and a bureaucrat who frequently acquired more lands from the peasants and forced them into the status of tenants at will and landless labourers. The individual 5324:

through coercion and lands worked by evicted tenants were readily granted to the evicted cultivators. The ceiling of land ownership was progressively reduced over time and ceiling surplus lands were redistributed. Initially set at 500 acres, it was reduced to 200 acres and eventually after pressure

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On 25 October 1951, the Central Committee of the Communist Party officially declared the end of the rebellion. In the state election and federal elections, communist leaders, who were formerly part of the rebellion, were elected from almost all rural constituencies they contested in Telangana; Ravi

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to surrender within weeks. Despite this, they were unable to suppress the poorly armed peasants for three years. Nehru was concerned with the continued military rule in the state imposed by Patel; civil authorities were introduced in the state after 16 months of military administration. Land reform

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hunt in the state, attempting to arrest any and all communists. There was widespread use of torture against those suspected of harbouring information and the military personnel occasionally conducted indiscriminate arrests and mass shootings against villagers in Telangana. Meanwhile, the Nizam was

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attempting to do the same with Hindus in reaction to it. The situation created widespread fear and uncertainty, leading to political instability and a sudden deterioration of law and order across the state. The Nizam, who had isolated himself from the common population and their politics for years,

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it, and did not allow it to pass. The State Congress stopped functioning because of the consequent resignation from the left and mediation with the national leadership until March 1947. The left issued a statement denouncing the "barren constitutionalism" of "feudal elements" in the State Congress.

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At the onset of the rebellion, and in light of post–war negotiations between the Congress and the British administration, the Nizam of Hyderabad legalised the Hyderabad State Congress in July 1946. The three front organisations — the non-communist Andhra Conference, the Maharashtra Parishad and the

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started fleeing to safer regions, resorted to litigation, and relied on the state police and their private armies to suppress the rebellious peasants. The villages adopted a strategy of active defense in response to violent attacks by private armies and the state police. Village level organisations

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surrendered within a week after minimal resistance. This military intervention was perceived by the peasant communes as a positive development and not as an attack on them. The villagers believed the Indian Army was helping them defeat the Nizam's government. They launched a final parallel assault

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grew to 200,000 men by the end of August with the recruitment of Muslim refugees from India who had arrived in Hyderabad on the invitation of the Ittehad. The Congress agitations also peaked with a complete shutdown of the state accompanied by flag hoisting, meetings, processions and protests on 7

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The Andhra Conference was banned in October 1946 and the police had begun arresting communists and sympathisers throughout the state. Hundreds of Communist Party activists were arrested, and the number of police units assigned to the rebellious regions was increased exponentially. The frequency of

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instituted crash course education schemes, literacy programs, prohibited forced marriages, and legalised and introduced programs to destigmatise divorces and widow remarriages. Caste distinctions broke down during the rebellion as the villagers and especially the brigade members were necessitated

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tribals respectively. The landless and impoverished peasants, which included most of the tribals and untouchables, formed the backbone of the rebellion. The guerrillas adopted even more clandestine tactics; the size of individual squads was reduced to five from ten. They started leading civilian

2981:(MIM) wanted Hyderabad to become an independent state but the vast majority of people wanted the state to merge with India in hopes of political freedoms and participation in self-government. The Communist Party of India added merger with India into its list of demands and aligned itself with the 3592:

spoke with a number of Communist Party leaders in detention and was able to secure the release of a large number of them. The guerrillas, who maintained a sophisticated courier system for communications and had made enormous sacrifices for the rebellion, were eventually convinced by the party to

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estates, accompanied by victory celebrations. The rebels came across large stores of arms and ammunition during the assault. Many of them were handed over to the army after their objectives were accomplished, as the peasants returned to their villages with the belief that the armed conflict was

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The rebels suffered from a persistent shortage of modern firearms and had to constantly rely on raids to gain more. As a consequence they were severely outnumbered as the communes refused to deploy more recruits as they were unable to arm them. Despite the shortages, the rebel forces were highly

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In November 1946, the two factions sent separate fact finding teams to Suryapet, led by Tirtha and J. Keshav Rao respectively. Tirtha's group searched for police atrocities while Rao's group searched for reasons to condemn the communists. Tirtha praised the actions of the communists. The leftist

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of their area. By the end of July, around 300–400 villages in the districts of Warangal, Nalgonda and Khammam experienced militant action by peasants against the local estates and officials. In August 1946, the press wing of the Communist Party of India announced that the villages were under the

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who would become full-time operatives and engage in offensives across large distances. The revolutionary headquarters in Mungala became a key source of supplies, arms, literature and organisers as they were smuggled in through the border. Some demobilised war veterans also joined the communists

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stormed a police station and released two Congress workers who were being subjected to torture, in the process killing an inspector and injuring several policemen. Another occurred within Hyderabad city when a group of agitators burned down the residences of the British Police Minister and the

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Between 1944 and 1946, the communist movement became widespread in the Telangana countryside. The Andhra Mahasabha controlled by communists substantially increased its membership in the districts of Nalgonda, Warangal and Karimnagar. The movement formed a class alliance between disparate caste

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movement for constitutional reforms in 1938–39 as a result of instructions of the federal leadership, the Congress was largely discredited for its younger left-wing members. Convinced that the expulsion of the Nizam along with all the elites was a necessity for effective democratic gains, the

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stood at 100,000 men even as it recruited 30,000 more in January, down from 200,000 in September 1947. They were increasingly sent by the government to engage with the communists as the rebellion expanded across Telangana, but they proved to be ineffective against them. In turn, the

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president of the Executive Council of Hyderabad. In Nalgonda, the epicenter of the rebellion, the communists toured across the district, releasing and redistributing grains hoarded in markets and storages, burning down checkpoints on the border and the records of officials and

1232:(money-lenders). Peasants with small landholding were pushed into landless agricultural labour or tenancy at will. Irrigation facilities were introduced from the late 19th century and a greater portion of the land transfer occurred on lands with these facilities. The system of 2607:, an unified Telugu speaking state composed of Telangana and the Andhra region of the Madras Presidency, in line with the Communist Party of India's demand for the linguistic reorganisation of states. The presence of large organised groups within the villages intimidated the 5632:

The leader of the Marathawada socialists, Swami Ramananda Tirtha became embroidered in a controversy when their internal correspondences with Mahatma Gandhi on the communist question were released verbatim by the Communist Party. Tirtha was widely assumed to have leaked it

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had stated in a press conference the government's policy towards the communists would depend on how they respond during and after the intervention. The comment was misleading as the government was making preparations to liquidate the peasant communes and restore the

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who fled to the cities, abandoning their private armies and properties. The communist influence was chipping away at the entire social hierarchy with a quasi divine Nizam at the top since the early 1940s, and had eventually enabled the mass uprising to occur.

7883: 3175:) and was sending arms, supplies and volunteers into Telangana. This considerably bolstered the organisational, tactical and logistical capabilities of the rebels, transforming the peasants uprising into an organised rebellion. Arms were acquired through 5369:. There was a renewed interest in the rebellion among academics and activists in the 1970s and 80s. The rebellion has since become a source of legends and inspiration among Telangana's population as well as the radical and progressive left across India. 3210:

against women as a terror tactic. The extreme measures employed by the state forces pushed otherwise skeptical people in the peripheral areas of the rebel dominated territories to be drawn towards the communists and the rebellion. In some cases, the

2682:), was unable to function in large areas. The expansion of the movement in these areas was facilitated by the presence of estates with thousands of acres. The first militant action occurred with a few instances of land seizures from the estates of 1252:(landholding peasants) who began employing landless labourers of their own, though it did not change the landlord–tenant relations in the region to any significant degree. The landholding peasants too were severely affected after the depression. 5341:(Vijayawada) served as the primary source of medical support for the rebellion. Doctors sympathetic to the rebellion arranged a special ward in the Vijayawada General Hospital to treat injured combatants. They also supplied the rebellion with 3283:

in the region while the rebels were largely restricted to foot. Even captured vehicular transportation was not useful to the rebels, as they could not operate them clandestinely, nor did they possess heavy armament like artillery to engage in

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were elected as the president and secretary. The moderates expecting a rout, had resigned from their offices, boycotted the election and later formed a marginal splinter organisation, giving the communists free rein over the primary AMS.

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bands. The reprisals made the communes strengthen their organisation and co-ordination. The Andhra and Telangana communists set up joint revolutionary headquarters at the Mungala Estate, constituting an enclave of Hyderabad State within

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The rebels went on a successful campaign of territorial expansion and effectively routed the government forces by mid-1948. Much of the Telangana countryside came under their control, covering the entirety of the Nalgonda, Warangal,

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and 15 August. Tirtha was arrested in mid-August and violent repression of agitators continued to increase over the following period. The Congress leftists of Hyderabad under a new leadership, organised themselves through the

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had come to supersede them when the Ittehad assumed power and started operating independently of the state forces. They plundered villages, killed and arrested people on suspicion of being potential agitators and employed

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measures such as the enactment of the Jagirdari Abolition Regulations and setting up of the Agrarian Enquiry Committee were introduced to contain the popularity of the communists. This somewhat reduced the power of the

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and wanted Hyderabad to become a refuge for Muslims in the south. Gradually the Ittehad under Razvi was able to wrestle control over the Nizam government and was managing its day-to-day functioning. Razvi formed a

2787:, their agents and local officials became fearful of visiting their own estates or jurisdictions which were known to be established strongholds of the communist rebels without paying "protection taxes" themselves. 3236:

of Madras State. By early 1948, much of Telangana was beginning to rebel in an all-out revolution as more of the rural poor and the peasantry organised themselves under the communists and took up arms against the

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raids increased through 1946, but during their attempts at arresting communist activists known to the police, crowds of hundreds would gather to obstruct them. The administration started assigning units of the

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and Devarupal. On 27 November, in retaliation for the killing, a police convoy escorting arrested communist activists was ambushed successfully; four police personnel were killed, and the prisoners released.

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lives among the rural population without readily available arms, depended on intermediaries for communication and occasionally organised to conduct operations. The government adopted the strategy of the

5271:. They said that the poor would be equal and their time would come ... How can the dream of a new order that they spoke of ever leave us?" Ilamma was part of one of the first instances of resistance to 2873:

The Hyderabad State Congress was divided into two factions of moderates and leftists since 1938–39. While the left-wing members of the Andhra Conference had gravitated to the Communist Party, those in

5365:

No official account of the attempted suppression of the rebellion, was released to the public even 70 years later. Meanwhile, the divisions that emerged within the rebel camp persisted and led to the

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in response; tribal communities were evacuated en masse and placed in large detention camps but guerrillas with widespread support from the locals continued to be able to operate and remain supplied.

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backing, refusing to budge and eventually reaching a crisis point over their position with respect to the communists following the Nizam government's military crackdown on the peasants in late 1946.

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for a period of time. Kasim Razvi was arrested, tried and jailed but soon released and forced to migrate to Pakistan. The military administration actively promoted feudal restoration in Telangana.

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The offensive sent the peasant communes and the Communist Party of India into disarray, causing divisions within them. Some of them, including Ravi Narayan Reddy and the former General Secretary

3125:(village communes) in the areas that came under their control. This parallel administration provided more stability and became a refuge from the violence in the rest of the state. Roving bands of 9188: 2672:

feudal lords escalated into an insurrection. The influence of the communists in Nalgonda and Warangal districts had become so strong by early 1946 that the administration, including the Nizam's

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supervised the redistribution of land and organised systems for dispute resolution, and to address complaints, conflicts and abuses including family and personal issues. The former role of the

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and grain stocks. In December, the armed assaults became excessively frequent, the police recorded 45 attacks on major targets within the span of 11 days in Warangal and Nalgonda districts.

3103:. The moderates were completely opposed to the armed raids and excluded from the committee. In the following year, the Congress socialists would split from the party under the leadership of 2753:

control of the peasants and launched a national campaign to rally support for the rebellion, publicising the demands of the peasantry and highlighting the feudal exploitation and brutality.

2666:

The post–war economic distress and political developments played a catalytic role in a feudal system already conducive for an uprising. The village level agitations against the aristocratic

2601:, usually demanding the implementation of existent laws which were unenforced. The demands also included the Andhra communists' call for the breakup of Hyderabad State and the formation of 2760:

forced labour. Small landholders refused to hand over paddy crops for the required levy, and landless labourers and tenants continued to occupy lands from which they had been evicted. The

3446:. He set up a military administration after the Nizam's capitulation, banned the Communist Party of India, and immediately launched a military offensive against the peasant communes. The 3167:

atrocities, particularly in the districts of Nalgonda, Warangal and Kammam which were communist strongholds. The Communist Party was better organised in the neighbouring Andhra region of

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to inform other villages of the position of approaching state security forces and villagers adopted the tactic of gathering en masse armed with slingshots, stones and sticks to ward off

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were merged, and a provincial working committee was formed; 164 delegates from the three organisations voted in an election for the president of the committee. The socialist candidate

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registered to occupants who were responsible for the payment of land revenue. The registered occupants included peasants who cultivated their own land or occupants who either employed

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had briefed the American embassy about the intervention and promised them that the communists would be eradicated in return for their support in justifying the military action to the

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in 1950. Opinions critical of the continuation rose through the year. Puran Chand Joshi was aggressively campaigning within the party for withdrawal of the rebellion. In April 1951,

3206:(communists) or the Congress. The attacks involved reprisals in which the entire population of some villages was massacred. There was widespread use of torture against villagers and 1215:, who controlled the centralised markets in Telangana. Land alienation continued to increase between 1910 and 1940 as more land was passed either to urban interests and aristocratic 7341: 3274:

lacked co-ordination; the former were demoralised as a consequence of the induction of the latter and having to serve in a subordinate role to them. The rising tensions between the

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and opposed to any form of alliance with them while the "leftist congressmen" wanted an unification with the Communist Party but were too irresolute and timid to carry it forward.

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perceived himself to be surrounded by a hostile Hindu population and started to rely increasingly on the Ittehad for support. The leadership of the Ittehad had by then passed to

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of Nalgonda district; pockets in Khammam, Karimnagar, Nalgonda and Warangal districts had fallen under rebel control, while 4,000 army troops were deployed in Nalgonda district.

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of suspects after capture. Around 2,000 peasants, armed and unarmed, were killed and 25,000 arrested by the end of August 1949. The communes were dis-established and the former

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The first communist connection likely established between Veerlapadu village (Nandigama taluq) in Krishna district and Allinagaram village (Madhira taluq) in Warangal district.

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favoured military intervention as it would enable them to deploy military personnel in Telangana. They had initially stalled the intervention for over a year, despite ongoing

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sent their private armies to prevent the seizure of their lands, but they were few in number and too poorly armed to contain mass unrest. Unable to control the villages, the

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and gender distinctions were reduced; women's workforce participation including in the armed squads increased and the conditions of the peasants significantly improved with

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purchases at increased prices in Telangana and from the estate agents and local government officials by theft and force. The rebels who were equipped with firearms went on

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atrocities because it was feared that an invasion would allow the communists to strengthen their position. Menon wanted the rebel administration to be dealt with through

1211:. They later became the epicenter of the insurrection. The peasants were largely dependent on affluent urban interests, mostly composed of Marwadis, Komtis, Brahmins and 5295:

persisted to an extent with a harsher reception to mistakes made by women. Beliefs in gods, demons and superstitions also declined in the population during this period.

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than the other regions. They owned vast tracts of lands covering several villages and thousands of acres. The land concentration was most pronounced in the districts of

3189:. Organised mobs were assigned to lower risk targets such as the forest department and offices of village officials, and would burn down their records, take away their 5561: 3152:

and torture to quell villages into submission. The communists, who had previously relied largely on defensive measures and unarmed resistance, began to openly endorse

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The crisis of authority in Hyderabad had enabled the influence of the rebels in the countryside to expand rapidly. They set up a parallel administration composed of

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before they were dispersed by the arrival of a contingent of armed police. In the following days, 200 acres of land in a neighbouring village were seized from the

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in the duration of the rebellion. The entire feudal hierarchy intertwined with theological and caste-based justifications broke down in favour of a vision of an

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as the ruler and the British maintaining complete authority over it. Multiethnic in composition, its 17 districts were divided across three linguistic regions:

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and keep the movement going. In each village, they formed drawn out congregations upon their arrival to discuss prevalent local issues and relations with the

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groups, the middle peasantry with small landholdings and the rural poor and landless labourers. Numerous villages were enmeshed with communist organisations.

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considered a member of the party which in turn made entire villages an extension of the party itself. Any villager could be elected to positions within it.

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aristocracy had a strong influence and who advocated restraint, opposing activities against the "law and order" of the state. Following the withdrawal of a

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were the primary targets for redistribution, but government owned wastelands and forest lands also came under the redistribution scheme. Lands acquired by

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The early onset of the land seizures marked the beginning of the land redistribution process. The task of managing land distribution was taken over by the

3095:, which set up camps outside the state and started conducting armed raids into Hyderabad. The camps were allowed by the Home Ministry of India, now under 765:. At its peak in 1948, the rebellion covered nearly all of Telangana and had at least 4,000 villages directly administered by communes. It was led by the 3605:(PDF) with no official symbol or much campaigning; the ban was lifted after the election. In 1956, the long-standing demand of the Andhra communists for 2958: 2902: 2799:

volunteer forces for defense. On 16 and 17 November, military personnel killed three villagers and wounded eight others in two raids on the villages of

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The socialists of Maharashtra Parishad led agitation around 1944, similar to that of the Telangana communists, gaining a mass following in Marathawada.

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had established "direct contact" with occupants, passing the responsibility of land revenue payments from the revenue collectors to the occupants, the

5395:

and retained its popularity years afterwards particularly among the tribal population where it was incorporated into folk adaptations. The Telugu film

2721: 7302: 2725: 7901:"The Andhra Movement, Hyderabad State, and the Historical Origins of the Telangana Demand: Public Life and Political Aspirations in India, 1900–56" 998:, had tenancy rights and could not be evicted on condition that they fulfill land revenue obligations. More than three-fourths of the tenants were 2913:

from the Andhra delegation by a narrow margin of three votes. The moderate–left divide persisted with the moderates, mostly affluent lawyers with

2431:

protests, was instrumental in building up the Communist Party in the districts of Warangal and Nalgonda. The nationalist, progressive and secular

1010:

after a period of twelve years, though in practice they were evicted within three to four years. The responsibility for registration lay with the

5655:

Following Tirtha's arrest, a new line of leadership was established by the Hyderabad State Congress leftists in Bombay led by Govind Das Shroff,

5642:

K.R. Vaidya, a moderate veteran was insulted that the younger committee had not accepted his recommendations and distributed a letter condemning

2119: 3508:(Spl.CP) for the operation. Nanjappa ordered indiscriminate arrests, burning down of entire villages where land redistribution had occurred and 9021: 4916: 1669: 9860: 9328: 9124: 5325:

from the majority of the peasantry was reduced to 100 dry acres and 10 wet acres. Over one million acres of land were redistributed by 1948.

2720:

One major incident on 4 July 1946 marked the beginning of the rebellion; a procession of over 1,000 peasants was fired at by the men of

1985: 9273: 8747: 8072: 7705: 2338: 1729: 1624: 796:

to the American embassy that the communists would be eradicated, leading to an eventual call for the rebels to lay down arms issued by the

3227:

entered into agreements with the communes to supply them with resources and abide by their governance in exchange for protection from the

5253:

The new system of governance marked a radical shift from a feudal autocracy to a network of decentralised village democracies, causing a

5147: 3018:. The symbolism lay in the toddy plantations also being a major source of revenue for the state but toddy trappers who were subjected to 2441: 2061: 1948: 138: 5202:. The individual communes lacked coordination with each other and suffered from isolation through the entire duration of the rebellion. 3379:

aristocrats regardless of their response. Internally, the communists were described as the primary target rather than the Nizam and the

2562:

took note of the development in October 1943 and began directly intervening in state action with regard to the communists from thereon.

9761: 9445: 8752: 8655: 5590:

550 estates with over 500 acres of land owned 60 to 70% of the total cultivatable land in Nalgonda, Warangal and Mahbubnagar districts.

5366: 2124: 2036: 1649: 1581: 3581:

Meanwhile, Ranadive, who had become the general secretary in 1948 and adopted the policy of continuing the rebellion, was replaced by

2019: 672:

had complete power over the peasants and could subject them to agricultural slavery. Conditions worsened during the 1930s due to the

9343: 9224: 8793: 3602: 1150:. In contrast, the bulk of the peasantry came from disparate caste backgrounds and even included Brahmins, Reddys and Komatis. The 2811:

prison alone was holding 600 prisoners. The military crackdown increased in December, resulting in even-heightened militancy; the

9639: 9353: 8870: 8737: 3814: 2894: 1953: 3067:. They were deputed alongside the police and grew to 150,000 men, double the police force itself, contributing significantly to 9766: 9409: 9252: 5213:

The Andhra Mahasabha and Communist Party of India were undifferentiated by the villagers and collectively were simply known as

4025: 2046: 1634: 1212: 9801: 9429: 9167: 8624: 8454: 8383: 8278: 7953: 7832: 7659: 7568: 7494: 7471: 7448: 5752: 5290:

into working together. One of the most significant impacts of the rebellion was a change in the relations between sexes. The

3864: 3039:

Meanwhile, the Ittehad was spreading sectarian propaganda and attempting to promote fanaticism among Muslims, along with the

3014:

in the agitations, one key point of discontent became the symbolic cutting down of toddy trees as Gandhian ethics prohibited

2056: 1110:

which granted them various political, judicial and administrative functions. They could determine taxation rates and managed

9634: 9257: 8090:"Commercialization of Agriculture and Socio-political ramifications in Telangana districts of Hyderabad State: 1925 – 1956" 7266:

Dhanaraju, Vulli (2015). "Voice of the Subaltern Poet: Contribution of Suddala Hanumanthu in Telangana Peoples' Movement".

3384: 2051: 1963: 812:

Map of Hyderabad State within British India. Telangana corresponding with the Gulshanabad (Medak) and Warangal divisions. (

45: 9796: 9470: 9129: 9031: 1980: 1936: 3417:

marched into Hyderabad State on 13 September and the already demoralised Hyderabad State Force, the police and the

9771: 9460: 9383: 9239: 9061: 9026: 8616: 8327:"From the peasant armed struggle to the Telangana State: changes and continuities in a South Indian region's uprisings" 2281: 2154: 1943: 1739: 9036: 7972: 3958: 2807:

Following the ambush, the police and military forces began attempting to arrest entire villages and by December, the

2199: 2041: 1975: 1916: 750: 178: 160: 59: 5337:

The medical facilities of the rebels in Telangana were poor, and preventative measures were emphasised. The city of

3450:

and officials returned as the redistributed lands were to be confiscated and granted back to their original owners.

2371:(AIKS) and the Indian Peasant Institute. The first incursion of the communist movement in Telangana occurred in the 9855: 9677: 9419: 9081: 8117: 5052: 4909: 3395: 2331: 2149: 2024: 1968: 1564: 8237: 8177: 8011: 7623: 7415: 7234: 709:

and Warangal, the rebellion evolved into a revolution across Telangana in response to continued repression by the

9624: 9302: 5140: 5096: 3464: 2688:

in response to eviction of Lambadi tenant cultivators for non-compliance with additional taxation and demands of

2659: 2144: 2109: 2066: 1899: 1767: 814: 439: 142: 2734:

was killed and a number of others severely wounded. The group proceeded to and set fire to the residence of the

9450: 9358: 8648: 3618: 3594: 3505: 3336:

became the victims of torture as retribution for their past atrocities, which continued until the communes and

2954: 2391:. The first communist organisations were established in Warangal and Nalgonda districts through the efforts of 2356: 2296: 2134: 2007: 1921: 1659: 5510:

The first communist units were formed in 1940 after Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao, Pervaelli Venkataramanaiah,

5349:

training to squad members. The paramedics trained in ad hoc facilities by the doctors, were able to contain a

9880: 9791: 9672: 5656: 5062: 3985: 3931: 3906: 3774: 3749: 2406:

The students' movement contributed significantly to the growth of the communist movement, disillusioned with

2129: 1958: 808: 3163:

were organised by the communes. They were joined en masse by villagers frustrated with police, military and

9870: 9850: 8989: 8860: 5019: 4989: 4964: 4045: 3849: 3706: 3490: 2978: 2970: 2559: 2424: 2261: 1931: 1866: 204: 4866: 684:

and began a rights movement, catalyzed by a food crisis that affected the region following the end of the

9920: 9348: 8982: 5402: 4268: 3948: 3878: 3794: 3764: 2781:

units and smaller raiding parties. The rebels had neither the firearms nor the training to use them. The

2324: 2094: 1530: 1350: 1264: 3911: 3518:

estates restored in their respective areas. The guerrillas had to retreat into the dense forests of the

3156:. The national leadership of the Communist Party officially approved armed rebellion in September 1947. 2756:

Peasants continuously resisted extortive action from officials and other agents, and refused to perform

877:. It contained more than half the population of the state and covered the entire eastern half including 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9811: 9662: 9465: 9455: 9414: 8972: 7855: 7824: 7440: 5133: 4921: 4806: 4348: 3262:(brigades) who would continue their civilian lives while maintaining hidden arms, and mobile guerrilla 1926: 1644: 1515: 2701:(organisations) during the 1944–46 agitations had laid down demands for better wages, disallowance of 962:

system introduced by the British in other parts of the country. It had hereditary revenue collectors;

9534: 9492: 9424: 9278: 8967: 8896: 8742: 8641: 8446: 7481:

Chatterjee, Indrani (2005). "Abolition by denial: the South Asian example". In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.).

5357:

during the rebellion by emphasising on disinfection of drinking water with the use of coal and lime.

5176: 5014: 4686: 3829: 3809: 3610: 3320: 2084: 2002: 1611: 1559: 697:

The revolt began on 4 July 1946, when a local peasant leader was killed in the village of Kadavendi,

85: 5551:

organisations like the Hindu Mahasabha and the Arya Samaj were influential in the city of Hyderabad.

3422:

against the remaining military camps of the State Forces, outposts of state agents and garrisons in

3135:

and suppress the communists in Telangana after the withdrawal of the British. Initially attached to

9875: 9162: 8994: 8815: 8711: 4896: 3953: 3844: 3108: 2982: 2935: 2931: 2890: 2882: 2478: 2423:

were established which eventually merged to form the All Hyderabad Students Union in January 1942.

2396: 1911: 1906: 1724: 1706: 1684: 1654: 1601: 1390: 797: 778: 774: 770: 766: 329: 314: 265: 94: 51: 5198:

was replaced by these systems. The communes in the later stage established judicial courts with a

2709:

forced labour, evictions, exorbitant taxation and refusal of a new mandatory post–war grain levy.

9885: 9644: 9294: 9229: 9152: 8962: 8939: 8721: 8560: 8512: 8464: 8137: 7560: 5401:(1980) was set in the rebellion and became a significant commercial success. The cinematographer 5121: 5072: 4954: 4180: 4170: 4010: 3965: 3391: 3366: 3354: 3207: 3149: 2910: 2893:(INC) had adopted the policy of expelling all communists from its organisations. It convened the 2508:) rights of cultivating tenants and reduction in taxes, revenue demands and rents, among others. 2104: 2099: 1871: 1629: 1480: 1420: 1385: 1041: 789: 680:. In the 1940s, the peasants started turning towards communism, organised themselves through the 666:

in Telangana. Feudal exploitation in the region was more severe compared to others of India; the

345: 5345:

kits and anti-venom against snake bites. Two doctors from the city joined the rebels to provide

1182:

were among the most impoverished and particularly vulnerable to severe forms of exploitation by

129:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

9806: 9718: 9368: 9244: 9116: 9076: 8977: 8855: 5291: 4959: 4303: 4065: 3901: 3799: 3789: 3509: 3433: 3140: 2950: 2906: 2792: 1894: 1639: 1569: 1430: 1365: 991: 721: 560: 516: 5166:(village communes) which managed all administrative and judicial functions. They consisted of 4826: 2583:

was heightened and a mass movement developed with a series of agrarian agitations against the

9599: 9539: 9097: 8891: 8783: 8768: 8686: 7783: 7734: 4816: 4578: 4353: 4333: 4298: 4210: 4140: 4115: 3582: 3571: 3430: 3361:" was justified on the grounds of ending the undemocratic feudal regime of the Nizam and the 3316: 3129:

active across Hyderabad to quell agitations were instructed by the government to protect the

2927: 2392: 2368: 1851: 1844: 1701: 1204: 758: 333: 90: 3559:

The military force, with its high morale and modern equipment, had forced the Nizam and the

2973:

to the Indian leadership and gave the princely states the option of either joining India or

2922: 2589:

aristocrats beginning in 1944. The agitations were non-violent and employed tactics such as

1049:

The feudal system was particularly harsh in the Telangana region of the state. The powerful

9484: 9338: 9066: 8957: 8778: 8673: 8565:"Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946-51: Part Four: Background to a Momentous Decision" 5560:

The left-wing faction within the AMS was led by Ravi Narayan Reddy, Baddam Yella Reddy and

4886: 4786: 4721: 4258: 4185: 4040: 3784: 3734: 3691: 3674: 3669: 3606: 3589: 3284: 3072: 3063: 2974: 2774: 2602: 2526: 2482: 2481:, was overtaken by communists. It recruited students from colleges but was controlled by a 2446: 2436: 2420: 2114: 2031: 1990: 1839: 1757: 1679: 1305: 1188:, including agricultural slavery. Anti–slavery legislations were largely unenforced in the 729: 648: 585: 386: 8033:"Passive revolution meets peasant revolution: Indian nationalism and the Telangana revolt" 5573:

The agitations of 1944–1946 were located primarily in Nalgonda district on the estates of

3183:

targeting infrastructure, supplies and garrisons of the government and the estates of the

2992:

seeking the merger of Hyderabad with India and the State Congress under Tirtha launched a

2830:(letters), common after the enrolment fee for AMS was reduced, started being known as the 2639: 8: 9753: 9728: 9687: 9172: 9004: 8865: 8773: 8608: 8338: 8044: 7912: 7685: 5205: 5067: 5034: 4994: 4979: 4263: 4175: 4165: 4135: 4030: 3916: 3883: 3729: 3711: 3701: 3658: 3438: 3304: 3104: 2580: 2570: 2251: 1796: 1591: 1455: 1310: 1233: 1038:

tenures constituted around 30% and 60% respectively of the territory of Hyderabad State.

1006:

who retained land revenue obligations but did not have tenancy rights. They could become

915: 762: 8517:"Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946-51. Part Three: Pitted against the Indian Army" 4841: 788:'s government unexpectedly launched an attack on the communes immediately following the 9743: 9702: 9559: 9549: 9524: 9502: 9497: 9157: 9014: 8830: 8696: 8592: 8544: 8496: 8425: 8375: 8358: 8309: 8229: 8169: 8109: 8064: 8003: 7932: 7875: 7615: 7607: 7540: 7407: 7283: 5713: 5057: 4999: 4831: 4756: 4528: 4508: 4493: 4343: 4248: 4105: 4085: 4070: 4020: 4000: 3978: 3819: 3754: 3642: 3455: 3324: 3083: 2993: 2651: 2643: 2590: 2550: 2546: 2511: 2474: 2458: 2291: 2266: 2256: 2246: 1856: 1819: 1791: 1664: 1505: 1410: 1335: 1272: 843: 839: 713: 710: 636: 532: 490: 487: 20: 5608:

The initial militant actions of 1946 were sometimes carried out without approval from

5219:(Association), from their reference to the initial village level organisations called 4618: 9738: 9507: 9056: 8999: 8875: 8845: 8840: 8701: 8691: 8681: 8620: 8584: 8536: 8488: 8469:"Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946-1951. Part Two: First Phase and Its Lessons" 8450: 8429: 8417: 8379: 8362: 8350: 8301: 8274: 8221: 8161: 8101: 8068: 8056: 7995: 7968: 7949: 7936: 7924: 7879: 7867: 7828: 7795: 7746: 7697: 7655: 7643: 7599: 7564: 7544: 7532: 7520: 7490: 7467: 7444: 7399: 7351: 7310: 7275: 5748: 5705: 5643: 5392: 5254: 4949: 4861: 4766: 4628: 4558: 4463: 4448: 4215: 4155: 4110: 4095: 4055: 3990: 3769: 3759: 3696: 3621:. Under pressure from the party, the Congress government separated Andhra State from 3501: 3497: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3399: 3312: 3275: 3172: 3153: 3096: 3079: 3053: 2886: 2852: 2647: 2615: 2530: 2470: 2360: 2271: 1576: 1345: 1340: 1208: 1200: 1195:

Telangana had a higher concentration of land in the hands of a small group of landed

850: 754: 706: 698: 652: 426: 7619: 7287: 5547:

The Muslim supremacist organisation of Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen and reactionary

1063:, additionally functioned as money lenders and as the highest village official. The 662:

where most of the land was concentrated in the hands of landed aristocrats known as

9830: 9667: 9589: 9519: 9512: 9388: 8924: 8911: 8835: 8820: 8576: 8528: 8480: 8409: 8342: 8270: 8213: 8153: 8048: 7916: 7859: 7844:"Reassessing Indirect Rule in Hyderabad: Rule, Ruler, or Sons-in-Law of the State?" 7787: 7738: 7689: 7591: 7524: 7463: 7460:

From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948

5740: 5697: 5429: 5424: 5109: 5092: 4811: 4791: 4711: 4706: 4648: 4608: 4598: 4563: 4483: 4458: 4428: 4413: 4408: 4383: 4328: 4313: 4220: 4195: 4125: 4080: 4050: 3938: 3926: 3854: 3839: 3779: 3744: 3369: 3300: 3233: 3180: 3136: 2623: 2454: 2364: 2314: 1829: 1786: 1781: 1606: 1485: 1375: 1300: 1245: 891: 785: 725: 685: 681: 673: 659: 614: 573: 520: 303: 8346: 4891: 4553: 4283: 3353:

In September 1948, the Dominion of India launched a military intervention for the

3345:

prohibited and eventually banned such activities, declaring them to be primitive.

9723: 9614: 9529: 9404: 8706: 7920: 7651: 5744: 5489: 5434: 5370: 5029: 5024: 4969: 4776: 4736: 4568: 4538: 4523: 4473: 4443: 4378: 4318: 4278: 4200: 4190: 4090: 3834: 3824: 3527: 3407: 3279: 3068: 3044: 2352: 1861: 1696: 1525: 1520: 1460: 1237: 1226: 1192:, and officials were instead reprimanded for mentioning slaves in documentation. 999: 827: 677: 644: 370: 238: 8326: 5329:

the produce and had to bribe middlemen to market goods from the rebel villages.

3315:

and a significant portion of the remaining three districts of Telangana namely,

2977:

or becoming independent. The Nizam of Hyderabad, the Muslim aristocrats and the

9609: 9604: 9584: 9579: 8372:

Social Movements in the Global South: Dispossession, Development and Resistance

7900: 7528: 7239: 5412: 5262: 4984: 4876: 4846: 4836: 4761: 4731: 4726: 4716: 4603: 4583: 4543: 4513: 4453: 4393: 4368: 4308: 3995: 3804: 3519: 3500:

campaign designed to frighten villagers into not assisting the guerrillas. The

3308: 3100: 3019: 2800: 2778: 2712: 2598: 2555: 2432: 2388: 2192: 2186: 1834: 1586: 1440: 1435: 1330: 1315: 1280: 1222: 1155: 1142: 1138: 1111: 1070: 864: 854: 831: 823: 407: 253: 212: 8052: 7863: 7693: 4881: 3551: 2614:

resorted to frequent mass evictions to prevent accrual of tenancy rights. The

9844: 9594: 9574: 9564: 9323: 9193: 8588: 8540: 8492: 8433: 8421: 8413: 8354: 8305: 8225: 8165: 8105: 8060: 7999: 7928: 7871: 7799: 7750: 7701: 7603: 7552: 7536: 7508: 7504: 7403: 7355: 7314: 7279: 5709: 5646:

and the Marathawada leftists for being overtly sympathetic to the communists.

5009: 5004: 4871: 4821: 4801: 4796: 4771: 4746: 4643: 4548: 4468: 4388: 4363: 4288: 4225: 4060: 3859: 3523: 3358: 3200:

to indiscriminately target entire villages for harbouring sympathies for the

3071:

and a complete collapse of civil authority as they embarked on a campaign of

2857: 2840: 2619: 2594: 2534: 1719: 1470: 1450: 1445: 1425: 1405: 1325: 1087: 986:

lands legally held by the government were divided into small sections called

874: 461: 8142:"Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946-1951. Part One: Historical Setting" 8032: 7742: 7673: 7580:"Decline of a Patrimonial Regime: The Telengana Rebellion in India, 1946-51" 5686:"Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946-1951. Part One: Historical Setting" 4293: 2363:

since 1934 and largely organised through peasants organisations such as the

1118:

in the form of cattle, crops and money to prevent prejudiced treatment. The

141:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

9733: 9071: 8906: 8850: 8397: 7791: 7669: 5477: 5346: 4751: 4701: 4696: 4681: 4638: 4623: 4593: 4518: 4503: 4478: 4438: 4398: 4373: 4338: 4253: 3622: 3614: 3531: 3176: 3168: 3058: 2943: 2538: 2501: 2286: 2227: 2173: 1824: 1510: 1495: 1490: 1415: 1355: 1175: 1167: 1159: 1078: 688:, the movement escalated into a rebellion after the administration and the 7722: 4741: 72: 9569: 9009: 8919: 8901: 8393: 8197: 7771: 5599:

Vishnur Deshmukh had an estate of 40,000 acres covering over 40 villages.

5407: 5258: 5199: 4974: 4856: 4691: 4653: 4633: 4573: 4533: 4498: 4433: 4423: 4403: 4358: 4273: 4243: 4205: 4100: 3943: 3873: 3739: 3613:. Hyderabad State was dissolved, and the region of Telangana merged with 3540: 3443: 3414: 3387: 3111:, taking with them much of the leftists of the Hyderabad State Congress. 3049: 2878: 2220: 1734: 1395: 1370: 1189: 934: 929: 835: 793: 717: 600: 502: 9825: 8113: 8089: 3196:

In response, the government authorised the police, the military and the

2453:

organisations. The association became communist under the leadership of

2379:

area of Warangal district, through peasants who had settled down at the

9318: 9102: 8929: 8596: 8564: 8548: 8516: 8500: 8468: 8313: 8289: 8233: 8201: 8173: 8141: 8007: 7983: 7611: 7579: 7411: 7387: 7342:"Behind the scenes of 'Mallesham', the Telugu biopic on an ikat weaver" 5717: 5685: 5397: 5338: 4944: 4851: 4588: 4418: 4120: 4075: 3460: 3040: 3015: 2655: 2411: 2213: 2206: 2180: 1801: 1691: 1475: 1400: 1380: 1360: 860: 536: 3243:

and the Hyderabad State. This triggered a large-scale displacement of

8934: 8810: 8664: 7486: 7346: 5342: 5160:

The communist peasant rebellion set up a system of governance called

4939: 4781: 4613: 4323: 4160: 4145: 4035: 4015: 4005: 3650: 3215:

who the government was unable to control attacked the estates of the

2450: 2445:(New Salute) which promoted communism in literature, and through the 2276: 1774: 1465: 1295: 975: 970: 878: 870: 737: 8580: 8532: 8484: 8217: 8157: 7595: 5701: 2529:

from the government, the AMS was slowly transformed into a militant

596: 8825: 8633: 8443:

From Raj to Republic: Sovereignty, Violence, and Democracy in India

7509:"Social origins of the peasant insurrection in Telangana (1946-51)" 5548: 3535: 3290: 3255: 3011: 2808: 2407: 2139: 1163: 964: 958: 919: 838:, the second largest and most populous among them. The state had a 743:

The rebels established a parallel system of government composed of

8202:"The Political Pragmatism of the Communists in Telangana, 1938-48" 5381: 5354: 5350: 4671: 4150: 4130: 3586: 2542: 2541:

and youths as its members. The process was completed in the 1944

2376: 2372: 1876: 1500: 1320: 1196: 1151: 1123: 1101: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 5976: 3470: 3052:, a small-time lawyer from northern India who had supported the 3031:

in the villages, while raising Indian flags in those locations.

7483:

Abolition and Its Aftermath in the Indian Ocean Africa and Asia

6618: 6616: 6571: 6569: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6176: 6174: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5885: 5883: 5881: 4676: 2796: 2679: 2673: 2384: 1762: 1179: 1127: 894:

in its agrarian economy. It had two main types of land tenure,

784:

The rebellion ended when the military administration set up by

7965:

Encyclopedia of Political Parties: Socialist Movement in India

7437:

Gentlemen of the Raj: The Indian Army Officer Corps, 1817-1949

5914: 5912: 5910: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5116: 5087: 2395:, a peasant working in Mungala. The Regional Committee of the 1244:

over the peasants, which was particularly worsened during the

1090:

by means of customary and debt obligations. The power of the

938:) of the Nizam. The civil courts had no jurisdiction over the 8600: 8552: 8504: 8317: 8249: 8189: 8129: 8023: 7819:

Gray, Hugh (2015). "Andhra Pradesh". In Myron, Wiener (ed.).

7776:

Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East

7727:

Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East

7635: 7427: 7102: 7083: 5941: 5374: 4488: 3575: 1171: 1131: 1095: 946:

to impose various forms of exorbitant arbitrary taxes on the

906: 896: 421: 7204: 7202: 7146: 7144: 6945: 6903: 6867: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6613: 6566: 6554: 6447: 6370: 6322: 6186: 6171: 6146: 6064: 6011: 5986: 5953: 5924: 5878: 7056: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6404: 6402: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6083: 6052: 6040: 6028: 5907: 5815: 5378: 5185:

ranged from five to seven and varied between villages. The

3921: 3429:

over. The commanding officer selected for the invasion was

2969:

In February 1947, the British administration announced the

2380: 1094:

was augmented with additional hereditary positions such as

1030:(appointed personal officials) to manage each village. The 952:(peasants) and extract revenue through private agents. The 947: 733: 640: 292: 6746: 6744: 2881:

region of Hyderabad State had aligned themselves with the

2533:

opposed to the Nizamate with a coalition of peasants, the

7199: 7187: 7175: 7141: 7044: 6812: 6771: 6717: 6586: 6584: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6289: 6287: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 5767: 5234:

was very high, anyone who supported and participated was

3496:

In December 1948, the administration began a large-scale

3221:

themselves and plundered them. Consequently, some of the

2909:

from the Marathawada delegation won against the moderate

9334:

Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research

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Research Journal of Language, Literature and Humanities

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initially formed in reaction to the growth of communal

994:

or rented out the land to tenants. The tenants, called

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Peasants working in a field in Hyderabad State (1890s)

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based on their rank and order, while a portion of the

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in Telangana was established under the leadership of

1248:. The period saw the rise of a section of well-to-do 8267:

From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India

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The Palgrave Handbook of Anti-Communist Persecutions

7303:"Maa Bhoomi will forever be alive in people's minds" 7126: 7029: 7005: 6957: 6891: 6686: 6662: 6525: 6435: 6259: 6207: 5791: 5779: 5458:

Telugu : తెలంగాణ సాయుధ పోరాటం romanised :

769:(CPI) and supported by the left-wing faction of the 6930: 6879: 6788: 6756: 6628: 6134: 6095: 5861: 2964: 9235:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar 8398:"Caste, Agrarian Relations and Agrarian Conflicts" 6596: 5834: 5228:(associations). The porosity in membership of the 2795:to assist the police. Some of the villages formed 2473:, which was a cultural-literary forum acting as a 1137:. Markets and major businesses were controlled by 853:consisted of three districts and was populated by 9249:Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research 7723:"Revolution in Telengana (1946–1951): (Part Two)" 5391:, a song describing the rebellion was written by 3481:of the Communist Party of India from 1935 to 1948 873:consisted of nine districts and was populated by 863:consisted of five districts and was populated by 9842: 3628: 3082:in Hyderabad reached its highest point upon the 398: 19:For the movement for Telangana's statehood, see 7984:"The Telengana Peasant Armed Struggle, 1946-51" 5518:established contact with Chandra Rajeswara Rao. 3270:In contrast, state forces and the paramilitary 3006:The communists started disassociating with the 2415:politics. Having gained experience through the 655:, that escalated out of agitations in 1944–46. 452: 9866:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence 7772:"Revolution in Telengana 1946–1951 (Part One)" 7300: 5175:(committees) elected in village meetings with 3357:. The intervention officially described as a " 3348: 2545:session of the AMS when two young communists, 1026:had multiple villages under their domains and 736:, while the rebel forces went on a successful 9329:Defence Research and Development Organisation 8649: 8264: 5141: 3633: 2692:(forced labour). The village level communist 2332: 732:militia, were unable to suppress it and were 8916:Wonderla Amusement Park, Raviryal, Hyderabad 8748:Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority 8370:Motta, S.; Nilsen, A. Gunvald, eds. (2011). 5737:Telengana People's Struggle and it's Lessons 5609: 5319: 5299: 5281: 5272: 5266: 5229: 5220: 5214: 5186: 5180: 5167: 5161: 3565: 3513: 3423: 3374: 3337: 3244: 3238: 3222: 3216: 3201: 3184: 3130: 3120: 2998: 2914: 2834: 2821: 2812: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2747: 2729: 2693: 2683: 2667: 2618:was further aggravated by rising prices and 2608: 2584: 2520: 2519:The Andhra Conference, previously seen as a 2486: 2485:and moderate leadership over whom the Hindu 1216: 1183: 1145: 1064: 1058: 744: 689: 667: 258:Destruction of communes and guerrilla squads 8559: 8511: 8463: 8440: 8369: 8136: 5918: 5277:coercion during the agitations of 1944–46. 2724:in Kadavendi village of Warangal district, 890:The princely state of Hyderabad retained a 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 9762:Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium 9446:Telangana State Road Transport Corporation 8753:Quli Qutb Shah Urban Development Authority 8656: 8642: 8324: 8094:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 7642: 7480: 6818: 6782: 6723: 5947: 5730: 5683: 5367:1964 split in the Communist Party of India 5148: 5134: 3574:came into force and the dominion became a 2565: 2419:protests, a number of radical progressive 2387:irrigation projects, and had relatives in 2339: 2325: 211: 8287: 8196: 7674:"Indian democracy: Long dead, now buried" 7551: 7503: 7265: 7232: 7208: 7181: 7150: 7108: 7096: 6951: 6909: 6873: 6837: 6680: 6656: 6622: 6575: 6560: 6548: 6507: 6464: 6381: 6333: 6201: 6180: 6165: 6077: 6022: 6005: 5980: 5935: 5889: 5828: 5809: 5733:"The Peasant Upsurge and Communist Party" 1255: 982:, based on past revenue collections. The 179:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 9344:Electronics Corporation of India Limited 7457: 7385: 7301:Krishnamoorthy, Suresh (24 March 2015). 7050: 6089: 6058: 6046: 6034: 5204: 3550: 3469: 3459:not prosecuted and instead was made the 3289: 2921: 2851: 2711: 2638: 2599:refusal to pay technically illegal taxes 2569: 2510: 2435:in the city of Hyderabad turned towards 1240:, strengthening the hold of traders and 1040: 807: 9640:Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park 8738:Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation 8087: 7898: 7841: 7577: 7340:Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (15 June 2019). 7220: 7062: 6924: 6408: 6393: 6253: 5901: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5265:later recalled, "I was so proud of the 2634: 2427:, a former student agitator during the 1086:which forced families of peasants into 904:and a distinct category of land called 217:Women rebels of the Telengana Rebellion 9843: 9410:Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System 9253:MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences 8392: 8120:from the original on 16 September 2021 7962: 7943: 7886:from the original on 10 September 2021 7769: 7720: 7339: 7321:from the original on 21 September 2021 7233:Ravikumar, Aruna (14 September 2019). 7169: 7077: 7011: 6999: 6963: 6897: 6849: 6750: 6699: 6668: 6536: 6519: 6495: 6441: 6364: 6278: 6224: 5872: 5855: 5843: 5387:was based on the Telangana Rebellion. 3034: 2953:, Revenue and Police Minister for the 1552:Communism in the independence movement 9225:Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences 9168:Maulana Azad National Urdu University 8637: 8607: 8030: 8014:from the original on 8 September 2021 7434: 7418:from the original on 8 September 2021 7388:"Salvaging an Endangered Institution" 7135: 7120: 6987: 6975: 6939: 6885: 6861: 6765: 6735: 6711: 6639: 6590: 6483: 6429: 6352: 6316: 6293: 6128: 6101: 4917:International socialist organizations 3865:To each according to his contribution 3010:as a consequence of incorporation of 9861:Military history of Hyderabad, India 9635:Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park 9258:Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences 8663: 8075:from the original on 19 January 2023 7818: 7806:from the original on 19 January 2023 7757:from the original on 19 January 2023 7708:from the original on 19 January 2023 7668: 7557:Peasant Movements in India 1920-1950 6806: 6794: 6607: 5739:, Foundation Books, pp. 19–39, 5534:edited by Mandumulu Narsing Rao and 5415:and Chinmayee Surve on the subject. 5248: 3504:sent Captain Nanjappa to act as the 3115:Escalation and territorial expansion 2895:All India States Peoples' Conference 2504:and eviction of tenants, occupancy ( 2464: 113: 66: 25: 16:1946–1951 peasant rebellion in India 8240:from the original on 25 August 2021 8180:from the original on 28 August 2021 7981: 7967:. Vol. 24. Anmol Publication. 7626:from the original on 1 October 2021 7362:from the original on 20 August 2021 7247:from the original on 20 August 2021 7193: 7038: 7023: 6140: 13: 9772:G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium 9461:Hyderabad Bus Rapid Transit System 9384:Rajiv Gandhi International Airport 9240:Deccan College of Medical Sciences 9062:Telangana State Archaeology Museum 8617:State University of New York Press 8258: 5332: 3410:rather than by civil authorities. 2885:, influenced by their presence in 2351:Communists had been active in the 2282:List of communist parties in India 1740:2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley 14: 9932: 7513:Contributions to Indian Sociology 3555:A wounded combatant being treated 2574:Training of rebels in open fields 2439:as well, through the influential 1126:, supplanted by the emergence of 41:This article has multiple issues. 9824: 8088:Shankar, Amaragani Hari (2016). 7333: 7294: 7259: 7226: 5530:developed around the newspapers 5292:workforce participation of women 5179:. The number of members in each 5115: 5103: 5086: 3657: 3546: 3061:wing for the Ittehad called the 2965:Communist–Left Congress alliance 2728:who was the leader of the local 2308: 1730:Maoism in the Nandigram violence 1279: 885: 773:, many of whom later joined the 705:. Beginning in the districts of 608: 595: 579: 567: 554: 526: 510: 496: 481: 454: 433: 420: 400: 380: 364: 357: 339: 323: 308: 297: 286: 118: 71: 30: 9471:Vijayawada–Hyderabad Expressway 8743:Hyderabad District Collectorate 7946:The Telengana Movement, 1944-51 5649: 5636: 5626: 5617: 5602: 5593: 5584: 5567: 5554: 5541: 5521: 5504: 5495: 5470: 3099:and reluctantly approved of by 2110:Communist Party of French India 1635:1957 general election in Kerala 881:city, the capital of the state. 815:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 49:or discuss these issues on the 9451:Hyderabad Elevated Expressways 9359:Software industry in Telangana 9303:List of hospitals in Hyderabad 8290:"Telangana Movement Revisited" 8265:Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004). 8037:The Journal of Peasant Studies 7899:Mantena, Rama Sundari (2014). 5724: 5677: 5452: 3522:and to the forests across the 3506:Special Commissioner of Police 2297:State of socialist orientation 1619:Post-independence and Cold War 792:to fulfil assurances given by 1: 9673:Statue of Equality (Ramanuja) 8347:10.1080/09584935.2016.1195340 8294:Economic and Political Weekly 7988:Economic and Political Weekly 7721:Gupta, Akhil (August 1984b). 7392:Economic and Political Weekly 5657:Gopaliah Subbukrishna Melkote 5538:edited by Khaji Abdul Gafoor. 5440: 3750:Critique of political economy 3629:Communes and guerrilla squads 3570:in the process. In 1950, the 2926:1999 postage stamp depicting 2826:due to their distribution of 2560:British Resident at Hyderabad 1547:Colonial period and partition 803: 254:Annexation of Hyderabad State 229:4 July 1946 — 25 October 1951 9792:Famous people from Hyderabad 7921:10.1080/14736489.2014.964629 7678:Journal of Contemporary Asia 7584:The Journal of Asian Studies 7578:Elliott, Carolyn M. (1974). 7458:Benichou, Lucien D. (2000). 5745:10.1017/UPO9788175968257.004 5731:Sundarayya, P., ed. (2006), 5670: 5581:of the largest landholdings. 5411:(1995), in Telugu, starring 5405:made his first feature film 5020:Socialist calculation debate 4990:List of socialist economists 4965:Economic calculation problem 3850:Socialist mode of production 3707:Socialist calculation debate 3491:Bhalchandra Trimbak Ranadive 3045:Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha 2979:Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen 2868: 2629: 2425:Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao 2262:Communist movements in India 1867:Proletarian internationalism 1057:aristocracy, locally called 205:Indian independence movement 143:Knowledge's inclusion policy 7: 9797:Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad 9767:Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium 8441:Purushotham, Sunil (2021). 7963:Ralhan, O. P., ed. (1997). 5661:Digambarrao Govindrao Bindu 5516:Chirravuri Lakshminarasaiah 5418: 3365:repression enabled by him. 3349:Decline of the insurrection 2955:Viceroy's Executive Council 2359:region of the neighbouring 1351:Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi 645:princely state of Hyderabad 84:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 9937: 9812:List of technology centers 9663:Telangana Martyrs Memorial 9466:Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station 8325:Benbabaali, Dalel (2016). 7948:. Vikas Publishing House. 7856:Cambridge University Press 7825:Princeton University Press 7770:Gupta, Akhil (May 1984a). 7529:10.1177/006996677400800107 7441:Greenwood Publishing Group 7386:Banerjee, Sumanta (2006). 7378: 5512:Sarvadevabhatla Ramanadham 5353:outbreak in villages near 3634:Structure and organisation 3609:was fulfilled through the 3530:, with the support of the 3159:Volunteer brigades called 3078:Hindu–Muslim tensions and 2839:for their distribution of 2401:Pervaelli Venkataramanaiah 1660:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 1645:Sino-Indian border dispute 1516:Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya 910:. The lands designated as 777:when it was formed by the 694:attempted to suppress it. 18: 9820: 9784: 9752: 9711: 9695: 9686: 9653: 9623: 9548: 9535:LGBT culture in Hyderabad 9483: 9438: 9425:Kacheguda railway station 9397: 9376: 9367: 9311: 9293: 9266: 9217: 9181: 9145: 9138: 9115: 9090: 9047: 8968:Karmanghat Hanuman Temple 8948: 8884: 8801: 8792: 8761: 8730: 8672: 8447:Stanford University Press 8053:10.1080/03066150108438783 7864:10.1017/S0026749X0300204X 7694:10.1080/00472337685390051 5460:Telaṅgāṇa sāyudha pōrāṭaṁ 5360: 5177:universal adult franchise 5015:Socialism and LGBT rights 3959:Socialist-oriented market 3907:Socialist planned economy 3810:Material balance planning 3611:States Reorganisation Act 3603:People's Democratic Front 2883:Congress Socialist Caucus 2856:A Telangana rebel with a 1612:Punnapra-Vayalar uprising 1069:employed variants of the 676:and a transition towards 633:Telangana Sayudha Poratam 543: 468: 279: 221: 210: 202: 198:Telangana Sayudha Poratam 195: 9420:Hyderabad Deccan Railway 9349:Dr. Reddy's Laboratories 9274:List of business schools 9163:NALSAR University of Law 8712:Great Musi Flood of 1908 8414:10.1177/0038022919800202 7235:"The Yoke of Oppression" 5562:Arutla Ramachandra Reddy 5445: 3954:Socialist market economy 3879:Workers' self-management 3845:Socialism in one country 3692:Age of the Enlightenment 3510:extrajudicial executions 3109:Socialist Party of India 2983:Indian National Congress 2936:Hyderabad State Congress 2891:Indian National Congress 2479:Hyderabad State Congress 1725:Laxmanpur Bathe massacre 1655:Historic Eight Documents 1391:Kondapalli Seetharamaiah 1114:; peasants had to offer 942:lands which allowed the 779:Congress Socialist Party 775:Socialist Party of India 771:Hyderabad State Congress 767:Communist Party of India 346:Socialist Party of India 330:Congress Socialist Party 315:Communist Party of India 266:Communist Party of India 261:Land reforms are enacted 97:may contain suggestions. 82:may need to be rewritten 9856:20th-century rebellions 9802:List of cities in India 9655:Monuments and memorials 9645:Mrugavani National Park 9552:in and around Hyderabad 9354:Industries in Hyderabad 9230:Osmania Medical College 9153:University of Hyderabad 8940:Jalagam Vengal Rao Park 8722:Annexation of Hyderabad 8331:Contemporary South Asia 7842:Leonard, Karen (2003). 7821:State Politics in India 7743:10.1215/07323867-4-2-22 7646:; Six, Clemens (2020). 7561:Oxford University Press 7435:Barua, Pradeep (2003). 5684:Sundarayya, P. (1973). 4955:Criticism of capitalism 3966:Participatory economics 3800:Labour-time calculation 3392:international community 3355:Annexation of Hyderabad 2911:Burgula Ramakrishna Rao 2566:Agitations of 1944–1946 2515:A meeting of the rebels 2105:Communist Consolidation 1872:Revolutionary socialism 1768:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 1630:Goa liberation movement 1625:2nd Congress of the CPI 1481:Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee 1421:Harkishan Singh Surjeet 1386:Puchalapalli Sundarayya 928:lands were held as the 865:Marathi speaking people 855:Kannada speaking people 790:annexation of Hyderabad 249:Withdrawal of rebellion 9807:List of largest cities 9719:Hyderabad Cricket Team 9245:Gandhi Medical College 9182:Technical institutions 8978:Chilkoor Balaji Temple 8288:Balagopal, K. (1983). 7944:Pavier, Barry (1981). 7792:10.1215/07323867-4-1-1 6819:Gerlach & Six 2020 6783:Gerlach & Six 2020 6724:Gerlach & Six 2020 5610: 5389:"Palletoori Pillagada" 5320: 5300: 5282: 5273: 5267: 5230: 5221: 5215: 5210: 5187: 5181: 5168: 5162: 4960:Criticism of socialism 3912:Decentralized planning 3815:Peer‑to‑peer economics 3566: 3556: 3514: 3482: 3434:Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri 3424: 3375: 3338: 3295: 3258:consisting of village 3245: 3239: 3223: 3217: 3202: 3185: 3131: 3121: 2999: 2951:Wilfrid Vernon Grigson 2938: 2930:, who represented the 2915: 2907:Swami Ramananda Tirtha 2861: 2835: 2822: 2813: 2793:Hyderabad State Forces 2783: 2768: 2762: 2748: 2730: 2717: 2694: 2684: 2668: 2663: 2609: 2595:withdrawal of services 2585: 2575: 2521: 2516: 2487: 2357:Godavari–Krishna delta 1640:Angamaly police firing 1431:Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri 1366:E. M. S. Namboodiripad 1256:Communist mobilisation 1217: 1184: 1146: 1065: 1059: 1046: 992:agricultural labourers 974:who were granted land 956:tenures resembled the 875:Telugu speaking people 819: 745: 722:Hyderabad State Forces 690: 668: 561:Hyderabad State Forces 517:Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri 469:Commanders and leaders 9678:B. R. Ambedkar statue 9540:Hyderabad Queer Pride 9430:Secunderabad Junction 9415:South Central Railway 9098:Durgam Cheruvu Bridge 9082:State Central Library 8892:Nehru Zoological Park 8784:Telangana Legislature 8769:Telangana Secretariat 8609:Welch, Claude Emerson 8402:Sociological Bulletin 7784:Duke University Press 7735:Duke University Press 7196:, pp. 1031–1032. 7026:, pp. 1029–1030. 5208: 3583:Chandra Rajeswara Rao 3572:Constitution of India 3554: 3473: 3293: 2988:The Congress went on 2928:Swami Ramanand Tirtha 2925: 2855: 2715: 2642: 2573: 2514: 2469:In the meantime, the 2421:student organisations 2393:Chandra Rajeswara Rao 2369:All India Kisan Sabha 2079:Defunct organisations 1889:Current organisations 1852:Left-wing nationalism 1702:Left Democratic Front 1650:1964 split in the CPI 1582:Foundation of the CPI 1044: 811: 701:, by the agents of a 639:-led insurrection of 9881:Communist rebellions 9831:Hyderabad portal 9339:Nuclear Fuel Complex 9125:List of institutions 9067:Birla Science Museum 8613:Anatomy of Rebellion 8339:Taylor & Francis 8045:Taylor & Francis 8031:Roosa, John (2001). 7913:Taylor & Francis 7848:Modern Asian Studies 7686:Taylor & Francis 5488:previously acted as 5476:Agrarian reforms of 5110:Communism portal 5093:Socialism portal 3785:Industrial democracy 3735:Collective ownership 3307:, more than half of 3305:Karimnagar districts 3285:conventional warfare 3267:during this period. 3073:political repression 2889:. In late 1945, the 2875:Maharashtra Parishad 2635:Spontaneous uprising 2527:political repression 2483:conservative liberal 2447:Comrades Association 2437:political radicalism 2315:Communism portal 2115:Comrades Association 1714:Contemporary history 1306:Sahajanand Saraswati 800:on 25 October 1951. 728:, combined with the 631:, natively known as 474:Localised leadership 196:Telangana Rebellion 9871:Rebellions in India 9851:Telangana Rebellion 9729:Sunrisers Hyderabad 9173:Mahindra University 9005:Kulsum Begum Masjid 8871:Heritage structures 8866:Moazzam Jahi Market 8794:Tourist attractions 8774:Rashtrapati Nilayam 8717:Telangana Rebellion 8697:Nizams of Hyderabad 7982:Ram, Mohan (1973). 7111:, pp. 205–206. 7099:, pp. 123–124. 7065:, pp. 350–355. 6954:, pp. 200–201. 6912:, pp. 202–204. 6876:, pp. 203–204. 6625:, pp. 199–200. 6578:, pp. 198–199. 6563:, pp. 197–199. 6498:, pp. 115–116. 6467:, pp. 197–198. 6384:, pp. 196–197. 6367:, pp. 111–112. 6336:, pp. 195–196. 6204:, pp. 194–195. 6183:, pp. 120–121. 6168:, pp. 193–194. 6092:, pp. 147–153. 6080:, pp. 174–177. 6061:, pp. 164–166. 6049:, pp. 128–131. 6037:, pp. 164–165. 6025:, pp. 168–174. 6008:, pp. 164–168. 5983:, pp. 189–193. 5950:, pp. 137–154. 5938:, pp. 186–189. 5892:, pp. 184–186. 5831:, pp. 180–184. 5776:, pp. 365–367. 4995:Market abolitionism 4980:Left-libertarianism 3917:Inclusive Democracy 3884:Workplace democracy 3730:Calculation in kind 3712:Socialist economics 3702:Revolutions of 1848 3105:Jayaprakash Narayan 3093:Committee of Action 3035:Rise of Kasim Razvi 2932:Congress socialists 2581:Agrarian radicalism 2252:Communism in Kerala 2135:Lal Communist Party 1797:Primitive communism 1707:Indravelli massacre 1602:1946 Naval Uprising 1597:Telangana Rebellion 1592:Quit India Movement 1456:V. S. Achuthanandan 1311:Shripad Amrit Dange 1234:subsistence farming 1221:feudal lords or to 1213:upper caste Muslims 1122:were predominantly 851:Hyderabad-Karnataka 826:in southern India, 763:land redistribution 629:Telangana Rebellion 444:Durras of Hyderabad 376:Durras of Hyderabad 9921:Communism in India 9744:Hyderabad HotShots 9703:Hyderabad Marathon 9525:Hyderabadi Muslims 9503:Hyderabadi biryani 9158:Osmania University 9015:Musheerabad Masjid 8831:Chowmahalla Palace 8687:Qutb Shahi Dynasty 8376:Palgrave Macmillan 7644:Gerlach, Christian 5211: 5209:Rebels having food 5000:Marxist philosophy 3820:Production for use 3790:Input–output model 3755:Economic democracy 3557: 3483: 3313:Adilabad districts 3296: 3084:partition of India 2994:civil disobedience 2939: 2862: 2718: 2664: 2652:Nizam of Hyderabad 2644:Mir Osman Ali Khan 2576: 2551:Baddam Yella Reddy 2547:Ravi Narayan Reddy 2517: 2475:front organisation 2459:Makhdoom Mohiuddin 2292:Socialism in India 2267:Gandhian socialism 2257:Communism in Nepal 2247:Anarchism in India 2200:People's Democracy 1857:Left-wing populism 1820:Agrarian socialism 1792:National communism 1665:Naxalbari uprising 1411:Hare Krishna Konar 1336:Nripen Chakraborty 1273:Communism in India 1047: 844:Nizam of Hyderabad 840:patrimonial system 820: 714:Mir Osman Ali Khan 533:Mir Osman Ali Khan 491:Mir Osman Ali Khan 293:Telangana peasants 21:Telangana movement 9916:Conflicts in 1951 9911:Conflicts in 1950 9906:Conflicts in 1949 9901:Conflicts in 1948 9896:Conflicts in 1947 9891:Conflicts in 1946 9838: 9837: 9780: 9779: 9739:Hyderabad Sultans 9508:Hyderabadi haleem 9479: 9478: 9289: 9288: 9111: 9110: 9057:Salar Jung Museum 9000:Khairtabad Mosque 8876:Sultan Nagar Fort 8861:British Residency 8846:King Kothi Palace 8841:Taramati Baradari 8702:Asaf Jahi dynasty 8692:Siege of Golconda 8682:Hasmathpet cairns 8626:978-0-87395-441-9 8456:978-1-5036-1455-0 8385:978-0-230-30204-4 8280:978-81-250-2596-2 7994:(23): 1025–1032. 7955:978-0-7069-1289-0 7834:978-1-4008-7914-4 7661:978-3-030-54963-3 7570:978-0-19-562903-3 7521:SAGE Publications 7496:978-1-135-77078-5 7473:978-81-250-1847-6 7450:978-0-275-97999-7 7398:(36): 3837–3841. 7123:, pp. 77–78. 7002:, pp. 21–22. 6990:, pp. 85–86. 6978:, pp. 84–86. 6864:, pp. 81–82. 6852:, pp. 18–21. 6809:, pp. 41–42. 6753:, pp. 19–20. 6738:, pp. 82–83. 6714:, pp. 51–52. 6593:, pp. 79–80. 6522:, pp. 15–16. 6486:, pp. 76–77. 6432:, pp. 75–76. 6411:, pp. 41–43. 6355:, pp. 73–75. 6319:, pp. 68–73. 6296:, pp. 61–66. 6256:, pp. 43–45. 6131:, pp. 66–68. 5754:978-81-7596-825-7 5644:Govind Das Shroff 5549:Hindu nationalist 5478:Salar Jung I 5393:Suddala Hanmanthu 5255:social revolution 5249:Social revolution 5158: 5157: 4950:Communist society 4922:Socialist parties 4181:Saint-Simonianism 3770:Equal opportunity 3760:Economic planning 3697:French Revolution 3595:1951–52 elections 3502:States Department 3498:counterinsurgency 3487:Puran Chand Joshi 3479:general secretary 3475:Puran Chand Joshi 3436:, who was also a 3400:Vallabhbhai Patel 3276:Dominion of India 3173:Madras Presidency 3154:offensive warfare 3097:Vallabhbhai Patel 3080:communal violence 3054:Pakistan movement 2971:transfer of power 2959:Dwarkanath Kachru 2903:Karnatak Parishad 2887:Bombay Presidency 2817:earlier known as 2616:agrarian distress 2531:mass organisation 2465:Andhra Conference 2361:Madras Presidency 2349: 2348: 2272:Inquilab Zindabad 1577:Kakori conspiracy 1556:Conspiracy cases 1346:Puran Chand Joshi 1341:P. Krishna Pillai 755:social revolution 699:Warangal district 653:Dominion of India 647:in the region of 625: 624: 521:Military Governor 427:Dominion of India 275: 274: 189: 188: 181: 171: 170: 163: 112: 111: 86:quality standards 64: 9928: 9829: 9828: 9693: 9692: 9668:Qutb Shahi Tombs 9627:around Hyderabad 9590:Saroornagar Lake 9520:Telangana Bhasha 9513:Hyderabadi marag 9389:Begumpet Airport 9374: 9373: 9267:Business schools 9218:Medical colleges 9143: 9142: 9139:Higher education 8983:Jagannath Temple 8925:Sanjeevaiah Park 8912:Ramoji Film City 8836:Qutb Shahi tombs 8821:Falaknuma Palace 8799: 8798: 8762:Public buildings 8658: 8651: 8644: 8635: 8634: 8630: 8604: 8569:Social Scientist 8556: 8521:Social Scientist 8508: 8473:Social Scientist 8460: 8437: 8389: 8366: 8321: 8284: 8271:Orient Blackswan 8253: 8247: 8245: 8212:(4/6): 164–183. 8206:Social Scientist 8193: 8187: 8185: 8146:Social Scientist 8133: 8127: 8125: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8027: 8021: 8019: 7978: 7959: 7940: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7838: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7665: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7574: 7553:Dhanagare, D. N. 7548: 7505:Dhanagare, D. N. 7500: 7477: 7464:Orient Blackswan 7454: 7431: 7425: 7423: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7154: 7148: 7139: 7133: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7081: 7075: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6928: 6922: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6769: 6763: 6754: 6748: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6643: 6637: 6626: 6620: 6611: 6605: 6594: 6588: 6579: 6573: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6468: 6462: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6412: 6406: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6337: 6331: 6320: 6314: 6297: 6291: 6282: 6276: 6257: 6251: 6228: 6222: 6205: 6199: 6184: 6178: 6169: 6163: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6009: 6003: 5984: 5978: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5922: 5921:, pp. 8–13. 5919:Sundarayya 1973a 5916: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5876: 5870: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5832: 5826: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5690:Social Scientist 5681: 5664: 5653: 5647: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5615: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5525: 5519: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5493: 5474: 5462: 5456: 5430:Nankar Rebellion 5425:Tebhaga movement 5323: 5303: 5285: 5276: 5270: 5233: 5224: 5218: 5190: 5184: 5171: 5165: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5122:Organized Labour 5120: 5119: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5091: 5090: 5035:Workers' council 4672:Gracchi Brothers 4196:Social democracy 3939:Market socialism 3927:Project Cybersyn 3855:Soviet democracy 3840:Social ownership 3795:Internationalism 3775:Free association 3745:Common ownership 3661: 3638: 3637: 3569: 3517: 3442:aristocrat from 3427: 3378: 3370:Jawaharlal Nehru 3341: 3294:Telengana rebels 3248: 3242: 3234:Krishna district 3226: 3220: 3205: 3188: 3181:guerilla warfare 3134: 3124: 3002: 2918: 2838: 2825: 2816: 2786: 2771: 2765: 2751: 2744: 2733: 2722:Vishnur Deshmukh 2697: 2687: 2671: 2654:(1911–1948) and 2624:Second World War 2612: 2588: 2524: 2500:, prevention of 2490: 2471:Andhra Mahasabha 2455:Raj Bahadur Gour 2365:Andhra Mahasabha 2341: 2334: 2327: 2313: 2312: 2311: 1830:Anti-imperialism 1787:Marxist humanism 1782:Marxist feminism 1758:Marxism–Leninism 1607:Tebhaga movement 1565:Kanpur Bolshevik 1486:Pinarayi Vijayan 1376:Promode Dasgupta 1301:M. P. T. Acharya 1283: 1260: 1259: 1246:Great Depression 1238:commercial crops 1220: 1187: 1149: 1068: 1062: 1004:asami shikmidars 914:were granted to 822:Situated on the 786:Jawaharlal Nehru 753:) that caused a 748: 693: 686:Second World War 682:Andhra Mahasabha 678:commercial crops 674:Great Depression 671: 658:Hyderabad was a 615:Hyderabad Police 613: 612: 611: 599: 584: 583: 582: 574:Hyderabad Police 572: 571: 570: 559: 558: 557: 531: 530: 529: 515: 514: 513: 501: 500: 499: 486: 485: 484: 464: 460: 458: 457: 438: 437: 436: 425: 424: 410: 406: 404: 403: 387:Razakar movement 385: 384: 383: 369: 368: 367: 362: 361: 360: 344: 343: 342: 328: 327: 326: 313: 312: 311: 304:Andhra Mahasabha 302: 301: 300: 291: 290: 289: 223: 222: 215: 193: 192: 184: 177: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 122: 121: 114: 107: 104: 98: 75: 67: 56: 34: 33: 26: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9876:Peasant revolts 9841: 9840: 9839: 9834: 9823: 9816: 9776: 9748: 9724:Deccan Chargers 9707: 9682: 9649: 9626: 9625:National parks 9619: 9615:Khajaguda Talab 9551: 9544: 9530:Hyderabadi Urdu 9475: 9456:Outer Ring Road 9434: 9405:Hyderabad Metro 9393: 9363: 9307: 9285: 9262: 9213: 9177: 9134: 9130:List of schools 9107: 9086: 9049: 9043: 8950: 8944: 8880: 8803: 8788: 8757: 8726: 8707:Hyderabad State 8668: 8662: 8627: 8581:10.2307/3516280 8533:10.2307/3516496 8485:10.2307/3516214 8457: 8386: 8378:. p. 231. 8300:(18): 709–712. 8281: 8261: 8259:Further reading 8256: 8243: 8241: 8218:10.2307/3517795 8183: 8181: 8158:10.2307/3516269 8123: 8121: 8078: 8076: 8017: 8015: 7975: 7956: 7889: 7887: 7835: 7809: 7807: 7760: 7758: 7711: 7709: 7662: 7652:Springer Nature 7629: 7627: 7596:10.2307/2052408 7571: 7497: 7474: 7451: 7421: 7419: 7381: 7376: 7375: 7365: 7363: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7299: 7295: 7264: 7260: 7250: 7248: 7231: 7227: 7219: 7215: 7207: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7168: 7157: 7149: 7142: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7095: 7084: 7076: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7053:, p. 3840. 7049: 7045: 7041:, p. 1030. 7037: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6974: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6916: 6908: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6772: 6764: 6757: 6749: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6655: 6646: 6638: 6629: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6597: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6482: 6471: 6463: 6448: 6440: 6436: 6428: 6415: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6340: 6332: 6323: 6315: 6300: 6292: 6285: 6277: 6260: 6252: 6231: 6223: 6208: 6200: 6187: 6179: 6172: 6164: 6147: 6143:, p. 1026. 6139: 6135: 6127: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6076: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6021: 6012: 6004: 5987: 5979: 5954: 5948:Chatterjee 2005 5946: 5942: 5934: 5925: 5917: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5879: 5871: 5862: 5858:, pp. 4–5. 5854: 5850: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5729: 5725: 5702:10.2307/3516269 5682: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5654: 5650: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5572: 5568: 5559: 5555: 5546: 5542: 5526: 5522: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5490:revenue farmers 5475: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5435:Rojava conflict 5421: 5403:Rajendra Prasad 5371:Krishan Chander 5363: 5335: 5333:Medical support 5251: 5154: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5085: 5078: 5077: 5048: 5040: 5039: 5030:Socialist state 5025:Socialist Party 4970:Economic system 4935: 4927: 4926: 4912: 4902: 4901: 4667: 4659: 4658: 4239: 4231: 4230: 4046:Democratic road 3981: 3971: 3970: 3897: 3889: 3888: 3835:Social dividend 3825:Sharing economy 3725: 3717: 3716: 3687: 3679: 3636: 3631: 3549: 3528:Nallamala Range 3465:Hyderabad State 3408:military courts 3351: 3280:Hyderabad State 3141:military forces 3117: 3069:public disorder 3037: 3012:Gandhian ethics 2967: 2871: 2775:signals network 2742: 2726:Doddi Komarayya 2660:Hyderabad State 2637: 2632: 2591:non-cooperation 2568: 2467: 2345: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2242: 2234: 2233: 2168: 2160: 2159: 2080: 2072: 2071: 2037:MLPI (Red Flag) 1890: 1882: 1881: 1815: 1807: 1806: 1753: 1745: 1744: 1711: 1697:Operation Barga 1616: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1526:Anuradha Ghandy 1521:Sitaram Yechury 1461:Geeta Mukherjee 1291: 1258: 1000:tenants at will 888: 806: 660:feudal monarchy 609: 607: 603: 593: 580: 578: 568: 566: 555: 553: 527: 525: 524: 511: 509: 508: 507: 497: 495: 482: 480: 455: 453: 451: 447: 440:Hyderabad State 434: 432: 419: 418: 413: 401: 399: 397: 393: 381: 379: 371:Hyderabad State 365: 363: 358: 356: 355: 340: 338: 337: 324: 322: 321: 317: 309: 307: 306: 298: 296: 295: 287: 285: 271: 241: 239:Hyderabad State 216: 197: 185: 174: 173: 172: 167: 156: 150: 147: 133:Please help by 132: 123: 119: 108: 102: 99: 89: 76: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9934: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9886:1940s in India 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9836: 9835: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9758: 9756: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9690: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9631: 9629: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9610:Khajaguda Lake 9607: 9605:Durgam Cheruvu 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9585:Safilguda Lake 9582: 9580:Shamirpet Lake 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9556: 9554: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9495: 9489: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9380: 9378: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9305: 9299: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9185: 9183: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9149: 9147: 9140: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9121: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9072:Nizam's Museum 9069: 9064: 9059: 9053: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8973:Pedamma Temple 8970: 8965: 8954: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8897:Public Gardens 8894: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8807: 8805: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8765: 8763: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8678: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8661: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8625: 8605: 8561:Sundarayya, P. 8557: 8513:Sundarayya, P. 8509: 8465:Sundarayya, P. 8461: 8455: 8438: 8408:(2): 142–170. 8390: 8384: 8367: 8322: 8285: 8279: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8194: 8138:Sundarayya, P. 8134: 8085: 8028: 7979: 7973: 7960: 7954: 7941: 7896: 7839: 7833: 7816: 7767: 7718: 7666: 7660: 7640: 7575: 7569: 7549: 7501: 7495: 7478: 7472: 7455: 7449: 7432: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7332: 7293: 7258: 7240:The Hans India 7225: 7213: 7211:, p. 207. 7209:Dhanagare 1983 7198: 7186: 7184:, p. 117. 7182:Dhanagare 1974 7174: 7155: 7153:, p. 198. 7151:Dhanagare 1983 7140: 7125: 7113: 7109:Dhanagare 1983 7101: 7097:Dhanagare 1974 7082: 7067: 7055: 7043: 7028: 7016: 7004: 6992: 6980: 6968: 6956: 6952:Dhanagare 1983 6944: 6929: 6914: 6910:Dhanagare 1983 6902: 6890: 6878: 6874:Dhanagare 1983 6866: 6854: 6842: 6840:, p. 203. 6838:Dhanagare 1983 6823: 6821:, p. 133. 6811: 6799: 6797:, p. 403. 6787: 6785:, p. 132. 6770: 6755: 6740: 6728: 6726:, p. 131. 6716: 6704: 6685: 6683:, p. 199. 6681:Dhanagare 1983 6673: 6661: 6659:, p. 200. 6657:Dhanagare 1983 6644: 6627: 6623:Dhanagare 1983 6612: 6595: 6580: 6576:Dhanagare 1983 6565: 6561:Dhanagare 1983 6553: 6551:, p. 182. 6549:Dhanagare 1983 6541: 6524: 6512: 6510:, p. 197. 6508:Dhanagare 1983 6500: 6488: 6469: 6465:Dhanagare 1983 6446: 6434: 6413: 6398: 6386: 6382:Dhanagare 1983 6369: 6357: 6338: 6334:Dhanagare 1983 6321: 6298: 6283: 6258: 6229: 6206: 6202:Dhanagare 1983 6185: 6181:Dhanagare 1974 6170: 6166:Dhanagare 1983 6145: 6133: 6106: 6094: 6082: 6078:Thirumali 1996 6063: 6051: 6039: 6027: 6023:Thirumali 1996 6010: 6006:Thirumali 1996 5985: 5981:Dhanagare 1983 5952: 5940: 5936:Dhanagare 1983 5923: 5906: 5904:, p. 488. 5894: 5890:Dhanagare 1983 5877: 5860: 5848: 5833: 5829:Dhanagare 1983 5814: 5812:, p. 183. 5810:Dhanagare 1983 5802: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5753: 5723: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5648: 5635: 5625: 5616: 5601: 5592: 5583: 5566: 5553: 5540: 5520: 5503: 5494: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5420: 5417: 5413:Raghubir Yadav 5362: 5359: 5334: 5331: 5263:Chakali Ilamma 5250: 5247: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5112: 5100: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4985:Libertarianism 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4934:Related topics 4933: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3805:Labour voucher 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3619:Andhra Pradesh 3548: 3545: 3520:Godavari Basin 3456:anti–communist 3367:Prime Minister 3350: 3347: 3116: 3113: 3101:Mahatma Gandhi 3036: 3033: 3020:untouchability 3016:toddy drinking 2966: 2963: 2870: 2867: 2801:Patha Suryapet 2779:reconnaissance 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2567: 2564: 2556:Arthur Lothian 2466: 2463: 2433:intelligentsia 2389:Coastal Andhra 2367:(Madras), the 2347: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2329: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2243: 2241:Related topics 2240: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2217: 2210: 2203: 2196: 2193:Nava Telangana 2189: 2187:LeftWord Books 2184: 2177: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2005: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1837: 1835:Class conflict 1832: 1827: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1587:Tanka movement 1584: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1554: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1531:Mohammed Salim 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1441:Indrajit Gupta 1438: 1436:Charu Majumdar 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1331:B. T. Ranadive 1328: 1323: 1318: 1316:Abani Mukherji 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1276: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1257: 1254: 1112:land surveying 887: 884: 883: 882: 868: 858: 832:princely state 824:Deccan Plateau 805: 802: 623: 622: 621: 620: 619:Durra militias 617: 592: 591: 590:Durra militias 588: 576: 550: 546: 545: 544:Units involved 541: 540: 506: 505: 493: 477: 475: 471: 470: 466: 465: 446: 445: 442: 408:United Kingdom 391: 390: 377: 349: 282: 281: 277: 276: 273: 272: 270: 269: 262: 259: 256: 250: 247: 243: 242: 237: 235: 231: 230: 227: 219: 218: 208: 207: 200: 199: 187: 186: 169: 168: 126: 124: 117: 110: 109: 79: 77: 70: 65: 39: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9933: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9833: 9832: 9827: 9819: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9751: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9685: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9595:Mir Alam Tank 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9575:Himayat Sagar 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9565:Hussain Sagar 9563: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9550:Water bodies 9547: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9437: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9366: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9324:Genome Valley 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9292: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9137: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9114: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9089: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9046: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8995:Makkah Masjid 8993: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8947: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8729: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8659: 8654: 8652: 8647: 8645: 8640: 8639: 8636: 8628: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8575:(10): 22–52. 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8439: 8435: 8434:SAGE Journals 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8263: 8262: 8251: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8198:Thirumali, I. 8195: 8191: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8086: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8029: 8025: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7974:9788174882875 7970: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7897: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7817: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7768: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7719: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7670:Guha, Ranajit 7667: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7429: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7383: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7336: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7262: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7229: 7223:, p. 46. 7222: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7203: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7172:, p. 17. 7171: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7152: 7147: 7145: 7138:, p. 77. 7137: 7132: 7130: 7122: 7117: 7110: 7105: 7098: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7080:, p. 22. 7079: 7074: 7072: 7064: 7059: 7052: 7051:Banerjee 2006 7047: 7040: 7035: 7033: 7025: 7020: 7014:, p. 21. 7013: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6977: 6972: 6966:, p. 22. 6965: 6960: 6953: 6948: 6942:, p. 83. 6941: 6936: 6934: 6927:, p. 45. 6926: 6921: 6919: 6911: 6906: 6900:, p. 20. 6899: 6894: 6888:, p. 82. 6887: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6820: 6815: 6808: 6803: 6796: 6791: 6784: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6768:, p. 81. 6767: 6762: 6760: 6752: 6747: 6745: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6708: 6702:, p. 19. 6701: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6682: 6677: 6671:, p. 18. 6670: 6665: 6658: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6642:, p. 80. 6641: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6624: 6619: 6617: 6610:, p. 41. 6609: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6577: 6572: 6570: 6562: 6557: 6550: 6545: 6539:, p. 16. 6538: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6521: 6516: 6509: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6485: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6466: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6444:, p. 82. 6443: 6438: 6431: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6410: 6405: 6403: 6396:, p. 42. 6395: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6318: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6295: 6290: 6288: 6281:, p. 15. 6280: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6255: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6227:, p. 14. 6226: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6203: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6182: 6177: 6175: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6104:, p. 63. 6103: 6098: 6091: 6090:Benichou 2000 6086: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6060: 6059:Benichou 2000 6055: 6048: 6047:Benichou 2000 6043: 6036: 6035:Benichou 2000 6031: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6007: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5982: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5949: 5944: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5903: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5874: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5830: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5800:, p. 32. 5799: 5794: 5788:, p. 28. 5787: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5756: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5676: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5645: 5639: 5629: 5620: 5612: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5563: 5557: 5550: 5544: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5385:Jab Khet Jage 5383: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5310:The lands of 5308: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5239: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5207: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5053:Related lists 5051: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5010:Progressivism 5008: 5006: 5005:Nanosocialism 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4910:Organizations 4906: 4905: 4898: 4897:Ocasio-Cortez 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4817:van der Lubbe 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4354:Chernyshevsky 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4238:Intellectuals 4235: 4234: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4171:Revolutionary 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4106:Laissez-faire 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4011:Authoritarian 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3860:Strike action 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3765:Equal liberty 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3562: 3553: 3547:De-escalation 3544: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3524:Krishna River 3521: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3432: 3431:Major General 3426: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3396:Home Ministry 3393: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3359:police action 3356: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2859: 2858:M3 Grease Gun 2854: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2620:food scarcity 2617: 2611: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2572: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2535:working class 2532: 2528: 2523: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1720:Bara massacre 1718: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1540: 1539: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1471:A. G. Noorani 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1451:Shibdas Ghosh 1449: 1447: 1446:E. K. Nayanar 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1426:T. Nagi Reddy 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1406:Bhupesh Gupta 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1326:A. K. Gopalan 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1088:bonded labour 1085: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 972: 967: 966: 961: 960: 955: 951: 950: 945: 941: 937: 936: 931: 927: 923: 922: 917: 913: 909: 908: 903: 899: 898: 893: 892:feudal system 886:Feudal system 880: 876: 872: 869: 866: 862: 859: 856: 852: 849: 848: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 817: 816: 810: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 692: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 618: 616: 606: 605: 604: 602: 598: 589: 587: 577: 575: 565: 564: 563: 562: 551: 548: 547: 542: 538: 534: 522: 518: 504: 494: 492: 489: 479: 478: 476: 473: 472: 467: 463: 462:United States 450: 449:Supported by: 443: 441: 431: 430: 429: 428: 423: 417: 412: 411:(1946–1947) 409: 396: 395:Supported by: 388: 378: 375: 374: 373: 372: 354: 350: 347: 335: 331: 320: 319:Supported by: 316: 305: 294: 284: 283: 278: 267: 263: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 248: 245: 244: 240: 236: 233: 232: 228: 225: 224: 220: 214: 209: 206: 201: 194: 191: 183: 180: 165: 162: 154: 144: 140: 136: 130: 127:This article 125: 116: 115: 106: 96: 92: 87: 83: 80:This article 78: 74: 69: 68: 63: 61: 54: 53: 48: 47: 42: 37: 28: 27: 22: 9822: 9785:Other topics 9734:Hyderabad FC 9493:Architecture 9146:Universities 9037:St. George's 9032:St. Joseph's 8963:Birla Mandir 8907:Lumbini Park 8851:Paigah Tombs 8816:Mecca Masjid 8716: 8612: 8599:– via 8572: 8568: 8551:– via 8527:(9): 23–46. 8524: 8520: 8503:– via 8479:(8): 18–42. 8476: 8472: 8442: 8432:– via 8405: 8401: 8394:Omvedt, Gail 8371: 8334: 8330: 8316:– via 8297: 8293: 8266: 8248:– via 8242:. Retrieved 8209: 8205: 8188:– via 8182:. Retrieved 8149: 8145: 8128:– via 8124:16 September 8122:. Retrieved 8097: 8093: 8077:. Retrieved 8040: 8036: 8022:– via 8016:. Retrieved 7991: 7987: 7964: 7945: 7908: 7905:India Review 7904: 7890:10 September 7888:. Retrieved 7851: 7847: 7820: 7808:. Retrieved 7779: 7775: 7759:. Retrieved 7730: 7726: 7710:. Retrieved 7681: 7677: 7647: 7634:– via 7628:. Retrieved 7590:(1): 27–47. 7587: 7583: 7556: 7516: 7512: 7482: 7459: 7436: 7426:– via 7420:. Retrieved 7395: 7391: 7364:. Retrieved 7345: 7335: 7325:21 September 7323:. Retrieved 7306: 7296: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7249:. Retrieved 7238: 7228: 7221:Elliott 1974 7216: 7189: 7177: 7116: 7104: 7063:Mantena 2014 7058: 7046: 7019: 7007: 6995: 6983: 6971: 6959: 6947: 6925:Elliott 1974 6905: 6893: 6881: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6814: 6802: 6790: 6731: 6719: 6707: 6676: 6664: 6556: 6544: 6515: 6503: 6491: 6437: 6409:Elliott 1974 6394:Elliott 1974 6389: 6360: 6254:Elliott 1974 6136: 6097: 6085: 6054: 6042: 6030: 5943: 5902:Shankar 2016 5897: 5875:, p. 5. 5851: 5846:, p. 4. 5805: 5798:Elliott 1974 5793: 5786:Elliott 1974 5781: 5774:Leonard 2003 5769: 5758:, retrieved 5736: 5726: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5651: 5638: 5628: 5619: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5556: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5506: 5497: 5485: 5481: 5472: 5459: 5454: 5406: 5396: 5384: 5364: 5347:combat medic 5336: 5327: 5315: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5297: 5286: 5280:The village 5279: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5225: 5212: 5195: 5191: 5172: 5163:gram rajyams 5159: 4066:Evolutionary 3986:21st-century 3780:Freed market 3623:Madras State 3615:Andhra State 3599: 3590:Vinoba Bhave 3580: 3560: 3558: 3495: 3484: 3452: 3447: 3437: 3418: 3412: 3403: 3380: 3362: 3352: 3342: 3333: 3328: 3317:Mahabubnagar 3297: 3271: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3228: 3212: 3197: 3195: 3190: 3177:black market 3171:(previously 3169:Madras State 3164: 3160: 3158: 3144: 3126: 3122:gram rajyams 3118: 3107:to form the 3087: 3077: 3062: 3059:paramilitary 3038: 3028: 3023: 3007: 3005: 2989: 2987: 2968: 2949: 2944:filibustered 2940: 2899: 2872: 2863: 2846: 2841: 2831: 2827: 2818: 2806: 2789: 2773:developed a 2757: 2755: 2739: 2735: 2719: 2716:Women rebels 2706: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2674: 2665: 2650:who was the 2648:Asaf Jah VII 2603: 2577: 2539:middle class 2518: 2505: 2502:rack-renting 2497: 2492: 2468: 2440: 2429:Vandemataram 2428: 2417:Vandemataram 2416: 2410: 2405: 2350: 2287:Red corridor 2228:Visalaandhra 2226: 2219: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2191: 2179: 2174:Deshabhimani 2172: 1976:CPI (Maoist) 1862:People's war 1825:Anti-fascism 1713: 1712: 1618: 1617: 1596: 1546: 1511:Kobad Ghandy 1496:Manik Sarkar 1491:Vinod Mishra 1416:Dasarath Deb 1356:Bhagat Singh 1249: 1241: 1236:gave way to 1229: 1205:Mahabubnagar 1194: 1172:untouchables 1168:Konda Reddis 1134: 1119: 1115: 1107: 1102: 1096: 1091: 1083: 1077: 1071: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 995: 987: 983: 979: 969: 963: 957: 953: 948: 943: 939: 933: 925: 920: 911: 905: 901: 895: 889: 821: 813: 783: 746:gram rajyams 742: 702: 696: 663: 657: 643:against the 632: 628: 626: 594: 552: 448: 415: 414: 394: 392: 352: 351: 334:Tirtha Group 318: 280:Belligerents 203:Part of the 190: 175: 157: 148: 135:spinning off 128: 100: 91:You can help 81: 57: 50: 44: 43:Please help 40: 9570:Osman Sagar 9077:City Museum 9048:Museums and 9010:Toli Masjid 8920:Indira Park 8902:NTR Gardens 8341:: 184–196. 8152:(7): 3–19. 8100:: 485–495. 8018:8 September 7915:: 337–357. 7858:: 363–379. 7712:2 September 7523:: 109–134. 7422:8 September 7170:Gupta 1984a 7078:Gupta 1984b 7012:Gupta 1984a 7000:Gupta 1984a 6964:Gupta 1984a 6898:Gupta 1984a 6850:Gupta 1984a 6751:Gupta 1984a 6700:Gupta 1984a 6669:Gupta 1984a 6537:Gupta 1984a 6520:Gupta 1984a 6496:Pavier 1981 6442:Ralhan 1997 6365:Pavier 1981 6279:Gupta 1984a 6225:Gupta 1984a 5873:Gupta 1984a 5856:Gupta 1984a 5844:Gupta 1984a 5696:(7): 3–19. 5408:Nirantharam 5261:new order. 5259:egalitarian 5200:jury system 5097:WikiProject 4975:French Left 4767:Spiridonova 4666:Politicians 4579:Castoriadis 4259:Saint-Simon 4211:Third World 4206:Syndicalism 4141:Nationalist 4116:Libertarian 4081:Free-market 3944:Lange model 3932:Soviet-type 3902:Communalism 3874:Vanguardism 3830:Spontaneism 3740:Cooperative 3686:Development 3607:Visalandhra 3541:Briggs Plan 3444:West Bengal 3415:Indian Army 3388:V. P. Menon 3050:Kasim Razvi 2879:Marathawada 2662:(1950–1956) 2604:Visalandhra 2221:Theekkathir 1840:Land reform 1735:Salwa Judum 1685:West Bengal 1676:Left Front 1396:Saroj Dutta 1371:S.K. Limaye 1190:British Raj 935:sarf-e-khas 930:crown lands 916:aristocrats 836:British Raj 794:V. P. Menon 740:offensive. 718:Kasim Razvi 601:Indian Army 503:Kasim Razvi 389:(1947–1948) 348:(1948–1951) 264:Ban on the 9845:Categories 9600:Lotus Pond 9560:Musi River 9319:HITEC City 9295:Healthcare 9103:Purana pul 9027:St. John's 8930:Snow World 8802:Historical 8779:High Court 8731:Government 7274:(7): 6–7. 7136:Roosa 2001 7121:Roosa 2001 6988:Roosa 2001 6976:Roosa 2001 6940:Roosa 2001 6886:Roosa 2001 6862:Roosa 2001 6766:Roosa 2001 6736:Roosa 2001 6712:Barua 2003 6640:Roosa 2001 6591:Roosa 2001 6484:Roosa 2001 6430:Roosa 2001 6353:Roosa 2001 6317:Roosa 2001 6294:Roosa 2001 6129:Roosa 2001 6102:Roosa 2001 5760:1 November 5486:deshpandes 5441:References 5398:Maa Bhoomi 5068:Socialists 5063:By country 4945:Capitalism 4827:Mitterrand 4792:Gerhardsen 4737:Liebknecht 4722:Markievicz 4649:Varoufakis 4599:Fotopoulos 4269:Saint-Just 4264:Buonarroti 4249:Campanella 4186:Scientific 4121:Marhaenism 4076:Fourierism 4061:Ecological 4041:Democratic 3461:Rajpramukh 3041:Arya Samaj 3008:satyagraha 2990:satyagraha 2656:Rajpramukh 2622:after the 2493:satyagraha 2412:satyagraha 2214:Qaumi Jang 2207:Prajasakti 2181:Ganashakti 1814:Principles 1802:Trotskyism 1752:Ideologies 1692:Rajan case 1476:Biman Bose 1401:Jyoti Basu 1381:V. Subbiah 1361:Ajoy Ghosh 1108:mali patel 1024:deshpandes 1016:deshpandes 1008:shikmidars 996:shikmidars 971:deshpandes 861:Marathwada 804:Background 716:and later 537:Rajpramukh 416:1948–1951: 353:1946–1948: 151:April 2024 139:relocating 103:April 2024 46:improve it 9369:Transport 9117:Education 9050:libraries 8949:Places of 8935:Jalavihar 8856:City Wall 8811:Charminar 8804:monuments 8665:Hyderabad 8589:0970-0293 8563:(1973d). 8541:0970-0293 8515:(1973c). 8493:0970-0293 8467:(1973b). 8430:157995064 8422:0038-0229 8363:152251545 8355:0958-4935 8306:0012-9976 8244:25 August 8226:0970-0293 8184:28 August 8166:0970-0293 8140:(1973a). 8106:2249-1937 8079:25 August 8069:144106512 8061:0306-6150 8047:: 57–94. 8000:0012-9976 7937:154482789 7929:1473-6489 7880:143511635 7872:1469-8099 7810:28 August 7800:1089-201X 7761:28 August 7751:1089-201X 7737:: 22–32. 7702:0047-2336 7688:: 39–53. 7630:25 August 7604:0021-9118 7545:143442292 7537:0069-9667 7487:Routledge 7404:0012-9976 7366:20 August 7356:0971-751X 7347:The Hindu 7315:0971-751X 7307:The Hindu 7280:2348-6252 7251:20 August 6807:Guha 1976 6795:Gray 2015 6608:Guha 1976 5710:0970-0293 5671:Citations 5579:deshmukhs 5575:jagirdars 5528:Naya Abad 5482:deshmukhs 5343:first aid 5316:deshmukhs 5312:jagirdars 5196:deshmukhs 4940:Anarchism 4862:Gorbachev 4712:Malatesta 4707:Bernstein 4484:Pankhurst 4464:Pannekoek 4454:Luxemburg 4409:Plekhanov 4384:Carpenter 4379:Kropotkin 4176:Ricardian 4166:Religious 4161:Reformism 4146:Nkrumaism 4136:Municipal 4036:Communism 4031:Christian 4016:Blanquism 4006:Anarchism 3949:Mutualism 3651:Socialism 3625:in 1953. 3448:deshmukhs 3385:Secretary 3325:Nizamabad 3321:Hyderabad 3256:garrisons 2869:Reactions 2630:Rebellion 2451:sectarian 2442:Naya Adab 2403:in 1941. 2355:speaking 2277:Lal Salam 1845:in Kerala 1775:Stalinism 1506:Ganapathy 1466:Mohit Sen 1296:M. N. 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