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for quicker and finer attitude control and enabling changes in the spacecraft spin axis by up to 10°. The cameras on TIROS-9 were affixed radially on the sides of the spacecraft rather than the base plate. This "wheel" configuration, in contrast to the "axial" configuration of the preceding TIROS spacecraft, allowed more frequent imagery of the Earth.
460:, fulfilled this role as the TIROS Operational System (TOS) beginning in 1966. Nine ESSA satellites were launched during 1966–1969. The odd-numbered ESSA satellites provided meteorological data to national meteorological services while television images from the even-numbered ESSA satellites could be received from simple stations globally through an
464:(APT) system. A third generation of TIROS satellites, named the Improved TIROS Operational System (ITOS), was developed and launched in the 1970s, combining the capabilities of the two types of ESSA satellites and serving in an operational capacity. Unlike the preceding TIROS generations, the ITOS spacecraft featured
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The
Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) spacecraft were similar to the NOAA-A through -D satellites, apart from an enlarged Equipment Support Module to allow integration of additional payloads. A change from the TIROS-N through NOAA-D spacecraft was that spare word locations in the low bit rate data system TIROS
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mounted on the base plate of the instrument housing could be fired one pair at a time to increased the rotation rate by 3 rpm to counteract degradation in the spin rate. The cameras on the first eight TIROS satellites were also located on the base plate and aligned parallel to the spacecraft's
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was introduced on TIROS-2 and maintained through TIROS-8 to allow 1.5° changes in the spacecraft attitude per orbit by gradually varying the spacecraft's own magnetic field. A more robust magnetic system, named the
Quarter Orbit Magnetic Attitude Control System, was introduced on TIROS-9, allowing
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of six months, with a new spacecraft launch every six months. The primary goal of the first TIROS satellites was to trial the use of spaceborne television camera systems for imaging cloud cover. During the first generation, the scope of the TIROS project evolved from an initially experimental to a
403:
on April 13, 1959. The acquisition of the TIROS project from ARPA by NASA was seen as a means to provide good publicity and validate the existence of the nascent civilian agency. The agency treated the project as an experimental testbed rather than as an operational aid or as a platform for taking
674:
launch vehicle selected for the TIROS program permitted increases in the orbital inclination of later payloads. The following four satellites from TIROS-5 through TIROS-8 had a higher inclination of 58°, expanding satellite coverage to 65°N–65°S. TIROS-9 and TIROS-10 achieved full coverage of the
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TIROS-8 served as a test run of the new APT system, allowing images to be readily broadcast and received without dependence on onboard storage. Subsequent TIROS spacecraft maintained the APT system accompanied by improvements to both the onboard system and expansion of the ground station network.
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on early iterations of TIROS could store a total of 64 pictures taken at fixed 30-second intervals, equivalent to at most two orbits of data. Imaging capacity was increased to 96 pictures beginning with TIROS-9, and implementation of a clock system enabled for variable intervals between
359:
flagged as a high-priority requirement by the U.S. government, the RCA shifted the goals of the Janus project towards meteorological applications, whose relaxed resolution requirements for cameras enabled smaller and lighter satellite systems. Accordingly, the resolution of the television cameras
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with an altitude of about 400 nmi (740 km; 460 mi); over-performance of the second stage of TIROS-9's launching system resulted in the errant placement of that spacecraft in an elliptical orbit. The first four TIROS satellites were launched into circular orbits with an
650:
Some of the early TIROS spacecraft also included a five-channel medium resolution infrared scanning radiometer and a low resolution radiometer. The five-channel radiometer allowed for observations of both daytime and nighttime cloud cover. Data were transmitted via four
412:
Weather
Services favored operational use of early TIROS data. This tension led to the formation of the Panel on Operational Meteorological Satellites, an interagency group, in October 1960 to ascertain the objectives of an operational meteorological satellite program.
200:
were secretly in development or use. TIROS demonstrated at that time that "the key to genius is often simplicity". TIROS is an acronym of "Television InfraRed
Observation Satellite" and is also the plural of "tiro" which means "a young soldier, a beginner".
646:
made possible the series of still pictures that were stored and transmitted back to earth via 2-watt FM transmitters as the satellite approached one of its ground command points. After transmission, the tape was erased or cleaned and readied for more
913:(D): Launched 14 May 1991 into a 450-nmi AM orbit, out of sequence (see below). Placed in standby mode on 14 December 1998, when NOAA-15 became operational and deactivated on 10 August 2007, setting an extended lifetime record of over sixteen years.
895:(NOAA-A prior to launch): Launched 27 June 1979 into a 450-nmi orbit. The HIRS, a primary mission sensor, failed 19 September 1983. The satellite exceeded its two-year designed lifetime by almost six years when deactivated on 31 March 1987.
675:
Earth's daylight side with near-polar orbital inclinations of 98° with respect to the equator. The orientations of the first eight TIROS satellites and their orbits constrained the observable portion of Earth's sunlit side, relying on
518:
The naming of the satellites can become confusing because some of them use the same name as the over-seeing organization, such as "ESSA" for TOS satellites overseen by the
Environmental Science Services Administration (for example,
456:. However, delays and the high cost of the Nimbus program ultimately led to TIROS-based spacecraft serving as the United States' fleet of operational weather satellites. The second generation of TIROS satellites, designated as
952:
instrument. It was deactivated on 1 August 1993 but was reactivated three weeks later, after the failure of NOAA-13. The SARR transmitter failed on 18 December 1997 and the satellite was permanently deactivated on 13 February
2378:
Rao, P. Krishna (July 2001). Evolution of the
Weather Satellite Program in the U.S. Department of Commerce - A Brief Outline (NOAA Technical Report). Washington, D.C.: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
938:(E): Launched 28 March 1983 into a 450 nmi (830 km; 520 mi) orbit, out of sequence (before NOAA-D) to get the first SAR system on a US satellite operational. Deactivated 29 December 1985, following a
965:(H): Launched 24 September 1988 into a 470 nmi PM orbit. Placed in standby mode in March 1995 and was reactivated in May 1997 to provide soundings after an HIRS anomaly on NOAA-12. Decommissioned 16 June 2004.
2200:
NOAA exclusively operates afternoon polar orbit spacecraft, while its key international partner, the
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), flies mid-morning orbit
971:(I): Launched 9 August 1993 into a 470 nmi PM orbit; two weeks after launch the spacecraft suffered a catastrophic power system anomaly. Attempts to contact or command the spacecraft were unsuccessful.
451:
Despite the early success of TIROS, early difficulties with handling TIROS data and political pressure to develop an operational weather satellite system based around a second spacecraft in development,
416:
The initial TIROS mission design called for three satellites. Each satellite was to carry a two-lens optical television system built by the RCA, an improved infrared scanning system drawn from the
360:
planned for Janus was lowered, relying on off-the-shelf refractive optics rather than the more sophisticated systems originally planned. The U.S. Army also granted an ARPA request to develop a
993:(L): Launched 21 September 2000 into a 470-nmi afternoon orbit; replaced NOAA-14 on 19 March 2001, as the primary AM spacecraft. Decommissioned on 9 June 2014 due to major spacecraft anomaly.
2717:
560:
semi-operational stature. Following TIROS-1, the engineering and mission design of successive TIROS spacecraft were intended to resolve shortcomings observed in earlier iterations.
959:(G): Launched 17 September 1986 into a 450 nmi "morning" orbit. Placed in standby mode on 17 September 1991 (when NOAA-12 became operational) and deactivated on 30 August 2001.
600:
of the cameras for a portion of the satellite orbit, with the satellite holding a fixed orientation relative to space for its entire service lifetime by design. Interaction with
1411:
320:, and the RCA was convened to discuss a satellite meteorological program and design objectives. The committee recommended that such a program should provide observations of
1080:
436:, launched on April 1, 1960, as the first U.S. satellite to carry a television camera. The originally planned instruments were included in the subsequent launches of
471:
In 1978, RCA completed the first spacecraft in the TIROS-N series, the fourth generation of TIROS satellites. These offered a new suite of instruments including the
348:
468:. Later ITOS satellites included additional instruments and improved versions of the preceding instruments, including the Very High Resolution Radiometer.
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983:(K): Launched 13 May 1998 into a 450 nmi morning orbit and replaced NOAA-12 on 14 December 1998, as the primary AM spacecraft. Now secondary, with
368:
spacecraft. The Janus project was renamed to
Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) following the changes and the project was declassified.
2279:
583:
mounted throughout the sides of the spacecraft. The TIROS spacecraft were designed to spin at 8–12 rpm to maintain spin stabilization. Pairs of
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TIROS continued as the more advanced TIROS Operational System (TOS), and eventually was succeeded by the
Improved TIROS Operational System (ITOS) or
616:
53:
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233:
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388:
229:
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1011:(N Prime): Launched 6 February 2009 into a 470 nmi afternoon orbit and replaced NOAA-18 as the PM primary spacecraft on 2 June 2009.
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1738:
977:(J): Launched 30 December 1994 into a 470 nmi PM orbit and decommissioned 23 May 2007 after more than twelve years of operation.
1418:
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1005:(N): Launched 20 May 2005 into a 470 nmi afternoon orbit and replaced NOAA-16 as the PM primary spacecraft on 30 August 2005.
225:
931:. The search and rescue (SAR) system became independent, utilizing a special frequency for transmission of data to the ground.
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As of June 2009, all TIROS satellites launched between 1960 and 1965 (with the exception of TIROS-7) were still in orbit.
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208:) initiated the TIROS program in 1958 and transferred the program to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (
384:
2314:
213:
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protruding from the spacecraft base plate, with a single receiving antenna mounted at the center of the top plate.
620:
Improvements to spacecraft and mission design allowed for more complete views of the Earth beginning with TIROS-9.
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332:; the goal of the first meteorological satellites would be to trial experimental television techniques, validate
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1513:
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and stainless steel, each spacecraft weighed around 270 lb (120 kg). The satellites were powered by
285:
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could provide worthwhile information for general reconnaissance. In 1956, the RCA received funding from the
1538:
948:(F): Launched 12 December 1984 into 470 nmi "afternoon" orbit and was the first satellite to carry an
589:
547:
The first ten TIROS satellites, beginning with the launch of TIROS-1 in 1960 and ending with the launch of
405:
2410:
Reed, Sidney G.; Van Atta, Richard H.; Deitchman, Seymour J. (February 1990). "TIROS Weather
Satellites".
2214:
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400:
337:
329:
734:(I): launched on 22 January 1965, failed on 15 February 1967. First Tiros satellite in near-polar orbit
576:
515:) is the last in the TIROS series of NOAA satellites that observe Earth's weather and the environment.
352:
325:
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to develop a reconnaissance satellite program, initially called Janus, under the administration of the
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spanning about 42 in (1,100 mm) in diameter and 19 in (480 mm) in height. Made of
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601:
527:) for later TIROS-series satellites overseen by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
376:
372:
35:
2241:"PSB - All POES, All Instruments, Switch to NOAA-19 as Operational Afternoon Satellite, 2 June 2009"
487:(later designated NOAA-19) was the last spacecraft in the TIROS series, launching in February 2009.
308:
and a single onboard camera, were built as part of the project. In May 1958, a committee chaired by
2430:
Schnapf, Abraham (May 1982). "The Development of the TIROS Global Environmental Satellite System".
520:
465:
429:
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for meteorology and intelligence gathering which began in the U.S. as early as the late 1940s. The
265:
221:
197:
2545:
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901:: Launched 29 May 1980. It failed to achieve a usable orbit because of a booster engine anomaly.
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over the course of several months to cover areas in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
192:, enabling scientists to view the Earth from a new perspective: space. The program, promoted by
2116:
1160:
2417:(Report). Vol. 2. Alexandria, Virginia: Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 2-1–2-11
2240:
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658:
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409:
309:
305:
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1161:
EXPLORES! (EXPloring and Learning the Operations and Resources of Environmental Satellites!)
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in 1983, had higher data-handling capacity and carried new instruments on a slightly larger
399:, the ARPA committee overseeing the TIROS project, arranged the transfer of TIROS to NASA's
296:) in 1958. The contract called for the development of a spacecraft to be launched using the
1488:
392:
380:
8:
2565:
2469:. International Meteorological Satellite Workshop. Washington, D.C.: NASA. pp. 31–33
2014:
1741:. Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Archived from
999:(M): Launched 24 June 2002 into a 450 nmi AM orbit and decommissioned 10 April 2013.
663:
453:
313:
288:(ABMA). The project remained under the administration of ABMA but was transferred to the
670:, providing coverage of the Earth between 55°N and 55°S. Concurrent improvements in the
2151:
1029:
676:
632:
624:
The first generation of TIROS satellites carried two 0.5 in (13 mm) diameter
365:
2518:
704:(D): launched on 8 February 1962, failed on 30 June 1962 (both cameras failed earlier)
2310:
1974:
1949:
1924:
1899:
1874:
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540:
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2283:
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628:
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196:, proved the usefulness of satellite weather observation, at a time when military
2525:
2513:
2501:
2411:
2274:
Butler, H. I.; Sternberg, S. (April 1960). "TIROS-the system and its evolution".
1167:
939:
686:(A): launched on 1 April 1960, suffered electrical system failure on 15 June 1960
556:
524:
425:
396:
120:
57:
2412:
DARPA Technical Accomplishments: An Historical Review of Selected DARPA Projects
499:
Diagram showing progression of meteorological satellites from TIROS I to TIROS-N
2558:
2431:
2401:
2384:
2353:"A Study of the NOAA Near-Nadir AMSU-A Brightness Temperatures over Antarctica"
572:
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spacecraft developed and operated under the aegis of NASA. Each spacecraft had
480:
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for larger satellites, allowing the RCA to change the Janus design to a larger
185:
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of the RAND Corporation with representatives from the U.S. Armed Forces, the
177:
107:
67:
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432:. However, only the optical system was included in the first TIROS payload,
877:
Graphic of the operational life of various satellites of the TIROS-N design
609:
484:
344:
193:
2489:
1623:
873:
495:
264:
The TIROS project emerged from early efforts examining the feasibility of
2385:"The evolution of the TIROS meteorological satellite operational system1"
1564:"WMO OSCAR | Details for Satellite Programme: NOAA 4th generation / POES"
1514:"WMO OSCAR | Details for Satellite Programme: NOAA 3rd generation / ITOS"
923:
Information Processor (TIP) was used for special instruments such as the
552:
395:
determined that NASA should handle meteorological satellite development.
324:
with television cameras at coarser and finer resolutions, accompanied by
321:
87:
1289:
1287:
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907:(C): Launched 23 June 1981 into a 470-nmi orbit; deactivated June 1986.
671:
580:
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for the first generation of TIROS spacecraft were drum-shaped 18-sided
421:
417:
333:
249:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
483:; these satellites were collectively known as Advanced TIROS-N (ATN).
2439:. AIAA 20th Aerospace Sciences Meeting. NASA Conference Publication.
1589:"Satellite Programme: Television and Infra-Red Observation Satellite"
297:
281:
2433:
Meteorological Satellites – Past, Present, and Future
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1282:
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reconnaissance satellites out of the purview of the U.S. Army. With
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1228:
1197:
1045:
Space-Based Remote Sensing of the Earth: A Report to the Congress.
737:
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Each of the first ten TIROS missions were planned to take circular
548:
1539:"WMO OSCAR | Details for Satellite Programme: NOAA 4th generation"
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on the first generation of TIROS meant that Earth was only in the
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2541:
TIROS-1 50th Anniversary & Resources on Satellite Meteorology
1760:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1439:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Development of the TIROS satellite payload was contracted to the
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launch vehicle. Janus and Janus II, prototype satellites without
301:
257:
181:
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1216:
1214:
1212:
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631:, typically with different fields of view supporting different
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1299:
698:(C): launched on 12 July 1961, deactivated on 28 February 1962
1417:. NOAA. 16 December 2008. NP-2008-10-056-GSFC. Archived from
1209:
728:(H): launched on 23 December 1963, deactivated on 1 July 1967
716:(F): launched on 18 September 1962, failed on 21 October 1963
293:
289:
253:
214:
United States Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory
212:) in 1959. Participants in the TIROS program also included,
205:
189:
20:
740:(OT-1): launched on 2 July 1965, deactivated on 1 July 1967.
692:(B): launched on 23 November 1960, failed on 22 January 1961
19:"TIROS" redirects here. For the Brazilian municipality, see
2309:. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
2248:
2159:
2124:
209:
184:
in 1960. TIROS was the first satellite that was capable of
77:
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2343:
10.1175/1520-0477(1985)066<0421:YOTS>2.0.CO;2
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1183:
1181:
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1177:
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722:(G): launched on 19 June 1963, deactivated on 3 June 1968
511:
and Advanced TIROS-N series of satellites. NOAA-N Prime (
269:
217:
2215:"History Abounds in Launch of Crucial Weather Satellite"
1650:
1132:"Feb. 7, 1958: U.S. Creates ARPA in Response to Sputnik"
1709:
1707:
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1692:
1667:
1665:
1381:
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1362:
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1335:
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226:
United States Naval Photographic Interpretation Center
2409:
1593:
Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool
1329:
1293:
1241:
1203:
1704:
1689:
1677:
1662:
1638:
1376:
1359:
1268:"Satellite Development at Signal Corps Laboratories"
1247:
1019:
885:(Proto-flight): Launched 13 October 1978 into a 470-
710:(E): launched on 19 June 1962, failed on 13 May 1963
539:
William G. Stroud displaying TIROS-I's circuitry to
300:
launch vehicle, which was eventually revised to the
1489:"WMO OSCAR | Details for Satellite Programme: TOS"
1106:
1081:"Modern Mechanix: How Tiros Photographs the World"
475:(AVHRR). Later TIROS-N satellites, beginning with
1446:
1311:
2879:
2088:. National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC:
1719:
2389:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
2330:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
2273:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2090:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1305:
1222:
530:
234:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2146:
2144:
2142:
2659:
2566:
2357:Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1581:
389:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
230:Environmental Science Services Administration
2104:
2079:Kidwell, Katherine B., ed. (November 1998).
2015:"History of NOAA's environmental satellites"
349:Director of Defense Research and Engineering
2139:
1467:"Polar Operational Environmental Satellite"
829:launched on 21 October 1971, unusable orbit
747:
318:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
204:The Advanced Research Projects Agency (now
16:Series of early American weather satellites
2888:Television Infrared Observation Satellites
2573:
2559:
2536:NOAA Office of Satellite Operations - POES
2245:Office of Satellite and Product Operations
2212:
2156:Office of Satellite and Product Operations
2121:Office of Satellite and Product Operations
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1607:
1465:Brill, Jennifer M., ed. (5 October 2023).
604:caused the axis of rotation of TIROS-1 to
2400:
2368:
2341:
2295:
2227:A last-of-its-kind weather observatory...
2178:
2176:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1054:
846:launched on 16 July 1973, failed to orbit
166:Television InfraRed Observation Satellite
29:Television InfraRed Observation Satellite
2276:IRE Transactions on Military Electronics
872:
615:
534:
494:
473:Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer
375:and $ 3.6 million was allocated to
243:
2429:
2078:
2061:, 1998, p. 20, NP-1997-12-052-GSFC
1992:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1253:
889:orbit; deactivated on 27 February 1981.
2880:
2459:
2307:Atmospheric Science at NASA: A History
2304:
2238:
2184:"NOAA retires NOAA-16 polar satellite"
2173:
2033:
1353:
1341:
1191:
858:(ITOS-G): launched on 15 November 1974
823:(ITOS-A): launched on 11 December 1970
579:, which in turn were charged by 9,200
276:in 1951, concluding that a spaceborne
2554:
2531:NASA Goddard POES Program - POES Home
2382:
2323:
2057:(Booklet), Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA
1713:
1698:
1683:
1671:
1656:
1644:
1464:
1385:
1370:
852:(ITOS-F): launched on 6 November 1973
840:(ITOS-D): launched on 15 October 1972
817:(ITOS-1): launched on 23 January 1970
2580:
2082:NOAA Polar Orbiter Data User's Guide
1458:
1391:
1265:
222:United States Weather Bureau Service
2377:
1725:
1595:. World Meteorological Organization
1330:Reed, Van Atta & Deitchman 1990
1317:
1294:Reed, Van Atta & Deitchman 1990
1242:Reed, Van Atta & Deitchman 1990
1204:Reed, Van Atta & Deitchman 1990
917:
383:launch vehicle. Before signing the
340:, and collect meteorological data.
13:
2350:
1452:
385:National Aeronautics and Space Act
14:
2899:
2483:
290:Advanced Research Projects Agency
2649:
2324:Manna, Anthony J. (April 1985).
2239:Harrod, Emily D. (28 May 2009).
2117:"POES Decommissioned Satellites"
1755:
1434:
1142:from the original on 17 May 2024
1061:
1022:
925:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite
343:While Janus was in development,
216:, Radio Corporation of America (
34:
2546:NASA's YouTube video of TIROS-1
2383:Rados, Robert M. (1 May 1967).
2232:
2206:
2072:
1975:"WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-9"
1967:
1950:"WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-8"
1942:
1925:"WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-7"
1917:
1900:"WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-6"
1892:
1875:"WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-5"
1867:
1850:"WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-4"
1842:
1825:"WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-3"
1817:
1800:"WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-2"
1792:
1775:"WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-1"
1767:
1731:
1556:
1531:
1506:
1481:
1259:
864:(ITOS-H): launched 29 July 1976
808:
2326:"25 Years of TIROS Satellites"
2213:Justin Ray (6 February 2009).
1154:
1124:
1099:
1073:
1038:
462:Automated Picture Transmission
448:over the following two years.
373:Army Signal Corps Laboratories
336:and horizon-based sensors for
1:
2288:10.1109/IRET-MIL.1960.5008230
1739:"U.S. Space Objects Registry"
1047:NASA Technical Reports Server
1015:
404:scientific observations. The
286:Army Ballistic Missile Agency
531:First generation (1960–1965)
406:United States Weather Bureau
270:Radio Corporation of America
7:
2059:Goddard Space Flight Center
1306:Butler & Sternberg 1960
1223:Butler & Sternberg 1960
666:of 48° with respect to the
523:) and "NOAA" (for example,
401:Goddard Space Flight Center
10:
2904:
2507:NASA page on ITOS and NOAA
2402:10.1175/1520-0477-48.5.326
2266:
1049:(Report). September 1987.
942:which destroyed a battery.
868:
272:conducted a study for the
239:
18:
2802:
2769:
2716:
2658:
2647:
2586:
2512:13 September 2005 at the
2500:13 September 2005 at the
2152:"POES Operational Status"
490:
377:Air Force Systems Command
357:meteorological satellites
198:reconnaissance satellites
159:
151:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
116:
106:
101:
97:
93:
83:
73:
63:
49:
45:
33:
2524:10 November 2005 at the
2463:10. The TIROS Satellites
2370:10.1175/2010JTECHA1417.1
2351:Mo, Tsan (1 June 2010).
2305:Conway, Erik M. (2008).
748:TIROS Operational System
585:solid-propellant rockets
577:nickel–cadmium batteries
466:three-axis stabilization
266:surveillance from space
172:) is a series of early
2460:Stroud, W. G. (1961).
878:
659:Sun-synchronous orbits
621:
602:Earth's magnetic field
544:
500:
338:spacecraft orientation
261:
876:
619:
538:
498:
430:Earth's energy budget
410:Department of Defense
362:larger launch vehicle
353:Department of Defense
326:infrared measurements
310:William Welch Kellogg
306:directional stability
256:from space, taken by
247:
2519:NASA page on TIROS-N
1087:on 18 September 2007
393:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2127:. 30 September 2014
1979:space.oscar.wmo.int
1954:space.oscar.wmo.int
1929:space.oscar.wmo.int
1904:space.oscar.wmo.int
1879:space.oscar.wmo.int
1854:space.oscar.wmo.int
1829:space.oscar.wmo.int
1804:space.oscar.wmo.int
1779:space.oscar.wmo.int
1659:, pp. 332–333.
1568:space.oscar.wmo.int
1543:space.oscar.wmo.int
1518:space.oscar.wmo.int
1493:space.oscar.wmo.int
1424:on 16 February 2013
1138:. 6 February 2008.
1107:"tiro - Wiktionary"
314:U.S. Weather Bureau
30:
2490:NASA page on TIROS
1166:1997-07-24 at the
1030:Spaceflight portal
987:as the AM primary.
879:
677:orbital precession
633:angular resolution
622:
545:
507:, and then by the
501:
420:spacecraft, and a
391:(NASA), President
262:
260:in April 1960
174:weather satellites
28:
2875:
2874:
2495:NASA page on ESSA
2217:. Spaceflight Now
2188:NOAA News Archive
1356:, pp. 37–38.
1344:, pp. 32–33.
1266:Thompson, Susan.
1194:, pp. 27–28.
1111:en.wiktionary.org
629:line-scan cameras
541:Lyndon B. Johnson
387:that created the
330:Earth's radiation
278:television camera
248:One of the first
180:, beginning with
163:
162:
64:Country of origin
40:TIROS 6 satellite
2895:
2653:
2581:TIROS satellites
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2568:
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2474:
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2441:Orlando, Florida
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2374:
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2297:2060/19650020963
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1103:
1097:
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1092:
1083:. Archived from
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1064:
1060:
1058:
1056:2060/19880008662
1042:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1025:
918:Advanced TIROS-N
648:
594:attitude control
590:axis of rotation
557:design lifetimes
543:on 4 April 1960.
274:RAND Corporation
232:(ESSA), and the
176:launched by the
38:
31:
27:
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2363:(6): 995–1004.
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2278:. MIL-4 (2/3).
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2019:Spaceflight Now
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940:thermal runaway
920:
871:
811:
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641:
635:. The magnetic
533:
493:
426:Verner E. Suomi
397:Edgar Cortright
379:for use of the
366:spin-stabilized
242:
121:Low Earth orbit
58:Lockheed Martin
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2484:External links
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2395:(5): 326–338.
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2375:
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2336:(4): 421–423.
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2021:. 22 June 2002
1991:
1966:
1941:
1916:
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1791:
1766:
1745:on 21 May 2009
1730:
1718:
1716:, p. 331.
1703:
1701:, p. 330.
1688:
1686:, p. 329.
1676:
1674:, p. 327.
1661:
1649:
1647:, p. 326.
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1530:
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1457:
1455:, p. 995.
1445:
1412:"NOAA-N Prime"
1390:
1388:, p. 422.
1375:
1373:, p. 423.
1358:
1346:
1334:
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1322:
1310:
1308:, p. 252.
1298:
1296:, p. 2-3.
1281:
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1227:
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1208:
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592:. The lack of
573:aluminum alloy
565:spacecraft bus
553:polar orbiting
551:in 1965, were
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481:spacecraft bus
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186:remote sensing
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2190:. 9 June 2014
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2804:Adv. TIROS-N
2587:
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2462:
2451:– via
2445:. Retrieved
2443:: NASA. 2227
2432:
2419:. Retrieved
2392:
2388:
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2081:
2074:
2063:, retrieved
2050:
2023:. Retrieved
2018:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
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1928:
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1778:
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1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1733:
1728:, p. 6.
1721:
1679:
1652:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1626:. NASA. 2023
1597:. Retrieved
1592:
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1419:the original
1349:
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1325:
1313:
1301:
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1261:
1256:, p. 9.
1254:Schnapf 1982
1249:
1199:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1135:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1075:
1046:
1040:
921:
809:ITOS/TIROS-M
743:
656:
623:
610:magnetorquer
569:right prisms
562:
546:
517:
502:
485:NOAA-N Prime
470:
450:
415:
370:
345:Herbert York
342:
263:
228:(NPIC), the
203:
194:Harry Wexler
169:
165:
164:
84:Applications
50:Manufacturer
25:
2282:: 248–256.
2201:spacecraft.
1354:Conway 2008
1342:Conway 2008
1270:. U.S. Army
1192:Conway 2008
927:(ERBE) and
664:inclination
642:The camera
581:solar cells
428:to measure
322:cloud cover
292:(ARPA, now
88:Meteorology
2221:25 October
2092:. sec. 1.1
1714:Rados 1967
1699:Rados 1967
1684:Rados 1967
1672:Rados 1967
1657:Rados 1967
1645:Rados 1967
1386:Manna 1985
1371:Manna 1985
1091:3 November
1016:References
672:Thor-Delta
647:recording.
422:radiometer
418:Vanguard 2
252:images of
139:Production
2473:28 August
2447:28 August
2421:28 August
1630:29 August
1599:29 August
1473:29 August
1428:8 October
1274:28 August
606:oscillate
298:Jupiter-C
282:U.S. Army
2882:Category
2641:TIROS-10
2522:Archived
2510:Archived
2498:Archived
1984:20 March
1959:20 March
1934:20 March
1909:20 March
1884:20 March
1859:20 March
1834:20 March
1809:20 March
1784:20 March
1726:Rao 2001
1573:20 March
1548:20 March
1523:20 March
1498:20 March
1318:Rao 2001
1164:Archived
1140:Archived
1116:19 April
738:TIROS-10
652:antennas
644:shutters
640:images.
549:TIROS-10
351:, moved
236:(NOAA).
144:Launched
74:Operator
2867:NOAA-19
2862:NOAA-18
2857:NOAA-17
2852:NOAA-16
2847:NOAA-15
2842:NOAA-14
2837:NOAA-13
2832:NOAA-12
2827:NOAA-11
2822:NOAA-10
2779:TIROS-N
2771:TIROS-N
2726:TIROS-M
2636:TIROS-9
2631:TIROS-8
2626:TIROS-7
2621:TIROS-6
2616:TIROS-5
2611:TIROS-4
2606:TIROS-3
2601:TIROS-2
2596:TIROS-1
2267:Sources
2096:14 June
2065:12 June
1749:25 June
1624:"TIROS"
1453:Mo 2010
1009:NOAA-19
1003:NOAA-18
997:NOAA-17
991:NOAA-16
985:MetOp-B
981:NOAA-15
975:NOAA-14
969:NOAA-13
963:NOAA-11
957:NOAA-10
911:NOAA-12
883:TIROS-N
869:TIROS-N
815:TIROS-M
804:(TOS-G)
798:(TOS-F)
792:(TOS-E)
786:(TOS-D)
780:(TOS-C)
774:(TOS-B)
768:(TOS-A)
732:TIROS-9
726:TIROS-8
720:TIROS-7
714:TIROS-6
708:TIROS-5
702:TIROS-4
696:TIROS-3
690:TIROS-2
684:TIROS-1
668:equator
626:Vidicon
513:NOAA-19
509:TIROS-N
505:TIROS-M
446:TIROS-4
442:TIROS-3
438:TIROS-2
434:TIROS-1
302:Juno II
258:TIROS-1
240:History
220:), the
188:of the
182:TIROS-1
2817:NOAA-9
2812:NOAA-8
2794:NOAA-7
2789:NOAA-B
2784:NOAA-6
2761:ITOS-E
2756:NOAA-5
2751:NOAA-4
2746:NOAA-3
2741:NOAA-2
2736:ITOS-B
2731:NOAA-1
2708:ESSA-9
2703:ESSA-8
2698:ESSA-7
2693:ESSA-6
2688:ESSA-5
2683:ESSA-4
2678:ESSA-3
2673:ESSA-2
2668:ESSA-1
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2254:7 June
2194:7 June
2165:5 June
2131:5 June
2051:NOAA-K
2025:7 June
1469:. NASA
1146:17 May
950:SBUV/2
946:NOAA-9
936:NOAA-8
929:SBUV/2
905:NOAA-7
899:NOAA-B
893:NOAA-6
862:NOAA-5
856:NOAA-4
850:NOAA-3
844:ITOS-E
838:NOAA-2
833:ITOS-C
827:ITOS-B
821:NOAA-1
802:ESSA-9
796:ESSA-8
790:ESSA-7
784:ESSA-6
778:ESSA-5
772:ESSA-4
766:ESSA-3
762:(OT-2)
760:ESSA-2
756:(OT-3)
754:ESSA-1
525:NOAA-M
521:ESSA-1
491:Series
477:NOAA-E
454:Nimbus
444:, and
347:, the
316:, the
224:, the
117:Regime
2588:TIROS
2467:(PDF)
2437:(PDF)
2415:(PDF)
2086:(PDF)
2055:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
1415:(PDF)
953:1998.
294:DARPA
254:Earth
206:DARPA
190:Earth
170:TIROS
112:TIROS
21:Tiros
2718:ITOS
2475:2024
2453:CORE
2449:2024
2423:2024
2311:ISBN
2280:IEEE
2256:2015
2249:NOAA
2223:2010
2196:2015
2167:2015
2160:NOAA
2133:2015
2125:NOAA
2098:2015
2067:2015
2027:2015
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1961:2024
1936:2024
1911:2024
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608:. A
563:The
458:ESSA
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381:Thor
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210:NASA
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2660:TOS
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