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hearth at the center with two benches centered on it. The fourth phase was most massive, at about 7.5m in diameter with stone walls of about 2.25 m thick; it had no internal structure. It was damaged by fire and rebuilt, and may have been a defensive structure. The earliest phase has been carbon-dated to between the eleventh millennium and 9670 BC. This dating makes the structure roughly two millennia older than the stone tower found at
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Remains of 20 individuals have been excavated, all adults: this may indicate that burial practice for infants and children was different, at another (as yet undiscovered) location or treated with less regard. Most bodies had their head removed, either by cutting shortly after death (as indicated by
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The dating is not without problems. The archeologists rejected several samples because the radiocarbon dates were inconsistent with the stratigraphy, but also otherwise the very early dates at Tell
Qaramel appear too old as compared to dating of similar cultural phases at other sites. Comparison of
233:
period. The later phases of occupation are closely associated with the mound of the tell itself. The pre-pottery
Neolithic phase however is associated with a wider area of about 3.5 hectares, extending to the south and south-west of the tell and covered by up to 2.5 m of later deposits through the
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Particularly striking are the remains of a succession of five round stone structures which the excavators recognise as the remains of towers (Mazurowski et al. 2012 pp. 48..52 ). The lower, oldest one was about 6 m in diameter and appears to have had some communal function, having an elevated
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The site is located in a fertile river valley that has been an important trade route; a railway still runs between the present-day village and the tell, transecting the neolithic site. The tell lies between the current village and the Quweiq river to the east, and its summit is measured at 444 m
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Among the ornaments found was a rather large (52×40×26 mm) polished copper nugget from
Horizon 2 - one of the earliest finds of metal in an archeological site. As malachite (copper carbonate) has been excavated too in Tell Qaramel, the copper nugget may have been collected from the (as yet
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Before the excavations began, it was assumed that permanent sedentary settlements would occur only in combination with the first farming of cereals, and the first domestication and keeping of animals such as sheep and goats, marking the start of the
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unidentified) malachite source. An attempt had been made to drill a hole through the copper like with other stone beads, but technology was not yet sufficiently advanced to process metal (Mazurowski 2012 p. 80; Plate 137A p. 280 ).
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cut marks, and having the 1st vertebra remain with the skull), or after decay (leaving the vertebrae and lower mandible with the skeleton). This indicates a head cult, as is also attested in other pre-pottery
Neolithic sites (notably
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cultures. However the remains of the structures uncovered at Tell
Qaramel appear to be older than this, giving the first evidence of permanent stone-built settlement. The site is roughly contemporary to that of
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phase (Horizon 0) attested mostly by flint tools but no certain carbon samples. For the subsequent settlement they recognise 4 Early
Aceramic Neolithic layers (Horizon 1 to 4) which according to
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425:). While in some skulls teeth showed wear and caries, which is typical for a diet with carbohydrates from grain, others were in good condition, which may indicate a pre-Neolithic diet.
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Bronze Age and Iron Age. It is this area that has been the focus of detailed investigation since 1999 by a joint Polish-Syrian team led by
Ryszard F. Mazurowski of
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208:. The settlement has several circular stone towers dating back to the period between 10650-9650 BCE, making them the oldest such structures in the world.
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the laboratory in
Gliwice, Poland (code Gd) that executed the C14 analyses, with other laboratories, showed differences in either direction.
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798:(2009), Chronology of the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic Settlement Tell Qaramel, Northern Syria, in the Light of Radiocarbon Dating,
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609:"Chronology of the early pre-pottery neolithic settlement Tell Qaramel, northern Syria, in the light of radiocarbon dating"
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above sea level; the neolithic site extends to the south and lies about 20m lower (Mazurowski p. 12,p. 20).
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512:. PCMA Excavation Series 2. Warsaw, Poland: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw.
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Tell
Qaramel 1999–2007. Protoneolithic and Early Pre-pottery Neolithic Settlement in Northern Syria
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Tell
Qaramel 1999-2007. Protoneolithic and early Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement in Northern Syria
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540:. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw. Jan 11, 2019
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R.F. Mazurowski, Tell Qaramel: Preliminary report on the first season, 1999.
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A survey in the late 1970s found evidence of settlement at the site from the
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777:"Study of Neolithic human graves from Tell Qaramel in Northern Syria"
664:"Study of Neolithic human graves from Tell Qaramel in Northern Syria"
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584:"Yet another sensational discovery by Polish archaeologists in Syria"
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Mazurowski, M F; Michczyńska, D J; Pazdur, A; Piotrowske, N (2009).
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Cultural horizons and calibrated radiocarbon dates at Tell Qaramel
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Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw
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The excavators find an unbroken development (in contrast to
843:, PPND - the Platform for Neolithic Radiocarbon Dates,
817:. Warsaw: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology.
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Mazurowski, Ryszard F.; Kanjou, Youssef, eds. (2012).
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https://uni-tzuebingen.academia.edu/DrYoussefKanjou
375:) so are skeptical about the common division in "
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671:International Journal of Modern Anthropology
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813:R.F. Mazurowski, Y. Kanjou (eds., 2012),
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258:period, part of a transition between the
695:(1999–2007), Tell Qaramel: Excavations,
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586:. Science in Poland service,
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582:Anna Ślązak (21 June 2007).
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275:Stratigraphy and chronology
38:Aerial view of Tell Qaramel
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1313:Abu Masiyad al-Gharbi
935:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
875:unknown - c. 8000 BCE
160:Excavation dates
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310:16890-10980 BC conv.
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1408:Khabrat Abu Hussein
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588:Polish Press Agency
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108:36.3778°N 37.2751°E
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662:Kanjou, Y (2009).
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332:10464-9246 BC cal.
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64:Shown within Syria
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519:978-83-903796-3-0
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126:
122:
117:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
51:
42:
35:
30:
23:
1542:
1518:Wadi Shuʿeib
1513:Wadi Jilat 7
1488:Tell Hassuna
1373:Ibn el Ghazi
1282:Wadi Shuʿeib
1237:Netiv HaGdud
1192:Tell Qaramel
1191:
1171:Karahan Tepe
1156:Iraq ed-Dubb
1151:Göbekli Tepe
1018:(Jericho XI)
869:
844:
814:
803:
799:
795:
787:
783:
764:
756:
748:
740:
732:
724:
716:
708:
700:
696:
692:
674:
670:
657:
643:
616:
612:
602:
591:. Retrieved
577:
566:. Retrieved
562:
553:
542:. Retrieved
537:
528:
508:
477:
473:
411:
402:
394:
385:
364:
362:
302:No. samples
278:
269:Göbekli Tepe
252:
224:
215:
185:
181:
178:Tell Qaramel
177:
176:
20:Tell Qaramel
1523:Zumlat Arus
1458:Mushash 163
1398:Jebel Subhi
1393:Jebel Qurma
1378:Jabal Na'ja
1363:Hallan Çemi
1292:Zumlat Arus
1252:Qermez Dere
1247:Nachcharini
1242:Nevalı Çori
1176:Tell 'Abr 3
1071:ʿAin Ghazal
1059:Pre-Pottery
960:Pre-Pottery
800:Radiocarbon
613:Radiocarbon
443:Asia portal
271:in Turkey.
231:Hellenistic
221:Excavations
182:Tel Qaramel
111: /
87:Coordinates
1580:Categories
1323:Ayn Jammam
1272:Shubayqa 6
1212:Tepe Asiab
1141:Ganj Dareh
1066:Abu Hudhud
1032:Wadi Rabah
845:Ex Oriente
593:2016-02-23
568:2020-07-13
544:2024-09-10
457:References
419:Tell Aswad
391:Highlights
194:تل القرامل
155:Site notes
127:settlement
99:37°16′30″E
96:36°22′40″N
1418:Kharaysin
1353:Ghuwayr 1
1348:El-Hemmeh
1333:Bestansur
1328:Ayn Rahub
1308:Abu Hamid
1188:(Jericho)
1126:Chia Sabz
1121:Chia Jani
1096:Beisamoun
1037:Yarmukian
256:Neolithic
163:1999—2007
149:Neolithic
140:10650 BCE
1536:Concepts
1453:Muraybet
1438:Matarrah
1368:Hibabiya
1343:Dhuweila
1287:Yiftahel
1232:Nemrik 9
1222:Mureybet
1217:M'lefaat
1146:Gilgal I
1131:Dhuweila
1022:Nizzanim
1001:Amuq A-B
952:Cultures
858:Records
808:Abstract
790:: 25–37.
763:(2006);
755:(2005);
747:(2004);
739:(2003);
731:(2002);
723:(2001);
715:(2000);
707:(1999);
677:: 25–37.
429:See also
379:" and "
73:Location
1448:Munhata
1423:Kaukaba
1257:Sabra 1
1111:Bouqras
1027:Samarra
1011:Jarmoan
1006:Hassuna
865:unknown
769:565–585
761:571–586
753:483–499
745:497–510
737:355–370
729:315–330
721:295–307
713:327–341
705:285–296
621:Bibcode
482:285–296
415:Jericho
398:Jericho
369:Jericho
296:Horizon
196:) is a
145:Periods
137:Founded
132:History
1463:Sayyeh
1358:Ginnig
1338:Byblos
1202:Tayibe
1116:Çayönü
1091:Beidha
1016:Lodian
981:(PPNC)
975:(PPNB)
969:(PPNA)
821:
771:(2007)
516:
423:Cayonu
421:, and
373:Levant
206:Aleppo
190:Arabic
180:(also
1161:Jarmo
1081:Basta
1076:Ba'ja
1051:Sites
796:et al
780:(PDF)
693:et al
667:(PDF)
202:Syria
81:Syria
1301:Late
994:Late
847:eV,
819:ISBN
514:ISBN
365:e.g.
262:and
212:Site
198:tell
124:Type
629:doi
367:in
335:11
324:11
313:4?
184:or
1582::
878:--
804:51
802:,
786:.
782:.
767:,
765:19
759:,
757:18
751:,
749:17
743:,
741:16
735:,
733:15
727:,
725:14
719:,
717:13
711:,
709:12
703:,
701:11
699:,
673:.
669:.
627:.
617:51
615:.
611:.
561:.
536:.
488:^
480:,
478:11
476:,
465:^
417:,
357:1
351:H4
346:9
340:H3
329:H2
318:H1
307:H0
250:.
192::
188:,
79:,
916:e
909:t
902:v
851:.
825:.
810:)
788:2
675:2
651:.
637:.
631::
623::
596:.
571:.
547:.
522:.
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