508:
733:
644:
527:
681:
796:
362:-speaking provinces were less linked with the centre, Tembien was often linked with Tigray proper (Adwa) in a dynamic way. In the rainy season, Tembien became full autonomous because the Wer’i river was an unpassable border. However, during dry seasons Tembien accepted the authority of Tigray proper. Tembien appears on indigenous maps of the northern
449:
movement, in which the leaders originated from
Tembien. There is an important pilgrimage every year to the Abba Selama monastery, situated on an almost inaccessible rock that can only be reached at the peril of one's life. After Aksum, this would be the oldest church of Ethiopia, established by the
728:
Many strategic places, battle fields, and locations of mustard gas bombings during the
Italian wars are located in Tembien. In history books, they are commonly named by their Italian transliteration of the original Tigrinya name. This inventory provides the list of warfare sites with the (current)
490:
kingdom. Written sources particularly about “princes of
Tembien” became more dense starting from the 14th C. Starting from the 17th century the title of lord of Tembien was transmitted in the same family, while also getting approval from the Ethiopian Emperor. Hence, the degree of autonomy could
428:
Young farmers, at the slack season, and in need of additional income, were often enrolled in armies, where they hoped to get noticed and receive a position. Hence, the war cycle followed the seasons. In the rainy seasons, when warfare was difficult anyway, the farmers were back on their land to
1094:
Nyssen, J., Tesfaalem
Ghebreyohannes, Hailemariam Meaza, Dondeyne, S., 2020. Exploration of a medieval African map (Aksum, Ethiopia) – How do historical maps fit with topography? In: De Ryck, M., Nyssen, J., Van Acker, K., Van Roy, W., Liber Amicorum: Philippe De Maeyer In Kaart. Wachtebeke
462:. It is painted with scenes of his reign, and there are numerous gifts of the Emperor present in the church. Nowadays, every church serves also as a meeting place for the community. On Sundays, the villagers meet in the church compound after church service around a cup of blessed
523:, whose forefathers had managed to gain power through marriage with all the surrounding ruling families. Kassa (the future emperor Yohannes) controlled the Tembien highlands and later the whole of Tigray; ultimately he crowned himself king of kings of Ethiopia in 1872.
382:
There were hierarchical structures in which the large landowners owned most of the land, assumed positions and controlled the peasants. It was common that half of the crop yield needed to be given to the lord what led to great misery in the villages.
778:
The traditions of autonomy, the historical role in
Tigrayan politics, and relative isolation on top of a massif made Tembien a centre of resistance after the Italian retreat. Tembien participated actively in the
581:, governor of Tigray after the Second World War participated yearly in the annual patron's day at Abune Aregawi church in Zeyi which Yohannes had built. He also ordered to build a road and a bridge linking
720:
Kasa to the south. Souvenirs of this period are still vivid, and particularly the people know the caves and other places where their grandparents went hiding for the
Italian bomb and gas attacks.
322:
These sites are found on the routes that lead from the northwestern lowlands of
Ethiopia to the northern highlands via Tembien that holds a large number of distributions of rock art sites.
598:
There were complex succession rules in
Tembien, including transfer of positions through female lines. Some of the better-known 19th century higher ranked leaders of Tembien were:
986:
766:
As the
Italians anticipated to stay for many years, they invested in road and other infrastructure projects, which also furthered some urbanisation along the roads, such as in
770:, which attracted settlers. Nevertheless, there was a centre of local resistance in Tembien, what greatly hindered a stable Italian presence. The Italians retreated in 1941.
830:) – the place was a strategically located mountain saddle, also called "May Aleqti". In practice, the capital remained in Abiy Addi. It was only after the district of
842:
Both during the reign of
Emperor Haile Sillasie and that of the military Derg regime, Tembien was marginalised, despite its closeness to Mekelle. In the 1980s, the
858:
cliffs, the TPLF carried out its political activities, including a major land reform; it was from here that the offensives were organised till the conquest of
696:
However, at the end of February, a turning point came when the Italians targeted the counterattacking Tembien troops from the north and the south, with
684:
During the Italian bombings of early 1936, the population tried to hide, for instance in caves. The soot on the ceiling of the (now abandoned) Mika'el
546:
and to inner Ethiopia. However Yohannes’ kept strong links with Tembien, as indicated by the establishment of a (locally paved) horse-track between
1005:
Agazi Negash. (2001). The Holocene Pre-Historic Archaeology of the Temben Region of Northern Ethiopia (PhD dissertation). University of Florida.
450:
first Syrian missionary, Frumentius, commonly named “Abba Selama”. The monastery was even represented on a 17th-century map of Ethiopia. Like
496:
99:), became the capital. The region reached a highpoint in the Tsatsen mountains at 2828 meters above sea level, just south of Hagere Selam.
395:
834:
was created that Hagere Selam started to grow. Basic modern infrastructure (electricity, tap water) came only in the early years 2000.
1345:
Erlich, H (1981). "Tigrean Nationalism, British Involvement and Haile Sellasses's Emerging Absolutism: Northern Ethiopia, 1941-1943".
458:, the local monks do not recognise the state authority over the monastery. Emperor Yohannes IV was baptised at the St. Mary church of
987:
Agazi Negash. (1997). Preliminary Results of Archaeological Reconnaissance of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, Nyame Akuma, 47, 27-32.
1159:
Nyssen, Jan; Petrie, Gordon; Munro, R. Neil; Jacob, Miro; Smidt, Wolbert; Haile, Mitiku; Frankl, Amaury; Billi, Paolo (2019).
919:
Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District
1385:
1256:
1180:
1135:
1071:
927:
745:
where a heavy battle was fought. Italian soldiers installed a memorial stone on the top of the nearby Dabba Selama Mountain
668:
and Kassa Hailu regrouped there, and in January 1936, they caused important losses to the Italian army in the four-days
558:, after being informed about the discovery of a large cave there. Also his successors kept connections with Tembien:
664:). Tembien with its mountains and river gorges was a major obstacle on their way south. For instance, the armies of
515:
As of the 19th Century, both oral traditions and written documents mention that the rulers of Tembien were based in
466:. This and other informal traditional meetings and associations allow self-organisation of the peasant communities.
287:
237:
187:
141:
701:
1104:
Smidt W (2003) Cartography, in: Uhlig S (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, vol. 1: 688-691
534:
However, Emperor Yohannes IV did not establish his capital in Tembien (due to relative inaccessibility), but in
41:. It is a mountainous area of that country. During the reforms in 1994–95, the old provinces were replaced with
818:
In 1951, Gebru Gebrehiwot, the new governor, decided to create a new capital of Tembien. First the location of
507:
442:
138:
at a height of about 2000 metres, has been explored over 14.4 m but its distance is claimed to be way longer (
732:
335:
1315:
The Italian Air Force in the Ethiopian War (1935–1936), in: Ben-Ghiat R, Fuller M (eds): Italian Colonialism
826:
was created as a new town. It used already to be an open-air market place (hence the name "Idaga Hamus" or
391:
The seasons organised also the (political) life: after the harvest, young men often migrated seasonally to
84:
374:
In Tembien's history, the farmers’ culture, life cycle and livelihood linked with the land are important.
1390:
697:
657:
571:
847:
819:
808:
547:
516:
459:
80:
902:
811:, west of Hagere Selam, was the capital of Tembien; later on, the administration was established in
554:, passing through the V-notched Ksad Mederbai. He also ordered to build the Abune Aregawi church in
705:
20:
1300:
Ethiopia and Eritrea during the Scramble for Africa: A political biography of Ras Alula, 1875–1897
358:. This is why Tembien was also called “Wer’i Mellash” (‘beyond the Wer’i’). Whereas several other
669:
1238:
1209:
Tämben: Early history of Tämben to 17th century, in: Uhlig S (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, 4
1160:
1115:
1051:
945:"The accumulation of Stone Age lithic artifacts in rock fragment mulches in northern Ethiopia"
889:
855:
479:
The first written source that mentions Tembien is about a war expedition of one of its late-
38:
944:
643:
956:
823:
404:
Such migrations could lead to permanent establishment in other areas such as the numerous
8:
526:
42:
1224:
Tämben from the 18th to 20th century, in: Uhlig S (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol 4
960:
680:
1262:
1186:
1141:
1077:
831:
316:
266:
216:
170:
116:
620:
Deggiyat Wehade, governor of Upper Tembien. His descendants still live in Hagere Selam
1266:
1252:
1190:
1176:
1145:
1131:
1081:
1067:
1017:
923:
685:
438:
359:
69:
46:
30:
1244:
1168:
1123:
1059:
1018:"Explorations of Three Rock Art Sites in Northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia Tekle Hagos"
964:
851:
800:
780:
723:
586:
582:
351:
277:
227:
108:
73:
884:
Smidt, W (2007). "Mälfa, in: Uhlig S (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol 3": 696.
1248:
1172:
917:
784:
665:
578:
563:
65:
1127:
1063:
631:
363:
1379:
709:
689:
627:
339:
302:
289:
252:
239:
202:
189:
156:
143:
112:
54:
34:
1329:
1004:
92:
58:
803:; the TPLF headquarters are located in this cliff, at right under the tree
859:
520:
463:
451:
445:
since ancient times. There are even manuscripts referring to a mediaeval
331:
611:
Shumtebien Mircha Weldekidan and his brother Dejazmatch Whade Weldekidan
355:
107:
Tembien holds numerous prehistoric sites, which have been dated to the
968:
530:
Bridge over Giba river, built by order of Mengesha Seyoum in the 1960s
812:
767:
742:
623:
567:
88:
169:). It contains lithic tools, potsherds, engravings and paintings of
795:
491:
vary. We know that, in the 17th C., Tembien was part of the larger
446:
409:
281:
231:
124:
53:. The area of the former province is now split over the woredas of
943:
Aerts, Raf; Finneran, Niall; Haile, Mitiku; Poesen, Jean (2010).
783:
in 1943 that could only be put down with the help of the British
661:
551:
543:
535:
417:
1116:"Political Ecology of Land Degradation in the Tembien Highlands"
724:
Strategic places, battle fields, and war crime scenes in Tembien
487:
455:
413:
181:
135:
120:
50:
1366:
L'Empire d'Ethiopie, Le Miroir de l'Ethiopie moderne 1906-1935
369:
265:). It contains lithic tools, potsherds, and faunal remains of
492:
484:
480:
343:
1327:
630:. He rose to position of general and fought the Italians in
234:
at a height of about 2020 metres, is some 13.5 metres long (
843:
822:
was chosen. As the inhabitants of Melfa rejected the idea,
555:
539:
347:
315:). It contains blades, blade cores, and a few potsherds of
1285:
Läwṭe, in: Uhlig S (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 3
1052:"A Short History and Ethnography of the Tembien Tigrayans"
736:
Italian memorial stone on the top of Dabba Selama Mountain
334:
and there are still Agew communities south of Tembien, in
441:
in Tembien, the socio-political organisation is based on
16:
Historical region and province in Tigray Region, Ethiopia
942:
330:
Tembien in the past was at least partially inhabited by
1022:
Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities
1158:
854:. From these underground rooms and offices cut out in
1161:"Historical Maps, Terrestrial and Aerial Photographs"
846:, established its headquarters in a cave, again near
184:
at a height of about 2500 metres, is some 64 m long (
761:
499:, but after his death, Tembien became autonomous.
401:Bigger courts such as the Ethiopian ruler's court
1377:
1240:Description of Trekking Routes in Dogu'a Tembien
1243:. GeoGuide. Springer-Nature. pp. 557–675.
1167:. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. pp. 461–476.
1113:
398:valley for gold panning and incense harvesting
1165:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains
1122:. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. pp. 79–87.
1120:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains
1056:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains
1287:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 525–526.
1226:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 854–855.
729:place name in Tigrinya, and their location.
1211:. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz. pp. 852–853.
1000:
998:
996:
994:
982:
980:
978:
879:
877:
875:
675:
370:A history linked to ecology and seasonality
215:). It contains engravings and paintings of
651:
474:
432:
72:, and on the east, it was bordered by the
1282:
1058:. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. p. 68.
773:
660:invaded Ethiopia, coming from the north (
593:
542:- these towns were well connected to the
79:The original capital of the province was
1202:
1200:
991:
975:
872:
794:
731:
679:
642:
570:, from where he also fought against the
525:
506:
386:
1368:. Alexandria (Egypt): Ecole des Frères.
1278:
1276:
325:
1378:
1363:
1344:
1312:
1297:
1236:
909:
502:
469:
1321:
1317:. New York: Palgrave. pp. 37–46.
1221:
1206:
1197:
1095:(Belgium): University Press: 165-178.
1049:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1015:
915:
883:
1331:Guida dell'Africa orientale Italiana
1273:
1009:
626:, a peasant-warrior from Mennawe in
377:
617:Tigrayan politician Bejirond Lawt’e
605:Shumtembien Weldemikael Weldekirkos
13:
1328:Consociazione turistica Italiana.
1032:
799:Cliff in Amba Aradam Sandstone at
708:led to the Italians capturing the
638:
608:Shumtembien Weldekidan Weldemikael
284:at a height of about 1990 metres (
14:
1402:
916:Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019).
1114:Naudts, J; Lanckriet, S (2019).
180:cave in the village of Mahba in
33:: ተምቤን) is a historic region in
1357:
1338:
1306:
1291:
1230:
1215:
1152:
1107:
762:Italian investments and retreat
700:support and large-scale use of
1098:
1088:
1016:Hagos, Tekle (December 2019).
936:
815:, as it was easier of access.
443:Oriental Orthodox Christianity
83:, west of the current town of
1:
865:
741:Passo Abaro, or Ksad Azef in
437:As evidenced by the numerous
423:
280:gorge at the extreme west of
102:
1386:Former provinces of Ethiopia
1249:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_38
1173:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_31
837:
647:Italian artillery in Tembien
7:
1128:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_5
1064:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_4
790:
64:It was located east of the
10:
1407:
1283:Hahn, W; Smidt, W (2007).
18:
1347:Asian and African Studies
712:and the final retreat of
342:proper (area surrounding
706:Second Battle of Tembien
676:War crimes and suffering
519:. Best known is Emperor
21:Tembien (disambiguation)
850:, more particularly in
670:First Battle of Tembien
652:First battle of Tembien
602:Shumtembien Weldekirkos
475:Early rulers of Tembien
433:Christianity in Tembien
303:13.609826°N 39.028260°E
253:13.621862°N 39.033077°E
203:13.620592°N 39.051313°E
157:13.621862°N 39.033077°E
1334:. Milano. p. 281.
897:Cite journal requires
804:
774:First Woyane rebellion
737:
693:
656:In 1935 and 1936, the
648:
594:The dynasty in Tembien
531:
512:
354:traditionally was the
230:gorge at the west of
91:, nowadays located in
798:
735:
683:
646:
529:
510:
387:Importance of seasons
366:in the 15th Century.
338:. The border between
276:open-air site in the
39:provinces of Ethiopia
1302:. East Lansing: MUP.
1237:Nyssen, Jan (2019).
429:plough and harvest.
326:Historical geography
308:13.609826; 39.028260
258:13.621862; 39.033077
208:13.620592; 39.051313
162:13.621862; 39.033077
19:For other uses, see
961:2010Gearc..25..137A
577:His grand-grandson
503:Emperor Yohannes IV
483:rulers against the
470:The Tembien dynasty
439:monolithic churches
299: /
249: /
199: /
153: /
1364:Zervos, A (1936).
1313:Rochat, G (2005).
1298:Erlich, H (1982).
922:. SpringerNature.
805:
738:
694:
649:
532:
513:
317:Pastoral Neolithic
272:Further down, the
267:Pastoral Neolithic
217:Pastoral Neolithic
171:Pastoral Neolithic
117:Pastoral Neolithic
1258:978-3-030-04954-6
1222:Smidt, W (2010).
1207:Bausi, A (2010).
1182:978-3-030-04954-6
1137:978-3-030-04954-6
1073:978-3-030-04954-6
1050:Smidt, W (2019).
969:10.1002/gea.20299
929:978-3-030-04954-6
807:For a long time,
710:Tembien highlands
378:Political ecology
1398:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1047:
1030:
1029:
1013:
1007:
1002:
989:
984:
973:
972:
940:
934:
933:
913:
907:
906:
900:
895:
893:
885:
881:
781:Woyane rebellion
572:Italian invasion
511:Emperor Yohannes
314:
313:
311:
310:
309:
304:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
264:
263:
261:
260:
259:
254:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
214:
213:
211:
210:
209:
204:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
168:
167:
165:
164:
163:
158:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
109:Middle Stone Age
74:Enderta Province
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1358:
1343:
1339:
1326:
1322:
1311:
1307:
1296:
1292:
1281:
1274:
1259:
1235:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1205:
1198:
1183:
1157:
1153:
1138:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1074:
1048:
1033:
1014:
1010:
1003:
992:
985:
976:
941:
937:
930:
914:
910:
898:
896:
887:
886:
882:
873:
868:
840:
828:Thursday market
793:
785:Royal Air Force
776:
764:
726:
678:
666:Seyoum Mengesha
654:
641:
639:1930s and 1940s
596:
579:Mengesha Seyoum
564:Seyoum Mengesha
505:
477:
472:
435:
426:
408:established in
389:
380:
372:
328:
307:
305:
301:
298:
293:
290:
288:
286:
285:
257:
255:
251:
248:
243:
240:
238:
236:
235:
207:
205:
201:
198:
193:
190:
188:
186:
185:
161:
159:
155:
152:
147:
144:
142:
140:
139:
105:
66:Semien Province
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1404:
1394:
1393:
1391:Dogu'a Tembien
1388:
1372:
1371:
1356:
1337:
1320:
1305:
1290:
1272:
1257:
1229:
1214:
1196:
1181:
1151:
1136:
1106:
1097:
1087:
1072:
1031:
1008:
990:
974:
955:(1): 137–148.
949:Geoarchaeology
935:
928:
908:
899:|journal=
870:
869:
867:
864:
839:
836:
832:Dogu’a Tembien
792:
789:
775:
772:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:Passo Mederbay
746:
725:
722:
692:evidences this
690:Dogu'a Tembien
677:
674:
653:
650:
640:
637:
636:
635:
628:Dogu’a Tembien
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
595:
592:
591:
590:
583:Dogu'a Tembien
575:
504:
501:
476:
473:
471:
468:
434:
431:
425:
422:
421:
420:
402:
399:
388:
385:
379:
376:
371:
368:
364:Horn of Africa
327:
324:
104:
101:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1403:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1360:
1353:(2): 191–227.
1352:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1028:(2): 103–130.
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
988:
983:
981:
979:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
931:
925:
921:
920:
912:
904:
891:
880:
878:
876:
871:
863:
861:
857:
853:
852:Addi Geza'iti
849:
845:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
802:
801:Addi Geza'iti
797:
788:
786:
782:
771:
769:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
740:
739:
734:
730:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
691:
687:
682:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
645:
633:
629:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
600:
599:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
569:
566:was based in
565:
562:His grandson
561:
560:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
528:
524:
522:
518:
509:
500:
498:
494:
489:
486:
482:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
440:
430:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:
397:
394:
393:
392:
384:
375:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
323:
320:
318:
312:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
262:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
212:
183:
179:
174:
172:
166:
137:
133:
132:Dabo Zellelew
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:Ayninbirkekin
110:
100:
98:
97:Lower Tembien
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
55:Dogua Tembien
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:Tigray Region
32:
28:
22:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1164:
1154:
1119:
1109:
1100:
1090:
1055:
1025:
1021:
1011:
952:
948:
938:
918:
911:
890:cite journal
841:
827:
824:Hagere Selam
817:
806:
777:
765:
727:
717:
713:
695:
655:
597:
533:
514:
478:
436:
427:
405:
390:
381:
373:
329:
321:
273:
271:
226:cave in the
224:Danei Kawlos
223:
221:
178:Mihdar Ab’ur
177:
175:
131:
129:
106:
96:
93:Kola Tembien
85:Hagere Selam
78:
63:
59:Kola Tembien
26:
25:
860:Addis Ababa
716:Siyyum and
702:mustard gas
686:rock church
624:Alula Qubbi
614:Imebet Wiba
521:Yohannes IV
464:siwa (beer)
452:Mount Athos
356:Wer’i river
332:Agew people
306: /
256: /
206: /
160: /
87:; later on
68:, north of
37:and former
1380:Categories
866:References
497:Kiflewahid
424:War cycles
294:39°01′42″E
291:13°36′35″N
244:39°01′59″E
241:13°37′19″N
194:39°03′05″E
191:13°37′14″N
148:39°01′59″E
145:13°37′19″N
103:Prehistory
1267:199271514
1191:199338121
1146:199094704
1082:199170267
862:in 1991.
856:sandstone
838:Civil War
813:Abiy Addi
768:Abiy Addi
757:Amba Uorc
743:Haddinnet
698:air force
568:Abiy Addi
495:, led by
412:, around
406:Tembienot
89:Abiy Addi
791:Capitals
658:Italians
574:in 1935.
481:Aksumite
447:monastic
410:Hamasien
360:Tigrinya
336:Abergele
282:Menachek
232:Menachek
134:cave in
125:Menachek
70:Abergele
31:Tigrigna
957:Bibcode
704:. This
662:Eritrea
634:in 1896
587:Inderta
552:Mekelle
544:Red Sea
536:Mekelle
418:Eritrea
352:Tembien
278:Tsech'i
274:May Ila
228:Tsech'i
51:woredas
43:regions
27:Tembien
1265:
1255:
1189:
1179:
1144:
1134:
1080:
1070:
926:
754:Andino
751:Uarieu
488:Alodia
485:Nubian
456:Greece
414:Asmara
350:) and
340:Tigray
182:Aregen
136:Aregen
121:Aregen
1263:S2CID
1187:S2CID
1142:S2CID
1078:S2CID
848:Melfa
820:Melfa
809:Melfa
548:Melfa
517:Melfa
493:Agame
460:Melfa
396:Wer’i
344:Aksum
319:age.
269:age.
219:age.
173:age.
115:, or
81:Melfa
47:zones
1253:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1068:ISBN
924:ISBN
903:help
844:TPLF
632:Adwa
585:and
556:Zeyi
550:and
540:Adwa
538:and
348:Adwa
346:and
222:The
176:The
130:The
123:and
57:and
49:and
1245:doi
1169:doi
1124:doi
1060:doi
965:doi
718:ras
714:ras
688:in
454:in
416:in
119:in
111:in
1382::
1351:15
1349:.
1275:^
1261:.
1251:.
1199:^
1185:.
1175:.
1163:.
1140:.
1130:.
1118:.
1076:.
1066:.
1054:.
1034:^
1026:15
1024:.
1020:.
993:^
977:^
963:.
953:25
951:.
947:.
894::
892:}}
888:{{
874:^
787:.
672:.
127:.
76:.
61:.
45:,
1269:.
1247::
1193:.
1171::
1148:.
1126::
1084:.
1062::
971:.
967::
959::
932:.
905:)
901:(
589:.
95:(
29:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.