Temple of Eshmun - Knowledge

850: 1344: 6091: 1229: 1361: 1067: 714: 777: 1081: 91: 63: 56: 1243: 3940: 84: 796:. Thirty foundation inscriptions are known to date; they were found concealed in the interior of the podium. The practice of intentional inscription concealment can be traced back to Mesopotamian roots, and it has parallels in the royal buildings of the Achaemenids in Persia and Elam. A Phoenician inscription, located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) upstream from the temple, that dates to the 7th year of Bodashtart's reign, alludes to water adduction works from the Awali river to the "Ydll" source that was used for 350: 5079: 36: 1412:, a Sidonian king to Eshmun, which illustrates the importance of the site to the Sidonian monarchy. These votive sculptures appear to have been purposely broken after dedication to Eshmun and then ceremoniously cast into the sacred canal, probably simulating the sacrifice of the sick child. All of these sculptures represent boys. A31.5 cm × 27 cm (12.4 in × 10.6 in) limestone bust of a 905:. They noticed that certain blocks had inscriptions with the engravings painted in red. A local antiques dealer bought three of the stones, all with the same inscription. Due to the enormous size of the blocks, they were cut down to just 15 or 20 cm in thickness, and some stones were also cut into two or three pieces. The Ottoman authorities dispatched 913:, who cleared the temple remains between 1901 and 1903. Wilhelm Von Landau also excavated the site between 1903 and 1904. In 1920, Gaston Contenau headed a team of archaeologists who again surveyed the temple complex. The first extensive archaeological excavation revealing the Eshmun Temple remains was undertaken by 1130:

podium constructed from heavily bossed limestone blocks that measured more than 3 metres (9.8 ft) across by 1 metre (3.3 ft) thick, which were laid down in courses 1-metre (3.3 ft) high. The podium stands 22 metres (72 ft) high, runs 50 metres (160 ft) into the hillside, and

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Eshmun's cult enjoyed a particular importance at Sidon as he was the chief deity after 500 BC. Aside from the extramural sanctuary at Bustan el-Sheikh, Eshmun also had a temple within the city. The extramural Eshmun Temple was associated with purification and healing; ritual lustral ablutions

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Widely known as the "Tribune of Eshmun" because of its shape, the altar of Eshmun is a white marble structure dating to the 4th century BC. It is 2.15 metres (7.1 ft) long by 2.26 metres (7.4 ft) wide and 2.17 metres (7.1 ft) tall. Unearthed in 1963 by Maurice Dunand, it stands on a

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Makarem, May (December 4, 2009). "Qui est responsable du pillage du temple d'Echmoun – Six cent pièces issues du temple d'Echmoun circulent sur le marché mondial des antiquités" [Who is responsible for the looting of the Temple of Echmoun - Six hundred pieces from the Temple of Eshmun

753:. Archaeological evidence suggest that, at the time of the advent of the Eshmunazar dynasty, there already was a cultic space on the site of the temple, but there were no monumental constructions yet. Originally, the center of worship may have been a cave or a spring. In the following years, 1155:, rests against the chapel wall, which is embellished by relief sculptures of hunting scenes. The once important Astarte basin lost its function during the 2nd century AD and was filled with earth and statue fragments. The west base contains another 4th-century BC chapel—centered on a bull 808:

The Eshmun sanctuary was damaged by an earthquake in the fourth century BC, which demolished the marble temple atop the podium; this structure was not rebuilt but many chapels and temples were later annexed at the base of the podium. The temple site remained a place of pilgrimage in the

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were performed in the sanctuary's sacred basins supplemented by running water from the Asclepius River and the "Ydll" spring water which was considered to have a sacred character and therapeutic quality. The healing attributions of Eshmun were combined with his divine consort Astarte's

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The dedication reads: "This (is the) statue which Baalshillem son of King Ba'na, king of the Sidonians, son of King Abdamun, king of the Sidonians, son of King Baalshillem, king of the Sidonians, gave to his lord Eshmun at the "Ydll"-Spring. May he bless him" (taken from JCL Gibson's

2396:(2016). "Autres rois, autre temple: la dynastie d'Eshmounazor et le sanctuaire extra-urbain de Eshmoun à Sidon" [Other kings, other temple: the dynasty of Eshmunazor and the extra-urban sanctuary of Eshmun in Sidon]. In Russo Tagliente, Alfonsina; Guarneri, Francesca (eds.). 2204:(2016). "Autres rois, autre temple: la dynastie d'Eshmounazor et le sanctuaire extra-urbain de Eshmoun à Sidon" [Other kings, other temple: the dynasty of Eshmunazor and the extra-urban sanctuary of Eshmun in Sidon]. In Russo Tagliente, Alfonsina; Guarneri, Francesca (eds.). 1276:

channeling water from "Ydll" spring that is made up of an intricate system of water canals, a series of retaining basins, sacred ablution basins and paved pools. This system demonstrates the importance of ritual ablutions in Phoenician therapeutic cults. Later vestiges date from the

1139:, the sanctuary was extended from the base of the podium across the valley. To the east base of the podium stands a large chapel, 10.5 by 11.5 metres (34 ft × 38 ft), dating to the 4th century BC. The chapel was adorned with a paved pool and a large stone " 1334:

traces of their devotion and proof of their cure. There is evidence that from the 3rd century BC onwards there have been attempts to Hellenize the cult of Eshmun and to associate him with his Greek counterpart Asclepius, but the sanctuary retained its curative function.

933:, the temple site was neglected and was invaded by vegetation overgrowth; it was cleared and recovered its former condition after the Israeli withdrawal. Today the Eshmun sanctuary can be visited all year round and free of charge, it is accessible from an 688:

laid siege to the city. Abdi-Milkutti was captured and beheaded in 677 BC after a three-year siege, while his city was destroyed and renamed Kar-Ashur-aha-iddina (the harbor of Esarhaddon). Sidon was stripped of its territory, which was awarded to

451:) and from the sacred "YDLL" spring; these installations were used for therapeutic and purificatory purposes that characterize the cult of Eshmun. The sanctuary site has yielded many artifacts of value, especially those inscribed with 1403:

occurred in Sidon. A number of fragmented votive life-size sculptures of little children lying on their side and holding a pet animal or a small object were also recovered at the temple site; among the best known of these is the

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Northeast of the site, another 3rd century BC temple stands adjacent to the Astarte chapel. Its 22-metre (72 ft) façade is built with large limestone blocks and displays a two-register relief decoration illustrating a

1408:, a sculpture of a royal child holding a dove with his right hand. The boy's head is shaved, his torso is bare and his lower body is wrapped in a large cloth. The socle of this sculpture is inscribed with a dedication from 6487: 1272:, the Greek god of wine. Among the temple reliefs, one shows a man attempting to seize a large rooster which was the common sacrificial animal for Eshmun-Asclepius. The Eshmun Temple complex comprises an elaborate 3249: 400:. The site was occupied from the 7th century BC to the 8th century AD, suggesting an integrated relationship with the nearby city of Sidon. Although originally constructed by Sidonian king 1437:

uncovered in the Eshmun sanctuary. This gift attests to the good relations between the Pharaoh and the kings of Sidon. The repute of the sanctuary was far reaching. Cypriot pilgrims from

897:, that a local treasure hunter told him of a large edifice near the Awali bridge. The discovery was made in 1900 by four workers who were extracting blocks from the temple on behalf of 648:

city. These payments stimulated Sidon's search for new means of provisioning and furthered Phoenician emigration and expansion, which peaked in the 8th century BC. When Assyrian king

3636: 837:, an Italian Christian pilgrim, described the city as partly in ruins. For many years after the disappearance of the cult of Eshmun, the sanctuary site was used as a quarry: Emir 6017: 1662:

who stands at the right corner, his foot resting on a rock. On the right short side, turning the corner from Eros, the standing figures and the charioteer are identified as

1820: 982:, a Sidonian king, commemorate the construction of a "house" for the "holy prince" Eshmun by the king and his mother, queen Amashtart, at the "Ydll source by the cistern". 833:

with pictorial mosaics, that are still largely intact. Worn statuettes of three nymphs stand in the niches of a Roman fountain. Another earthquake hit Sidon around 570 AD;

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dating from the 6th century BC was found at the site, but unlike the archaic Greek kouroi this figure is not bare. Among the notable finds is a golden plaque showing

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powers; the latter had an annex chapel with a sacred paved pool within the Eshmun sanctuary. Pilgrims from all over the ancient world flocked to the Eshmun Temple leaving

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The future of biblical archaeology: reassessing methodologies and assumptions: the proceedings of a symposium, August 12–14, 2001 at Trinity International University

1476:, 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Beirut. In 1981, the depot was looted and around 600 sculptures and architectural elements were stolen and smuggled out of Lebanon. 3261: 6462: 1253: 5067: 1534:(vowel letters); for this reason the Phoenician inscription "YDLL" may be transcribed with a number of variant spellings (Yidlal, Yadlol etc.) Franz L. Benz (1982). 547:. His role later expanded within the Phoenician pantheon, and he gained celestial and cosmic attributes. The myth of Eshmun was related by the sixth century Syrian 3929: 1605: 1248:

Based on retrieved marble fragments, Swiss classical archaeologist Rolf Stucky proposed that the second temple must have closely resembled the one depicted on the

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Treasure hunters have sought out the Eshmun Temple since antiquity; around 1900 artifacts bearing Phoenician inscriptions from the temple site found their way to

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as the setting where Bomilcar falls in love and rescues princess Chiboulet from the evil design of one of the temple's priests. The site was added to the

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Mediterranean sanctuaries between East and West: interactions and cultural contacts: Proceedings of the International Conference, Civitavecchia–Rome 2014

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Mediterranean sanctuaries between East and West: interactions and cultural contacts: Proceedings of the International Conference, Civitavecchia–Rome 2014

5045: 269: 4525: 1317:, also of Roman construction. Other Roman period structures include two columns of a great portico leading to pools and other cultic installations. 2399:

Santuari mediterranei tra Oriente e Occidente: interazioni e contatti culturali : atti del Convegno internazionale, Civitavecchia - Roma 2014

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Santuari mediterranei tra Oriente e Occidente: interazioni e contatti culturali : atti del Convegno internazionale, Civitavecchia - Roma 2014

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capitals. The Babylonian-style temple was dismantled around the middle of the 4th century BC. The remains of the demolished temple were cast in a

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authorities and prompted a series of archeological digs. During the civil war, upon a request from then Lebanese director general of antiquities

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boasts a 70-metre (230 ft) wide façade. The terrace atop of the podium was once covered by a Greco-Persian style marble temple built in the

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that included an access ramp to a water cistern. Fragments of an early, Babylonian-style temple survived into modern time; these include marble

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unearthed by Dunand providing rare examples of cursive Phoenician writing in the Phoenician mainland. One of the recovered ostracon bears the

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used its massive blocks to build a bridge over the Awali river in the 17th century. The site later fell into oblivion until the 19th century

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and include a colonnaded road lined with shops. Of the large marble columns bordering the Roman street only fragments and bases remain. The

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From a historical perspective, the first written mention of Eshmun goes back to 754 BC, the date of the signing of the treaty between

1741: 3425: 2781: 2083: 765:. Eshmunazar II displayed his new-found wealth by constructing numerous temples to Sidonian divinities. Inscriptions found on the king's 1215:(his ecstatic retinue) in a dance to the music of pipe and cithara players. The Tribune is displayed at the National Museum of Beirut. 3749: 677: 917:

between 1963 and 1975. Archaeological evidence shows that the site was occupied from the seventh century BC to the eighth century AD.

128: 829:. Furthermore, within the original Phoenician temple site the Romans added the processional stairway, the basins for ablutions and a 2686: 2652: 792:. The first set of inscriptions bears the name of Bodashtart alone, while the second contains his name and that of the crown prince 6482: 6467: 5053: 2514: 2341: 1094: 6502: 3915: 1804: 902: 788:

on the foundations of the monumental podium attest, construction of the sanctuary's podium did not begin until the reign of King

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of symmetrical composition. The upper register portrays 18 Greek deities, including two charioteers surrounding the Greek god

892: 749:, a priest of Astarte, and the founder of his namesake dynasty, became king around the time of the Achaemenid conquest of the 6393: 1123: 2980: 2417: 2225: 2042: 1967: 6477: 83: 2877: 55: 6055: 2869: 1278: 5075: 2821: 1384: 3907: 2364: 478:

and its large limestone blocks were used to build later structures. The temple site was rediscovered in 1900 by local

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patterns that leads to the top of the podium. To the right of the Roman road, near the entrance of the site stands a

1996:. Vol. 4 (reprint, revised ed.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 502, 934. 725:

Sidon returned to its former level of prosperity while Tyre was besieged for 13 years (586–573 BC) by the

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as a result of the Hellenic influence over Phoenicia; the earliest evidence of this equation is given by coins from

6492: 5419: 2471: 1497: 531:‎) was the Phoenician god of healing and renewal of life; he was one of the most important divinities of the 420:

and later monarchs. Because the continued expansion spanned many centuries of alternating independence and foreign

2322:"L'inscription phénicienne de Bodashtart in situ à Bustān ēš-Šēẖ (Sidon) et son apport à l'histoire du sanctuaire" 1883: 1704: 813:

during the early Roman Empire and until the advent of Christianity, when the cult of Eshmun was banned during the

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and died. The grieving goddess revived Eshmun and transported him to the heavens where she made him into a god of

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529–333 BC) to celebrate the city's recovered wealth and stature, the temple complex was greatly expanded by

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around 500 BC. The marble temple has been reduced to a few remaining stone fragments due to theft. During the

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and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) northeast of Sidon, the Eshmun Temple sits on the southern bank of the modern

773:, built temples to the gods of Sidon, including the Temple of Eshmun by the "Ydll source near the cistern". 684:

ascended to Sidon's throne in 680 BC, he also rebelled against the Assyrians. In response, the Assyrian king

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mountain range and its coastal cities. The new sovereigns exacted tribute from Sidon, along with every other

2495:"Une nouvelle inscription de Bodashtart, roi de Sidon, sur la rive du Nahr al-Awwali près de Bustān ēš-Šēẖ" 979: 910: 1449:

at Astarte's shrine; this stele is now in the custody of the Lebanese directorate general of antiquities.

1048:), occupy the ancient "sacred forests" of Asclepius and are a favorite summer picnic location for locals. 825:, and a Roman Villa showed a period of renewed relative importance for the city during the late period of 6522: 6512: 6472: 6348: 6127: 6117: 6075: 5924: 5624: 3566: 2172:. Peoples of the past (illustrated ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 54–128. 559: 6388: 6328: 888: 826: 532: 515: 6542: 6333: 6090: 5874: 5524: 3943: 3379: 3347: 2365:"An updated chronology of the reigns of Phoenician kings during the Persian period (539–333 BC)" 1376: 1249: 1164: 1018:, the Hellenized name of Eshmun, in written texts. Located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of 356: 705:

in 675 in which Eshmun's name features as one of the deities invoked as guarantors of the covenant.

6232: 6182: 6060: 5269: 5244: 4801: 424:, the sanctuary features a wealth of different architectural and decorative styles and influences. 3777:. Studia Phoenicia. Vol. 18 (illustrated ed.). Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 635. 937:

off the main Southern Lebanon highway near Sidon's northern entrance. The site holds a particular

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Stucky, Rolf A.; Stucky, Sigmund; Loprieno, Antonio; Mathys, Hans-Peter; Wachter, Rudolf (2005).

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the successful identification and return of eight sculptures to the Lebanese national museum.

1350:: a votive marble statue of a royal child, inscribed in Phoenician, from the temple of Eshmun 1151:

figures and surrounded by two lion sculptures. The throne, attributed to the Sidonian goddess

6423: 6363: 6192: 6177: 5834: 5829: 5589: 5584: 5464: 5134: 4510: 3957: 1503: 1228: 521: 486:, a French archaeologist, thoroughly excavated the site from 1963 until the beginning of the 295: 3690:

Lipiński, Edward (1985). "Phoenicia and the East Mediterranean in the first millennium BC".

3502:. Footprint series (illustrated ed.). Bath: Footprint Travel Guides. pp. 542–543. 3163: 2276: 1918: 1703:

Antoine Vanel, Six "ostraca" phéniciens trouvés dans le temple d'Echmoun, près de Saida, in

1472:, Maurice Dunand moved more than 2000 artifacts from Sidon to a subterranean chamber at the 6227: 6080: 5954: 5334: 4746: 4576: 4451: 4107: 4016: 2870:

Direction Générale des Antiquités, Ministère de la Culture et de l'Enseignement Supérieur,

2608: 2247: 1745: 1309:; only the villa's courtyard has survived along with the remains of a mosaic depicting the 1294: 1190: 1186: 1175: 1001: 983: 570:

saw him and was stricken by his beauty. She harassed him with her amorous pursuit until he

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Witch-hunts, purity and social boundaries: the expulsion of the foreign women in Ezra 9–10

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Auzias, Dominique; Jean-Paul Labourdette; Guillaume Boudisseau; Christelle Thomas (2008).

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The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged

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and other Sidonian sources describe the sanctuary and its surrounding "sacred forests" of

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importance since it is the best preserved Phoenician site in Lebanon; it was added to the

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marble head of a child, beginning of the 4th century BC, at the National Museum of Beirut

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Stucky's drawings architectural elements and reconstructed model of the Temple of Eshmun

3260:(in French) (7). Beirut: Directorate General of Antiquities (Lebanon): 4. Archived from 2494: 2321: 6338: 5884: 5194: 4690: 4321: 3937: 3870: 3854: 3475: 3448: 3354:. Wisconsin studies in classics (illustrated ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. 2463: 1136: 1119:

that only contained material dating from the 5th and first half of the 4th century BC.

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from the podium. A Roman colonnade was built in the third century, probably by emperor

762: 487: 471: 460: 334: 206: 3842: 539:. Originally a nature divinity, and a god of spring vegetation, Eshmun was equated to 6277: 6112: 6070: 6065: 5914: 5674: 5669: 5599: 5139: 4937: 4820: 4240: 4148: 4112: 3874: 3862: 3846: 3788: 3778: 3753: 3724: 3699: 3670: 3628: 3600: 3558: 3550: 3513: 3503: 3480: 3460: 3415: 3355: 3324: 3294: 3230: 3220: 3185: 3175: 3164: 3137: 3114: 3104: 3071: 3046: 3019: 3009: 2951: 2913: 2903: 2837: 2827: 2773: 2630: 2620: 2588: 2556: 2546: 2506: 2455: 2407: 2333: 2298: 2288: 2277: 2255: 2215: 2183: 2173: 2143: 2113: 2073: 2032: 2007: 1997: 1957: 1930: 1919: 1891: 1810: 1778: 1675: 1539: 1461: 1446: 1371:

Apart from the large decorative elements, carved friezes and mosaics which were left

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built with 3.7-metre (12 ft) stone blocks near the Awali river. When the French

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from the third century BC. This fact is exemplified by the Hellenized names of the

597:; Eshmun figures in the text as a patron of the treaty. Eshmun was identified with 495: 479: 377: 259: 3321:

A visit to the Museum... The short guide of the National Museum of Beirut, Lebanon

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with a colonnade street, but declined after earthquakes and fell into oblivion as

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with marble blocks that rest against a retaining wall. The altar is adorned with

1037: 952:, 1996. In literature, the temple of Eshmun figures in Nabil Saleh's 2009 novel, 865: 838: 369: 3752:. Vol. 350. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 124. 3318: 2871: 2545:(illustrated ed.). Kent Town, S. Aust.: Wakefield Press. pp. 200–202. 2112:(2, illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–60. 1066: 619:, and the Eshmun Temple's surrounding groves, known as the groves of Asclepius. 463:, providing valuable insight into the site's history and that of ancient Sidon. 6292: 6237: 6167: 5974: 5909: 5889: 5824: 5794: 5744: 5724: 5719: 5699: 5689: 5664: 5544: 5504: 5414: 5304: 5154: 5003: 4685: 4621: 4571: 4535: 4481: 4291: 4153: 3092: 2826:(in French). Leiden: Brill. pp. 21, 100–101, 120, 365, 460, 566–567, 617. 2543:

The pocket guide to Saint Paul: coins encountered by the apostle on his travels

2072:. The future of biblical archaeology. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 270. 2066:"The future of biblical archaeology: reassessing methodologies and assumptions" 1469: 1465: 1409: 963: 914: 891:

blocks that originated from an earlier structure. He also noted in his report,

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in an unsuccessful rebellion against Assyrian rule, but was forced to flee to

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Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Sollberger, E.; Hammond, N. G. L. (1992).

2011: 1914: 1473: 1428: 1023: 990: 694: 681: 657: 641: 610: 448: 401: 389: 168: 143: 130: 6488:

Conversion of non-Christian religious buildings and structures into churches

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once stood. The floor of the nymphaeum is covered by a mosaic depicting the

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Conteneau, Gaston (1924). "Deuxième mission archéologique à Sidon (1920)".

2634: 2031:. Vol. 3, part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 125. 1589: 1282: 880: 869: 758: 746: 606: 594: 571: 548: 467: 338: 210: 3837:(1). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press: 27–35. 997:

temple by the Bostrenos River, and Antonin de Plaisance, a 6th-century AD

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A number of ancient texts mention the Eshmun Temple and its location. The

733:. Nevertheless, the Sidonian king was still held in exile at the court of 6373: 5964: 5899: 5869: 5799: 5749: 5569: 5499: 5399: 5149: 4903: 4715: 4336: 4326: 4072: 4056: 4052: 3692:

proceedings of the conference held in Leuven from November 14 to 16, 1985

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Masson O. (1982). "Pélerins chypriotes en Phénicie (Sarepta et Sidon)".

2467: 2443: 1375:, many artifacts were recovered and moved from the Eshmun Temple to the 359:

to display the Phoenician alphabet characters in this article correctly.

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in 1855 in the Magharet Adloun necropolis, now on display in the Louvre

1360: 1305:. Across the colonnaded road, facing the nymphaeum, are the ruins of a 1273: 789: 770: 737:. Sidon reclaimed its former standing as Phoenicia's chief city in the 685: 475: 447:

basins fed by canals channeling water from the Asclepius river (modern

413: 172: 3414:] (in German). Vereinigung der Freunde antiker Kunst. p. 91. 2744:"Mémoire sur les inscriptions de fondation du temple d'Esmoun à Sidon" 2446:[The sanctuary of Ešmun near Sidon in pre-Hellenistic times]. 713: 6252: 6242: 6197: 5784: 5714: 5659: 5519: 5514: 5494: 5484: 5434: 5404: 5384: 5299: 5219: 5209: 5034: 5029: 5019: 4928: 4826: 4805: 4656: 4616: 4561: 4341: 4169: 4027: 3997: 3962: 2649:"Roman Eshmoun: Roman Colonnade, villa & stairway with nimphaeum" 1679: 1674:. On the opposite short side, the three personages are assumed to be 1556: 1327: 1290: 1172: 1015: 830: 793: 649: 645: 598: 551: 540: 432: 428: 417: 385: 326: 198: 4811: 4770: 4266: 3136:(3 ed.). Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. pp. 370–371. 1803:

van der Toorn, K.; Bob Becking; Pieter Willem van der Horst (1999).

1242: 872:, toured the Middle East and wrote of what he thought were ruins of 35: 6353: 6312: 6142: 5969: 5474: 5429: 5409: 5274: 5114: 4993: 4796: 4735: 4731: 4631: 4591: 4556: 4504: 4487: 4305: 4296: 4076: 4046: 4037: 3987: 1687: 1659: 1388: 1269: 1206: 1102: 998: 884: 754: 421: 5984: 4761: 4741: 4087: 2275:

Curtis John, Sandra; Nigel Tallis; Béatrice André-Salvini (2005).

2254:(reprint ed.). Freeport, N.Y.: Ayer publishing. p. 137. 1313:. To the right of the processional Roman staircase stands a cubic 6222: 6040: 5634: 5619: 5574: 5549: 5489: 5479: 5449: 5394: 5389: 5344: 5314: 5229: 5204: 5189: 5129: 5094: 5078: 4997: 4988: 4973: 4963: 4923: 4898: 4852: 4790: 4786: 4646: 4626: 4600: 4586: 4580: 4432: 4412: 4402: 4397: 4361: 4356: 4311: 4275: 4271: 4210: 4142: 4097: 4042: 4006: 4002: 3981: 3977: 3831:

Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies

1663: 1631: 1434: 1431: 1421: 1372: 1302: 1234:

Ionian capital reconstruction from the classical temple of Eshmun

1211: 1198: 1156: 1152: 1144: 1115: 1110: 1098: 1080: 955: 734: 726: 669: 633: 586: 567: 397: 3219:(illustrated ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 129, 177. 3005:

The Persian Empire: A corpus of sources of the Achaemenid period

2024: 1387:. Some of these smaller finds include a collection of inscribed 6282: 6217: 6187: 6152: 5604: 5439: 5289: 5254: 5239: 5214: 5144: 5104: 5024: 4978: 4968: 4952: 4917: 4882: 4867: 4862: 4776: 4694: 4680: 4641: 4596: 4530: 4417: 4406: 4377: 4200: 4179: 4138: 4117: 4101: 4082: 4062: 4022: 3131: 1683: 1671: 1643: 1639: 1527: 1458: 1438: 1413: 1380: 1310: 1286: 1194: 1182: 1148: 1127: 1045: 1019: 1011: 994: 987: 960: 942: 858: 817:

and a Christian church was built at the temple site across the

750: 718: 698: 690: 665: 579: 563: 511: 491: 440: 436: 381: 3045:] (in French). Nonette: Editions Creer. pp. 100–101. 2873:

Monument: Temple d'Echmoun – UNESCO World Heritage Centre

2444:"Das Heiligtum des Ešmun bei Sidon in vorhellenistischer Zeit" 680:

on the throne of Sidon and reimposed the annual tribute. When

6287: 6132: 5934: 5609: 5109: 5099: 4982: 4958: 4847: 4842: 4755: 4725: 4721: 4514: 4437: 4382: 4346: 4331: 4316: 4285: 4234: 4220: 4184: 4012: 3991: 1913: 1593: 1523: 1481: 1442: 1424: 1400: 1314: 1298: 1106: 898: 602: 536: 490:

in 1975. After the end of the hostilities and the retreat of

393: 115: 3412:

The Eshmun Sanctuary of Sidon: Architecture and Inscriptions

3407:

Das Eschmun-Heiligtum von Sidon: Architektur und Inschriften

2970: 1925:(6 ed.). Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 6202: 6157: 6137: 5364: 5339: 5329: 5179: 5164: 4606: 4520: 4446: 4427: 4387: 4174: 3319:

Charles Kettaneh Foundation; Omar Daouk Foundation (2008).

2493:

Xella, Paola; José-Ángel Zamora López; Astrid Nunn (2004).

2246: 2063: 1651: 1647: 1635: 1627: 1480:, ex-director of the Institute of Classical Archaeology of 1202: 966:

Tentative List on July 11, 2019, in the Cultural category.

883:

visited the area in 1860, he noticed that the Awali bridge

676:, Sargon II's son and successor. Sennacherib instated 672:

in Cyprus) with the arrival of the Assyrian army headed by

653: 3403: 2619:(illustrated ed.). New York: University of Michigan. 2406:] (in Italian). Rome: Scienze e lettere. p. 256. 2214:] (in Italian). Rome: Scienze e lettere. p. 254. 2110:

The Phoenicians and the West: politics, colonies and trade

16:

Ancient temple to the Phoenician god of healing in Lebanon

6025: 5534: 4477: 3624:

Lebanon in History from the earliest times to the present

3039:

Grand livre des saints: culte et iconographie en Occident

2140:

Ancient Near Eastern Texts: Relating to the Old Testament

1097:(605–539 BC), the oldest monument at the site was a 575: 3008:(illustrated ed.). London: Routledge. p. 664. 2676: 1739: 1604:

Discovered by the general consulate of France in Beirut

1536:

Personal Names in the Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions

1109:

column bases with moldings, facetted columns, and bull

3459:(5) (illustrated ed.). Ottawa: RSM press: 232–6. 3101:

Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique

1399:" which suggests that veneration of the lunar-goddess 761:

for employing Sidon's fleet in his service during the

439:

which was once topped by Eshmun's Greco-Persian style

3723:. Vol. 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 115. 1654:

standing by his side followed by standing figures of

1630:, an unidentified matronly goddess who stands behind 1441:

left marks of their devotion for Astarte on a marble

1086:

Base of a Babylonian-style column in Bustan el-Sheikh

482:

who stirred the curiosity of international scholars.

3291:

Ancien Liban: les monuments autrefois et aujourd'hui

3043:

Big book of saints: cult and iconography in the West

2679:"Eshmoun – A unique Phoenician site in Lebanon" 2283:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 1506: – Cultural heritage building in Bziza, Lebanon 1122:

The pyramidal structure was superimposed during the

3132:Carter, Terry; Lara Dunston; Amelia Thomas (2008). 1890:(in French). Peeters Publishers. pp. 120–496. 1189:, one of which divides the altar into two distinct 1027: 1005: 614: 2935:. Etudes et Consultations Economiques. p. 46. 2615:The Christian world: a social and cultural history 2612: 2499:Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaise 2064:Hoffmeier, James Karl; Alan Ralph Millard (2004). 1994:The international standard Bible encyclopedia: Q-Z 1888:Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique 1072:Bull head protome in the National Museum of Beirut 498:, the site was rehabilitated and inscribed to the 443:temple. The sanctuary features a series of ritual 6463:7th-century BC religious buildings and structures 3099:; Claude Domergue; Marie-Hélène Marganne (1996). 2930: 1806:Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible DDD 6454: 3814:(in French) (12733 ed.). Beirut. p. 4. 3810:circulate on the world antiquities market]. 3772: 1809:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 306–309. 857:from the temple's podium, now on display in the 466:The Eshmun Temple was improved during the early 2540: 1626:The front register depicts from left to right: 1285:also built a monumental staircase adorned with 1051: 931:Israeli occupation of South Lebanon (1985–2000) 6518:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 3323:. Anis commercial printing press. p. 96. 1575:Eshmun's name is transcribed in Akkadian as " 815:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 6011: 5061: 3923: 3166:Ancient building in south Syria and Palestine 2279:Forgotten Empire: The world of Ancient Persia 2252:Authority and archaeology, sacred and profane 2163: 2161: 2159: 1059:Remains from the early, oriental style temple 562:. They recount that Eshmun, a young man from 2902:(in French). Paris: Petit Futé. p. 12. 1147:in the Egyptian style; it is flanked by two 3252:[The sanctuary of Eshmun in Sidon] 2607: 2448:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 2326:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 1385:Lebanese directorate general of antiquities 6018: 6004: 5068: 5054: 3930: 3916: 3750:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 3669:] (1 ed.). Beirut: Dar an-Nahar. 3397: 3288: 2156: 2142:(3 ed.). Princeton University Press. 1777:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 136–140. 1500: – Historic temple remains in Lebanon 1484:affirmed during a conference in Beirut in 1032:in ancient texts. Citrus groves, known as 392:, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) northeast of 34: 3590: 3533: 3474: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 2767: 2714: 2137: 1026:, previously referred to as Bostrenos or 757:awarded king Eshmunazar II with the 3689: 3660: 3497: 3378:. Beirut National Museum. Archived from 3352:Fourth-century styles in Greek sculpture 2582: 1991: 1882: 1692:Fourth-century styles in Greek sculpture 1359: 1342: 848: 803: 775: 712: 627: 435:terrace wall that supports a monumental 90: 62: 6379:List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon 3808: 3804: 3802: 3721:Textbook of Syrian Semitic inscriptions 3346: 3211: 3065: 3036: 2880:from the original on September 13, 2019 2865: 2863: 2672: 2670: 2587:. Beirut: Dar el Mashreq. p. 287. 2536: 2534: 2532: 2133: 2131: 2129: 1987: 1985: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1719:Textbook of Syrian Semitic inscriptions 1464:where they stirred the interest of the 1185:sculptures and is framed by decorative 388:god of healing. It is located near the 6455: 3881:from the original on November 23, 2022 3743: 3718: 3683: 3656: 3654: 3616: 3614: 3586: 3584: 3342: 3340: 3284: 3282: 3247: 3196: 3161: 3157: 3155: 3153: 2995: 2823:La civilisation phénicienne et punique 2819: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2741: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2441: 2392: 2374:from the original on September 9, 2016 2200: 2167: 2086:from the original on December 17, 2019 1909: 1907: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1338: 1221:The second, classical temple of Eshmun 1004:recorded the shrine as near the river 948:Tentative List's Cultural category on 721:temple, Bustan esh-Sheikh (near Sidon) 6436:UNESCO World Heritage Sites Proposed 6394:Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral 6026:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon 5999: 5049: 3911: 3824: 3620: 3529: 3527: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3030: 3001: 2971:UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2019). 2945: 2939: 2931:Najjar, Charles; Tyma Daoudy (1999). 2784:from the original on February 8, 2023 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2474:from the original on January 31, 2021 2437: 2435: 2362: 2356: 2104: 1970:from the original on February 7, 2023 1949: 1823:from the original on January 22, 2021 1798: 1796: 1794: 1775:Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations 1772: 1768: 1766: 1538:. Pontificio Istituto Biblico. p199, 1420:, a Hellenic symbol of Eshmun. and a 6538:Archaeology of the Achaemenid Empire 3799: 3453:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3446: 3440: 3125: 3084: 3059: 2860: 2667: 2529: 2420:from the original on August 17, 2023 2228:from the original on August 17, 2023 2126: 2098: 2045:from the original on August 17, 2023 1982: 1690:. (from Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway's 431:and a grand court limited by a huge 3825:Tahan, Lina G. (February 1, 2017). 3712: 3651: 3611: 3581: 3569:from the original on April 22, 2018 3491: 3368: 3337: 3279: 3150: 2796: 2701: 2386: 2309: 2268: 2240: 2057: 1904: 1835: 1041: 844: 373: 13: 3766: 3737: 3698:. Peeters Publishers. p. 81. 3627:. London: Macmillan. p. 137. 3524: 3428:from the original on July 31, 2023 3307: 3170:. Leiden: Brill Archive. pp. 2983:from the original on April 1, 2023 2933:The indispensable guide to Lebanon 2924: 2891: 2689:from the original on July 14, 2016 2655:from the original on July 14, 2016 2601: 2567: 2517:from the original on July 21, 2011 2486: 2432: 2344:from the original on July 21, 2011 2194: 1956:. Atlanta: SBL Press. p. 58. 1791: 1763: 1642:stands, playing a cithara next to 305:Directorate General of Antiquities 14: 6554: 6313:Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune 3896: 3859:10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.5.1.0027 3843:10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.5.1.0027 3639:from the original on May 10, 2021 3250:"Le sanctuaire d'Echmoun à Sidon" 2848:from the original on May 10, 2021 2541:Lewis, Peter; Ron Bolden (2002). 1917:; William Leonard Langer (2001). 6089: 5077: 3938: 3719:Gibson, John Clark Love (1982). 3449:"Asclepius: the god of medicine" 2975:[The temple of Eshmun]. 2748:Mémoires de l'Institut de France 1498:Phoenician sanctuary of Kharayeb 1241: 1227: 1079: 1065: 566:, was hunting in the woods when 348: 89: 82: 61: 54: 6483:Archaeological sites in Lebanon 6468:1900 archaeological discoveries 6440:Category:Roman sites in Lebanon 5084:Archaeological sites in Lebanon 4572:Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir) 3818: 3696:Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta 3241: 2964: 2735: 2641: 2250:; Samuel Rolles Driver (1971). 2018: 1710: 1697: 1620: 1611: 1598: 1582: 1569: 1163:—that remains preserved at the 769:reveal that he and his mother, 708: 701:to Esarhaddon. Baal I and 6503:Tourist attractions in Lebanon 6213:Khirbet El-Knese roman temples 5940:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia) 3944:Phoenician cities and colonies 3663:Liban une mosaïque de cultures 3455:. History of Medicine Series. 2677:Lebanese Ministry of Tourism. 1943: 1773:Jayne, Walter Addison (2003). 1740:Lebanese Ministry of Culture. 1733: 1588:Territory south of Sidon from 1549: 1516: 1143:" carved of a single block of 1028: 1006: 615: 535:and the main male divinity of 1: 6528:World Heritage Tentative List 3103:(in French). Paris: Brepols. 3068:Egeria: diary of a pilgrimage 2028:The Cambridge Ancient History 1727: 1705:Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 1650:appears next, enthroned with 1634:who is crowning an enthroned 1522:The Phoenicians did not mark 1351: 1252:, which was unearthed in the 1205:). The lower register honors 920: 742: 427:The sanctuary consists of an 409: 3667:Lebanon a mosaic of cultures 3500:Syria & Lebanon handbook 3289:Strazzulla, M. José (2004). 3162:Wright, George R. H (1985). 2977:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2138:Pritchard, James B. (1992). 1953:Sennacherib, King of Assyria 1452: 1445:inscribed both in Greek and 1383:or are in possession of the 1197:, who is depicted playing a 1052:Architecture and description 980:sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II 780:Plan of the temple of Eshmun 98:Temple of Eshmun (Near East) 7: 6478:Phoenician sites in Lebanon 6369:Saint Barbara of Heliopolis 6349:Stone of the Pregnant Woman 6288:Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon" 6128:Temples of the Beqaa Valley 6118:Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek) 6081:Roman Law school of Berytus 6076:Roman hippodrome of Berytus 5625:Stone of the Pregnant Woman 5585:Roman hippodrome of Berytus 3447:Hart, Gerald David (2000). 3066:Gingras, George E. (1970). 1992:Bromiley, Geoffrey (1995). 1744:(in French). Archived from 1579:" in the Esarhaddon treaty 1530:fitfully added a system of 1491: 1320: 969: 632:In the 9th century BC, the 556:Patriarch of Constantinople 10: 6559: 6389:Catholic Church in Lebanon 4924:Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte) 3534:Rodriguez, Raquel (2008). 3348:Ridgway, Brunilde Sismondo 2820:Krings, Veronique (1995). 1418:a snake curling on a staff 827:Phoenicia under Roman rule 703:Esarhaddon signed a treaty 652:died in 705 BC, King 622: 516:Ancient Canaanite religion 509: 6432: 6334:Phoenice (Roman province) 6321: 6193:Mansourieh Roman aqueduct 6098: 6087: 6066:Berytus Colonnaded street 6056:Cisterns of Berytus Baths 6031: 5875:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai 5525:Phoenician port of Beirut 5445:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze) 5090: 5012: 4891: 4835: 4704: 4677:Portus Magonis (Portimão) 4665: 4549: 4496: 4460: 4370: 4249: 4241:Strato's Tower (Caesarea) 4193: 4162: 4126: 3950: 3773:Lipiński, Edward (2004). 3621:Hitti, Philip K. (1957). 3037:Baudoin, Jacques (2006). 2950:. London: Quartet books. 2742:Berger, Philippe (1904). 1742:"Ministère de la Culture" 1617:In Strabo's "Geographica" 1377:National Museum of Beirut 1250:Weeping Women sarcophagus 1165:National Museum of Beirut 717:The ashlar podium at the 528: 505: 322: 317: 309: 301: 291: 283: 252: 229: 221: 216: 194: 186: 178: 164: 159: 122: 110: 48: 33: 27: 26: 6293:Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum 6233:Monastery of Saint Maron 6183:Canalizations of Zenobia 5245:Canalizations of Zenobia 4423:Ornithon (Tell el-Burak) 3248:Stucky, Rolf A. (1998). 2442:Stucky, Rolf A. (2002). 1510: 1254:royal necropolis of Aaya 911:Museum of Constantinople 549:Neoplatonist philosopher 6493:Phoenician inscriptions 6384:Christianity in Lebanon 6148:Ain Harcha roman temple 6123:Temples of Mount Hermon 6061:Berytus Cardo Decumanus 5430:Kouachra megalith field 5320:Heliopolis in Phoenicia 3661:Jidejian, Nina (2001). 3498:Mannheim, Ivan (2001). 2769:2027/mdp.39015011698654 2729:10.3406/syria.1924.3094 2585:Sidon, through the ages 2583:Jidejian, Nina (1971). 2363:Elayi, Josette (2006). 2318:José-Ángel Zamora López 1950:Elayi, Josette (2018). 864:Between 1737 and 1742, 855:Bodashtart inscriptions 786:Bodashtart inscriptions 613:river which was dubbed 457:Bodashtart inscriptions 114:Bustan el-Sheikh, near 6419:6th century in Lebanon 6414:5th century in Lebanon 6409:4th century in Lebanon 6404:3rd century in Lebanon 6399:2nd century in Lebanon 6359:Marcus Valerius Probus 6046:Roman Forum of Berytus 5930:Temple of the Obelisks 5580:Roman Forum of Berytus 5480:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir) 5230:Berytus (Roman Beirut) 3744:Janzen, David (2002). 3002:Kuhrt, Amélie (2007). 2760:10.3406/minf.1904.1582 2320:; Astrid Nunn (2005). 2168:Markoe, Glenn (2000). 1474:Byblos crusader castle 1406:Baalshillem Temple Boy 1368: 1357: 1348:Baalshillem Temple Boy 1274:hydraulic installation 1101:building resembling a 861: 781: 722: 6424:551 Beirut earthquake 6364:Eudokia of Heliopolis 6298:Tripolis in Phoenicia 5590:Roman temple of Bziza 5135:Akkar plain foothills 4267:Cape Melqart (Cefalù) 3293:(in French). Vision. 2946:Saleh, Nabil (2009). 2876:(in French), UNESCO, 2609:Barraclough, Geoffrey 2248:Hogarth, David George 1565:Bibliotheca Codex 242 1504:Roman temple of Bziza 1363: 1346: 1297:where statues of the 887:were built of finely 852: 835:Antoninus of Piacenza 804:Roman era and decline 779: 716: 638:Ashurnasirpal II 628:Historical background 593:and Mati'el, king of 296:Government of Lebanon 230:Excavation dates 144:33.58556°N 35.39806°E 101:Show map of Near East 6498:Temples of Asclepius 6283:Schleem roman temple 6263:Qal'at Bustra temple 6228:Monastery of Qozhaya 6223:Libbaya roman temple 4944:Maqom Hadesh (Ounga) 4782:Carthage (Cartagena) 4170:Callista (Santorini) 4108:Tipasa in Mauretania 4068:Rusippisir (Taksebt) 3775:Itineraria Phoenicia 3258:National Museum News 2948:The Curse of Ezekiel 2106:Aubet, María Eugenia 1751:on November 24, 2004 1427:bearing the name of 1126:period by a massive 984:Dionysius Periegetes 978:inscriptions on the 693:, the king of rival 323:Architectural styles 70:Shown within Lebanon 43:at the Eshmun Temple 6344:Phoenice Libanensis 6218:Labweh Roman temple 6051:Berytus Roman Baths 5845:Tell Rasm El Hadeth 4681:Olissipona (Lisbon) 3267:on January 15, 2021 3134:Syria & Lebanon 2900:Le Petit Futé Liban 2370:. digitorient.com. 1462:antiquities markets 1339:Artifacts and finds 1044:, the grove of the 894:Mission de Phénicie 811:classical antiquity 798:ritual purification 533:Phoenician pantheon 500:World Heritage Site 140: / 73:Show map of Lebanon 23: 6523:Temples in Lebanon 6513:Tourism in Lebanon 6473:Phoenician temples 6339:Palaestina Secunda 6238:Nahle roman temple 6208:Kafr Zabad temples 5885:Tell Sultan Yakoub 5835:Tell Neba'a Litani 5830:Tell Neba'a Chaate 5195:Baidar ech Chamout 4853:Balanaea (Baniyas) 4083:Rusuccuru (Dellys) 3091:Lipiński, Edward; 2973:"Temple d'Echmoun" 2482:– via JSTOR. 2394:Zamora, José-Ángel 2202:Zamora, José-Ángel 1707:, 20, (1967), p.53 1369: 1358: 1137:Hellenistic period 927:Lebanese Civil War 862: 782: 763:Greco-Persian Wars 745:529–333 BC). 723: 554:and ninth century 488:Lebanese Civil War 461:Eshmun inscription 310:Public access 265:Wilhelm Von Landau 149:33.58556; 35.39806 21: 6448: 6447: 6278:Saraain El Faouqa 6113:Temple of Bacchus 6071:Byzantine mosaics 5993: 5992: 5925:Temple of Jupiter 5915:Temple of Bacchus 5675:Tell Ain Ghessali 5670:Tell Ain el Meten 5600:Saraain El Faouqa 5043: 5042: 4673:Portus Hannibalis 4562:Arambys (Mogador) 4447:Ushu (Palaetyrus) 4428:Porphyreon (Jieh) 4297:Kapara (Soluntum) 4113:Tipasa in Numidia 4063:Rusicade (Skikda) 3694:. Vol. v.22 3213:Moscati, Sabatino 2754:(1). Paris: 270. 1526:at all until the 1447:Cypriot syllabary 1395:Phoenician name " 1180:Hellenistic style 1141:Throne of Astarte 1029:Asclepius fluvius 1007:Asclepius fluvius 993:, identified the 909:, curator of the 823:Septimius Severus 739:Achaemenid Empire 731:Nebuchadnezzar II 616:Asclepius fluvius 357:rendering support 344: 343: 41:Throne of Astarte 6550: 6543:Temple of Eshmun 6243:Nebi Safa temple 6198:Hebbariye temple 6153:Amioun Monastery 6101:(actual Lebanon) 6093: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5997: 5996: 5920:Temple of Eshmun 5530:Plain of Zgharta 5470:Maronite mummies 5425:Khirbet El-Knese 5380:Kamouh el Hermel 5310:Haret ech Cheikh 5280:Douris (Baalbek) 5260:Deir El Aachayer 5082: 5081: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5047: 5046: 4812:Tagilit (Tíjola) 4587:Shalat (Chellah) 4557:Azama (Azemmour) 3942: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3909: 3908: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3812:L'Orient-Le Jour 3806: 3797: 3796: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3658: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3478: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3384: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3316: 3305: 3304: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3275:– via AHL. 3274: 3272: 3266: 3255: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3209: 3194: 3193: 3169: 3159: 3148: 3147: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3034: 3028: 3027: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2817: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2771: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2712: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2674: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2618: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2580: 2565: 2564: 2538: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2439: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2369: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2332:(121): 119–129. 2313: 2307: 2306: 2282: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2165: 2154: 2153: 2135: 2124: 2123: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2022: 2016: 2015: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1924: 1911: 1902: 1901: 1884:Lipiński, Edward 1880: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1800: 1789: 1788: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1750: 1737: 1722: 1714: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1602: 1596: 1586: 1580: 1573: 1567: 1553: 1547: 1532:matres lectionis 1520: 1487: 1356: 1353: 1245: 1231: 1209:, who leads his 1083: 1069: 1043: 1034:Bustan el-Sheikh 1031: 1030: 1009: 1008: 951: 907:Theodore Makridi 845:Modern discovery 744: 656:joined with the 618: 617: 574:himself with an 530: 502:tentative list. 496:Southern Lebanon 480:treasure hunters 453:Phoenician texts 411: 396:in southwestern 378:place of worship 376:) is an ancient 375: 366:Temple of Eshmun 352: 260:Theodore Makridi 155: 154: 152: 151: 150: 145: 141: 138: 137: 136: 133: 102: 93: 92: 86: 74: 65: 64: 58: 38: 24: 22:Temple of Eshmun 20: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6444: 6428: 6317: 6308:Tyre Necropolis 6273:Castra El Banat 6143:Ain Aata temple 6100: 6099:Roman Phoenicia 6094: 6085: 6034:(actual Beirut) 6033: 6027: 6024: 5994: 5989: 5945:Tyre Necropolis 5840:Tell Qasr Labwe 5790:Tell Kabb Elias 5760:Tell Hoch Rafqa 5740:Tell El Ghassil 5710:Tell Bir Dakoue 5685:Tell Ain Saouda 5680:Tell Ain Nfaikh 5630:Tahun ben Aissa 5595:Sands of Beirut 5335:Jabal es Saaïdé 5285:Elaea (Lebanon) 5270:Deir Mar Maroun 5086: 5076: 5074: 5044: 5039: 5008: 4899:Aspis (Kelibia) 4887: 4831: 4700: 4686:Ossonoba (Faro) 4661: 4545: 4492: 4456: 4393:Athar (Tripoli) 4366: 4245: 4189: 4158: 4122: 3998:Iol (Cherchell) 3946: 3936: 3899: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3823: 3819: 3807: 3800: 3785: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3659: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3619: 3612: 3589: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3538: 3532: 3525: 3510: 3496: 3492: 3467: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3422: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3385:on June 2, 2009 3382: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3317: 3308: 3301: 3287: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3227: 3217:The Phoenicians 3210: 3197: 3182: 3160: 3151: 3144: 3130: 3126: 3111: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3035: 3031: 3016: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2944: 2940: 2929: 2925: 2910: 2896: 2892: 2883: 2881: 2868: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2834: 2818: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2740: 2736: 2713: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2675: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2627: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2581: 2568: 2553: 2539: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2440: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2414: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2367: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2314: 2310: 2295: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2222: 2199: 2195: 2180: 2166: 2157: 2150: 2136: 2127: 2120: 2103: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2080: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2039: 2023: 2019: 2004: 1990: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1964: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1912: 1905: 1898: 1881: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1817: 1801: 1792: 1785: 1771: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1715: 1711: 1702: 1698: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1603: 1599: 1587: 1583: 1574: 1570: 1561:Life of Isidore 1554: 1550: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1494: 1485: 1455: 1354: 1341: 1323: 1266:drunken revelry 1261: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1246: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1223: 1222: 1095:Babylonian rule 1091: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1061: 1060: 1054: 972: 949: 923: 903:Nassib Jumblatt 874:defensive walls 866:Richard Pococke 847: 839:Fakhr-al-Din II 806: 800:at the temple. 711: 630: 625: 518: 510:Main articles: 508: 362: 361: 360: 353: 313:Yes (for a fee) 279: 270:Gaston Contenau 248: 148: 146: 142: 139: 134: 131: 129: 127: 126: 106: 105: 104: 103: 100: 99: 96: 95: 94: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 68: 67: 66: 44: 29: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6556: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6508:Sidon District 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6000: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5910:Temnin el-Foka 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5890:Tell Taalabaya 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5825:Tell Nahariyah 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5795:Tell Majdaloun 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5745:Tell El Hadeth 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5725:Tell Derzenoun 5722: 5720:Tell Delhamieh 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5700:Tell Bar Elias 5697: 5692: 5690:Tell Ain Sofar 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5665:Tell Ain Cerif 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5545:Qalaat Tannour 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5505:Nahle, Lebanon 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5415:Khallet Michte 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5155:Anjar, Lebanon 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5073: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4991: 4986: 4976: 4971: 4969:Sicca (El Kef) 4966: 4961: 4956: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4814: 4809: 4799: 4794: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4764: 4759: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4729: 4719: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4604: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4536:Ras il-Wardija 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4475: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4418:Gebal (Byblos) 4415: 4413:Botrys (Teros) 4410: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4299: 4294: 4292:Heraclea Minoa 4289: 4279: 4269: 4264: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4095: 4085: 4080: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4050: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4023:Kissi (Djinet) 4020: 4010: 4000: 3995: 3985: 3975: 3970: 3960: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3897:External links 3895: 3893: 3892: 3817: 3798: 3783: 3765: 3758: 3736: 3729: 3711: 3704: 3682: 3675: 3650: 3610: 3593:Semitica Paris 3580: 3545:(in Spanish). 3523: 3508: 3490: 3465: 3439: 3420: 3396: 3367: 3360: 3336: 3329: 3306: 3299: 3278: 3240: 3225: 3195: 3180: 3149: 3142: 3124: 3109: 3093:Marcel Le Glay 3083: 3076: 3058: 3051: 3029: 3014: 2994: 2963: 2956: 2938: 2923: 2908: 2890: 2859: 2832: 2795: 2734: 2700: 2666: 2640: 2625: 2600: 2593: 2566: 2551: 2528: 2505:(8): 273–300. 2485: 2431: 2412: 2385: 2355: 2316:Xella, Paola; 2308: 2293: 2267: 2260: 2239: 2220: 2193: 2178: 2155: 2148: 2125: 2118: 2097: 2078: 2056: 2037: 2017: 2002: 1981: 1962: 1942: 1935: 1915:Stearns, Peter 1903: 1896: 1834: 1815: 1790: 1783: 1762: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1709: 1696: 1619: 1610: 1597: 1581: 1568: 1563:and Photius's 1548: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1493: 1490: 1470:Maurice Chehab 1454: 1451: 1410:Baalshillem II 1340: 1337: 1322: 1319: 1247: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1085: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1050: 971: 968: 964:World Heritage 946:World Heritage 939:archaeological 922: 919: 915:Maurice Dunand 870:anthropologist 846: 843: 805: 802: 710: 707: 629: 626: 624: 621: 591:Ashur-nirari V 507: 504: 484:Maurice Dunand 455:, such as the 406:Achaemenid era 354: 347: 346: 345: 342: 341: 324: 320: 319: 315: 314: 311: 307: 306: 303: 299: 298: 293: 289: 288: 285: 281: 280: 278: 277: 275:Maurice Dunand 272: 267: 262: 256: 254: 253:Archaeologists 250: 249: 247: 246: 243: 240: 237: 233: 231: 227: 226: 223: 219: 218: 214: 213: 196: 192: 191: 190:4th century AD 188: 184: 183: 182:7th century BC 180: 176: 175: 166: 162: 161: 157: 156: 124: 120: 119: 112: 108: 107: 97: 88: 87: 81: 80: 79: 78: 69: 60: 59: 53: 52: 51: 50: 49: 46: 45: 39: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6555: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6451: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6329:Roman Lebanon 6327: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6188:Dakoue temple 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6163:Augusti Pagus 6161: 6159: 6158:Arca Caesarea 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6097: 6092: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6032:Roman Berytus 6030: 6021: 6016: 6014: 6009: 6007: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5880:Tell Shamsine 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5815:Tell Mureibit 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5770:Tell Khardane 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5735:Tell el-Burak 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5560:Ras Baalbek I 5558: 5556: 5555:Qasr el Banat 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5540:Qal'at Bustra 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Hermel plains 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5265:Deir Al-Ahmar 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5250:Dahr El Ahmar 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5185:Augusti Pagus 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5160:Antelias cave 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5071: 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4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4567:Caricus Murus 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521:Gaulos (Gozo) 4519: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4362:Ṣiṣ (Palermo) 4360: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4150: 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163: 158: 153: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 85: 57: 47: 42: 37: 32: 28:𐤁𐤕 𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍 25: 19: 6450: 6268:Castra Chbib 6258:Qalaat Faqra 6178:Bziza temple 6168:Bakka temple 6133:Aaqbe temple 5919: 5905:Tell Zeitoun 5895:Tell Wardeen 5865:Tell Saoudhi 5860:Tell Safiyeh 5855:Tell Saatiya 5820:Tell Murtafa 5810:Tell Meouchi 5805:Tell Mekhada 5780:Tell Jezireh 5765:Tell Karmita 5755:Tell Hazzine 5730:Tell Dibbine 5705:Tell Beshara 5510:Neba'a Faour 5460:Majdal Anjar 5375:Kamid el-Loz 5360:Joub Jannine 5355:Jeita Grotto 5350:Jebel Aabeby 5305:Hadeth south 5235:Bustan Birke 5225:Belat temple 4652:Thymiaterium 4526:Għajn Qajjet 4351:Sant'Antioco 3973:Hippo Regius 3883:. 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Retrieved 1746:the original 1735: 1718: 1712: 1699: 1691: 1622: 1613: 1606:Aimé Pérétié 1600: 1590:Mount Carmel 1584: 1576: 1571: 1564: 1560: 1551: 1535: 1518: 1456: 1396: 1370: 1324: 1311:four seasons 1268:in honor of 1262: 1210: 1169: 1121: 1114: 1107:torus-shaped 1093:Built under 1092: 1033: 973: 953: 924: 893: 881:Ernest Renan 863: 819:Roman street 807: 783: 759:Sharon plain 747:Eshmunazar I 724: 709:Construction 697:, and loyal 631: 584: 524:form of the 519: 472:Christianity 468:Roman Empire 465: 426: 365: 363: 318:Architecture 18: 6374:Coele-Syria 6203:Iaat column 5965:Wadi Yaroun 5955:Umm al-Amad 5900:Tell Zenoub 5870:Tell Serhan 5800:Tell Masoud 5750:Tell Fadous 5570:Ras El Kelb 5500:Nachcharini 5400:Kafr Tebnit 5150:Amlaq Qatih 4904:Bulla Regia 4452:Umm al-Amad 4337:Pantelleria 4206:Akka (Acre) 4092:Aïn Oulmene 4073:Rusubbicari 4057:Tamentfoust 4017:Constantine 3271:January 15, 2788:February 8, 2478:January 27, 2424:February 7, 2232:February 7, 2170:Phoenicians 2049:February 7, 1974:February 7, 1577:Ia-su-mu-nu 1478:Rolf Stucky 1328:fertilizing 1307:Roman villa 1279:Roman epoch 1201:(a type of 1176:socleplated 1133:Ionic order 1042:بستان الشيخ 1024:Awali river 925:During the 878:orientalist 767:sarcophagus 674:Sennacherib 642:the Lebanon 572:emasculated 390:Awali river 335:Hellenistic 207:Hellenistic 147: / 123:Coordinates 6457:Categories 6173:Batroumine 6108:Heliopolis 5980:Ain W Zain 5960:Wadi Koura 5850:Tell Rayak 5775:Tell Kirri 5695:Tell Ayoub 5655:Tell Addus 5650:Tell Ablah 5645:Tell Aalaq 5615:Sin el Fil 5565:Ras Beirut 5465:Mansourieh 5455:Lion Tower 5370:Kafr Zabad 5295:Fadous Sud 5200:Batroumine 5175:Ard Tlaili 5170:Ard Saouda 5125:Ain Harcha 5120:Ain Choaab 4914:Hadrumetum 4732:Akra Leuka 4611:Casablanca 4443:Sur (Tyre) 3867:8870783268 3633:1390289985 3605:1082376089 3543:Herakleion 3389:August 28, 3024:1103630119 2511:1136050029 1728:References 1686:driving a 1668:Persephone 1656:Amphitrite 1393:theophoric 976:Phoenician 921:After 1975 889:rusticated 790:Bodashtart 771:Amoashtart 686:Esarhaddon 646:Phoenician 640:conquered 541:Babylonian 526:Phoenician 476:polytheism 414:Bodashtart 386:Phoenician 374:معبد أشمون 331:Achaemenid 327:Phoenician 302:Management 222:Discovered 217:Site notes 203:Achaemenid 199:Phoenician 173:Bodashtart 135:35°23′53″E 132:33°35′08″N 6253:Hosn Niha 5785:Tell Jisr 5715:Tell Deir 5660:Tell Ahle 5520:Hosn Niha 5515:Nebi Safa 5495:Nabi Zair 5485:Moukhtara 5435:Ksar Akil 5405:Kfar Qouq 5385:Karak Nuh 5300:Hebbariye 5220:Beit Mery 5210:Bechamoun 5035:Tahpanhes 5030:Gibraltar 5025:Phoenicus 5020:Myriandus 4929:Kerkouane 4806:Almunecar 4617:Volubilis 4488:Tsabratan 4342:Selinunte 4312:Lilybaeum 4079:El Bahri) 4053:Rusguniae 4028:Macomades 3963:Cartennae 3875:164865577 3851:2166-3548 3599:: 45–49. 3563:695327562 3555:1988-9100 3549:: 21–40. 2918:470949164 2852:March 17, 2778:603590108 2460:0012-1169 2338:0012-1169 2012:971421203 1680:Aphrodite 1557:Damascius 1453:Pillaging 1291:nymphaeum 1256:in Sidon. 1191:registers 1173:limestone 1099:pyramidal 1016:Asclepius 935:exit ramp 885:abutments 831:nymphaeum 794:Yatonmilk 658:Egyptians 650:Sargon II 599:Asclepius 552:Damascius 522:Latinized 474:replaced 433:limestone 429:esplanade 418:Yatonmilk 292:Ownership 284:Condition 245:1963–1975 239:1903–1904 236:1901–1903 187:Abandoned 118:, Lebanon 6354:Ulpianus 5970:Yammoune 5475:Mayrouba 5420:Kharayeb 5410:Kfarhata 5275:Dekwaneh 5140:Al-Bireh 5115:Ain Aata 4994:Thysdrus 4938:Monastir 4909:Carthage 4817:Toscanos 4797:Saguntum 4787:Rushadir 4736:Alicante 4666:Portugal 4632:Oualidia 4592:Tamusida 4541:Tas-Silġ 4505:Cospicua 4503:Maleth ( 4322:Neapolis 4306:Cagliari 4272:Drepanum 4231:Shikmona 4149:Lapathus 4077:Zemmouri 4047:Azeffoun 4038:Rachgoun 3988:Igilgili 3958:Camarata 3885:June 14, 3879:Archived 3793:52090604 3637:Archived 3567:Archived 3518:46500081 3485:14246298 3432:July 31, 3426:Archived 3350:(1997). 3235:47953853 3215:(2001). 3190:12299065 3119:29031989 2981:Archived 2878:archived 2846:Archived 2842:31376448 2782:Archived 2687:Archived 2683:Lebmania 2653:Archived 2611:(1981). 2561:50646537 2515:Archived 2472:Archived 2468:27931685 2418:Archived 2372:Archived 2342:Archived 2303:62279815 2226:Archived 2188:45096924 2108:(2001). 2090:July 15, 2084:Archived 2043:Archived 1968:Archived 1886:(1995). 1821:Archived 1688:quadriga 1660:Poseidon 1492:See also 1459:Beirut's 1429:Egyptian 1321:Function 1270:Dionysus 1207:Dionysus 1187:moldings 1103:ziggurat 970:Location 929:and the 901:notable 755:Xerxes I 727:Chaldean 678:Ittobaal 668:(modern 634:Assyrian 587:Assyrian 529:𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍 520:Eshmun ( 459:and the 445:ablution 422:hegemony 195:Cultures 111:Location 6533:Astarte 6322:Related 6041:Berytus 5620:Sarepta 5575:Rashaya 5550:Qaraoun 5490:Mtaileb 5450:Libbaya 5395:Kefraya 5390:Kaukaba 5345:Jdeideh 5315:Hashbai 5205:Batroun 5190:Baalbek 5130:Akbiyeh 5095:Aadloun 4998:El Djem 4989:Thapsus 4979:Tayinat 4974:Tabarka 4964:Ruspina 4892:Tunisia 4827:Tyreche 4791:Melilla 4752:Iboshim 4657:Rusibis 4627:Rusadir 4622:Mogador 4601:Tangier 4581:Larache 4550:Morocco 4482:Tripoli 4433:Sarepta 4398:Baalbek 4371:Lebanon 4357:Tharros 4276:Trapani 4143:Larnaca 4098:Thagora 4043:Rusazus 4007:Tigzirt 4003:Iomnium 3982:Algiers 3978:Icosium 3951:Algeria 3476:1927741 2635:7204600 1664:Demeter 1632:Artemis 1466:Ottoman 1435:Achoris 1432:Pharaoh 1422:granite 1389:ostraca 1373:in situ 1303:Maenads 1212:thiasos 1199:cithara 1161:capital 1159:topped 1157:protome 1153:Astarte 1145:granite 1124:Persian 1116:favissa 1111:protome 1002:pilgrim 999:Italian 956:Ezekiel 784:As the 735:Babylon 670:Larnaca 623:History 568:Astarte 560:Photius 404:in the 398:Lebanon 179:Founded 165:Builder 160:History 5640:Tayibe 5605:Shheem 5440:Labweh 5290:Flaoui 5255:Dakoue 5240:Byblos 5215:Beirut 5165:Apheca 5145:Amioun 5105:Aammiq 4953:Djerba 4949:Meninx 4934:Lepcis 4918:Sousse 4883:Ugarit 4873:Shuksi 4868:Safita 4863:Paltus 4771:Málaga 4767:Malake 4712:Abdera 4695:Tavira 4577:Likush 4531:Mtarfa 4468:Lepcis 4407:Beirut 4302:Karaly 4226:Reshef 4216:Michal 4201:Achzib 4194:Israel 4180:Rhodes 4163:Greece 4154:Marion 4139:Kition 4127:Cyprus 4118:Timici 4102:Taoura 4033:Malaca 3873: 3865: 3857: 3849: 3791: 3781: 3756: 3727: 3702: 3673: 3631: 3603: 3561: 3553: 3516: 3506: 3483: 3473: 3463: 3418: 3358: 3327: 3297: 3233: 3223: 3188: 3178: 3174:–101. 3140: 3117: 3107: 3074: 3049: 3022: 3012: 2954: 2916: 2906: 2840: 2830: 2776: 2633: 2623: 2591: 2559: 2549: 2509: 2466: 2458: 2410: 2336: 2301: 2291: 2258: 2218: 2186: 2176: 2146: 2116: 2076: 2035: 2010: 2000: 1960: 1933: 1894: 1813: 1781: 1684:Selene 1672:Helios 1644:Athena 1640:Apollo 1542: 1528:Punics 1524:vowels 1439:Paphos 1414:Kouros 1381:Louvre 1379:, the 1365:Votive 1332:votive 1299:nymphs 1295:niches 1287:mosaic 1283:Romans 1195:Apollo 1183:relief 1149:sphinx 1128:ashlar 1046:Sheikh 1038:Arabic 1020:Beirut 1012:Strabo 995:Eshmun 961:UNESCO 950:July 1 943:UNESCO 859:Louvre 751:Levant 719:Eshmun 699:vassal 691:Baal I 666:Kition 580:heaven 564:Beirut 545:Tammuz 543:deity 512:Eshmun 506:Eshmun 492:Israel 441:marble 437:podium 384:, the 382:Eshmun 370:Arabic 287:Ruined 6303:Tyrus 5985:Zahlé 5975:Yanta 5935:Toron 5635:Taire 5610:Sidon 5110:Aaqbe 5100:Aaiha 5013:Other 5004:Utica 4983:Thyna 4959:Ruspe 4878:Sumur 4858:Carne 4843:Arwad 4836:Syria 4821:Velez 4777:Onoba 4762:Mahón 4756:Ibiza 4747:Herna 4726:Ceuta 4722:Abyla 4705:Spain 4691:Balsa 4642:Gadir 4637:Zilil 4597:Tinga 4515:Mdina 4497:Malta 4472:Khoms 4461:Libya 4438:Sidon 4403:Birut 4347:Sulci 4332:Olbia 4317:Motya 4286:Erice 4257:Bitan 4250:Italy 4235:Haifa 4221:Jaffa 4185:Delos 4134:Dhali 4088:Sarai 4013:Cirta 3992:Jijel 3967:Tenes 3871:S2CID 3855:JSTOR 3665:[ 3539:(PDF) 3410:[ 3265:(PDF) 3254:(PDF) 3041:[ 2717:Syria 2464:JSTOR 2402:[ 2368:(PDF) 2210:[ 1676:Dione 1594:Jaffa 1511:Notes 1482:Basel 1443:stele 1425:altar 1401:Tanit 1397:grtnt 1315:altar 1293:with 988:Greek 899:Druze 729:king 662:Judah 636:king 611:Awali 603:Amrit 595:Arpad 589:king 537:Sidon 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