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328:, on the flimsiest of evidence. Vestals were required to show a near supernatural level of moral superiority. Failures, and their punishment, were extremely rare. The respect and social privileges that came from their position, a generous pension, and a complete lack of personal experience of the duties attached to Roman marriage, seems to have encouraged many to remain in the priesthood after their term of service had officially ended.
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558:, director of the Roman Forum, embarked on a new round of excavations. His works were published in 1900 and included measurements and sections of the temple's foundation, photos and drawings of the principal architectural elements, and a restored plan of the building. Finally, in 1930-1931 Alfonso Bartoli reconstructed two and a half of the Temple of Vesta's bays, which can still be seen in the forum today.
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340:. Some researchers argue that the circular footprint of the Temple of Vesta was meant to symbolize the earth and the domed roof symbolized the heavens. All temples to Vesta were round, and had entrances facing east to enhance the connection between Vesta's fire and the sun as sources of life. The Temple of Vesta represents the site of ancient religious activity as far back as the 7th century BCE.
49:
531:. However, in 1549 AD, the temple was demolished, and its marble was repurposed to build churches and papal palaces. Most of our knowledge about what the original Temple of Vesta looked like come from its depictions on coins and art. One piece of art that depicts the Temple of Vesta is a marble relief in the
456:. Lucius Caecilius was blinded by the flames, and it was believed that this was the result of him breaking the tradition of the temple which barres men from entering. Fires also occurred again in 210 BC and again in the early first century BC. The temple was rebuilt again during the reigns of Augustus and
311:
until marriage was considered proper in Rome, long-term celibacy was not, as women were generally expected to marry, and give birth to heirs for their husbands. A Vestal who broke her vow of chastity during her priestly tenure disrupted the relationship between Rome and its gods. The Romans believed
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in a subterranean cell within the city boundary, with a little food and water, and left to die. If disasters struck, in any form, Vestals who seemed less than perfect in attitude, morals or behaviour might be accused of secretly breaking their vows and thus causing the disaster. For example, in 114
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The Temple of Vesta was tended by the six Vestal
Virgins, drawn between the ages of 6 and 10 from freeborn, or traditionally, aristocratic families. They surrendered all legal connections with their birth family, and came under the authority of the
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was closely tied to the fortunes of the city, and that its extinction signified imminent disaster for Rome. Although it is known as a temple in modern times, its site, orientation and floor plan were not determined through
444:, the second destruction in 241 BC may have started because of the fire in the temple itself. During the fire, the Vestals were unable to collect the cult objects, and they were destroyed along with the Temple of Vesta.
981:
Sherlock, David (2011-08-17). "Rome: an Oxford archaeological guide (2nd edn). By Amanda
Claridge, with contributions by Judith Toms and Tony Cubberley. Oxford University Press, 2010. ISBN 9780199546831".
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to the middle of the temple. The interior wall is 0.60 meters thick and the diameter of the inside of the temple is 8.6 meters. The Temple was on a high platform and wide steps lead up to the entrance.
408:(Sacred Way) which ran uphill. This cluster of buildings was destroyed in the great fire of 64 AD; the temple was rebuilt by Trajan over several years. Another rebuilding was sponsored by
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368:, Vesta's had a hearth and flame that burned continuously, day and night. The temple was the storehouse for the legal wills and documents of Roman Senators and cult objects such as the
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550:'s excavation of the Temple of Vesta and the publishing of his findings. During his exploration he was able to uncover many parts of the Temple of Vesta, including parts of the
440:
records that after the Gauls burned down the temple, they soon returned to find that the
Vestals had rekindled their sacred fire among the ruins of the temple. According to
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The temple of Vesta was unique in its design, as it was round as opposed to rectangular like many other temples. The circular shape of the Vesta temples were based on the
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Modern archaeological investigation began on the site of the Temple of Vesta in the late nineteenth century. The exploration began in 1877 with archaeologist
271:. At first there were just two Vestals, but by the end of the Republic, there were six. Vesta was the goddess of Rome's hearths. The Romans believed that her
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began in private homes, the architecture seems to pay homage to the architecture of early Roman homes. The temple's current, ruinous form employs elements of
400:
are the earliest evidence of the Cult of Vesta. The original Temple of Vesta stood on the east end of the forum near the house of the Vestal
Virgins and the
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It was one of the earliest structures in the Roman Forum, although its final form was the result of subsequent rebuilding. While most Roman temples held a
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203:. The Temple of Vesta housed Vesta's holy fire, which was a symbol of Rome's safety and prosperity. The temple has a circular footprint, making it a
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Archaeologists have found that the Temple of Vesta was built on a circular foundation. Circling the exterior of the temple were twenty
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For minor failures of duty, Vestals could be whipped. For breaking their vow of chastity, a Vestal could be condemned to a
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Erdkamp, Paul, in "War, Vestal
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in the 4th-century. The Temple of Vesta, the Atrium of the Vestal
Virgins (House of the Vestal Virgins), and the
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The temple was destroyed and rebuilt many times. The first destruction of the temple was by the
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fifteen meters in diameter. The roof probably had a vent at the apex to allow smoke to release.
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that this would lead to disaster, such as pestilence, social breakdown or military defeats.
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754:"Wildfang, Robin Lorsch (2006), Rome's Vestal Virgins, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-39795-7".
351:. The radius of the temple was about 6.19 meters. This measured from the outer line of the
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The most prominent feature of the ruins that were once the Temple of Vesta is the hearth.
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Cody, Jane M. (January 1973). "New
Evidence for the Republican Aedes Vestae".
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during their 30-year tenure set them apart from other Roman women. While
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The
Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire
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1031:(1st ed.). University of Michigan Library. pp. 224–232
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Aedes Vestae - Temple of Vesta - Tempio di Vesta, Reconstructed
920:
Plutarch, Life of Numa, 10.1, translation, Loeb edition, 1914,
709:
The Roman Forum : a reconstruction and architectural guide
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Vesta : a study on the origin of a goddess and her cultus
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The Rome Guide: Step by Step through
History's Greatest City
909:
Portraits of the Vestal
Virgins, Priestesses of Ancient Rome
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184:
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A place at the altar : priestesses in Republican Rome
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and ceiling. Exploration continued from 1898 to 1900 when
1074:
The Roman Forum: A Reconstruction and Architectural Guide
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The Temple of Vesta remained reasonably intact until the
506:, on account of the rise of Christianity in the empire.
911:, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbour, 2015, p. 34
666:
502:
The sacred flame was finally extinguished in 394 AD by
896:
Religion and Classical Warfare. II: The Roman Republic
452:
at the time, went into the burning temple to save the
944:"XV.—The Temple and Atrium of Vesta and the Regia"
570: – Ancient religious monument in Rome, Italy
4136:
280:. It was therefore known as a shrine (in Latin,
706:
4170:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
1110:"The Temple and Atrium of Vesta and the Regia"
586:was initially thought to be a temple of Vesta.
394:persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
1708:
1291:
1072:Gorski, Gilbert J.; Packer, James E. (2015),
840:DiLuzio, Meghan J., 1981- (11 October 2016).
509:
1092:The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature
1071:
289:
226:. The sacred hearth was housed in a central
31:Reconstructed remains of the Temple of Vesta
3807:Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria
1094:(Third ed.), Oxford University Press,
876:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
497:
3958:
3692:Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum
1715:
1701:
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880:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
872:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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404:. Beyond that cluster of buildings is the
303:, Rome's chief priest. The Vestal oath of
1356:Temple of Jupiter Stator (8th century BC)
1211:
1120:
1107:
1028:The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome
941:
480:1805 Illustration of the Temple of Vesta.
16:Ancient religious monument in Rome, Italy
4175:Burned buildings and structures in Italy
3857:Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum
2775:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
1147:
1089:
1053:
1024:
980:
518:
514:
423:
1129:
898:, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2020, p.9
388:; the statue was felt to be one of the
247:The first Temple of Vesta was built by
56:
4137:
3792:Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia
2780:Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
614:
79:Click on the map for a fullscreen view
3060:Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio
1722:
1696:
1279:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
662:
660:
658:
615:Wright, William Aldis (5 July 2015).
3467:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy
2815:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana
1684:List of monuments of the Roman Forum
835:
833:
831:
791:
787:
785:
596:History of early modern period domes
267:, and founded the priestly order of
3483:Column of the Immaculate Conception
3412:in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere
926:
617:The journal of philology. Volume 14
419:
380:) believed to have been brought by
13:
3812:Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome
2765:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
1212:Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012).
923:available at Bill Thayer's website
683:
655:
14:
4191:
3762:Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica
3727:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
2203:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
1166:
828:
782:
428:Outer wall of the Temple of Vesta
3827:Museum of the Liberation of Rome
3772:Museo delle anime del Purgatorio
3722:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
3712:Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna
2173:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
1678:
1321:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
1233:
707:Gorski, Gilbert (11 June 2015).
667:Wright, Richard Everett (1999).
485:
473:
55:
47:
41:
25:
3832:National Museum of Oriental Art
3732:Giorgio de Chirico House Museum
3161:Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari
3146:Domus Internationalis Paulus VI
1305:
1148:Wildfang, Robin Lorsch (2006),
1047:
1018:
974:
844:. Princeton. pp. 146–147.
794:American Journal of Archaeology
3852:Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
2647:Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas
1134:, Cambridge University Press,
1121:Middleton, John Henry (1892),
1108:Middleton, John Henry (1886).
1076:, Cambridge University Press,
942:Middleton, John Henry (1886).
914:
901:
888:
747:
608:
1:
1386:Temple of Vespasian and Titus
1056:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places
711:. Packer, James E. New York.
601:
574:List of Ancient Roman temples
523:The Roman Forum in Modern Day
259:. He also built the original
3817:Museum of Roman Civilization
3747:Keats–Shelley Memorial House
3226:Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne
2770:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
1197:Resources in other libraries
183:), is an ancient edifice in
7:
3909:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
3787:Museo di Roma in Trastevere
3757:Museo Archeologico Ostiense
3493:Hospital of the Holy Spirit
3065:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura
2672:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker
2642:Catacombs of San Sebastiano
1336:Temple of Castor and Pollux
1123:The Remains of Ancient Rome
561:
359:
331:
265:House of the Vestal Virgins
201:House of the Vestal Virgins
10:
4196:
4150:Temples of the Roman Forum
4050:Castello Orsini-Odescalchi
3136:Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi
2910:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini
2905:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina
2178:Temple of Apollo Palatinus
1054:Brockman, Norbert (2011),
1025:Lanciani, Rodolfo (1897).
510:Modern Day Temple of Vesta
242:
237:
69:Shown within Augustan Rome
4116:
4088:
4028:
4006:
3951:
3870:
3842:Palazzo delle Esposizioni
3680:
3630:
3516:
3455:
3309:
3271:Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli
3171:Palazzo della Cancelleria
3123:
3103:
2753:
2712:
2617:
2594:
2569:Column of Marcus Aurelius
2556:
2474:
2409:
2349:Basilica of Junius Bassus
2327:
2265:
2193:Temple of Hercules Victor
2183:Temple of Apollo Sosianus
2158:
2122:
2097:
2030:
2010:Arch of Septimius Severus
1977:
1966:
1932:
1730:
1676:
1562:
1526:
1500:
1487:Arch of Septimius Severus
1464:
1409:
1313:
1192:Resources in your library
1130:Stamper, John W. (2005),
1058:, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO,
996:10.1017/s0003581511000230
960:10.1017/s0261340900006366
580:Temple of Hercules Victor
446:Lucius Caecilius Metellus
263:("king's house") and the
154:
146:
141:
133:
96:
84:
77:
36:
24:
4040:Appian Way Regional Park
3847:Pigorini National Museum
3767:Museo Civico di Zoologia
3402:della Piazza dei Quiriti
3114:List of churches in Rome
3055:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re
2880:S. Croce in Via Flaminia
2855:S. Cecilia in Trastevere
2840:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio
2820:S. Apollinare alle Terme
2800:S. Anastasia al Palatino
2785:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura
2564:Column of Antoninus Pius
2241:Largo di Torre Argentina
2213:Temple of Minerva Medica
2208:Temple of Jupiter Tonans
1381:Temple of Venus and Roma
1376:Shrine of Venus Cloacina
1326:Temple of Divus Augustus
1090:Howatson, M. C. (2011),
762:(4): 22–24. 2014-05-13.
568:Largo di Torre Argentina
498:Fate of the Sacred Flame
90:Regio VIII Forum Romanum
4180:Destroyed Roman temples
3928:Portonaccio sarcophagus
3915:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
3892:Colossus of Constantine
3887:Augustus of Prima Porta
3862:Venanzo Crocetti Museum
3822:Museum of the Ara Pacis
3797:Museo Nazionale Etrusco
3717:Galleria Doria Pamphilj
3607:Via della Conciliazione
3567:Piazza della Repubblica
3196:Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini
3151:Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga
2990:S. Maria della Vittoria
2885:S. Croce in Gerusalemme
2835:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola
2790:S. Agnese fuori le mura
2257:Porta Maggiore Basilica
1958:Obelisk of Montecitorio
1444:Colossus of Constantine
984:The Antiquaries Journal
768:10.1108/rr-11-2013-0288
591:Temple of Vesta, Tivoli
191:. It is located in the
158:unknown old Kingdom era
4145:Roman temples by deity
4098:Festa della Repubblica
3938:Sistine Chapel ceiling
3802:Museo Nazionale Romano
3672:Parco degli Acquedotti
3652:Villa Borghese gardens
3612:Via dei Fori Imperiali
3186:Palazzo della Consulta
3070:S. Silvestro in Capite
2975:S. Maria in Trastevere
2970:S. Maria sopra Minerva
2945:S. Maria in Montesanto
2805:S. Andrea delle Fratte
2677:Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus
2662:Mausoleum of Maxentius
2632:Catacombs of Domitilla
2540:Villa of the Quintilii
1240:Temple of Vesta (Rome)
524:
429:
168:, or the aedes (Latin
4090:Events and traditions
3897:La Bocca della Verità
3742:Jewish Museum of Rome
3236:Palazzo del Quirinale
3080:S. Sofia a Via Boccea
2940:S. Maria degli Angeli
2930:S. Maria Ausiliatrice
2810:S. Andrea della Valle
2652:Mausoleum of Augustus
2586:Five-Columns Monument
2534:Insula dell'Ara Coeli
2386:Portico Dii Consentes
2354:Basilica of Maxentius
1658:Umbilicus urbis Romae
1518:Five-Columns Monument
1439:Basilica of Maxentius
1401:Portico Dii Consentes
1242:at Wikimedia Commons
1150:Rome's Vestal Virgins
671:. Bell & Howell.
522:
515:Modern reconstruction
427:
210:Since the worship of
4155:Rome R. X Campitelli
3943:Velletri Sarcophagus
3903:Laocoön and His Sons
3657:Villa Doria Pamphili
3562:Piazza della Minerva
3387:di Piazza d'Aracoeli
3276:Palazzo del Viminale
3221:Palazzo di Giustizia
3050:Sacro Cuore di Maria
3035:Ss. Quattro Coronati
3020:S. Pietro in Vincoli
3005:S. Nicola in Carcere
3000:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo
2985:S. Maria in Via Lata
2960:S. Maria in Aracoeli
2950:S. Maria in Cosmedin
2925:S. Lorenzo in Lucina
2920:S. Lorenzo in Damaso
2915:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
2860:Ss. Celso e Giuliano
2845:S. Camillo de Lellis
2461:Theatre of Marcellus
2233:House of the Vestals
1395:House of the Vestals
1268:House of the Vestals
3463:Altare della Patria
3124:Castles and palaces
2995:S. Martino ai Monti
2965:S. Maria del Popolo
2955:S. Maria in Domnica
2900:S. Francesca Romana
2870:Ss. Cosma e Damiano
2692:Tombs of Via Latina
2687:Tomb of the Scipios
2682:Tomb of the Haterii
2657:Mausoleum of Helena
2456:Stadium of Domitian
2446:Gardens of Maecenas
2422:Circus of Maxentius
2359:Basilica of Neptune
2336:Basilica Argentaria
2140:Baths of Diocletian
2113:Cloaca Circi Maximi
1985:Arch of Constantine
1953:Obelisk of Minerveo
1638:Puteal Scribonianum
1492:Arch of Constantine
907:Lindner, Molly M.,
338:primitive round hut
118:41.8917°N 12.4862°E
114: /
21:
4108:Rome Film Festival
4070:Villa Aldobrandini
3697:Capitoline Museums
3542:Clivus Capitolinus
3201:Palazzo Giustinani
3141:Castel Sant'Angelo
3085:S. Stefano Rotondo
2667:Pyramid of Cestius
2516:Palace of Domitian
2451:Gardens of Sallust
2298:Forum of Vespasian
2218:Temple of Portunus
2135:Baths of Caracalla
1539:Clivus Capitolinus
1433:Basilica Sempronia
525:
430:
349:Corinthian capital
220:Corinthian columns
216:Greek architecture
19:
4165:Destroyed temples
4160:Vesta (mythology)
4132:
4131:
4103:Rome Quadriennale
4030:Metropolitan City
4024:
4023:
3707:Galleria Borghese
3582:Piazza San Pietro
3557:Piazza del Popolo
3552:Piazza d'Aracoeli
3525:and public spaces
3407:di Piazza Nicosia
3397:di Piazza Farnese
3392:di Piazza Colonna
3266:Palazzo Valentini
3156:Palazzo Barberini
2850:S. Carlo al Corso
2749:
2748:
2740:Ponte Sant'Angelo
2697:Tomb of Priscilla
2637:Catacombs of Rome
2511:House of Augustus
2500:Domus Transitoria
2466:Theatre of Pompey
2393:Porticus Octaviae
2283:Forum of Augustus
2188:Temple of Hadrian
2000:Arch of Gallienus
1990:Arch of Dolabella
1948:Flaminian Obelisk
1724:Landmarks of Rome
1690:
1689:
1534:Milliarium Aureum
1361:Temple of Romulus
1331:Temple of Concord
1274:
1273:
1264:Succeeded by
1258:Landmarks of Rome
1238:Media related to
1173:Library resources
1159:978-0-415-39795-7
1101:978-0-19-954855-2
1083:978-0-521-19244-6
1065:978-1-59884-654-6
851:978-1-4008-8303-5
756:Reference Reviews
718:978-0-521-19244-6
626:978-1-139-52367-7
462:Septimius Severus
414:Septimius Severus
162:
161:
137:Roman Old kingdom
4187:
3956:
3955:
3881:Apollo Belvedere
3777:Museo delle Mura
3597:Via dei Coronari
3587:Piazza di Spagna
3281:Palazzo Wedekind
3241:Palazzo Pamphilj
3166:Palazzo Borghese
3075:S. Sisto Vecchio
2603:Porticus Aemilia
2575:Column of Phocas
2557:Column monuments
2318:Forum Holitorium
2223:Temple of Saturn
2130:Baths of Agrippa
2046:Aqua Alexandrina
1978:Triumphal arches
1975:
1974:
1847:Castra Praetoria
1717:
1710:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1681:
1633:Plutei of Trajan
1628:Mamertine Prison
1513:Column of Phocas
1477:Arch of Tiberius
1472:Arch of Augustus
1419:Basilica Aemilia
1366:Temple of Saturn
1346:Temple of Caesar
1300:
1293:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1261:Temple of Vesta
1252:Temple of Saturn
1248:Preceded by
1245:
1244:
1237:
1229:
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1144:
1126:
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681:
680:
664:
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638:
612:
489:
477:
450:Pontifex Maximus
420:Building history
301:pontifex maximus
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
123:41.8917; 12.4862
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
59:
58:
51:
45:
29:
22:
18:
4195:
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4186:
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4184:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4112:
4084:
4060:Hadrian's Villa
4032:of Rome Capital
4031:
4020:
4016:Monte Testaccio
4002:
3947:
3866:
3837:Palazzo Colonna
3683:
3676:
3634:
3626:
3537:Campo de' Fiori
3524:
3512:
3456:Other landmarks
3451:
3427:Quattro Fontane
3305:
3291:Villa Farnesina
3286:Palazzo Zuccari
3256:Palazzo Ruspoli
3191:Palazzo Farnese
3181:Palazzo Colonna
3119:
3099:
2980:S. Maria in Via
2756:
2745:
2708:
2703:Vigna Randanini
2613:
2609:Trajan's Market
2590:
2581:Trajan's Column
2552:
2486:Domus Augustana
2470:
2405:
2323:
2288:Forum of Caesar
2261:
2228:Temple of Vesta
2198:Temple of Janus
2154:
2150:Baths of Trajan
2118:
2093:
2060:Aqua Anio Novus
2053:Aqua Anio Vetus
2026:
1969:
1962:
1943:Lateran Obelisk
1928:
1731:Walls and gates
1726:
1721:
1691:
1686:
1672:
1608:Gemonian stairs
1580:Ficus Ruminalis
1558:
1522:
1496:
1460:
1456:Basilica Porcia
1451:Basilica Opimia
1423:Basilica Fulvia
1405:
1391:Temple of Vesta
1370:Altar of Saturn
1351:Temple of Janus
1309:
1304:
1265:
1260:
1249:
1226:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1181:
1180:
1178:Temple of Vesta
1176:
1169:
1160:
1142:
1102:
1084:
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478:
422:
390:Pignora Imperii
362:
334:
296:
294:and the Vestals
245:
240:
181:Tempio di Vesta
166:Temple of Vesta
150:Unknown builder
122:
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113:
108:
105:
103:
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80:
73:
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63:Temple of Vesta
60:
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20:Temple of Vesta
17:
12:
11:
5:
4193:
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3737:Galleria Spada
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:Casa di Goethe
3699:
3694:
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3686:
3678:
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3669:
3667:Villa Torlonia
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3632:Parks, gardens
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:Piazza Venezia
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3572:Piazza Farnese
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:Piazza Colonna
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
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3480:
3475:
3470:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:Trevi Fountain
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:di Ponte Sisto
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
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3303:
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3293:
3288:
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3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Palazzo Riario
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Palazzo Mattei
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3211:Palazzo Madama
3208:
3206:Lateran Palace
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
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3125:
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3120:
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3105:Other churches
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2755:Roman Catholic
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2728:Pons Fabricius
2724:
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2542:
2537:
2530:
2528:Villa of Livia
2525:
2522:Villa Gordiani
2518:
2513:
2508:
2506:Flavian Palace
2503:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2427:Circus of Nero
2424:
2419:
2417:Circus Maximus
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2365:Basilica Ulpia
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2343:Basilica Julia
2339:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2303:Trajan's Forum
2300:
2295:
2293:Forum of Nerva
2290:
2285:
2275:
2269:
2267:
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2260:
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1995:Arch of Drusus
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1849:
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1808:San Sebastiano
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1738:Aurelian Walls
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1591:Curia Cornelia
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1549:Vicus Jugarius
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1508:Columna Maenia
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1429:Basilica Julia
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1167:External links
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1225:9781623710088
1221:
1218:. Interlink.
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1152:, Routledge,
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584:Forum Boarium
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556:Giaccomo Boni
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488:
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464:by his wife,
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317:living burial
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257:Roman Kingdom
254:
251:, the second
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28:
23:
4124:Vatican City
4075:Villa d'Este
4065:Ostia Antica
4045:Capo di Bove
4011:Tiber Island
3920:
3913:
3901:
3879:
3662:Villa Medici
3503:Sisto Bridge
3473:Campo Verano
3377:del Pantheon
3322:Acqua Felice
3301:Villa Madama
3296:Villa Giulia
3246:Palazzo Poli
3112:
3010:S. Pancrazio
2895:S. Eustachio
2875:S. Crisogono
2825:Ss. Apostoli
2738:
2734:Ponte Milvio
2726:
2721:Pons Cestius
2719:
2701:
2624:
2601:
2546:
2532:
2520:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2475:Palaces and
2438:Ludus Magnus
2436:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2341:
2334:
2316:
2309:
2239:
2227:
2165:
2123:Public baths
2111:
2104:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2067:Aqua Claudia
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2019:
1872:Caelimontana
1867:Servian Wall
1857:Terreus Wall
1830:Cavalleggeri
1825:Leonine Wall
1803:San Giovanni
1613:Graecostasis
1578:
1554:Vicus Tuscus
1442:
1390:
1266:
1257:
1250:
1232:
1214:
1187:Online books
1177:
1149:
1131:
1122:
1114:Archaeologia
1113:
1091:
1073:
1055:
1048:Bibliography
1033:. Retrieved
1027:
1020:
987:
983:
976:
951:
948:Archaeologia
947:
916:
908:
903:
895:
890:
841:
800:(1): 43–50.
797:
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749:
708:
668:
616:
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545:
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504:Theodosius I
501:
431:
363:
342:
335:
314:
300:
297:
291:
281:
246:
209:
180:
169:
165:
163:
88:
3960:Seven Hills
3682:Museums and
3488:Conti Tower
3342:Il Facchino
3327:Acqua Paola
3025:S. Prassede
2865:S. Clemente
2795:S. Agostino
2547:sette bassi
2493:Domus Aurea
2379:Curia Julia
2273:Roman Forum
2088:Aqua Tepula
2081:Aqua Marcia
2021:Arcus Novus
1862:Romuli Wall
1663:Velian Hill
1623:Lapis Niger
1601:Curia Julia
1307:Roman Forum
1035:7 September
990:: 354–355.
552:entablature
548:R. Lanciani
529:Renaissance
466:Julia Domna
436:in 390 BC.
410:Julia Domna
366:cult statue
273:sacred fire
193:Roman Forum
121: /
97:Coordinates
4139:Categories
3978:Capitoline
3622:Via Veneto
3532:Appian Way
3432:Tartarughe
2890:S. Eugenio
2830:S. Balbina
2400:Tabularium
2074:Aqua Julia
2039:Aqua Appia
1897:Fontinalis
1813:Settimiana
1653:Tabularium
602:References
578:The round
412:, wife of
353:architrave
326:inchastity
109:12°29′10″E
106:41°53′30″N
3983:Esquiline
3952:Landscape
3647:Villa Ada
3617:Via Sacra
3362:Navicella
3337:Barcaccia
3310:Fountains
3095:S. Vitale
3090:S. Teresa
3045:S. Sabina
2757:basilicas
2432:Colosseum
2167:Ara Pacis
2159:Religious
2031:Aqueducts
1970:landmarks
1922:Trigemina
1902:Gallienus
1892:Esquilina
1887:Dolabella
1818:Tiburtina
1798:San Paolo
1768:Nomentana
1743:Ardeatina
1544:Via Sacra
1411:Basilicas
1012:162421099
1004:0003-5815
968:0261-3409
868:cite book
860:959609401
822:193103816
776:0950-4125
735:cite book
727:858749352
677:477152057
643:cite book
635:915339299
454:palladium
406:Via Sacra
370:Palladium
305:virginity
195:near the
4055:Frascati
3993:Quirinal
3988:Palatine
3968:Aventine
3642:Bioparco
3635:and zoos
3347:Marforio
3015:Pantheon
2935:S. Marco
2595:Commerce
2372:Comitium
2252:Pantheon
2247:Lupercal
1935:obelisks
1933:Ancient
1907:Viminale
1778:Pinciana
1763:Metronia
1758:Maggiore
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