Speech synthesis - Knowledge

1522: 1740:. The software was licensed from third-party developers Joseph Katz and Mark Barton (later, SoftVoice, Inc.) and was featured during the 1984 introduction of the Macintosh computer. This January demo required 512 kilobytes of RAM memory. As a result, it could not run in the 128 kilobytes of RAM the first Mac actually shipped with. So, the demo was accomplished with a prototype 512k Mac, although those in attendance were not told of this and the synthesis demo created considerable excitement for the Macintosh. In the early 1990s Apple expanded its capabilities offering system wide text-to-speech support. With the introduction of faster PowerPC-based computers they included higher quality voice sampling. Apple also introduced 408: 1654:. The program was available for non-Macintosh Apple computers (including the Apple II, and the Lisa), various Atari models and the Commodore 64. The Apple version preferred additional hardware that contained DACs, although it could instead use the computer's one-bit audio output (with the addition of much distortion) if the card was not present. The Atari made use of the embedded POKEY audio chip. Speech playback on the Atari normally disabled interrupt requests and shut down the ANTIC chip during vocal output. The audible output is extremely distorted speech when the screen is on. The Commodore 64 made use of the 64's embedded SID audio chip. 980:; however, many concatenative systems also have rules-based components. Many systems based on formant synthesis technology generate artificial, robotic-sounding speech that would never be mistaken for human speech. However, maximum naturalness is not always the goal of a speech synthesis system, and formant synthesis systems have advantages over concatenative systems. Formant-synthesized speech can be reliably intelligible, even at very high speeds, avoiding the acoustic glitches that commonly plague concatenative systems. High-speed synthesized speech is used by the visually impaired to quickly navigate computers using a 567: 1898:, a text-to-speech utility for people who have visual impairment. Third-party programs such as JAWS for Windows, Window-Eyes, Non-visual Desktop Access, Supernova and System Access can perform various text-to-speech tasks such as reading text aloud from a specified website, email account, text document, the Windows clipboard, the user's keyboard typing, etc. Not all programs can use speech synthesis directly. Some programs can use plug-ins, extensions or add-ons to read text aloud. Third-party programs are available that can read text from the system clipboard. 574: 68: 1208:. The company states its software is built to adjust the intonation and pacing of delivery based on the context of language input used. It uses advanced algorithms to analyze the contextual aspects of text, aiming to detect emotions like anger, sadness, happiness, or alarm, which enables the system to understand the user's sentiment, resulting in a more realistic and human-like inflection. Other features include multilingual speech generation and long-form content creation with contextually-aware voices. 523:(LSP) method for high-compression speech coding, while at NTT. From 1975 to 1981, Itakura studied problems in speech analysis and synthesis based on the LSP method. In 1980, his team developed an LSP-based speech synthesizer chip. LSP is an important technology for speech synthesis and coding, and in the 1990s was adopted by almost all international speech coding standards as an essential component, contributing to the enhancement of digital speech communication over mobile channels and the internet. 832:(DSP) to the recorded speech. DSP often makes recorded speech sound less natural, although some systems use a small amount of signal processing at the point of concatenation to smooth the waveform. The output from the best unit-selection systems is often indistinguishable from real human voices, especially in contexts for which the TTS system has been tuned. However, maximum naturalness typically require unit-selection speech databases to be very large, in some systems ranging into the 1328:

also be read as "one three two five", "thirteen twenty-five" or "thirteen hundred and twenty five". A TTS system can often infer how to expand a number based on surrounding words, numbers, and punctuation, and sometimes the system provides a way to specify the context if it is ambiguous. Roman numerals can also be read differently depending on context. For example, "Henry VIII" reads as "Henry the Eighth", while "Chapter VIII" reads as "Chapter Eight".

2371: 877:. Diphone synthesis suffers from the sonic glitches of concatenative synthesis and the robotic-sounding nature of formant synthesis, and has few of the advantages of either approach other than small size. As such, its use in commercial applications is declining, although it continues to be used in research because there are a number of freely available software implementations. An early example of Diphone synthesis is a teaching robot, 1350: 193: 1818: 1320:" to aid in disambiguating homographs. This technique is quite successful for many cases such as whether "read" should be pronounced as "red" implying past tense, or as "reed" implying present tense. Typical error rates when using HMMs in this fashion are usually below five percent. These techniques also work well for most European languages, although access to required training 1601:). The synthesizer uses a variant of linear predictive coding and has a small in-built vocabulary. The original intent was to release small cartridges that plugged directly into the synthesizer unit, which would increase the device's built-in vocabulary. However, the success of software text-to-speech in the Terminal Emulator II cartridge canceled that plan. 1443:

approach works on any input, but the complexity of the rules grows substantially as the system takes into account irregular spellings or pronunciations. (Consider that the word "of" is very common in English, yet is the only word in which the letter "f" is pronounced .) As a result, nearly all speech synthesis systems use a combination of these approaches.

1848:", which allowed command-line users to redirect text output to speech. Speech synthesis was occasionally used in third-party programs, particularly word processors and educational software. The synthesis software remained largely unchanged from the first AmigaOS release and Commodore eventually removed speech synthesis support from AmigaOS 2.1 onward. 1493:, reported that listeners to voice recordings could determine, at better than chance levels, whether or not the speaker was smiling. It was suggested that identification of the vocal features that signal emotional content may be used to help make synthesized speech sound more natural. One of the related issues is modification of the 1451:

loanwords, whose pronunciations are not obvious from their spellings. On the other hand, speech synthesis systems for languages like English, which have extremely irregular spelling systems, are more likely to rely on dictionaries, and to use rule-based methods only for unusual words, or words that are not in their dictionaries.

1588:

In the early 1980s, TI was known as a pioneer in speech synthesis, and a highly popular plug-in speech synthesizer module was available for the TI-99/4 and 4A. Speech synthesizers were offered free with the purchase of a number of cartridges and were used by many TI-written video games (games offered

1459:

The consistent evaluation of speech synthesis systems may be difficult because of a lack of universally agreed objective evaluation criteria. Different organizations often use different speech data. The quality of speech synthesis systems also depends on the quality of the production technique (which

1243:

used to create convincing speech sentences that sound like specific people saying things they did not say. This technology was initially developed for various applications to improve human life. For example, it can be used to produce audiobooks, and also to help people who have lost their voices (due

756:

Concatenative synthesis is based on the concatenation (stringing together) of segments of recorded speech. Generally, concatenative synthesis produces the most natural-sounding synthesized speech. However, differences between natural variations in speech and the nature of the automated techniques for

2451:

Content creators have used voice cloning tools to recreate their voices for podcasts, narration, and comedy shows. Publishers and authors have also used such software to narrate audiobooks and newsletters. Another area of application is AI video creation with talking heads. Webapps and video editors

1947:

Text-to-speech (TTS) refers to the ability of computers to read text aloud. A TTS engine converts written text to a phonemic representation, then converts the phonemic representation to waveforms that can be output as sound. TTS engines with different languages, dialects and specialized vocabularies

1327:

Deciding how to convert numbers is another problem that TTS systems have to address. It is a simple programming challenge to convert a number into words (at least in English), like "1325" becoming "one thousand three hundred twenty-five". However, numbers occur in many different contexts; "1325" may

897:

Domain-specific synthesis concatenates prerecorded words and phrases to create complete utterances. It is used in applications where the variety of texts the system will output is limited to a particular domain, like transit schedule announcements or weather reports. The technology is very simple to

836:

of recorded data, representing dozens of hours of speech. Also, unit selection algorithms have been known to select segments from a place that results in less than ideal synthesis (e.g. minor words become unclear) even when a better choice exists in the database. Recently, researchers have proposed

2495:

In the 2010s, Singing synthesis technology has taken advantage of the recent advances in artificial intelligence—deep listening and machine learning to better represent the nuances of the human voice. New high fidelity sample libraries combined with digital audio workstations facilitate editing in

1442:

Each approach has advantages and drawbacks. The dictionary-based approach is quick and accurate, but completely fails if it is given a word which is not in its dictionary. As dictionary size grows, so too does the memory space requirements of the synthesis system. On the other hand, the rule-based

901:

Because these systems are limited by the words and phrases in their databases, they are not general-purpose and can only synthesize the combinations of words and phrases with which they have been preprogrammed. The blending of words within naturally spoken language however can still cause problems

1624:

speech synthesizer chip on a removable cartridge. The Narrator had 2kB of Read-Only Memory (ROM), and this was utilized to store a database of generic words that could be combined to make phrases in Intellivision games. Since the Orator chip could also accept speech data from external memory, any

1434:

is stored by the program. Determining the correct pronunciation of each word is a matter of looking up each word in the dictionary and replacing the spelling with the pronunciation specified in the dictionary. The other approach is rule-based, in which pronunciation rules are applied to words to

1331:

Similarly, abbreviations can be ambiguous. For example, the abbreviation "in" for "inches" must be differentiated from the word "in", and the address "12 St John St." uses the same abbreviation for both "Saint" and "Street". TTS systems with intelligent front ends can make educated guesses about

1450:

have a very regular writing system, and the prediction of the pronunciation of words based on their spellings is quite successful. Speech synthesis systems for such languages often use the rule-based method extensively, resorting to dictionaries only for those few words, like foreign names and

898:

implement, and has been in commercial use for a long time, in devices like talking clocks and calculators. The level of naturalness of these systems can be very high because the variety of sentence types is limited, and they closely match the prosody and intonation of the original recordings.

2496:

fine detail, such as shifting of formats, adjustment of vibrato, and adjustments to vowels and consonants. Sample libraries for various languages and various accents are available. With today's advancements in vocal synthesis, artists sometimes use sample libraries in lieu of backing singers.

2381:

Speech synthesis techniques are also used in entertainment productions such as games and animations. In 2007, Animo Limited announced the development of a software application package based on its speech synthesis software FineSpeech, explicitly geared towards customers in the entertainment

1078:

More recent synthesizers, developed by Jorge C. Lucero and colleagues, incorporate models of vocal fold biomechanics, glottal aerodynamics and acoustic wave propagation in the bronchi, trachea, nasal and oral cavities, and thus constitute full systems of physics-based speech simulation.

583: 586: 582: 727:

Naturalness describes how closely the output sounds like human speech, while intelligibility is the ease with which the output is understood. The ideal speech synthesizer is both natural and intelligible. Speech synthesis systems usually try to maximize both characteristics.

1580: 1577: 2447:

Text-to-speech is also used in second language acquisition. Voki, for instance, is an educational tool created by Oddcast that allows users to create their own talking avatar, using different accents. They can be emailed, embedded on websites or shared on social media.

2334:

Speech synthesis has long been a vital assistive technology tool and its application in this area is significant and widespread. It allows environmental barriers to be removed for people with a wide range of disabilities. The longest application has been in the use of

1851:

Despite the American English phoneme limitation, an unofficial version with multilingual speech synthesis was developed. This made use of an enhanced version of the translator library which could translate a number of languages, given a set of rules for each language.

687:

Early electronic speech-synthesizers sounded robotic and were often barely intelligible. The quality of synthesized speech has steadily improved, but as of 2016 output from contemporary speech synthesis systems remains clearly distinguishable from actual human speech.

1638: 390:

in the late 1940s and completed it in 1950. There were several different versions of this hardware device; only one currently survives. The machine converts pictures of the acoustic patterns of speech in the form of a spectrogram back into sound. Using this device,

5038: 1931: 1667: 1576: 1293:

that all require expansion into a phonetic representation. There are many spellings in English which are pronounced differently based on context. For example, "My latest project is to learn how to better project my voice" contains two pronunciations of "project".

1635: 1152: 584: 1928: 1809: 1664: 1844:. The synthesis system was divided into a translator library which converted unrestricted English text into a standard set of phonetic codes and a narrator device which implemented a formant model of speech generation.. AmigaOS also featured a high-level " 1634: 1149: 1927: 1720: 1707: 1663: 1211:

The DNN-based speech synthesizers are approaching the naturalness of the human voice. Examples of disadvantages of the method are low robustness when the data are not sufficient, lack of controllability and low performance in auto-regressive models.

88: 87: 1164:(DNN) to produce artificial speech from text (text-to-speech) or spectrum (vocoder). The deep neural networks are trained using a large amount of recorded speech and, in the case of a text-to-speech system, the associated labels and/or input text. 1578: 543: 1174:—hundreds of voices are trained concurrently rather than sequentially, decreasing the required training time and enabling the model to learn and generalize shared emotional context, even for voices with no exposure to such emotional context. The 1148: 530:

was released, and was one of the first Speech Synthesis systems. It consisted of a stand-alone computer hardware and a specialized software that enabled it to read Italian. A second version, released in 1978, was also able to sing Italian in an

1625:

additional words or phrases needed could be stored inside the cartridge itself. The data consisted of strings of analog-filter coefficients to modify the behavior of the chip's synthetic vocal-tract model, rather than simple digitized samples.

1806: 1768:), the user can choose out of a wide range list of multiple voices. VoiceOver voices feature the taking of realistic-sounding breaths between sentences, as well as improved clarity at high read rates over PlainTalk. Mac OS X also includes 1636: 1805: 1460:

may involve analogue or digital recording) and on the facilities used to replay the speech. Evaluating speech synthesis systems has therefore often been compromised by differences between production techniques and replay facilities.

1929: 1665: 1717: 1704: 1075:. The system, first marketed in 1994, provides full articulatory-based text-to-speech conversion using a waveguide or transmission-line analog of the human oral and nasal tracts controlled by Carré's "distinctive region model". 1150: 5046: 1703: 1716: 540: 169:

provides the largest output range, but may lack clarity. For specific usage domains, the storage of entire words or sentences allows for high-quality output. Alternatively, a synthesizer can incorporate a model of the

1244:

to throat disease or other medical problems) to get them back. Commercially, it has opened the door to several opportunities. This technology can also create more personalized digital assistants and natural-sounding

1807: 539: 683:

In 1976, Computalker Consultants released their CT-1 Speech Synthesizer. Designed by D. Lloyd Rice and Jim Cooper, it was an analog synthesizer built to work with microcomputers using the S-100 bus standard.

459:

was visiting his friend and colleague John Pierce at the Bell Labs Murray Hill facility. Clarke was so impressed by the demonstration that he used it in the climactic scene of his screenplay for his novel

1718: 1705: 85: 4582: 853:

of the language: for example, Spanish has about 800 diphones, and German about 2500. In diphone synthesis, only one example of each diphone is contained in the speech database. At runtime, the target

5515:"Hot AI startup ElevenLabs, founded by ex-Google and Palantir staff, is set to raise $ 18 million at a $ 100 million valuation. Check out the 14-slide pitch deck it used for its $ 2 million pre-seed" 3143: 1996:. On the other hand, on-line RSS-readers are available on almost any personal computer connected to the Internet. Users can download generated audio files to portable devices, e.g. with a help of 541: 885:. Leachim contained information regarding class curricular and certain biographical information about the students whom it was programmed to teach. It was tested in a fourth grade classroom in 821:, the desired target utterance is created by determining the best chain of candidate units from the database (unit selection). This process is typically achieved using a specially weighted 1939:

From 1971 to 1996, Votrax produced a number of commercial speech synthesizer components. A Votrax synthesizer was included in the first generation Kurzweil Reading Machine for the Blind.

2162:

which included a Formant synthesis capability. Sequences of up to 512 individual vowel and consonant formants could be stored and replayed, allowing short vocal phrases to be synthesized.

2215:

since the early 2000s has improved beyond the point of human's inability to tell a real human imaged with a real camera from a simulation of a human imaged with a simulation of a camera.

208:. The front-end has two major tasks. First, it converts raw text containing symbols like numbers and abbreviations into the equivalent of written-out words. This process is often called 177:

The quality of a speech synthesizer is judged by its similarity to the human voice and by its ability to be understood clearly. An intelligible text-to-speech program allows people with

2432:

Text-to-speech for disability and impaired communication aids have become widely available. Text-to-speech is also finding new applications; for example, speech synthesis combined with

1836:

text-to-speech system. It featured a complete system of voice emulation for American English, with both male and female voices and "stress" indicator markers, made possible through the

1505:

residual). Such pitch synchronous pitch modification techniques need a priori pitch marking of the synthesis speech database using techniques such as epoch extraction using dynamic

2116:) were capable of text-to-phoneme synthesis or reciting complete words and phrases (text-to-dictionary), using a very popular Speech Synthesizer peripheral. TI used a proprietary 2067:

Following the commercial failure of the hardware-based Intellivoice, gaming developers sparingly used software synthesis in later games. Earlier systems from Atari, such as the

84: 1182:: each time that speech is generated from the same string of text, the intonation of the speech will be slightly different. The application also supports manually altering the 765:

Unit selection synthesis uses large databases of recorded speech. During database creation, each recorded utterance is segmented into some or all of the following: individual

4965: 2355:. Work to personalize a synthetic voice to better match a person's personality or historical voice is becoming available. A noted application, of speech synthesis, was the 2011:. It can deliver TTS functionality to anyone (for reasons of accessibility, convenience, entertainment or information) with access to a web browser. The non-profit project 1430:). The simplest approach to text-to-phoneme conversion is the dictionary-based approach, where a large dictionary containing all the words of a language and their correct 585: 5456: 1780:

Standard Additions includes a say verb that allows a script to use any of the installed voices and to control the pitch, speaking rate and modulation of the spoken text.

4469: 4544:

Prathosh, A. P.; Ramakrishnan, A. G.; Ananthapadmanabha, T. V. (December 2013). "Epoch extraction based on integrated linear prediction residual using plosion index".

86: 5372: 3122: 1264:

published findings that he had recorded five minutes of himself talking and then used a tool developed by ElevenLabs to create voice deepfakes that defeated a bank's

1261: 1579: 984:. Formant synthesizers are usually smaller programs than concatenative systems because they do not have a database of speech samples. They can therefore be used in 4599: 2489: 1637: 3532: 6445: 4579: 3313:. (2003). CMU ARCTIC databases for speech synthesis. CMU-LTI-03-177. Language Technologies Institute, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University. 1744:

into its systems which provided a fluid command set. More recently, Apple has added sample-based voices. Starting as a curiosity, the speech system of Apple

1071:

in the late 1980s and merged with Apple Computer in 1997), the Trillium software was published under the GNU General Public License, with work continuing as

4340: 1930: 1666: 6605: 5347: 4257:

Chadha, Anupama; Kumar, Vaibhav; Kashyap, Sonu; Gupta, Mayank (2021), Singh, Pradeep Kumar; Wierzchoń, Sławomir T.; Tanwar, Sudeep; Ganzha, Maria (eds.),

3710:

Englert, Marina; Madazio, Glaucya; Gielow, Ingrid; Lucero, Jorge; Behlau, Mara (2016). "Perceptual error identification of human and synthesized voices".

2172: 1301:

representations of their input texts, as processes for doing so are unreliable, poorly understood, and computationally ineffective. As a result, various

1151: 2253:

that generates high-quality voices from an assortment of fictional characters from a variety of media sources was released. Initial characters included

7219: 5222: 4243: 3589: 1871: 1497:

of the sentence, depending upon whether it is an affirmative, interrogative or exclamatory sentence. One of the techniques for pitch modification uses

996:

power are especially limited. Because formant-based systems have complete control of all aspects of the output speech, a wide variety of prosodies and

4432: 345:, Hungary, described in a 1791 paper. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce consonants as well as vowels. In 1837, 4905: 4871: 3094: 1992:. On one hand, online RSS-narrators simplify information delivery by allowing users to listen to their favourite news sources and to convert them to 1875: 3205: 2799: 1808: 7199: 4734: 3585: 2012: 1769: 2382:

industries, able to generate narration and lines of dialogue according to user specifications. The application reached maturity in 2008, when NEC

1190:(a term coined by this project), a sentence or phrase that conveys the emotion of the take that serves as a guide for the model during inference. 5688: 2870: 1026:. Creating proper intonation for these projects was painstaking, and the results have yet to be matched by real-time text-to-speech interfaces. 5538: 1332:

ambiguous abbreviations, while others provide the same result in all cases, resulting in nonsensical (and sometimes comical) outputs, such as "

2471:

and includes models of vocal frequency jitter and tremor, airflow noise and laryngeal asymmetries. The synthesizer has been used to mimic the

1719: 1706: 1059:

Until recently, articulatory synthesis models have not been incorporated into commercial speech synthesis systems. A notable exception is the

1044:

and the articulation processes occurring there. The first articulatory synthesizer regularly used for laboratory experiments was developed at

6583: 3999: 2326:, for example, includes tags related to speech recognition, dialogue management and touchtone dialing, in addition to text-to-speech markup. 742:. Each technology has strengths and weaknesses, and the intended uses of a synthesis system will typically determine which approach is used. 3621: 259:

information together make up the symbolic linguistic representation that is output by the front-end. The back-end—often referred to as the

5296: 4844: 3864: 542: 3577: 334: 4869:

Jia, Ye; Zhang, Yu; Weiss, Ron J. (2018-06-12), "Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis",

757:

segmenting the waveforms sometimes result in audible glitches in the output. There are three main sub-types of concatenative synthesis.

6146: 5898: 4805:, PDA's and MP3-Players, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications, Pages: 575–579 2817: 2405: 5266: 1003:

Examples of non-real-time but highly accurate intonation control in formant synthesis include the work done in the late 1970s for the

6994: 6438: 3834:

Valle, Rafael (2020). "Mellotron: Multispeaker expressive voice synthesis by conditioning on rhythm, pitch and global style tokens".

3771: 706:

caused speech synthesizers to become cheaper and more accessible, more people would benefit from the use of text-to-speech programs.

559:

at MIT, and the Bell Labs system; the latter was one of the first multilingual language-independent systems, making extensive use of

474:

puts it to sleep. Despite the success of purely electronic speech synthesis, research into mechanical speech-synthesizers continues.

5514: 7163: 4708: 4500: 2949: 2392: 263:—then converts the symbolic linguistic representation into sound. In certain systems, this part includes the computation of the 4517:

Muralishankar, R.; Ramakrishnan, A. G.; Prathibha, P. (February 2004). "Modification of pitch using DCT in the source domain".

3349: 2843: 527: 5190: 5145: 4691: 4278: 4165: 4098: 3643: 3510: 3245: 3058: 2716: 2645: 2581: 6904: 6595: 6431: 5326: 3894: 3475: 3119: 2547: 2187:

to achieve text-to-speech synthesis, that can be made to sound almost like anybody from a speech sample of only 5 seconds.

1067:, where much of the original research was conducted. Following the demise of the various incarnations of NeXT (started by 7158: 5958: 5814: 5681: 2273: 4781: 2888:"A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol" 7214: 6765: 6216: 4606: 3170: 1570: 1550: 1513:

regions of speech. In general, prosody remains a challenge for speech synthesizers, and is an active research topic.

1463:

Since 2005, however, some researchers have started to evaluate speech synthesis systems using a common speech dataset.

1023: 818: 509: 139: 6919: 6750: 4810: 4120: 3278: 2512: 1397: 1371: 4307: 3374: 2920: 1521: 1379: 6690: 6293: 5989: 5954: 3527: 3391:

Muralishankar, R; Ramakrishnan, A.G.; Prathibha, P (2004). "Modification of Pitch using DCT in the Source Domain".

2304: 2044: 5481: 1680: 7107: 6760: 6211: 6055: 2456:

allow users to create video content involving AI avatars, who are made to speak using text-to-speech technology.

2179:

presented the work 'Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis', which

1040:

Articulatory synthesis consists of computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of the human

929:, many final consonants become no longer silent if followed by a word that begins with a vowel, an effect called 797:

set to a "forced alignment" mode with some manual correction afterward, using visual representations such as the

720: 326: 310: 220: 3450: 2687: 952:

synthesis does not use human speech samples at runtime. Instead, the synthesized speech output is created using

364:, which automatically analyzed speech into its fundamental tones and resonances. From his work on the vocoder, 6755: 6500: 5891: 5709: 5674: 4802: 2352: 1375: 1142: 1052:, Tom Baer, and Paul Mermelstein. This synthesizer, known as ASY, was based on vocal tract models developed at 809:

of the units in the speech database is then created based on the segmentation and acoustic parameters like the

660:" programming technique to produce a synthesized speech waveform. Another early example, the arcade version of 493: 17: 5069:"Effect of Text-to-Speech and Human Reader on Listening Comprehension for Students with Learning Disabilities" 7204: 7024: 6745: 1535: 903: 462: 373: 42: 5241: 2386:

announced a web service that allows users to create phrases from the voices of characters from the Japanese

937:

cannot be reproduced by a simple word-concatenation system, which would require additional complexity to be

6717: 5786: 5753: 4900: 4572: 2237:. It was driven only by a voice track as source data for the animation after the training phase to acquire 1472: 1200:, AI-assisted text-to-speech software, Speech Synthesis, which can produce lifelike speech by synthesizing 957: 471: 407: 2241:

and wider facial information from training material consisting of 2D videos with audio had been completed.

1000:

can be output, conveying not just questions and statements, but a variety of emotions and tones of voice.

922: 914: 7062: 7047: 7019: 6884: 6879: 6454: 5949: 5855: 5799: 5714: 4265:, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol. 203, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 557–566, 3745: 3297: 2522: 2437: 2233:

2017 an audio driven digital look-alike of upper torso of Barack Obama was presented by researchers from

605:

portable calculator for the blind in 1976. Other devices had primarily educational purposes, such as the

560: 424: 314: 4738: 3375:

The MBROLA Project: Towards a set of high quality speech synthesizers of use for non commercial purposes

2459:

Speech synthesis is a valuable computational aid for the analysis and assessment of speech disorders. A

2219: 1410:

Speech synthesis systems use two basic approaches to determine the pronunciation of a word based on its

7209: 6799: 6770: 6548: 6206: 5804: 5794: 5719: 4436: 1957: 1179: 349:

produced a "speaking machine" based on von Kempelen's design, and in 1846, Joseph Faber exhibited the "

282:, some people tried to build machines to emulate human speech. Some early legends of the existence of " 5398: 3941: 3418: 3090: 2867: 1063:-based system originally developed and marketed by Trillium Sound Research, a spin-off company of the 7194: 6642: 6495: 6221: 5884: 5068: 3323: 2137: 1621: 1498: 938: 934: 874: 858: 829: 696: 38: 4024: 2597:

Rubin, P.; Baer, T.; Mermelstein, P. (1981). "An articulatory synthesizer for perceptual research".

2464: 7168: 7092: 6824: 6780: 6665: 6563: 6191: 6035: 5643: 5018: 3581: 3022:; Nebbia, Luciano (1 November 1995). "Interactive voice technology at work: The CSELT experience". 2537: 2507: 2339:

for people with visual impairment, but text-to-speech systems are now commonly used by people with

2234: 2198:

system with similar aims at the 2018 NeurIPS conference, though the result is rather unconvincing.

2054: 1904:

is a server-based package for voice synthesis and recognition. It is designed for network use with

1647: 1486: 1435:

determine their pronunciations based on their spellings. This is similar to the "sounding out", or

1360: 1219:

required and sometimes the output of speech synthesizer may result in the mistakes of tone sandhi.

1205: 997: 862: 837:

various automated methods to detect unnatural segments in unit-selection speech synthesis systems.

477: 3270: 1650:

was the first commercial all-software voice synthesis program. It was later used as the basis for

613:

in 1978. Fidelity released a speaking version of its electronic chess computer in 1979. The first

7072: 7042: 6709: 6382: 6267: 6136: 6121: 5776: 5348:"Now hear this: Voice cloning AI startup ElevenLabs nabs $ 19M from a16z and other heavy hitters" 4450: 4341:"Val Kilmer Gets His Voice Back After Throat Cancer Battle Using AI Technology: Hear the Results" 3569: 3557: 2532: 1901: 1829: 1364: 1282: 1240: 1008: 751: 154: 6543: 5214: 4990: 3186: 2347:

as well as by pre-literate children. They are also frequently employed to aid those with severe

77: 6929: 6622: 6600: 6590: 6558: 6533: 6377: 6331: 5749: 5288: 5215:"Evolution of Reading Machines for the Blind: Haskins Laboratories" Research as a Case History" 5130:

2022 Wave Electronics and its Application in Information and Telecommunication Systems (WECONF)

4263:

Proceedings of Second International Conference on Computing, Communications, and Cyber-Security

4197:"Anticipating and addressing the ethical implications of deepfakes in the context of elections" 3856: 3597: 3491: 2702:("Mechanism of the human speech with description of its speaking machine", J. B. Degen, Wien). 2517: 1773: 1540: 1317: 1035: 790: 703: 667: 639: 606: 513: 241: 225: 143: 6789: 6346: 6085: 5968: 5729: 5423: 4966:"An artificial-intelligence first: Voice-mimicking software reportedly used in a major theft" 3915: 3617: 3609: 3573: 2661:

Van Santen, J. (April 1994). "Assignment of segmental duration in text-to-speech synthesis".

2425: 2212: 1793: 1765: 1476: 1104: 1100: 1064: 961: 854: 810: 662: 597:

electronics featuring speech synthesis began emerging in the 1970s. One of the first was the

419:

The first computer-based speech-synthesis systems originated in the late 1950s. Noriko Umeda

338: 256: 229: 4630: 3262: 2821: 2319:. Although each of these was proposed as a standard, none of them have been widely adopted. 849:(sound-to-sound transitions) occurring in a language. The number of diphones depends on the 828:

Unit selection provides the greatest naturalness, because it applies only a small amount of

7142: 6818: 6794: 6647: 6341: 6050: 6008: 5865: 5739: 4196: 3786: 2764: 2606: 2360: 2205:

researchers know of 3 cases where digital sound-alikes technology has been used for crime.

2031: 2004: 1969: 1684: 1591: 1447: 1045: 501: 428: 383: 3810: 2047:

which uses diphone-based synthesis, as well as more modern and better-sounding techniques.

1215:

For tonal languages, such as Chinese or Taiwanese language, there are different levels of

508:

during the 1970s. LPC was later the basis for early speech synthesizer chips, such as the

8: 7122: 7052: 7009: 6965: 6737: 6727: 6722: 6610: 5847: 5837: 5761: 4258: 3605: 3263: 2453: 2184: 2145: 1973: 1597: 1265: 1161: 1088: 989: 917:

is usually only pronounced when the following word has a vowel as its first letter (e.g.

598: 520: 205: 5012: 4848: 3790: 2946:

Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP'98)

2768: 2610: 1737: 7132: 7004: 6869: 6632: 6615: 6473: 6361: 6351: 6262: 5824: 5766: 5734: 5457:"Arrested Succession Parody On YouTube Features 'Narration' By AI-Generated Ron Howard" 5373:"Sztuczna inteligencja czyta głosem Jarosława Kuźniara. Rewolucja w radiu i podcastach" 5196: 5151: 5106: 4914: 4880: 4561: 4492: 4284: 4224: 4171: 4143: 4114: 4075: 4057: 3835: 3682: 3337:

Automatic Detection of Unnatural Word-Level Segments in Unit-Selection Speech Synthesis

3019: 2938: 2700:

Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache nebst der Beschreibung seiner sprechenden Maschine

2634: 2632:

van Santen, Jan P. H.; Sproat, Richard W.; Olive, Joseph P.; Hirschberg, Julia (1997).

2433: 2344: 2308: 2223: 2208:

This increases the stress on the disinformation situation coupled with the facts that

2155: 2095: 1895: 1879: 1741: 1309:, like examining neighboring words and using statistics about frequency of occurrence. 1249: 1124: 1112: 1092: 953: 882: 794: 379: 346: 210: 182: 174:

and other human voice characteristics to create a completely "synthetic" voice output.

147: 4308:"AI gave Val Kilmer his voice back. But critics worry the technology could be misused" 3966: 2969: 2311:

in 2004. Older speech synthesis markup languages include Java Speech Markup Language (

2022:

through the W3C Audio Incubator Group with the involvement of The BBC and Google Inc.

566: 7137: 6849: 6657: 6568: 6326: 5860: 5809: 5724: 5489: 5431: 5319:"『Portal』のGLaDOSや『UNDERTALE』のサンズがテキストを読み上げてくれる。文章に込められた感情まで再現することを目指すサービス「15.ai」が話題に" 5200: 5186: 5155: 5141: 5137: 5110: 5098: 4806: 4803:

The Pediaphon – Speech Interface to the free Knowledge Encyclopedia for Mobile Phones

4712: 4687: 4373: 4315: 4288: 4274: 4228: 4216: 4175: 4161: 4102: 4079: 4049: 3974: 3916:"Generative AI comes for cinema dubbing: Audio AI startup ElevenLabs raises pre-seed" 3887:"『Portal』のGLaDOSや『UNDERTALE』のサンズがテキストを読み上げてくれる。文章に込められた感情まで再現することを目指すサービス「15.ai」が話題に" 3802: 3727: 3663: 3639: 3426: 3274: 3241: 3166: 3054: 3035: 2912: 2780: 2641: 2577: 2570: 2542: 2441: 2348: 2180: 1867: 1510: 1502: 1436: 1183: 1053: 1004: 766: 610: 489: 350: 279: 178: 162: 127: 4565: 4496: 4157: 4071: 3686: 3353: 2847: 2322:

Speech synthesis markup languages are distinguished from dialogue markup languages.

6899: 6874: 6675: 6578: 6201: 6151: 5771: 5620: 5178: 5133: 5088: 5080: 4553: 4526: 4484: 4365: 4266: 4208: 4153: 4067: 3794: 3719: 3674: 3400: 3229: 3031: 2902: 2772: 2670: 2614: 2527: 2397: 2264: 2015:

was created in 2006 to provide a similar web-based TTS interface to the Knowledge.

1905: 1761: 1729: 1676: 1333: 930: 806: 644: 485: 456: 439:

computer to synthesize speech, an event among the most prominent in the history of

387: 186: 5539:"AI-Generated Voice Firm Clamps Down After 4chan Makes Celebrity Voices for Abuse" 5182: 5175:

2021 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI)

5169:

Zhao, Yunxin; Song, Minguang; Yue, Yanghao; Kuruvilla-Dugdale, Mili (2021-07-27).

5084: 3678: 3336: 2731: 1845: 1824:

The second operating system to feature advanced speech synthesis capabilities was

873:. or more recent techniques such as pitch modification in the source domain using 573: 7126: 7087: 7082: 6950: 6680: 6553: 6528: 6510: 6045: 5832: 4586: 4530: 4488: 4270: 4050:"Probing the phonetic and phonological knowledge of tones in Mandarin TTS models" 3723: 3536: 3404: 3126: 3108: 2997: 2874: 2419: 2413: 2374: 2356: 2296: 2259: 1861: 1298: 985: 926: 878: 671: 618: 556: 412: 291: 5318: 4397: 3886: 1764:) there was only one standard voice shipping with Mac OS X. Starting with 10.6 ( 267:(pitch contour, phoneme durations), which is then imposed on the output speech. 6834: 6814: 6538: 6392: 5170: 5125: 4933: 4683: 4135: 2202: 2191: 2099: 2083: 1985: 1757: 1733: 1245: 1236: 1229: 993: 497: 432: 392: 6423: 5660: 5652: 4557: 2201:

By 2019 the digital sound-alikes found their way to the hands of criminals as

161:. Systems differ in the size of the stored speech units; a system that stores 7188: 7097: 6909: 6889: 6670: 6412: 6402: 6321: 6065: 5915: 5493: 5435: 5102: 4377: 4319: 4220: 4212: 4140:

2020 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo Workshops (ICMEW)

4106: 3978: 3549: 3430: 3310: 3293: 3237: 2916: 2460: 2336: 2195: 2087: 1977: 1613: 1544: 1494: 1431: 1281:

The process of normalizing text is rarely straightforward. Texts are full of

1201: 1197: 1175: 981: 822: 814: 676: 481: 5625: 4899:

Arık, Sercan Ö.; Chen, Jitong; Peng, Kainan; Ping, Wei; Zhou, Yanqi (2018),

4760:"How to configure and use Text-to-Speech in Windows XP and in Windows Vista" 4025:"ElevenLabs' Powerful New AI Tool Lets You Make a Full Audiobook in Minutes" 4000:"Voice-generating platform ElevenLabs raises $ 19M, launches detection tool" 3798: 2939:"The Distance Measure for Line Spectrum Pairs Applied to Speech Recognition" 2370: 7077: 6695: 6407: 6356: 6196: 6025: 5124:

Triandafilidi, Ioanis I.; Tatarnikova, T. M.; Poponin, A. S. (2022-05-30).

5011:

Suwajanakorn, Supasorn; Seitz, Steven; Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, Ira (2017),

4580:

TI will exit dedicated speech-synthesis chips, transfer products to Sensory

3731: 3613: 3324:

Language Generation and Speech Synthesis in Dialogues for Language Learning

2674: 2278: 2131: 2112:

Some models of Texas Instruments home computers produced in 1979 and 1981 (

1909: 1891: 1789: 1617: 1290: 1129:

Sinewave synthesis is a technique for synthesizing speech by replacing the

1049: 1015: 850: 793:. Typically, the division into segments is done using a specially modified 365: 287: 201: 5588: 4823: 3806: 2887: 2784: 2377:

was one of the most famous people to use a speech computer to communicate.

2120:

to embed complete spoken phrases into applications, primarily video games.

2000:

receiver, and listen to them while walking, jogging or commuting to work.

1813:

Example of speech synthesis with the included Say utility in Workbench 1.3

423:

developed the first general English text-to-speech system in 1968, at the

7034: 6914: 6627: 6520: 6468: 6336: 6252: 6060: 5939: 5697: 5614: 4759: 3673:. Lyon, France: International Speech Communication Association: 587–591. 3601: 2159: 2008: 1981: 1777: 1423: 1321: 1216: 1096: 1056:

in the 1960s and 1970s by Paul Mermelstein, Cecil Coker, and colleagues.

1041: 1019: 802: 621: 452: 318: 295: 283: 276: 171: 138:) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render 6171: 5666: 5093: 577:

Fidelity Voice Chess Challenger (1979), the first talking chess computer

6637: 6277: 6242: 6141: 6131: 6070: 5010: 3553: 3506: 3130: 2907: 2490:

Music technology (electronic and digital) § Vocal synthesis after 2010s

2283: 2268: 2072: 2068: 1887: 1883: 1257: 1193: 1068: 731:

The two primary technologies generating synthetic speech waveforms are

692: 614: 532: 448: 103: 2479:

speakers with controlled levels of roughness, breathiness and strain.

547:

DECtalk demo recording using the Perfect Paul and Uppity Ursula voices

244:. The process of assigning phonetic transcriptions to words is called 6505: 6272: 6116: 6095: 6090: 5944: 4675: 4543: 2776: 2618: 2476: 2468: 2127: 2106: 2050: 1833: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1651: 1306: 1302: 1108: 1072: 965: 886: 626: 505: 440: 369: 357: 342: 3515:

Proceedings ESCA-NATO Workshop and Applications of Speech Technology

2800:"Louis Gerstman, 61, a Specialist In Speech Disorders and Processes" 2755:

Klatt, D (1987). "Review of text-to-speech conversion for English".

1561:

Popular systems offering speech synthesis as a built-in capability.

1349: 1091:, also called Statistical Parametric Synthesis. In this system, the 845:

Diphone synthesis uses a minimal speech database containing all the

6980: 6960: 6945: 6924: 6894: 6839: 6804: 6685: 6303: 6247: 6166: 6161: 6080: 6040: 5934: 5876: 5289:"ゲームキャラ音声読み上げソフト「15.ai」公開中。『Undertale』や『Portal』のキャラに好きなセリフを言ってもらえる" 4919: 4885: 4148: 4062: 3857:"ゲームキャラ音声読み上げソフト「15.ai」公開中。『Undertale』や『Portal』のキャラに好きなセリフを言ってもらえる" 3840: 2340: 2323: 2246: 2238: 2230: 2113: 1691: 1530: 1427: 1415: 1411: 1130: 973: 902:

unless the many variations are taken into account. For example, in

833: 798: 778: 774: 653: 594: 496:(NTT) in 1966. Further developments in LPC technology were made by 467: 396: 250: 158: 123: 5619:(Master of Music Music thesis). Florida International University. 4516: 3390: 3373:

T. Dutoit, V. Pagel, N. Pierret, F. Bataille, O. van der Vrecken.

3206:"Ann Syrdal, Who Helped Give Computers a Female Voice, Dies at 74" 2690:, Helsinki University of Technology, Retrieved on November 4, 2006 1509:

index applied on the integrated linear prediction residual of the

817:), duration, position in the syllable, and neighboring phones. At 200:

A text-to-speech system (or "engine") is composed of two parts: a

7117: 6975: 6955: 6829: 6573: 6488: 6030: 5963: 4991:"Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videos" 4938: 2383: 2359:

which incorporated text-to-phonetics software based on work from

2109:

incorporated the Texas Instruments TMS5220 speech synthesis chip.

2091: 2076: 1997: 1993: 1841: 1825: 1506: 1419: 949: 857:

of a sentence is superimposed on these minimal units by means of

846: 770: 737: 635: 552: 444: 436: 361: 330: 306: 302: 166: 4845:"Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project (SSSHP) 1986–2002" 4651: 3593: 2299:

have been established for the rendition of text as speech in an

1239:(also known as voice cloning or deepfake audio) is a product of 6483: 6478: 6387: 6257: 5984: 5930: 5647: 5123: 4862: 4600:"1400XL/1450XL Speech Handler External Reference Specification" 2631: 2472: 2401: 2364: 2254: 2176: 2149: 2141: 2038: 1921: 1610: 1286: 870: 786: 656:, for which the game's developer, Hiroshi Suzuki, developed a " 237: 233: 115: 4411: 4244:"Deepfake Audio Boom Exploits One Billion-Dollar Startup's AI" 3749: 3017: 2844:"Where "HAL" First Spoke (Bell Labs Speech Synthesis website)" 2218:

2D video forgery techniques were presented in 2016 that allow

2079:

and Open Sesame), also had games utilizing software synthesis.

714:

The most important qualities of a speech synthesis system are

395:

and colleagues discovered acoustic cues for the perception of

313:

won the first prize in a competition announced by the Russian

7173: 6809: 6397: 6298: 6226: 6126: 6100: 6075: 5994: 3770:

Remez, R.; Rubin, P.; Pisoni, D.; Carrell, T. (22 May 1981).

3051:

Multilingual Text-to-Speech Synthesis: The Bell Labs Approach

2568:

Allen, Jonathan; Hunnicutt, M. Sharon; Klatt, Dennis (1987).

2387: 2316: 2250: 2117: 1837: 1167: 969: 866: 322: 192: 185:

to listen to written words on a home computer. Many computer

5168: 4993:. Proc. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), IEEE 3633: 1817: 1305:

techniques are used to guess the proper way to disambiguate

6156: 4435:. University of Portsmouth. January 9, 2008. Archived from 2973: 2312: 1724:

MacinTalk 2 demo featuring the Mr. Hughes and Marvin voices

1687:

to enable World English Spelling text-to-speech synthesis.

1060: 1012: 782: 691:

Synthesized voices typically sounded male until 1990, when

5132:. St. Petersburg, Russian Federation: IEEE. pp. 1–5. 3709: 2152:

and others use speech synthesis for automobile navigation.

1828:, introduced in 1985. The voice synthesis was licensed by 1156:

Speech synthesis example using the HiFi-GAN neural vocoder

6970: 5656: 4943: 3967:"This Podcast Is Not Hosted by AI Voice Clones. We Swear" 2300: 2123: 2019: 1989: 189:

have included speech synthesizers since the early 1990s.

94:

A synthetic voice announcing an arriving train in Sweden.

5267:"Code Geass Speech Synthesizer Service Offered in Japan" 4735:"Accessibility Tutorials for Windows XP: Using Narrator" 3298:

Perfect synthesis for all of the people all of the time.

2715:

Mattingly, Ignatius G. (1974). Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.).

2463:

synthesizer, developed by Jorge C. Lucero et al. at the

1760:(10.4). During 10.4 (Tiger) and first releases of 10.5 ( 1694:

computers were sold with "stspeech.tos" on floppy disk.

4256: 4136:"Deepfake Detection: Current Challenges and Next Steps" 3769: 2717:"Speech synthesis for phonetic and phonological models" 1490: 1312:

Recently TTS systems have begun to use HMMs (discussed

1107:) of speech are modeled simultaneously by HMMs. Speech 368:

developed a keyboard-operated voice-synthesizer called

5424:"Generative AI Podcasts Are Here. Prepare to Be Bored" 5126:"Speech Synthesis System for People with Disabilities" 4451:"Smile – And The World Can Hear You, Even If You Hide" 4095:

Weaponised deep fakes: National security and democracy

3661: 1832:

from SoftVoice, Inc., who also developed the original

1776:

application that converts text to audible speech. The

976:

of artificial speech. This method is sometimes called

118:. A computer system used for this purpose is called a 5171:"Personalizing TTS Voices for Progressive Dysarthria" 4470:"The vocal communication of different kinds of smile" 4195:

Diakopoulos, Nicholas; Johnson, Deborah (June 2020).

3496:. World Future Society. 1978. pp. 359, 360, 361. 3350:"Pitch-Synchronous Overlap and Add (PSOLA) Synthesis" 3269:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 3150:. Vol. 11, no. 2. pp. 134-175 (160-3). 1675:

Arguably, the first speech system integrated into an

1414:, a process which is often called text-to-phoneme or 5653:

Simulated singing with the singing robot Pavarobotti

4366:"AI-Generated Voice Deepfakes Aren't Scary Good—Yet" 3451:"1960 - Rudy the Robot - Michael Freeman (American)" 2596: 2290: 1976:

and gadgets that can read messages directly from an

5563: 5067:Brunow, David A.; Cullen, Theresa A. (2021-07-03). 4093:Smith, Hannah; Mansted, Katherine (April 1, 2020). 3772:"Speech perception without traditional speech cues" 2567: 2173:

Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems

2003:A growing field in Internet based TTS is web-based 1882:. SAPI 4.0 was available as an optional add-on for 1087:HMM-based synthesis is a synthesis method based on 353:". In 1923, Paget resurrected Wheatstone's design. 5310: 5223:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 4709:"Translator Library (Multilingual-speech version)" 4300: 4250: 4194: 3662:Lucero, J. C.; Schoentgen, J.; Behlau, M. (2013). 3509:, J.L. Gauvain, B. Prouts, C. Bouhier, R. Boesch. 3335:William Yang Wang and Kallirroi Georgila. (2011). 3165:. Vol. 1. SMG Szczepaniak. pp. 544–615. 2868:Anthropomorphic Talking Robot Waseda-Talker Series 2633: 2569: 1584:TI-99/4A speech demo using the built-in vocabulary 1466: 1297:Most text-to-speech (TTS) systems do not generate 590:Speech output from Fidelity Voice Chess Challenger 228:to each word, and divides and marks the text into 5399:"AI Can Clone Your Favorite Podcast Host's Voice" 4906:Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 4872:Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 4779: 4188: 3942:"AI Can Clone Your Favorite Podcast Host's Voice" 2992: 2990: 2444:using 15.ai and external voice control software. 1683:computers. These used the Votrax SC01 chip and a 551:Dominant systems in the 1980s and 1990s were the 7186: 6656: 5564:"Usage of text-to-speech in AI video generation" 5014:Synthesizing Obama: Learning Lip Sync from Audio 4898: 3878: 3144:"The Replay Years: Reflections from Eddie Adlum" 1620:Voice Synthesis module in 1982. It included the 1556: 1276: 1136: 1133:(main bands of energy) with pure tone whistles. 1111:are generated from HMMs themselves based on the 411:Computer and speech synthesizer housing used by 372:(Voice Demonstrator), which he exhibited at the 6453: 5242:"Speech Synthesis Software for Anime Announced" 2436:allows for interaction with mobile devices via 2018:Other work is being done in the context of the 157:pieces of recorded speech that are stored in a 4782:"An introduction to Text-To-Speech in Android" 3664:"Physics-based synthesis of disordered voices" 3511:Generation and Synthesis of Broadcast Messages 3163:The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers 2987: 2730:. Mouton, The Hague: 2451–2487. Archived from 1948:are available through third-party publishers. 1525:A speech synthesis kit produced by Bell System 6439: 5892: 5682: 4868: 4752: 2936: 1935:Votrax Type 'N Talk speech synthesizer (1980) 1339: 5066: 4934:"Fake voices 'help cyber-crooks steal cash'" 4546:IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Language Processing 4092: 3622:Escape from the Planet of the Robot Monsters 3197: 3191:Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project 2937:Zheng, F.; Song, Z.; Li, L.; Yu, W. (1998). 2757:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2599:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2440:interfaces. Some users have also created AI 1748:has evolved into a fully supported program, 1324:is frequently difficult in these languages. 892: 565: 5030: 3160: 3099:: "Talking electronic game", April 27, 1982 2688:History and Development of Speech Synthesis 2053:which uses articulatory synthesis from the 2007:, e.g. 'Browsealoud' from a UK company and 1878:components to support speech synthesis and 1756:was for the first time featured in 2005 in 1728:The first speech system integrated into an 1589:with speech during this promotion included 1378:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1336:" being rendered as "Ulysses South Grant". 760: 709: 329:notation: , , , and ). There followed the 23: 6446: 6432: 5899: 5885: 5689: 5675: 5482:"Can A.I. Be Funny? This Troupe Thinks So" 5280: 4674: 4631:"It Sure Is Great To Get Out Of That Bag!" 3827: 3000:. IEEE Global History Network. 20 May 2009 2660: 2158:produced a music synthesizer in 1999, the 2041:which supports a broad range of languages. 1960:added support for speech synthesis (TTS). 745: 470:computer sings the same song as astronaut 24: 5696: 5624: 5316: 5092: 4918: 4901:"Neural Voice Cloning with a Few Samples" 4892: 4884: 4147: 4061: 3884: 3848: 3839: 3558:Star Trek: Strategic Operations Simulator 3326:, masters thesis, Section 5.6 on page 54. 2906: 2714: 1942: 1398:Learn how and when to remove this message 1029: 617:to feature speech synthesis was the 1980 5396: 5286: 4957: 4727: 3939: 3854: 3228: 3203: 2369: 1988:. Some specialized software can narrate 1925: 1803: 1714: 1701: 1661: 1632: 1574: 1520: 1454: 1313: 1146: 972:levels are varied over time to create a 580: 572: 537: 519:In 1975, Fumitada Itakura developed the 406: 255:conversion. Phonetic transcriptions and 191: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 7200:Applications of artificial intelligence 5004: 4982: 4926: 4737:. Microsoft. 2011-01-29. Archived from 4467: 4338: 4207:(7) (published 2020-06-05): 2072–2098. 3997: 3964: 3746:"The HMM-based Speech Synthesis System" 2964: 2962: 2797: 2681: 2393:Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 2166: 702:Kurzweil predicted in 2005 that as the 14: 7187: 5479: 5177:. Athens, Greece: IEEE. pp. 1–4. 4706: 4241: 3260: 3048: 2572:From Text to Speech: The MITalk system 2357:Kurzweil Reading Machine for the Blind 2303:-compliant format. The most recent is 2114:Texas Instruments TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A 1082: 443:. Kelly's voice recorder synthesizer ( 114:is the artificial production of human 7220:History of human–computer interaction 6427: 5880: 5670: 5661:how the robot synthesized the singing 5612: 5340: 4988: 4099:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 3833: 3705: 3703: 3657: 3655: 3634:John Holmes and Wendy Holmes (2001). 3141: 2754: 2396:. 15.ai has been frequently used for 2363:and a black-box synthesizer built by 1516: 1485:by Amy Drahota and colleagues at the 1118: 555:system, based largely on the work of 484:, began development with the work of 402: 315:Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts 153:Synthesized speech can be created by 59:Artificial production of human speech 6905:Simple Knowledge Organization System 5906: 5531: 5512: 5390: 4963: 4623: 4339:Etienne, Vanessa (August 19, 2021). 3748:. Hts.sp.nitech.ac.j. Archived from 3590:Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 2959: 2885: 2548:Text to speech in digital television 2482: 1855: 1679:was the circa 1983 unreleased Atari 1564: 1426:to describe distinctive sounds in a 1376:adding citations to reliable sources 1343: 1160:Deep learning speech synthesis uses 944: 840: 146:into speech. The reverse process is 5506: 5317:Yoshiyuki, Furushima (2021-01-18). 4433:"Smile -and the world can hear you" 4133: 4047: 3991: 3933: 3885:Yoshiyuki, Furushima (2021-01-18). 3018:Billi, Roberto; Canavesio, Franco; 2407:My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic 2274:My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic 2130:included VoiceType, a precursor to 1752:, for people with vision problems. 451:", with musical accompaniment from 140:symbolic linguistic representations 56: 6217:Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips 5616:Vocal Synthesis and Deep Listening 5421: 5397:Ashworth, Boone (April 12, 2023). 5269:. Animenewsnetwork.com. 2008-09-09 5036: 4707:Devitt, Francesco (30 June 1995). 4363: 4242:Murphy, Margi (20 February 2024). 3940:Ashworth, Boone (April 12, 2023). 3700: 3652: 3480:. New York Media, LLC. 1979-07-30. 3120:Gaming's most important evolutions 1816: 1571:Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips 1551:Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips 1222: 510:Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips 399:segments (consonants and vowels). 335:acoustic-mechanical speech machine 66: 57: 7231: 6920:Thesaurus (information retrieval) 5637: 5454: 4784:. Android-developers.blogspot.com 2798:Lambert, Bruce (March 21, 1992). 2513:Comparison of speech synthesizers 2291:Speech synthesis markup languages 1968:Currently, there are a number of 1178:model used by the application is 321:that could produce the five long 317:for models he built of the human 6294:Speech Synthesis Markup Language 5955:Festival Speech Synthesis System 5606: 5581: 5556: 5473: 5448: 5415: 5365: 5138:10.1109/WECONF55058.2022.9803600 4847:. Mindspring.com. Archived from 4780:Jean-Michel Trivi (2009-09-23). 4022: 3636:Speech Synthesis and Recognition 3419:"Education: Marvel of The Bronx" 3187:"A Short History of Computalker" 2955:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2926:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2488:This section is an excerpt from 2305:Speech Synthesis Markup Language 2045:Festival Speech Synthesis System 2034:systems are available, such as: 1439:, approach to learning reading. 1348: 1228:This section is an excerpt from 670:produced the first multi-player 196:Overview of a typical TTS system 102:Problems playing this file? See 82: 6056:Microsoft text-to-speech voices 5613:Bruno, Chelsea A (2014-03-25). 5329:from the original on 2021-01-18 5299:from the original on 2021-01-19 5259: 5234: 5207: 5162: 5117: 5060: 4837: 4816: 4795: 4773: 4700: 4680:Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 4668: 4644: 4592: 4537: 4510: 4461: 4443: 4425: 4404: 4390: 4357: 4332: 4235: 4158:10.1109/icmew46912.2020.9105991 4127: 4086: 4072:10.21437/speechprosody.2020-190 4041: 4016: 3958: 3908: 3897:from the original on 2021-01-18 3867:from the original on 2021-01-19 3763: 3738: 3627: 3562: 3542: 3520: 3500: 3484: 3468: 3443: 3411: 3384: 3367: 3342: 3329: 3316: 3303: 3287: 3254: 3222: 3179: 3154: 3135: 3113: 3102: 3082: 3073: 3067: 3042: 3011: 2998:"Fumitada Itakura Oral History" 2930: 2879: 2861: 2836: 2810: 2329: 1467:Prosodics and emotional content 327:International Phonetic Alphabet 311:Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein 6501:Natural language understanding 5589:"AI Text to speech for videos" 5039:"Voice Cloning for the Masses" 4400:. World Wide Web Organization. 3142:Adlum, Eddie (November 1985). 2791: 2748: 2708: 2693: 2663:Computer Speech & Language 2654: 2625: 2590: 2576:. Cambridge University Press. 2561: 2353:voice output communication aid 2025: 1671:Atari ST speech synthesis demo 1143:Deep learning speech synthesis 1103:(voice source), and duration ( 494:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone 13: 1: 7025:Optical character recognition 5287:Kurosawa, Yuki (2021-01-19). 5183:10.1109/BHI50953.2021.9508522 5085:10.1080/07380569.2021.1953362 4119:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 3855:Kurosawa, Yuki (2021-01-19). 3679:10.21437/Interspeech.2013-161 2724:Current Trends in Linguistics 2554: 2140:Navigation units produced by 1732:that shipped in quantity was 1557:Hardware and software systems 1536:General Instrument SP0256-AL2 1277:Text normalization challenges 1271: 1137:Deep learning-based synthesis 427:in Japan. In 1961, physicist 275:Long before the invention of 224:. The front-end then assigns 6718:Multi-document summarization 4964:Drew, Harwell (2019-09-04). 4531:10.1016/j.specom.2003.05.001 4489:10.1016/j.specom.2007.10.001 4271:10.1007/978-981-16-0733-2_39 3998:Wiggers, Kyle (2023-06-20). 3724:10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.07.017 3405:10.1016/j.specom.2003.05.001 3036:10.1016/0167-6393(95)00030-R 2895:Found. Trends Signal Process 2818:"Arthur C. Clarke Biography" 2636:Progress in Speech Synthesis 2351:usually through a dedicated 1473:Emotional speech recognition 958:physical modelling synthesis 666:, also dates from 1980. The 652:), released in 1980 for the 122:, and can be implemented in 7: 7048:Latent Dirichlet allocation 7020:Natural language generation 6885:Machine-readable dictionary 6880:Linguistic Linked Open Data 6455:Natural language processing 5480:Fadulu, Lola (2023-07-06). 5045:. The Batch. Archived from 3049:Sproat, Richard W. (1997). 2846:. Bell Labs. Archived from 2523:Orca (assistive technology) 2500: 2467:, simulates the physics of 2438:natural language processing 2175:(NeurIPS) researchers from 1963: 1543:DT1050 Digitalker (Mozer – 1196:is primarily known for its 561:natural language processing 425:Electrotechnical Laboratory 10: 7236: 6800:Explicit semantic analysis 6549:Deep linguistic processing 5655:or a description from the 5379:(in Polish). April 9, 2023 3161:Szczepaniak, John (2014). 2487: 1951: 1919: 1859: 1799: 1568: 1470: 1340:Text-to-phoneme challenges 1227: 1186:of a generated line using 1140: 1122: 1033: 749: 699:, created a female voice. 697:AT&T Bell Laboratories 642:with speech synthesis was 374:1939 New York World's Fair 270: 7215:Computational linguistics 7151: 7106: 7061: 7033: 6993: 6938: 6860: 6848: 6779: 6736: 6708: 6643:Word-sense disambiguation 6519: 6496:Computational linguistics 6461: 6370: 6312: 6286: 6235: 6222:General Instrument SP0256 6184: 6109: 6018: 6007: 5977: 5923: 5914: 5846: 5823: 5785: 5748: 5705: 5037:Ng, Andrew (2020-04-01). 4686:Publishing Company, Inc. 4558:10.1109/TASL.2013.2273717 2970:"List of IEEE Milestones" 2061: 1915: 1783: 1616:game console offered the 1604: 1499:discrete cosine transform 1188:emotional contextualizers 1011:, and in the early 1980s 893:Domain-specific synthesis 875:discrete cosine transform 859:digital signal processing 830:digital signal processing 7169:Natural Language Toolkit 7093:Pronunciation assessment 6995:Automatic identification 6825:Latent semantic analysis 6781:Distributional semantics 6666:Compound-term processing 6564:Named-entity recognition 6036:Software Automatic Mouth 5073:Computers in the Schools 5019:University of Washington 4656:Amazon Web Services, Inc 4213:10.1177/1461444820925811 4048:Zhu, Jian (2020-05-25). 3265:Text-to-speech synthesis 2886:Gray, Robert M. (2010). 2538:Speech-generating device 2508:Chinese speech synthesis 2235:University of Washington 2055:Free Software Foundation 1870:desktop systems can use 1697: 1657: 1648:Software Automatic Mouth 1642:A demo of SAM on the C64 1487:University of Portsmouth 1418:-to-phoneme conversion ( 906:dialects of English the 863:linear predictive coding 761:Unit selection synthesis 710:Synthesizer technologies 599:Telesensory Systems Inc. 478:Linear predictive coding 39:latest accepted revision 7073:Automated essay scoring 7043:Document classification 6710:Automatic summarization 6383:Concatenative synthesis 6268:Microsoft Speech Server 6137:NIAONiao Virtual Singer 5626:10.25148/etd.fi14040802 4762:. Microsoft. 2007-05-07 4259:"Deepfake: An Overview" 4201:New Media & Society 4056:. ISCA: ISCA: 930–934. 3799:10.1126/science.7233191 3586:The Empire Strikes Back 3300:IEEE TTS Workshop 2002. 3234:The Singularity is Near 3204:CadeMetz (2020-08-20). 2533:Silent speech interface 2307:(SSML), which became a 2249:web application called 1902:Microsoft Speech Server 1830:Commodore International 1646:Also released in 1982, 1481:A study in the journal 1241:artificial intelligence 1022:arcade games using the 956:and an acoustic model ( 881:, that was invented by 752:Concatenative synthesis 746:Concatenation synthesis 733:concatenative synthesis 674:using voice synthesis, 226:phonetic transcriptions 144:phonetic transcriptions 6930:Universal Dependencies 6623:Terminology extraction 6606:Semantic decomposition 6601:Semantic role labeling 6591:Part-of-speech tagging 6559:Information extraction 6544:Coreference resolution 6534:Collocation extraction 6378:Articulatory synthesis 6332:Franklin Seaney Cooper 4989:Thies, Justus (2016). 4678:; et al. (1991). 3718:(5): 639.e17–639.e23. 3109:Voice Chess Challenger 2675:10.1006/csla.1994.1005 2518:List of screen readers 2465:University of Brasília 2378: 2190:Also researchers from 1943:Text-to-speech systems 1936: 1821: 1814: 1725: 1712: 1672: 1643: 1628: 1585: 1541:National Semiconductor 1526: 1501:in the source domain ( 1157: 1036:Articulatory synthesis 1030:Articulatory synthesis 960:). Parameters such as 704:cost-performance ratio 668:Milton Bradley Company 640:personal computer game 591: 578: 570: 548: 447:) recreated the song " 416: 382:and his colleagues at 380:Dr. Franklin S. Cooper 197: 78:Automatic announcement 71: 6691:Sentence segmentation 6347:Wolfgang von Kempelen 6127:CeVIO Creative Studio 6086:CeVIO Creative Studio 5969:Automatik Text Reader 5815:Karplus–Strong string 3638:(2nd ed.). CRC. 3261:Taylor, Paul (2009). 3079:Gevaryahu, Jonathan, 2426:SpongeBob SquarePants 2373: 2226:in existing 2D video. 2213:Human image synthesis 2102:, and the Bebook Neo. 1980:and web pages from a 1934: 1820: 1812: 1794:Software as a Service 1723: 1710: 1670: 1641: 1583: 1524: 1477:Prosody (linguistics) 1455:Evaluation challenges 1155: 1101:fundamental frequency 1065:University of Calgary 1018:machines and in many 978:rules-based synthesis 962:fundamental frequency 811:fundamental frequency 607:Speak & Spell toy 589: 576: 569: 546: 463:2001: A Space Odyssey 410: 339:Wolfgang von Kempelen 195: 70: 7205:Assistive technology 7143:Voice user interface 6854:datasets and corpora 6795:Document-term matrix 6648:Word-sense induction 6342:Haskins Laboratories 6051:Microsoft Speech API 5866:Software synthesizer 5710:Frequency modulation 4519:Speech Communication 4477:Speech Communication 4468:Drahota, A. (2008). 4412:"Blizzard Challenge" 3393:Speech Communication 3356:on February 22, 2007 3024:Speech Communication 2824:on December 11, 1997 2361:Haskins Laboratories 2345:reading disabilities 2185:speaker verification 2167:Digital sound-alikes 2032:open-source software 2005:assistive technology 1796:in AWS (from 2017). 1685:finite state machine 1483:Speech Communication 1448:phonemic orthography 1422:is the term used by 1372:improve this section 1266:voice-authentication 1162:deep neural networks 1089:hidden Markov models 1048:in the mid-1970s by 1046:Haskins Laboratories 680:, in the same year. 502:Manfred R. Schroeder 429:John Larry Kelly, Jr 384:Haskins Laboratories 183:reading disabilities 7123:Interactive fiction 7053:Pachinko allocation 7010:Speech segmentation 6966:Google Ngram Viewer 6738:Machine translation 6728:Text simplification 6723:Sentence extraction 6611:Semantic similarity 5848:Digital synthesizer 4715:on 26 February 2012 4134:Lyu, Siwei (2020). 4054:Speech Prosody 2020 3791:1981Sci...212..947R 3618:Vindicators Part II 3529:Music and Computers 3526:Dartmouth College: 3020:Ciaramella, Alberto 2769:1987ASAJ...82..737K 2611:1981ASAJ...70..321R 2071:(Baseball) and the 1172:multi-speaker model 1083:HMM-based synthesis 887:the Bronx, New York 861:techniques such as 630:(known in Japan as 521:line spectral pairs 492:and Shuzo Saito of 29:Page version status 7133:Question answering 7005:Speech recognition 6870:Corpus linguistics 6850:Language resources 6633:Textual entailment 6616:Sentiment analysis 6352:Ignatius Mattingly 5825:Analog synthesizer 5787:Physical modelling 5545:. January 30, 2023 5513:Kanetkar, Riddhi. 5486:The New York Times 5246:Anime News Network 4801:Andreas Bischoff, 4585:2012-05-28 at the 4398:"Speech synthesis" 4364:Newman, Lily Hay. 4101:. pp. 11–13. 3922:. January 23, 2023 3578:Return of the Jedi 3535:2011-06-08 at the 3210:The New York Times 3125:2011-06-15 at the 2908:10.1561/2000000036 2873:2016-03-04 at the 2804:The New York Times 2442:virtual assistants 2434:speech recognition 2379: 2309:W3C recommendation 2224:facial expressions 2222:counterfeiting of 2181:transfers learning 2096:PocketBook eReader 1937: 1880:speech recognition 1822: 1815: 1774:command-line based 1742:speech recognition 1726: 1713: 1673: 1644: 1586: 1527: 1517:Dedicated hardware 1250:speech translation 1158: 1125:Sinewave synthesis 1119:Sinewave synthesis 1113:maximum likelihood 1093:frequency spectrum 954:additive synthesis 883:Michael J. Freeman 632:Speak & Rescue 592: 579: 571: 549: 455:. Coincidentally, 431:and his colleague 417: 403:Electronic devices 347:Charles Wheatstone 211:text normalization 198: 179:visual impairments 148:speech recognition 120:speech synthesizer 72: 35: 7210:Auditory displays 7182: 7181: 7138:Virtual assistant 7063:Computer-assisted 6989: 6988: 6746:Computer-assisted 6704: 6703: 6696:Word segmentation 6658:Text segmentation 6596:Semantic analysis 6584:Syntactic parsing 6569:Ontology learning 6421: 6420: 6327:Catherine Browman 6180: 6179: 6003: 6002: 5990:Lyricos / Flinger 5874: 5873: 5861:Scanned synthesis 5800:Digital waveguide 5715:Linear arithmetic 5192:978-1-6654-0358-0 5147:978-1-6654-7083-4 4693:978-0-201-56776-2 4589:." June 14, 2001. 4552:(12): 2471–2480. 4280:978-981-16-0732-5 4167:978-1-7281-1485-9 3785:(4497): 947–949. 3645:978-0-7484-0856-6 3568:Examples include 3548:Examples include 3517:, September 1993. 3477:New York Magazine 3455:cyberneticzoo.com 3379:ICSLP Proceedings 3339:, IEEE ASRU 2011. 3309:John Kominek and 3247:978-0-14-303788-0 3230:Kurzweil, Raymond 3060:978-0-7923-8027-6 2647:978-0-387-94701-3 2583:978-0-521-30641-6 2543:Speech processing 2483:Singing synthesis 2349:speech impairment 2245:In March 2020, a 1932: 1856:Microsoft Windows 1810: 1721: 1708: 1668: 1639: 1581: 1565:Texas Instruments 1503:linear prediction 1446:Languages with a 1437:synthetic phonics 1408: 1407: 1400: 1153: 1054:Bell Laboratories 1024:TMS5220 LPC Chips 1009:Speak & Spell 1005:Texas Instruments 945:Formant synthesis 939:context-sensitive 841:Diphone synthesis 795:speech recognizer 611:Texas Instruments 587: 544: 514:Speak & Spell 490:Nagoya University 480:(LPC), a form of 294:(1198–1280), and 280:signal processing 187:operating systems 89: 47:25 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 7227: 7195:Speech synthesis 7159:Formal semantics 7108:Natural language 7015:Speech synthesis 6997:and data capture 6900:Semantic network 6875:Lexical resource 6858: 6857: 6676:Lexical analysis 6654: 6653: 6579:Semantic parsing 6448: 6441: 6434: 6425: 6424: 6263:Windows Narrator 6202:Pattern playback 6152:Symphonic Choirs 6016: 6015: 5921: 5920: 5908:Speech synthesis 5901: 5894: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5795:Banded waveguide 5720:Phase distortion 5691: 5684: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5644:Speech synthesis 5631: 5630: 5628: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5519:Business Insider 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5323:Denfaminicogamer 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5219: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5096: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4820: 4814: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4741:on June 21, 2003 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4711:. Archived from 4704: 4698: 4697: 4682:(3rd ed.). 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4611: 4605:. Archived from 4604: 4596: 4590: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4499:. Archived from 4474: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4439:on May 17, 2008. 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4151: 4142:. pp. 1–6. 4131: 4125: 4124: 4118: 4110: 4097:. Vol. 28. 4090: 4084: 4083: 4065: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4023:Bonk, Lawrence. 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3891:Denfaminicogamer 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3815: 3809:. Archived from 3776: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3712:Journal of Voice 3707: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3671:Interspeech 2013 3668: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3631: 3625: 3566: 3560: 3546: 3540: 3524: 3518: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3388: 3382: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3352:. Archived from 3346: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3301: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3268: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3139: 3133: 3117: 3111: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3088:Breslow, et al. 3086: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3005: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2910: 2892: 2883: 2877: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2820:. Archived from 2814: 2808: 2807: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2777:10.1121/1.395275 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2721: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2639: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2619:10.1121/1.386780 2594: 2588: 2587: 2575: 2565: 2528:Paperless office 2452:like Elai.io or 2423:fandom, and the 2404:, including the 2398:content creation 2297:markup languages 2265:Twilight Sparkle 1933: 1906:web applications 1811: 1730:operating system 1722: 1711:MacinTalk 1 demo 1709: 1677:operating system 1669: 1640: 1582: 1403: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1352: 1344: 1334:Ulysses S. Grant 1180:nondeterministic 1154: 986:embedded systems 924: 916: 650:Shoplifting Girl 588: 545: 516:toys from 1978. 486:Fumitada Itakura 457:Arthur C. Clarke 388:Pattern playback 286:" involved Pope 112:Speech synthesis 91: 90: 69: 21: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7147: 7127:Syntax guessing 7109: 7102: 7088:Predictive text 7083:Grammar checker 7064: 7057: 7029: 6996: 6985: 6951:Bank of English 6934: 6862: 6853: 6844: 6775: 6732: 6700: 6652: 6554:Distant reading 6529:Argument mining 6515: 6511:Text processing 6457: 6452: 6422: 6417: 6366: 6314: 6308: 6282: 6231: 6176: 6105: 6046:Microsoft Agent 6010: 5999: 5973: 5910: 5905: 5875: 5870: 5856:Analog modeling 5842: 5833:Graphical sound 5819: 5781: 5744: 5701: 5698:Sound synthesis 5695: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5611: 5607: 5597: 5595: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5548: 5546: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5523: 5521: 5511: 5507: 5498: 5496: 5478: 5474: 5465: 5463: 5453: 5449: 5440: 5438: 5420: 5416: 5407: 5405: 5395: 5391: 5382: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5357: 5355: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5332: 5330: 5315: 5311: 5302: 5300: 5285: 5281: 5272: 5270: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5193: 5167: 5163: 5148: 5122: 5118: 5065: 5061: 5052: 5050: 5043:deeplearning.ai 5035: 5031: 5023: 5021: 5009: 5005: 4996: 4994: 4987: 4983: 4974: 4972: 4970:Washington Post 4962: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4897: 4893: 4867: 4863: 4854: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4829: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4800: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4778: 4774: 4765: 4763: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4744: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4673: 4669: 4660: 4658: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4636: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4587:Wayback Machine 4577: 4573: 4542: 4538: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4457:. January 2008. 4449: 4448: 4444: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4417: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4382: 4380: 4362: 4358: 4349: 4347: 4337: 4333: 4324: 4322: 4312:Washington Post 4306: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4291: 4281: 4255: 4251: 4240: 4236: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4178: 4168: 4132: 4128: 4112: 4111: 4091: 4087: 4046: 4042: 4033: 4031: 4021: 4017: 4008: 4006: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3981: 3963: 3959: 3950: 3948: 3938: 3934: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3898: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3868: 3853: 3849: 3832: 3828: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3755: 3753: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3708: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3632: 3628: 3567: 3563: 3547: 3543: 3537:Wayback Machine 3525: 3521: 3505: 3501: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3433: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3389: 3385: 3372: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3304: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3227: 3223: 3214: 3212: 3202: 3198: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3159: 3155: 3140: 3136: 3127:Wayback Machine 3118: 3114: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3047: 3043: 3016: 3012: 3003: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2952: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2875:Wayback Machine 2866: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2796: 2792: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2630: 2626: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2503: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2414:Team Fortress 2 2375:Stephen Hawking 2332: 2293: 2169: 2064: 2028: 1966: 1956:Version 1.6 of 1954: 1945: 1926: 1924: 1918: 1864: 1862:Microsoft Agent 1858: 1804: 1802: 1786: 1715: 1702: 1700: 1662: 1660: 1633: 1631: 1622:SP0256 Narrator 1607: 1575: 1573: 1567: 1559: 1519: 1479: 1469: 1457: 1404: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1369: 1353: 1342: 1318:parts of speech 1316:) to generate " 1279: 1274: 1254: 1253: 1233: 1225: 1223:Audio deepfakes 1147: 1145: 1139: 1127: 1121: 1085: 1038: 1032: 947: 925:). Likewise in 921:is realized as 895: 843: 773:, half-phones, 763: 754: 748: 721:intelligibility 712: 672:electronic game 636:Sun Electronics 581: 538: 413:Stephen Hawking 405: 292:Albertus Magnus 273: 246:text-to-phoneme 109: 108: 100: 98: 97: 96: 95: 92: 83: 80: 73: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7233: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7110:user interface 7104: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7039: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6866: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6835:Word embedding 6832: 6827: 6822: 6815:Language model 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6786: 6784: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6766:Transfer-based 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6660: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6539:Concept mining 6536: 6531: 6525: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6451: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6428: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6393:Inverse filter 6390: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6318: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6013: 6005: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5927: 5925: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5881: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5805:Direct digital 5802: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5758: 5756: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5694: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5650: 5639: 5638:External links 5636: 5633: 5632: 5605: 5580: 5555: 5530: 5505: 5472: 5455:Suciu, Peter. 5447: 5422:Knibbs, Kate. 5414: 5389: 5364: 5339: 5309: 5279: 5258: 5233: 5206: 5191: 5161: 5146: 5116: 5079:(3): 214–231. 5059: 5029: 5003: 4981: 4956: 4925: 4891: 4861: 4836: 4815: 4794: 4772: 4751: 4726: 4699: 4692: 4684:Addison-Wesley 4667: 4652:"Amazon Polly" 4643: 4633:. folklore.org 4622: 4591: 4571: 4536: 4525:(2): 143–154. 4509: 4506:on 2013-07-03. 4483:(4): 278–287. 4460: 4442: 4424: 4403: 4389: 4356: 4331: 4299: 4279: 4249: 4234: 4187: 4166: 4126: 4085: 4040: 4015: 3990: 3957: 3932: 3907: 3877: 3847: 3826: 3762: 3737: 3699: 3651: 3644: 3626: 3561: 3541: 3519: 3499: 3483: 3467: 3442: 3425:. 1974-04-01. 3410: 3399:(2): 143–154. 3383: 3366: 3341: 3328: 3315: 3302: 3286: 3279: 3253: 3246: 3221: 3196: 3178: 3172:978-0992926007 3171: 3153: 3134: 3112: 3101: 3081: 3072: 3066: 3059: 3041: 3030:(3): 263–271. 3010: 2986: 2958: 2929: 2901:(4): 203–303. 2878: 2860: 2835: 2809: 2790: 2747: 2707: 2692: 2680: 2653: 2646: 2624: 2605:(2): 321–328. 2589: 2582: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2337:screen readers 2331: 2328: 2292: 2289: 2271:from the show 2243: 2242: 2227: 2220:near real-time 2216: 2192:Baidu Research 2168: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2153: 2135: 2121: 2110: 2103: 2100:enTourage eDGe 2086:, such as the 2084:e-book readers 2080: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2048: 2042: 2027: 2024: 1986:Google Toolbar 1965: 1962: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1920:Main article: 1917: 1914: 1857: 1854: 1801: 1798: 1785: 1782: 1758:Mac OS X Tiger 1734:Apple Computer 1699: 1696: 1659: 1656: 1630: 1627: 1606: 1603: 1569:Main article: 1566: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1538: 1533: 1518: 1515: 1468: 1465: 1456: 1453: 1432:pronunciations 1406: 1405: 1356: 1354: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1246:text-to-speech 1237:audio deepfake 1234: 1230:Audio deepfake 1226: 1224: 1221: 1141:Main article: 1138: 1135: 1123:Main article: 1120: 1117: 1084: 1081: 1034:Main article: 1031: 1028: 994:microprocessor 946: 943: 910:in words like 894: 891: 842: 839: 762: 759: 750:Main article: 747: 744: 711: 708: 645:Manbiki Shoujo 498:Bishnu S. Atal 433:Louis Gerstman 404: 401: 393:Alvin Liberman 360:developed the 356:In the 1930s, 290:(d. 1003 AD), 272: 269: 265:target prosody 230:prosodic units 216:pre-processing 132:text-to-speech 99: 93: 81: 76: 75: 74: 65: 64: 63: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 18:Text to speech 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7232: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7164:Hallucination 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7098:Spell checker 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6992: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6910:Speech corpus 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6890:Parallel text 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6751:Example-based 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6681:Text chunking 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6671:Lemmatisation 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6521:Text analysis 6518: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462:General terms 6460: 6456: 6449: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6414: 6413:Voice cloning 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6403:Phase vocoder 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6322:Alan W. Black 6320: 6319: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6066:Voice browser 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6006: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5916:Free software 5913: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5777:Concatenative 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5609: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5268: 5262: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5216: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5049:on 2020-08-07 5048: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5007: 4992: 4985: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4887: 4882: 4879:: 4485–4495, 4878: 4874: 4873: 4865: 4851:on 2013-10-03 4850: 4846: 4840: 4825: 4819: 4812: 4811:0-7695-2932-1 4808: 4804: 4798: 4783: 4776: 4761: 4755: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4632: 4626: 4612:on 2012-03-24 4608: 4601: 4595: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4455:Science Daily 4452: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4414:. Festvox.org 4413: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3965:WIRED Staff. 3961: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3842: 3837: 3830: 3816:on 2011-12-16 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3752:on 2012-02-13 3751: 3747: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3704: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3550:Astro Blaster 3545: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3495: 3494: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3332: 3325: 3322:Julia Zhang. 3319: 3312: 3311:Alan W. Black 3306: 3299: 3295: 3294:Alan W. Black 3290: 3282: 3280:9780521899277 3276: 3272: 3267: 3266: 3257: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3238:Penguin Books 3235: 3231: 3225: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3110: 3105: 3092: 3085: 3076: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2951: 2948:(3): 1123–6. 2947: 2940: 2933: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2850:on 2000-04-07 2849: 2845: 2839: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2763:(3): 737–93. 2762: 2758: 2751: 2737:on 2013-05-12 2733: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2711: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2669:(2): 95–128. 2668: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2585: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2564: 2560: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2491: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461:voice quality 2457: 2455: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2196:voice cloning 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088:Amazon Kindle 2085: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978:e-mail client 1975: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1949: 1940: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1846:Speak Handler 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1695: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1681:1400XL/1450XL 1678: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:Intellivision 1612: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1572: 1562: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545:Forrest Mozer 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1495:pitch contour 1492: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1461: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1402: 1399: 1391: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1357:This section 1355: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1291:abbreviations 1288: 1284: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1231: 1220: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1202:vocal emotion 1199: 1198:browser-based 1195: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176:deep learning 1173: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1144: 1134: 1132: 1126: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 982:screen reader 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 920: 913: 909: 905: 899: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 838: 835: 831: 826: 824: 823:decision tree 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 758: 753: 743: 741: 739: 734: 729: 726: 723: 722: 717: 707: 705: 700: 698: 694: 689: 685: 681: 679: 678: 673: 669: 665: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 646: 641: 637: 633: 629: 628: 623: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 575: 568: 564: 562: 558: 554: 536: 534: 529: 524: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 482:speech coding 479: 475: 473: 469: 465: 464: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 414: 409: 400: 398: 394: 389: 385: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 301:In 1779, the 299: 298:(1214–1294). 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 278: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 252: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 194: 190: 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 168: 164: 160: 156: 155:concatenating 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 107: 105: 79: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 7078:Concordancer 7014: 6474:Bag-of-words 6408:Self-voicing 6357:Philip Rubin 6236:Applications 6197:Mockingboard 6026:Amazon Polly 6009:Proprietary 5907: 5750:Sample-based 5615: 5608: 5596:. Retrieved 5593:synthesia.io 5592: 5583: 5571:. Retrieved 5567: 5558: 5547:. Retrieved 5543:www.vice.com 5542: 5533: 5522:. Retrieved 5518: 5508: 5497:. Retrieved 5485: 5475: 5464:. Retrieved 5460: 5450: 5439:. Retrieved 5427: 5417: 5406:. Retrieved 5402: 5392: 5381:. Retrieved 5376: 5367: 5356:. Retrieved 5354:. 2023-06-20 5351: 5342: 5331:. Retrieved 5322: 5312: 5301:. Retrieved 5292: 5282: 5271:. Retrieved 5261: 5250:. Retrieved 5248:. 2007-05-02 5245: 5236: 5227: 5221: 5209: 5174: 5164: 5129: 5119: 5094:11244/316759 5076: 5072: 5062: 5051:. Retrieved 5047:the original 5042: 5032: 5022:, retrieved 5013: 5006: 4995:. Retrieved 4984: 4973:. Retrieved 4969: 4959: 4948:. Retrieved 4946:. 2019-07-08 4937: 4928: 4910: 4904: 4894: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4853:. Retrieved 4849:the original 4839: 4828:. Retrieved 4818: 4797: 4786:. Retrieved 4775: 4764:. Retrieved 4754: 4743:. Retrieved 4739:the original 4729: 4717:. Retrieved 4713:the original 4702: 4679: 4670: 4659:. Retrieved 4655: 4646: 4635:. Retrieved 4625: 4614:. Retrieved 4607:the original 4594: 4574: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4501:the original 4480: 4476: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4437:the original 4427: 4416:. Retrieved 4406: 4392: 4381:. Retrieved 4369: 4359: 4348:. Retrieved 4344: 4334: 4323:. Retrieved 4311: 4302: 4292:, retrieved 4262: 4252: 4246:. Bloomberg. 4237: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4179:. Retrieved 4139: 4129: 4094: 4088: 4053: 4043: 4032:. Retrieved 4028: 4018: 4007:. Retrieved 4003: 3993: 3982:. Retrieved 3970: 3960: 3949:. Retrieved 3945: 3935: 3924:. Retrieved 3919: 3910: 3899:. Retrieved 3890: 3880: 3869:. Retrieved 3860: 3850: 3829: 3818:. Retrieved 3811:the original 3782: 3778: 3765: 3754:. Retrieved 3750:the original 3740: 3715: 3711: 3690:. Retrieved 3670: 3635: 3629: 3614:RoadBlasters 3564: 3544: 3528: 3522: 3514: 3502: 3493:The Futurist 3492: 3486: 3476: 3470: 3459:. Retrieved 3457:. 2010-09-13 3454: 3445: 3434:. Retrieved 3422: 3413: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3378: 3369: 3358:. Retrieved 3354:the original 3344: 3331: 3318: 3305: 3289: 3264: 3256: 3233: 3224: 3213:. Retrieved 3209: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3162: 3156: 3147: 3137: 3115: 3104: 3084: 3075: 3069: 3053:. Springer. 3050: 3044: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3002:. Retrieved 2977:. Retrieved 2945: 2932: 2898: 2894: 2881: 2863: 2852:. Retrieved 2848:the original 2838: 2826:. Retrieved 2822:the original 2812: 2803: 2793: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2739:. Retrieved 2732:the original 2727: 2723: 2710: 2699: 2695: 2683: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2640:. Springer. 2635: 2627: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2571: 2563: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2431: 2424: 2418: 2417:fandom, the 2412: 2406: 2391: 2380: 2333: 2330:Applications 2321: 2295:A number of 2294: 2282: 2279:Tenth Doctor 2272: 2258: 2244: 2207: 2200: 2194:presented a 2189: 2171:At the 2018 2170: 2132:IBM ViaVoice 2029: 2017: 2002: 1970:applications 1967: 1955: 1946: 1938: 1910:call centers 1900: 1892:Windows 2000 1865: 1850: 1823: 1787: 1766:Snow Leopard 1727: 1689: 1674: 1645: 1618:Intellivoice 1608: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1560: 1482: 1480: 1462: 1458: 1445: 1441: 1409: 1394: 1385: 1370:Please help 1358: 1330: 1326: 1311: 1296: 1280: 1255: 1214: 1210: 1192: 1187: 1171: 1166: 1159: 1128: 1086: 1077: 1058: 1050:Philip Rubin 1039: 1002: 977: 948: 923:/ˌklɪəɹˈʌʊt/ 918: 911: 907: 900: 896: 851:phonotactics 844: 827: 764: 755: 736: 732: 730: 725: 719: 715: 713: 701: 690: 686: 682: 675: 661: 657: 649: 643: 638:. The first 631: 625: 619:shoot 'em up 609:produced by 602: 593: 557:Dennis Klatt 550: 525: 518: 512:used in the 476: 466:, where the 461: 420: 418: 378: 366:Homer Dudley 355: 300: 288:Silvester II 284:Brazen Heads 274: 264: 260: 249: 245: 221:tokenization 219: 215: 209: 199: 176: 152: 135: 131: 130:products. A 119: 111: 110: 101: 61: 46: 37:This is the 31: 7035:Topic model 6915:Text corpus 6761:Statistical 6628:Text mining 6469:AI-complete 6337:Gunnar Fant 6315:Researchers 6313:Developers/ 6253:Dr. Sbaitso 6061:Readspeaker 5940:Gnopernicus 5730:Subtractive 5352:VentureBeat 4824:"gnuspeech" 4578:EE Times. " 3602:Gauntlet II 3582:Road Runner 2704:(in German) 2400:in various 2160:Yamaha FS1R 2128:OS/2 Warp 4 2026:Open source 2009:Readspeaker 1982:web browser 1778:AppleScript 1248:as well as 1217:tone sandhi 1115:criterion. 1097:vocal tract 1042:vocal tract 1020:Atari, Inc. 998:intonations 935:alternation 919:"clear out" 803:spectrogram 716:naturalness 622:arcade game 472:Dave Bowman 453:Max Mathews 333:-operated " 325:sounds (in 319:vocal tract 296:Roger Bacon 261:synthesizer 253:-to-phoneme 172:vocal tract 7189:Categories 6756:Rule-based 6638:Truecasing 6506:Stop words 6278:Voice font 6243:AOLbyPhone 6142:PPG Phonem 6132:Chipspeech 6071:CoolSpeech 5740:Distortion 5598:12 October 5549:2023-02-03 5524:2023-07-25 5499:2023-07-25 5466:2023-07-25 5441:2023-07-25 5408:2023-04-25 5383:2023-04-25 5358:2023-07-25 5333:2021-01-18 5303:2021-01-19 5273:2010-02-17 5252:2010-02-17 5230:(1). 1984. 5053:2020-04-02 5024:2018-03-02 4997:2016-06-18 4975:2019-09-08 4950:2019-09-11 4920:1802.06006 4886:1806.04558 4855:2010-02-17 4830:2010-02-17 4788:2010-02-17 4766:2010-02-17 4745:2011-01-29 4676:Miner, Jay 4661:2020-04-28 4637:2013-03-24 4616:2012-02-22 4418:2012-02-22 4383:2023-07-25 4350:2022-07-01 4345:PEOPLE.com 4325:2022-06-29 4294:2022-06-29 4181:2022-06-29 4149:2003.09234 4063:1912.10915 4034:2023-07-25 4009:2023-07-25 4004:TechCrunch 3984:2023-07-25 3951:2023-04-25 3926:2023-02-03 3901:2021-01-18 3871:2021-01-19 3841:1910.11997 3820:2011-12-14 3756:2012-02-22 3554:Space Fury 3507:L.F. Lamel 3461:2019-05-23 3436:2019-05-28 3360:2008-05-28 3215:2020-08-23 3131:GamesRadar 3091:US 4326710 3004:2009-07-21 2854:2010-02-17 2828:5 December 2741:2011-12-13 2555:References 2343:and other 2284:Doctor Who 2277:, and the 2269:Fluttershy 2073:Atari 2600 2069:Atari 5200 1888:Windows 98 1884:Windows 95 1860:See also: 1471:See also: 1388:April 2023 1307:homographs 1283:heteronyms 1272:Challenges 1262:Joseph Cox 1206:intonation 1194:ElevenLabs 1069:Steve Jobs 904:non-rhotic 693:Ann Syrdal 658:zero cross 615:video game 533:a cappella 449:Daisy Bell 386:built the 309:scientist 277:electronic 104:media help 7065:reviewing 6863:standards 6861:Types and 6287:Protocols 6273:PlainTalk 6117:Alter/Ego 6096:LaLaVoice 6091:Voiceroid 5985:eCantorix 5945:Gnuspeech 5762:Wavetable 5573:10 August 5494:0362-4331 5436:1059-1028 5293:AUTOMATON 5201:236982893 5156:250118756 5111:243101945 5103:0738-0569 4826:. Gnu.org 4378:1059-1028 4320:0190-8286 4289:236666289 4229:226196422 4221:1461-4448 4176:214605906 4115:cite book 4107:2209-9689 4080:209444942 3979:1059-1028 3861:AUTOMATON 3570:Star Wars 3431:0040-781X 2917:1932-8346 2477:dysphonic 2469:phonation 2454:Synthesia 2107:BBC Micro 2051:gnuspeech 2013:Pediaphon 1990:RSS-feeds 1840:'s audio 1834:MacinTalk 1754:VoiceOver 1750:PlainTalk 1746:Macintosh 1738:MacInTalk 1652:Macintalk 1424:linguists 1359:does not 1303:heuristic 1260:reporter 1256:In 2023, 1252:services. 1109:waveforms 1073:gnuspeech 834:gigabytes 791:sentences 779:morphemes 775:syllables 740:synthesis 627:Stratovox 563:methods. 535:" style. 526:In 1975, 506:Bell Labs 441:Bell Labs 370:The Voder 358:Bell Labs 343:Pressburg 242:sentences 202:front-end 6981:Wikidata 6961:FrameNet 6946:BabelNet 6925:Treebank 6895:PropBank 6840:Word2vec 6805:fastText 6686:Stemming 6304:VoiceXML 6248:DialogOS 6167:Vocaloid 6162:Vocalina 6147:Realivox 6081:CereProc 6041:Talk It! 6019:Speaking 6011:software 5935:eSpeakNG 5924:Speaking 5767:Granular 5735:Additive 5377:Press.pl 5327:Archived 5297:Archived 4583:Archived 4566:10491251 4497:46693018 4029:Lifewire 3895:Archived 3865:Archived 3732:26337775 3687:17451802 3610:Paperboy 3598:Gauntlet 3533:Archived 3232:(2005). 3123:Archived 2950:Archived 2921:Archived 2871:Archived 2501:See also 2429:fandom. 2341:dyslexia 2324:VoiceXML 2247:freeware 2239:lip sync 2231:SIGGRAPH 2203:Symantec 2146:Magellan 1994:podcasts 1964:Internet 1896:Narrator 1788:Used in 1692:Atari ST 1531:Icophone 1428:language 1416:grapheme 1412:spelling 1299:semantic 1268:system. 1131:formants 988:, where 974:waveform 847:diphones 819:run time 799:waveform 771:diphones 654:PET 2001 634:), from 595:Handheld 468:HAL 9000 435:used an 397:phonetic 351:Euphonia 251:grapheme 206:back-end 167:diphones 159:database 128:hardware 124:software 43:reviewed 7152:Related 7118:Chatbot 6976:WordNet 6956:DBpedia 6830:Seq2seq 6574:Parsing 6489:Trigram 6371:Process 6192:Echo II 6185:Machine 6172:Xiaoice 6110:Singing 6031:DECtalk 5978:Singing 5964:FreeTTS 5838:Modular 5810:Formant 5754:Sampler 5725:Scanned 5568:elai.io 4939:bbc.com 4719:9 April 3807:7233191 3787:Bibcode 3779:Science 3692:Aug 27, 3574:Firefox 3539:, 1993. 3381:, 1996. 2979:15 July 2785:2958525 2765:Bibcode 2607:Bibcode 2402:fandoms 2390:series 2384:Biglobe 2092:Samsung 2077:Quadrun 1998:podcast 1974:plugins 1958:Android 1952:Android 1868:Windows 1866:Modern 1842:chipset 1826:AmigaOS 1800:AmigaOS 1792:and as 1762:Leopard 1592:Alpiner 1507:plosion 1420:phoneme 1380:removed 1365:sources 1322:corpora 1287:numbers 1184:emotion 1170:uses a 1105:prosody 966:voicing 950:Formant 933:. This 931:liaison 915:/ˈklɪə/ 912:"clear" 879:Leachim 855:prosody 787:phrases 738:formant 663:Berzerk 603:Speech+ 553:DECtalk 445:vocoder 437:IBM 704 415:in 1999 362:vocoder 331:bellows 271:History 257:prosody 238:clauses 234:phrases 232:, like 7125:(c.f. 6783:models 6771:Neural 6484:Bigram 6479:n-gram 6388:Currah 6362:Yamaha 6258:MBROLA 6207:Phasor 6122:Cantor 5931:eSpeak 5772:Vector 5648:Curlie 5492: 5461:Forbes 5434: 5199: 5189: 5154: 5144: 5109: 5101: 4813:, 2007 4809: 4690: 4564: 4495: 4376: 4318: 4287: 4277: 4227: 4219: 4174: 4164: 4105: 4078: 3977: 3920:Sifted 3805: 3730: 3685: 3642: 3606:A.P.B. 3556:, and 3429: 3277: 3244: 3169: 3148:RePlay 3096: 3057: 2915: 2783: 2644: 2580: 2473:timbre 2420:Portal 2411:, the 2409:fandom 2365:Votrax 2315:) and 2260:Portal 2255:GLaDOS 2177:Google 2156:Yamaha 2150:TomTom 2142:Garmin 2062:Others 2039:eSpeak 1922:Votrax 1916:Votrax 1894:added 1876:SAPI 5 1872:SAPI 4 1784:Amazon 1611:Mattel 1605:Mattel 1598:Parsec 1511:voiced 1289:, and 1016:arcade 990:memory 968:, and 927:French 871:MBROLA 789:, and 767:phones 677:Milton 601:(TSI) 421:et al. 307:Danish 303:German 240:, and 204:and a 163:phones 116:speech 7174:spaCy 6819:large 6810:GloVe 6398:PSOLA 6299:SABLE 6227:TuVox 6101:15.ai 6076:IVONA 5995:Sinsy 5959:Flite 5700:types 5428:Wired 5403:Wired 5218:(PDF) 5197:S2CID 5152:S2CID 5107:S2CID 4915:arXiv 4881:arXiv 4610:(PDF) 4603:(PDF) 4562:S2CID 4504:(PDF) 4493:S2CID 4473:(PDF) 4370:Wired 4285:S2CID 4225:S2CID 4172:S2CID 4144:arXiv 4076:S2CID 4058:arXiv 3971:Wired 3946:Wired 3836:arXiv 3814:(PDF) 3775:(PDF) 3683:S2CID 3667:(PDF) 2953:(PDF) 2942:(PDF) 2924:(PDF) 2891:(PDF) 2735:(PDF) 2720:(PDF) 2388:anime 2317:SABLE 2281:from 2257:from 2251:15.ai 2183:from 2118:codec 2098:Pro, 2082:Some 2030:Some 1838:Amiga 1790:Alexa 1698:Apple 1658:Atari 1314:above 1168:15.ai 970:noise 867:PSOLA 815:pitch 807:index 805:. An 783:words 695:, at 337:" of 323:vowel 218:, or 142:like 6939:Data 6790:BERT 6212:RIAS 6157:UTAU 5950:Orca 5600:2023 5575:2022 5490:ISSN 5432:ISSN 5187:ISBN 5142:ISBN 5099:ISSN 4807:ISBN 4721:2013 4688:ISBN 4374:ISSN 4316:ISSN 4275:ISBN 4217:ISSN 4162:ISBN 4121:link 4103:ISSN 3975:ISSN 3803:PMID 3728:PMID 3694:2015 3640:ISBN 3594:720° 3427:ISSN 3423:Time 3275:ISBN 3242:ISBN 3167:ISBN 3055:ISBN 2981:2019 2974:IEEE 2913:ISSN 2830:2017 2781:PMID 2642:ISBN 2578:ISBN 2313:JSML 2267:and 2105:The 2094:E6, 1908:and 1886:and 1874:and 1772:, a 1690:The 1609:The 1595:and 1475:and 1363:any 1361:cite 1258:VICE 1204:and 1061:NeXT 1013:Sega 1007:toy 992:and 801:and 735:and 718:and 528:MUSA 500:and 6971:UBY 5752:or 5659:on 5657:BBC 5646:at 5621:doi 5179:doi 5134:doi 5089:hdl 5081:doi 4944:BBC 4554:doi 4527:doi 4485:doi 4267:doi 4209:doi 4154:doi 4068:doi 3795:doi 3783:212 3720:doi 3675:doi 3616:, 3401:doi 3032:doi 2903:doi 2773:doi 2671:doi 2615:doi 2475:of 2301:XML 2229:In 2138:GPS 2126:'s 2124:IBM 2020:W3C 1984:or 1770:say 1736:'s 1629:SAM 1374:by 1235:An 1099:), 908:"r" 869:or 504:at 488:of 341:of 248:or 181:or 165:or 136:TTS 126:or 45:on 7191:: 5591:. 5566:. 5541:. 5517:. 5488:. 5484:. 5459:. 5430:. 5426:. 5401:. 5375:. 5350:. 5325:. 5321:. 5295:. 5291:. 5244:. 5228:21 5226:. 5220:. 5195:. 5185:. 5173:. 5150:. 5140:. 5128:. 5105:. 5097:. 5087:. 5077:38 5075:. 5071:. 5041:. 5017:, 4968:. 4942:. 4936:. 4913:, 4911:31 4909:, 4903:, 4877:31 4875:, 4654:. 4560:. 4550:21 4548:. 4523:42 4521:. 4491:. 4481:50 4479:. 4475:. 4453:. 4372:. 4368:. 4343:. 4314:. 4310:. 4283:, 4273:, 4261:, 4223:. 4215:. 4205:23 4203:. 4199:. 4170:. 4160:. 4152:. 4138:. 4117:}} 4113:{{ 4074:. 4066:. 4052:. 4027:. 4002:. 3973:. 3969:. 3944:. 3918:. 3893:. 3889:. 3863:. 3859:. 3801:. 3793:. 3781:. 3777:. 3726:. 3716:30 3714:. 3702:^ 3681:. 3669:. 3654:^ 3620:, 3612:, 3608:, 3604:, 3600:, 3596:, 3592:, 3588:, 3584:, 3580:, 3576:, 3572:, 3552:, 3513:, 3453:. 3421:. 3397:42 3395:. 3377:. 3296:, 3273:. 3240:. 3236:. 3208:. 3189:. 3146:. 3129:, 3028:17 3026:. 2989:^ 2972:. 2961:^ 2944:. 2919:. 2911:. 2897:. 2893:. 2802:. 2779:. 2771:. 2761:82 2759:. 2728:12 2726:. 2722:. 2665:. 2613:. 2603:70 2601:. 2367:. 2287:. 2263:, 2148:, 2144:, 2090:, 1972:, 1912:. 1890:. 1491:UK 1489:, 1285:, 964:, 941:. 889:. 865:, 825:. 785:, 781:, 777:, 769:, 624:, 376:. 236:, 214:, 150:. 41:, 7129:) 6852:, 6821:) 6817:( 6447:e 6440:t 6433:v 5957:/ 5933:/ 5900:e 5893:t 5886:v 5690:e 5683:t 5676:v 5663:. 5629:. 5623:: 5602:. 5577:. 5552:. 5527:. 5502:. 5469:. 5444:. 5411:. 5386:. 5361:. 5336:. 5306:. 5276:. 5255:. 5203:. 5181:: 5158:. 5136:: 5113:. 5091:: 5083:: 5056:. 5000:. 4978:. 4953:. 4917:: 4883:: 4858:. 4833:. 4791:. 4769:. 4748:. 4723:. 4696:. 4664:. 4640:. 4619:. 4568:. 4556:: 4533:. 4529:: 4487:: 4421:. 4386:. 4353:. 4328:. 4269:: 4231:. 4211:: 4184:. 4156:: 4146:: 4123:) 4109:. 4082:. 4070:: 4060:: 4037:. 4012:. 3987:. 3954:. 3929:. 3904:. 3874:. 3844:. 3838:: 3823:. 3797:: 3789:: 3759:. 3734:. 3722:: 3696:. 3677:: 3648:. 3624:. 3464:. 3439:. 3407:. 3403:: 3363:. 3283:. 3271:3 3250:. 3218:. 3193:. 3175:. 3063:. 3038:. 3034:: 3007:. 2983:. 2905:: 2899:3 2857:. 2832:. 2806:. 2787:. 2775:: 2767:: 2744:. 2677:. 2673:: 2667:8 2650:. 2621:. 2617:: 2609:: 2586:. 2492:. 2134:. 2075:( 2057:. 1547:) 1401:) 1395:( 1390:) 1386:( 1382:. 1368:. 1232:. 1095:( 813:( 724:. 648:( 531:" 305:- 134:( 106:. 49:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index