889:. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of different witnesses may be entered into a computer, which records all the differences between them, or derived from an existing apparatus. The manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics. The difference between phylogenetics and more traditional forms of statistical analysis is that, rather than simply arranging the manuscripts into rough groupings according to their overall similarity, phylogenetics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree and uses that assumption to derive relationships between them. This makes it more like an automated approach to stemmatics. However, where there is a difference, the computer does not attempt to decide which reading is closer to the original text, and so does not indicate which branch of the tree is the "root"âwhich manuscript tradition is closest to the original. Other types of evidence must be used for that purpose.
1371:
Relegating all editorial matter to an appendix and allowing the text to stand by itself serves to emphasize the primacy of the text and permits the reader to confront the literary work without the distraction of editorial comment and to read the work with ease. A second advantage of a clear text is that it is easier to quote from or to reprint. Although no device can insure accuracy of quotation, the insertion of symbols (or even footnote numbers) into a text places additional difficulties in the way of the quoter. Furthermore, most quotations appear in contexts where symbols are inappropriate; thus when it is necessary to quote from a text which has not been kept clear of apparatus, the burden of producing a clear text of the passage is placed on the quoter. Even footnotes at the bottom of the text pages are open to the same objection, when the question of a photographic reprint arises.
1015:(1864â1938), who had worked with stemmatics, launched an attack on that method in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce bifid trees, divided into just two branches. He concluded that this outcome was unlikely to have occurred by chance, and that therefore, the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses. He suspected that editors tended to favor trees with two branches, as this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment (as there would be no third branch to "break the tie" whenever the witnesses disagreed). He also noted that, for many works, more than one reasonable stemma could be postulated, suggesting that the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.
1323:
determined at this stage by literary considerations. Again in consequence of the systemic character of the work, the contamination of the two historical versions in the edited text gives rise to a third version. Though the editor may indeed give a rational account of his decision at each point on the basis of the documents, nevertheless to aim to produce the ideal text which Crane would have produced in 1896 if the publisher had left him complete freedom is to my mind just as unhistorical as the question of how the first World War or the history of the United States would have developed if
Germany had not caused the USA to enter the war in 1917 by unlimited submarine combat. The nonspecific form of censorship described above is one of the historical conditions under which Crane wrote the second version of
2965:, a rigorous account of the phenomenology of text, with a deep Platonic suspicion of this phenomenology, and of the concrete world of experience (see my 'Materiality' for further discussion). For himâand, I would contend, for the idealist, or 'eclectic' editing with which he and Greg-Bowers are often identified, whereby an idealist 'text that never was' is constructed out of the corrupt states of extant documentsâontology is only immanent, never assuredly present in historical, particularized text, for it can be achieved only at the unattainable level of nous rather than phenomenon. Thus, even the high aims of eclectic (or, as it is sometimes known, 'critical') editing can be called into question, because of the unsure phenomenological status of the documentary and historical."
1116:, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later editionâeven if it contained authorial correctionsâwould "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript". He therefore concluded that the correct procedure would be "produced by using the earliest 'good' print as copy-text and inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author". But, fearing the arbitrary exercise of editorial judgment, McKerrow stated that, having concluded that a later edition had substantive revisions attributable to the author, "we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints".
2394:
transcriptions of texts. Notable exceptions are the earliest digital scholarly editions published in
Budapest in the 1990s. These editions contained high resolution images next to the diplomatic transcription of the texts, as well as a newly typeset text with annotations. These old websites are still available at their original location. Over the course of the early twenty-first century, image files became much faster and cheaper, and storage space and upload times ceased to be significant issues. The next step in digital scholarly editing was the wholesale introduction of images of historical texts, particularly high-definition images of manuscripts, formerly offered only in samples.
1034:
1311:. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own. There were, however, intermediate cases that could reasonably have been attributed to either intention, and some of Bowers's choices came under fireâboth as to his judgment, and as to the wisdom of conflating readings from the two different versions of
999:, also sometimes referred to as "conjectural emendation". But, in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct result. For example, where there are more than two witnesses at the same level of the tree, normally the critic will select the dominant reading. However, it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading. A plausible reading that occurs less often may, nevertheless, be the correct one.
129:
1337:
doing so), thus altering the work in degree but not in kind. If one may think of a work in terms of a spatial metaphor, the first might be labeled "vertical revision," because it moves the work to a different plane, and the second "horizontal revision," because it involves alterations within the same plane. Both produce local changes in active intention; but revisions of the first type appear to be in fulfillment of an altered programmatic intention or to reflect an altered active intention in the work as a whole, whereas those of the second do not.
462:, or critical edition, that is intended to best approximate the original. At the same time, the critical text should document variant readings, so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition. In establishing the critical text, the textual critic considers both "external" evidence (the age, provenance, and affiliation of each witness) and "internal" or "physical" considerations (what the author and scribes, or printers, were likely to have done).
686:
editorial judgment. Stemmatics and copy-text editing â while both eclectic, in that they permit the editor to select readings from multiple sources â sought to reduce subjectivity by establishing one or a few witnesses presumably as being favored by "objective" criteria. The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images helps readers and other critics determine to an extent the depth of research of the critic, and to independently verify their work.
2304:. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use stemmatics and, in some cases, copy text editing. However, unlike the New Testament where the earliest witnesses are within 200 years of the original, the earliest existing manuscripts of most classical texts were written about a millennium after their composition. All things being equal, textual scholars expect that a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.
1202:
2127:
1146:
critical edition the text rightly chosen as copy may not by any means be the one that supplies most substantive readings in cases of variation. The failure to make this distinction and to apply this principle has naturally led to too close and too general a reliance upon the text chosen as basis for an edition, and there has arisen what may be called the tyranny of the copy-text, a tyranny that has, in my opinion, vitiated much of the best editorial work of the past generation.
548:
of witnesses are also usually preferred, since these are less likely to reflect accidents or individual biases. For the same reasons, the most geographically diverse witnesses are preferred. Some manuscripts show evidence that particular care was taken in their composition, for example, by including alternative readings in their margins, demonstrating that more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one. Other factors being equal, these are the
1523:
617:
435:
transmission, are nonetheless not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph. Instead of a scribe miscopying his source, a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph. Since each scribe or printer commits different errors, reconstruction of the lost original is often aided by a selection of readings taken from many sources. An edited text that draws from multiple sources is said to be
454:. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant may have entered the text, either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship), as scribes or supervisors transmitted the original author's text by copying it. The textual critic's task, therefore, is to sort through the variants, eliminating those most likely to be
32:
700:
1287:, presented "the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions." In his writings, Tanselle refers to "unconstrained authorial intention" or "an author's uninfluenced intentions." This marks a departure from Greg, who had merely suggested that the editor inquire whether a later reading "is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former", not implying any further inquiry as to
1304:. After the novel's initial publication, Melville's publisher asked him to soften the novel's criticisms of missionaries in the South Seas. Although Melville pronounced the changes an improvement, Tanselle rejected them in his edition, concluding that "there is no evidence, internal or external, to suggest that they are the kinds of changes Melville would have made without pressure from someone else."
674:. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties." They also argued that "Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses", and that "The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others."
854:
2372:
the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable if the other requirements are satisfied. In the
European Union critical and scientific editions may be protected also by the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works as made possible by art. 5 of the
4425: â 2008 Middle East report: Issues 218â222; Issues 224â225 Middle East Research & Information Project, JSTOR (Organization) â 2001 Shahine filed to divorce Abu Zayd from his wife, on the grounds that Abu Zayd's textual criticism of the Quran made him an apostate, and hence unfit to marry a Muslim. Abu Zayd and his wife eventually relocated to the Netherlands
1512:
796:, where the text of the archetype is determined by examining variants from the closest hyparchetypes to the archetype and selecting the best ones. If one reading occurs more often than another at the same level of the tree, then the dominant reading is selected. If two competing readings occur equally often, then the editor uses judgment to select the correct reading.
310:, survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are correct. Although texts such as Greek plays presumably had one original, the question of whether some biblical books, like the
2214:
This is what has caused the traditional anxiety regarding translation. If the Koran is not comprehensibleâif it can't even be understood in Arabicâthen it's not translatable. People fear that. And since the Koran claims repeatedly to be clear but obviously is notâas even speakers of Arabic will tell youâthere is a contradiction. Something else must be going on.
2411:(TEI) uses encoding for the same purpose, although its particulars were designed for scholarly uses in order to offer some hope that scholarly work on digital texts had a good chance of migrating from aging operating systems and digital platforms to new ones and the hope that standardization would lead to easy interchange of data among different projects.
419:
585:(the harder reading is stronger), recognizes the tendency for harmonizationâresolving apparent inconsistencies in the text. Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original. Such cases also include scribes simplifying and smoothing texts they did not fully understand.
1101:, defining it as "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine". McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt. The French critic
4137:"The editorial standards that form the criteria for the award of the CSE "Approved Edition" emblem can be stated here in only the most general terms, since the range of editorial work that comes within the committee's purview makes it impossible to set forth a detailed, step-by-step editorial procedure."
2210:
My idea is that the Koran is a kind of cocktail of texts that were not all understood even at the time of
Muhammad. Many of them may even be a hundred years older than Islam itself. Even within the Islamic traditions there is a huge body of contradictory information, including a significant Christian
1395:
Between 1966 and 1975, the Center allocated more than $ 1.5 million in funding from the
National Endowment for the Humanities to various scholarly editing projects, which were required to follow the guidelines (including the structure of editorial apparatus) as Bowers had defined them. According
1327:
and made it function. From the text which arose in this way it is not possible to subtract these forces and influences, in order to obtain a text of the author's own. Indeed I regard the "uninfluenced artistic intentions" of the author as something which exists only in terms of aesthetic abstraction.
4588:
Economic analysis in
Talmudic literature: rabbinic thought in the .Roman A. Ohrenstein, Barry Gordon.. Page 9 2009 "In fact, textual criticism of the Talmud is as old as the Talmud itself. In modern times, however, it became a separate scholarly concern, where scientific method is applied to correct
2384:
Digital textual criticism is a relatively new branch of textual criticism working with digital tools to establish a critical edition. The development of digital editing tools has allowed editors to transcribe, archive and process documents much faster than before. Some scholars claim digital editing
2272:
Marijn van Putten, who has published work on idiosyncratic orthography common to all early manuscripts of the
Uthmanic text type has stated and demonstrated with examples that due to a number of these same idiosyncratic spellings present in the Birmingham fragment (Mingana 1572a + Arabe 328c), it is
2192:
has been investigating these Quran fragments for years. His research team made 35,000 microfilm photographs of the manuscripts, which he dated to early part of the eighth century. Puin has not published the entirety of his work, but noted unconventional verse orderings, minor textual variations, and
1882:
With regard to the great bulk of the words of the New
Testament, as of most other ancient writings, there is no variation or other ground of doubt, and therefore no room for textual criticism... The proportion of words virtually accepted on all hands as raised above doubt is very great, not less, on
1462:
began to take full account of Larson's work and to publish a
Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born the FARMS Critical Text Project which published the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was
1219:
In his 1964 essay, "Some
Principles for Scholarly Editions of Nineteenth-Century American Authors", Bowers said that "the theory of copy-text proposed by Sir Walter Greg rules supreme". Bowers's assertion of "supremacy" was in contrast to Greg's more modest claim that "My desire is rather to provoke
1175:
editions, in that the authority for the "accidentals" is derived from one particular source (usually the earliest one) that the editor considers to be authoritative, but the authority for the "substantives" is determined in each individual case according to the editor's judgment. The resulting text,
1163:
Although Greg argued that editors should be free to use their judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when "the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be
1145:
The true theory is, I contend, that the copy-text should govern (generally) in the matter of accidentals, but that the choice between substantive readings belongs to the general theory of textual criticism and lies altogether beyond the narrow principle of the copy-text. Thus it may happen that in a
1002:
Lastly, the stemmatic method assumes that every extant witness is derived, however remotely, from a single source. It does not account for the possibility that the original author may have revised her or his work, and that the text could have existed at different times in more than one authoritative
603:
The critic may also examine the other writings of the author to decide what words and grammatical constructions match his style. The evaluation of internal evidence also provides the critic with information that helps him evaluate the reliability of individual manuscripts. Thus, the consideration of
547:
External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority
162:
who were paid to copy documents may have been literate, but many were simply copyists, mimicking the shapes of letters without necessarily understanding what they meant. This means that unintentional alterations were common when copying manuscripts by hand. Intentional alterations may have been made
4391:
Christian-Muslim relations: yesterday, today, tomorrow Munawar Ahmad Anees, Ziauddin Sardar, Syed Z. Abedin â 1991 For instance, a Christian critic engaging in textual criticism of the Quran from a biblical perspective will surely miss the essence of the quranic message. Just one example would
3671:
Wendy J. Phillips-Rodriguez*, Christopher J. Howe, Heather F. Windram "Chi-Squares and the Phenomenon of 'Change of Exemplar' in the Dyutaparvan", Sanskrit Computational Linguistics, First and Second International Symposia Rocquencourt, France, October 29â31, 2007 Providence, RI, U, May 15â17, 2008
2371:
Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All
2264:
David Thomas pointed out that the radiocarbon testing found the death date of the animal whose skin made up the Quran, not the date when the Quran was written. Since blank parchment was often stored for years after being produced, he said the Quran could have been written as late as 650â655, during
2229:
The impact of the Yemeni manuscripts is still to be felt. Their variant readings and verse orders are all very significant. Everybody agrees on that. These manuscripts say that the early history of the Koranic text is much more of an open question than many have suspected: the text was less stable,
2213:
The Koran claims for itself that it is "mubeen", or "clear", but if you look at it, you will notice that every fifth sentence or so simply doesn't make sense. Many Muslimsâand Orientalistsâwill tell you otherwise, of course, but the fact is that a fifth of the Koranic text is just incomprehensible.
1482:
In 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic
1370:
In the first place, an editor's primary responsibility is to establish a text; whether his goal is to reconstruct that form of the text which represents the author's final intention or some other form of the text, his essential task is to produce a reliable text according to some set of principles.
1322:
Firstly, in anticipation of the character of the expected censorship, Crane could be led to undertake alterations which also had literary value in the context of the new version. Secondly, because of the systematic character of the work, purely censorial alterations sparked off further alterations,
1108:
In McKerrow's method as originally introduced, the copy-text was not necessarily the earliest text. In some cases, McKerrow would choose a later witness, noting that "if an editor has reason to suppose that a certain text embodies later corrections than any other, and at the same time has no ground
892:
Phylogenetics faces the same difficulty as textual criticism: the appearance of characteristics in descendants of an ancestor other than by direct copying (or miscopying) of the ancestor, for example where a scribe combines readings from two or more different manuscripts ("contamination"). The same
522:
Eclectic readings also normally give an impression of the number of witnesses to each available reading. Although a reading supported by the majority of witnesses is frequently preferred, this does not follow automatically. For example, a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition
171:
containing a scholarly curated text. If a scholar has several versions of a manuscript but no known original, then established methods of textual criticism can be used to seek to reconstruct the original text as closely as possible. The same methods can be used to reconstruct intermediate versions,
2242:
So many Muslims have this belief that everything between the two covers of the Koran is just God's unaltered word. They like to quote the textual work that shows that the Bible has a history and did not fall straight out of the sky, but until now the Koran has been out of this discussion. The only
1433:
Although some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptures.
526:
The result of the process is a text with readings drawn from many witnesses. It is not a copy of any particular manuscript, and may deviate from the majority of existing manuscripts. In a purely eclectic approach, no single witness is theoretically favored. Instead, the critic forms opinions about
518:
refers to the practice of consulting a wide diversity of witnesses to a particular original. The practice is based on the principle that the more independent transmission histories there are, the less likely they will be to reproduce the same errors. What one omits, the others may retain; what one
1336:
wo types of revision must be distinguished: that which aims at altering the purpose, direction, or character of a work, thus attempting to make a different sort of work out of it; and that which aims at intensifying, refining, or improving the work as then conceived (whether or not it succeeds in
1244:
When an author's manuscript is preserved, this has paramount authority, of course. Yet the fallacy is still maintained that since the first edition was proofread by the author, it must represent his final intentions and hence should be chosen as copy-text. Practical experience shows the contrary.
1137:
Greg observed that compositors at printing shops tended to follow the "substantive" readings of their copy faithfully, except when they deviated unintentionally; but that "as regards accidentals they will normally follow their own habits or inclination, though they may, for various reasons and to
841:
resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family history of the text cannot be determined but only approximated. If it seems that one manuscript is by far the best text, then copy text editing is appropriate, and if it
2938:"Textual Criticism is that process by which it is sought to determine the original text of a document or of a collection of documents, and to exhibit it, freed from all the errors, corruptions, and variations which it may have accumulated in the course of its transmission by successive copyings."
2452:
is an open-source tool for comparing and collating multiple witnesses to a single textual work. It was designed to aid scholars and editors examine the history of a text from manuscript to print versions. Juxta provides collation for multiple versions of texts that are marked up in plain text or
2393:
From its beginnings, digital scholarly editing involved developing a system for displaying both a newly "typeset" text and a history of variations in the text under review. Until about halfway through the first decade of the twenty-first century, digital archives relied almost entirely on manual
1223:
Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was "the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be
434:
Before inexpensive mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual
329:
have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticismâboth because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile. The principles of textual
1490:
Thus far, Professor Skousen has published complete transcripts of the Original and Printer's Manuscripts, as well as a six-volume analysis of textual variants. Still in preparation are a history of the text, and a complete electronic collation of editions and manuscripts (volumes 3 and 5 of the
926:
The stemmatic method assumes that each witness is derived from one, and only one, predecessor. If a scribe refers to more than one source when creating her or his copy, then the new copy will not clearly fall into a single branch of the family tree. In the stemmatic method, a manuscript that is
1399:
The Center for Scholarly Editions (CSE) replaced the CEAA in 1976. The change of name indicated the shift to a broader agenda than just American authors. The center also ceased its role in the allocation of funds. The center's latest guidelines (2003) no longer prescribe a particular editorial
1276:
similarly that the editor's task is to "approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy." Tanselle notes that, "Textual criticism ... has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author".
1275:
McKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would "represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions." Bowers stated
685:
Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide
1375:
Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, "English scholarly
1251:
against the first printed edition, one finds an average of ten to fifteen differences per page between the manuscript and the print, many of them consistent alterations from the manuscript system of punctuation, capitalization, spelling, and word-division. It would be ridiculous to argue that
1158:
ill be determined partly by the opinion the editor may form respecting the nature of the copy from which each substantive edition was printed, which is a matter of external authority; partly by the intrinsic authority of the several texts as judged by the relative frequency of manifest errors
1053:
Using the copy-text method, the critic examines the base text and makes corrections (called emendations) in places where the base text appears wrong to the critic. This can be done by looking for places in the base text that do not make sense or by looking at the text of other witnesses for a
1018:
BĂ©dier's doubts about the stemmatic method led him to consider whether it could be dropped altogether. As an alternative to stemmatics, BĂ©dier proposed a Best-text editing method, in which a single textual witness, judged to be of a 'good' textual state by the editor, is emended as lightly as
1266:
Following Greg, the editor would then replace any of the manuscript readings with substantives from printed editions that could be reliably attributed to the author: "Obviously, an editor cannot simply reprint the manuscript, and he must substitute for its readings any words that he believes
1446:
prepared for the Printer in 1829â1830), and compared them with the first, second, and third editions of the Book of Mormon to determine what sort of changes had occurred over time and to make judgments as to which readings were the most original. Larson proceeded to publish a useful set of
1159:
therein; and partly by the editor's judgment of the intrinsic claims of individual readings to originalityâin other words their intrinsic merit, so long as by 'merit' we mean the likelihood of their being what the author wrote rather than their appeal to the individual taste of the editor.
1132:
distinction between the significant, or as I shall call them 'substantive', readings of the text, those namely that affect the author's meaning or the essence of his expression, and others, such in general as spelling, punctuation, word-division, and the like, affecting mainly its formal
2273:"clearly a descendant of the Uthmanic text type" and that it is "impossible" that it is a pre-Uthmanic copy, despite its early radiocarbon dating. Similarly, Stephen J. Shoemaker has also argued that it is extremely unlikely that the Birmingham manuscript was a pre-Uthmanic manuscript.
379:
Maas comments further that "A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first
552:
witnesses. The role of the textual critic is necessary when these basic criteria are in conflict. For instance, there will typically be fewer early copies, and a larger number of later copies. The textual critic will attempt to balance these criteria, to determine the original text.
1891:
states: "nothing we believe to be doctrinally true, and nothing we are commanded to do, is in any way jeopardized by the variants. This is true for any textual tradition. The interpretation of individual passages may well be called in question; but never is a doctrine affected."
4401:
Studies on Islam Merlin L. Swartz â 1981 One will find a more complete bibliographical review of the recent studies of the textual criticism of the Quran in the valuable article by Jeffery, "The Present Status of Qur'anic Studies," Report on Current Research on the Middle
2353:
and abbreviated PVL) aims to reconstruct the original text by comparing extant witnesses. This has included the search for reliable textual witnesses (such as extant manuscripts and quotations of lost manuscripts); the collation and publication of such witnesses; the study of
1487:âRLDS Church in Independence, Missouri) for differences in types of ink or pencil, in order to determine when and by whom they were made. He also collated the various editions of the Book of Mormon down to the present to see what sorts of changes have been made through time.
1438:(a Rasmussen graduate student) set about applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts and early editions of the Book of Mormon as his thesis projectâwhich he completed in 1974. To that end, Larson carefully examined the Original Manuscript (the one dictated by
330:
criticism, although originally developed and refined for works of antiquity and the Bible, and, for Anglo-American Copy-Text editing, Shakespeare, have been applied to many works, from (near-)contemporary texts to the earliest known written documents. Ranging from ancient
1240:. The principle is sound without regard for the literary period." For works where an author's manuscript survivedâa case Greg had not consideredâBowers concluded that the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text. Citing the example of Nathaniel Hawthorne, he noted:
565:
Internal evidence is evidence that comes from the text itself, independent of the physical characteristics of the document. Various considerations can be used to decide which reading is the most likely to be original. Sometimes these considerations can be in conflict.
370:
with the originals; the manuscripts we possess derive from the originals through an unknown number of intermediate copies, and are consequently of questionable trustworthiness. The business of textual criticism is to produce a text as close as possible to the original
1049:
When copy-text editing, the scholar fixes errors in a base text, often with the help of other witnesses. Often, the base text is selected from the oldest manuscript of the text, but in the early days of printing, the copy text was often a manuscript that was at hand.
2562:. Texts can be arranged in running paragraphs or on facing pages, in any number of columns which in turn can be synchronized or not. In addition to printed texts, ekdosis can convert .tex source files so as to produce TEI xml-compliant critical editions. See also on
556:
There are many other more sophisticated considerations. For example, readings that depart from the known practice of a scribe or a given period may be deemed more reliable, since a scribe is unlikely on his own initiative to have departed from the usual practice.
2427:. The Guidelines of the TEI provide much detailed analysis of the procedures of critical editing, including recommendations about how to mark up a computer file containing a text with critical apparatus. See especially the following chapters of the Guidelines:
2166:
Amongst Muslims, the original Arabic text is commonly considered to be the final revelation, revealed to Muhammad from AD 610 to his death in 632. In Islamic tradition, the Quran was memorised and written down by Muhammad's companions and copied as needed.
4411:
Religions of the world Lewis M. Hopfe â 1979 "Some Muslims have suggested and practiced textual criticism of the Quran in a manner similar to that practiced by Christians and Jews on their bibles. No one has yet suggested the higher criticism of the
5793:
5481:
1895:
The sheer number of witnesses presents unique difficulties, chiefly in that it makes stemmatics in many cases impossible, because many writers used two or more different manuscripts as sources. Consequently, New Testament textual critics have adopted
2185:, the Sana'a manuscripts. About 12,000 fragments belonged to 926 copies of the Quran, the other 2,000 were loose fragments. The oldest known copy of the Quran so far belongs to this collection: it dates to the end of the seventh to eighth centuries.
2259:
These portions must have been in a form that is very close to the form of the Koran read today, supporting the view that the text has undergone little or no alteration and that it can be dated to a point very close to the time it was believed to be
1365:
of the apparatus, Bowers led a movement to relegate editorial matter to appendices, leaving the critically established text "in the clear", that is, free of any signs of editorial intervention. Tanselle explained the rationale for this approach:
2362:); discussion, development and application of methods according to which the most reliable readings are identified and favoured of others; and the ongoing publication of critical editions in pursuit of a paradosis ("a proposed best reading").
763:. The method works from the principle that "community of error implies community of origin". That is, if two witnesses have a number of errors in common, it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source, called a
1019:
possible for manifest transmission mistakes, but left otherwise unchanged. This makes a Best-text edition essentially a documentary edition. For an example one may refer to Eugene Vinaver's edition of the Winchester Manuscript of Malory's
2951:
is placed underneath the text simply on account of bookprinting conditions and in particular of the format of modern books. The practice in ancient and medieval manuscripts of using the outer margin for this purpose makes for far greater
941:
The stemmatic method requires the textual critic to group manuscripts by commonality of error. It is required, therefore, that the critic can distinguish erroneous readings from correct ones. This assumption has often come under attack.
4329:
534:
bias to a single manuscript, has been the dominant method of editing the Greek text of the New Testament (currently, the United Bible Society, 5th ed. and Nestle-Ă
land, 28th ed.). Even so, the oldest manuscripts, being of the
4602: â 1978 It goes without saying that the writings of modern authors dealing with textual criticism of the Talmud, many of which are scattered in Hebrew and German periodicals, are likewise to be utilized for the purpose.
1376:
editions have tended to use notes at the foot of the text page, indicating, tacitly, a greater modesty about the "established" text and drawing attention more forcibly to at least some of the alternative forms of the text".
6064:
592:, meaning "similar endings". Homoioteleuton occurs when two words/phrases/lines end with the similar sequence of letters. The scribe, having finished copying the first, skips to the second, omitting all intervening words.
1192:
vigorously took up the method's defense and added significant contributions of his own. Greg's rationale as practiced by Bowers and Tanselle has come to be known as the "GregâBowers" or the "GregâBowersâTanselle" method.
1164:
no logical reason for giving preference to the copy-text, in practice, if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand." The "exactly balanced" variants are said to be
4146:
Stanley R. Larson, "A Study of Some Textual Variations in the Book of Mormon, Comparing the Original and Printer's MSS., and Comparing the 1830, 1837, and 1840 Editions," unpublished master's thesis (Provo: BYU,
523:
alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions. Although nearly all subsequent manuscripts may have included the addition, textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition.
2529:
is a word-processor for critical editions, commentaries and parallel texts written by Stefan Hagel. CTE is designed for use on the Windows operating system, but has been successfully run on Linux and OS/X using
469:, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The
901:, particularly among bacteria. Further exploration of the applicability of the different methods for coping with these problems across both living organisms and textual traditions is a promising area of study.
2402:
In view of the need to represent historical texts primarily through transcription, and because transcriptions required encoding for every aspect of text that could not be recorded by a single keystroke on the
158:(mss) or of printed books. Such texts may range in dates from the earliest writing in cuneiform, impressed on clay, for example, to multiple unpublished versions of a 21st-century author's work. Historically,
2076:
in the Byzantine Empire. It contains the most harmonistic readings, paraphrasing and significant additions, most of which are believed to be secondary readings. It underlies the Textus Receptus used for most
2238:, have proposed that the traditional account of the Quran's composition needs to be discarded and a new perspective on the Quran is needed. Puin, comparing Quranic studies with Biblical studies, has stated:
494:
In practice, citation of manuscript evidence implies any of several methodologies. The ideal, but most costly, method is physical inspection of the manuscript itself; alternatively, published photographs or
166:
The objective of the textual critic's work is to provide a better understanding of the creation and historical transmission of the text and its variants. This understanding may lead to the production of a
1392:, first published in 1967, adopted the GregâBowers rationale in full. A CEAA examiner would inspect each edition, and only those meeting the requirements would receive a seal denoting "An Approved Text."
3465:"The reading is to be preferred that makes the best sense, that is, that best conforms to the grammar and is most congruous with the purport of the rest of the sentence and of the larger context." (2.20)
757:". This specific meaning shows the relationships of the surviving witnesses (the first known example of such a stemma, albeit without the name, dates from 1827). The family tree is also referred to as a
1883:
a rough computation, than seven eights of the whole. The remaining eighth therefore, formed in great part by changes of order and other comparative trivialities, constitutes the whole area of criticism.
607:
After considering all relevant factors, the textual critic seeks the reading that best explains how the other readings would arise. That reading is then the most likely candidate to have been original.
397:
The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition". This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an
3659:
1939:. It contains readings that are often terse, shorter, somewhat rough, less harmonised, and generally more difficult. The family was once thought to result from a very carefully edited third-century
5805:
5493:
2513:
package is a further development of eledmac by MaĂŻeul Rouquette that rewrittes many part of the code in order to allow more robust developments in the future. In 2015, it is in active development.
2385:
has radically changed the nature of textual criticism; but others believe the editing process has remained fundamentally the same, and digital tools have simply made aspects of it more efficient.
1943:, but now is believed to be merely the result of a carefully controlled and supervised process of copying and transmission. It underlies most translations of the New Testament produced since 1900.
2856:
5019:
2281:
Textual criticism of the Talmud has a long pre-history but has become a separate discipline from Talmudic study only recently. Much of the research is in Hebrew and German language periodicals.
5581:
5557:
5533:
5509:
5209:
660:, "the shorter reading is better", based on the idea that scribes were more likely to add than to delete. This rule cannot be applied uncritically, as scribes may omit material inadvertently.
3672:
Revised Selected and Invited Papers; Windram, H. F., Howe, C. J., Spencer M.: "The identification of exemplar change in the Wife of Bath's Prologue using the maximum chi-squared method".
2558:
package developed by Robert Alessi. It is designed for multilingual critical editions. It can be used to typeset texts and different layers of critical notes in any direction accepted by
934:
The method also assumes that scribes only make new errorsâthey do not attempt to correct the errors of their predecessors. When a text has been improved by the scribe, it is said to be
3438:"Brevior lectio, nisi testium vetustorum et gravium auctoritate penitus destituatur, praeferenda est verbosiori. Librarii enim multo proniores ad addendum fuerunt, quam ad omittendum."
1878:). The manuscripts contain approximately 300,000 textual variants, most of them involving changes of word order and other comparative trivialities. As according to Wescott and Hort:
406:. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three parts: first, a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called
5605:
1931:
This family constitutes a group of early and well-regarded texts, including Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus. Most representatives of this tradition appear to come from around
938:, but "sophistication" impairs the method by obscuring a document's relationship to other witnesses, and making it more difficult to place the manuscript correctly in the stemma.
579:(more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second,
2294:
Textual criticism originated in the classical era and its development in modern times began with classics scholars, in an effort to determine the original content of texts like
410:); second, the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating),; and third, a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference).
1434:
One aspect of that effort entailed digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes; another aspect required establishing the most dependable text. To that latter end,
2798:
1459:
4903:
1396:
to Davis, the funds coordinated by the CEAA over the same period were more than $ 6 million, counting funding from universities, university presses, and other bodies.
2141:
has stated that the discovery of Sana'a manuscript is significant, and its variant readings suggest that the early Quranic text was less stable than previously claimed.
905:
4877:
6429:
2464:
is a set of macros originally developed by John Lavagnino and Dominik Wujastyk for typesetting critical editions. "EDMAC" stands for "EDition" "MACros." EDMAC is in
1447:
well-argued articles on the phenomena which he had discovered. Many of his observations were included as improvements in the 1981 LDS edition of the Book of Mormon.
652:(1745â1812) published several editions of the New Testament. In his 1796 edition, he established fifteen critical rules. Among them was a variant of Bengel's rule,
519:
adds, the others are unlikely to add. Eclecticism allows inferences to be drawn regarding the original text, based on the evidence of contrasts between witnesses.
1184:
W. W. Greg did not live long enough to apply his rationale of copy-text to any actual editions of works. His rationale was adopted and significantly expanded by
1109:
for disbelieving that these corrections, or some of them at least, are the work of the author, he has no choice but to make that text the basis of his reprint".
1105:
likewise became disenchanted with the stemmatic method, and concluded that the editor should choose the best available text, and emend it as little as possible.
291:
collected and edited many Latin manuscripts, while a new spirit of critical enquiry was boosted by the attention to textual states, for example in the work of
4797:
Shillingsburg, Peter, "Literary Documents, Texts, and Works Represented Digitally" (2013). Center for Textual Studies and Digital Humanities Publications. 3.
677:
Many of these rules, although originally developed for biblical textual criticism, have wide applicability to any text susceptible to errors of transmission.
1491:
Project, respectively). Yale University has in the meantime published an edition of the Book of Mormon which incorporates all aspects of Skousen's research.
1468:
1065:, the editor, selected a manuscript from the local Dominican monastery in Basle and corrected its obvious errors by consulting other local manuscripts. The
439:. In contrast to this approach, some textual critics prefer to identify the single best surviving text, and not to combine readings from multiple sources.
4272:
1785:
As in the New Testament, changes, corruptions, and erasures have been found, particularly in the Masoretic texts. This is ascribed to the fact that early
1483:
techniques applied to obtain fine readings from otherwise unreadable pages and fragments. He also closely examined the Printer's Manuscript (owned by the
1463:
already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work, greatly aided through the advice and assistance of then Yale doctoral candidate
2834:
1435:
4743:
Margoni, Thomas; Mark Perry (2011). "Scientific and Critical Editions of Public Domain Works: An Example of European Copyright Law (Dis)Harmonization".
918:
uses phylogenetic and traditional methods alongside each other in a comprehensive exploration of relations among seven early witnesses to Dante's text.
2178:
began a process of standardization, presumably to rid the Quran of these differences. Uthman's standardization did not eliminate the textual variants.
1451:
2068:
This group comprises around 95% of all the manuscripts, the majority of which are comparatively very late in the tradition. It had become dominant at
1349:, fundamentally altering the work's intention as a whole), then the revision should be treated as a new work, and edited separately on its own terms.
1345:, aimed at improving the work as originally conceived), then the editor should adopt the author's later version. But where a revision is "vertical" (
5725:
4984:
477:
have often been the subjects of variorum editions, although the same techniques have been applied with less frequency to many other works, such as
1318:
Hans Zeller argued that it is impossible to tease apart the changes Crane made for literary reasons and those made at the publisher's insistence:
3729:
Neue Kritiken ĂŒber den berĂŒhmten Sprych: Drey sind, die da zeugen im Himmel, der Vater, das Wort, und der heilige Geist, und diese drei sind eins
1419:
5987:
2540:
by Bernt Karasch is a system for typesetting critical editions starting from input into a word-processor, and ending up with typesetting with
1279:
Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of
1479:, and others too numerous to mention here. However, these were merely preliminary steps to a far more exacting and all-encompassing project.
4555:"Apparently some are still under the impression that the Birmingham Fragment (Mingana 1572a + Arabe 328c) is pre-Uthmanic copy of the Quran"
6114:
3360:
2251:, containing 62 out of 6236 verses of the Quran and with proposed dating from between approximately AD 568 and 645, were identified at the
1990:
811:
is applied to find corruptions. Where the editor concludes that the text is corrupt, it is corrected by a process called "emendation", or
7046:
6928:
634:
of textual criticism, to guide the exercise of the critic's judgment in determining the best readings of a text. One of the earliest was
6072:- transcription of more than 60 ancient manuscripts of the New Testament with a textual commentary and an exhaustive critical apparatus.
2494:
package is a further development of ledmac by MaĂŻeul Rouquette that adds more sophisticated features and solves more advanced problems.
726:(1793â1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word
6039:
2316:
1045:
between columns one and two) criticizing a predecessor for changing the text: "Fool and knave, leave the old reading, don't change it!"
3626:
2731:
2503:
2495:
2355:
952:
defended the traditional point of view in theology and was against the modern textual criticism. He defended an authenticity of the
6048:
3090:
Howe, Christopher J.; Connolly, Ruth; Windram, Heather (2012). "Responding to criticisms of phylogenetic methods in stemmatology".
2480:
4367:
3786:
The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
3425:
767:. Relations between the lost intermediates are determined by the same process, placing all extant manuscripts in a family tree or
7005:
4899:
2819:
2676:
2545:
671:
6013:
by Mario Tonelotto : an example of critical edition from 4 different manuscripts (transcription from medieval paleography).
96:
6913:
6908:
6033:
3791:
3492:
A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie.
3386:
2615:
1843:
904:
Software developed for use in biology has been applied successfully to textual criticism; for example, it is being used by the
3518:
Tensaurus Italograecus. AusfĂŒhrliches historisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Griechischen Lehn- und Fremdwörter im Lateinischen.
946:
noted: "That if a scribe makes a mistake he will inevitably produce nonsense is the tacit and wholly unwarranted assumption."
68:
6923:
5402:
5133:
4729:
4710:
4688:
4666:
4629:
4237:
3926:
3765:
3746:
3452:
3281:
3262:
3234:
3215:
3196:
3064:
2871:
2839:
2735:, a critical translation from the completed parts of the Göttingen Septuagint, with the remainder from Rahlf's manual edition
2235:
1849:
953:
225:
In some domains, such as religious and classical text editing, the phrase "lower criticism" refers to textual criticism and "
3699:
803:, the text may still contain errors, since there may be passages where no source preserves the correct reading. The step of
6614:
4873:
4124:
1970:
1900:
after sorting the witnesses into three major groups, called text-types. As of 2017 the most common division distinguishes:
1506:
195:; however, there is not necessarily a single original text for every group of texts. For example, if a story was spread by
6026: â allows two or more New Testament manuscript editions to be compared in side by side and unified views (similar to
4924:
3602:
2243:
way to break through this wall is to prove that the Koran has a history too. The Sana'a fragments will help us to do this.
6720:
5997:
75:
5974:
7041:
6715:
6576:
4579:
Shoemaker, Stephen J. "Creating The Quran: A Historical Critical Study" University of California Press, 2022, p. 96-97.
4504:"The 'Grace of God' as evidence for a written Uthmanic archetype: the importance of shared orthographic idiosyncrasies"
1954:
1887:
Since the 18th century, New Testament scholars have argued that textual variants have not affected doctrine. Professor
1124:
Anglo-American textual criticism in the last half of the 20th century came to be dominated by a landmark 1950 essay by
49:
2026:
Also a very early tradition, which comes from a wide geographical area stretching from North Africa to Italy and from
6683:
5947:
5911:
5870:
5782:
5763:
5744:
5709:
5690:
5671:
5639:
5470:
5451:
5432:
5383:
5350:
5329:
5306:
5291:
5277:
5263:
5245:
5195:
5176:
5152:
5086:
5071:
5001:
4968:
4339:
3803:
3142:
2866:
2419:
Several computer programs and standards exist to support the work of the editors of critical editions. These include
1414:
115:
442:
When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called
6801:
6678:
6529:
6107:
4808:
2633:
1806:
1332:
Bowers and Tanselle recognize that texts often exist in more than one authoritative version. Tanselle argues that:
82:
833:
resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of
7061:
2445:
1800:
3407:
4268:
2636: â an ongoing product which is designed to be different from Biblia Hebraica by producing an eclectic text
2625:
1819:
820:
53:
7051:
64:
7015:
4835:
2851:
2829:
2750:
1252:
Hawthorne made approximately three to four thousand small changes in proof, and then wrote the manuscript of
1247:
1151:
347:
188:
7145:
7010:
2846:
1611:
1207:
1038:
981:
507:. More typically, editions of manuscripts are consulted, which have done this paleographical work already.
246:
214:. Quantitative techniques are also used to determine the relationships between witnesses to a text, called
5270:
Scholars and Gentlemen: Shakespearian Textual Criticism and Representations of Scholarly Labour, 1725â1765
1154:
so far as substantive readings are concerned". The choice between reasonable competing readings, he said:
7094:
6524:
6100:
5373:
3531:
Corpus iuris Sueo-Gotorum antiqui: Samling af Sweriges gamla lagar, pÄ Kongl. Maj:ts. nÄdigste befallning
2648:
2248:
2159:
Textual criticism of the Quran is a beginning area of study, as Muslims have historically disapproved of
2154:
2042:. Some New Testament scholars would argue that the Caesarean constitutes a distinct text-type of its own.
1974:
1385:
1133:
presentation, which may be regarded as the accidents, or as I shall call them 'accidentals', of the text.
199:, and then later written down by different people in different locations, the versions can vary greatly.
2034:. It is much less controlled than the Alexandrian family and its witnesses are seen to be more prone to
7115:
6698:
2983:
2926:
1669:
1430:
as a foundational reference. LDS members typically believe the book to be a literal historical record.
6816:
4156:
Stanley Larson, "Early Book of Mormon Texts: Textual Changes to the Book of Mormon in 1837 and 1840,"
908:
to determine the relationship between the 84 surviving manuscripts and four early printed editions of
6730:
6709:
6703:
3656:"Chi-Squares and the Phenomenon of "Change of Exemplar" in the Dyutaparvan. (PDF Download Available)"
3023:
2182:
2150:
1998:
1946:
704:
581:
180:
3520:
Wien: Druck und Verlag von Carl Gerold's Sohn, BuchhÀndler der Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
2519:, written by Christian Tapp and Uwe LĂŒck is another package for typesetting critical editions using
2498:
was forked from ledmac when it became clear that it needed to develop in ways that would compromise
1033:
845:
The HodgesâFarstad edition of the Greek New Testament attempts to use stemmatics for some portions.
176:, of a document's transcription history, depending on the number and quality of the text available.
6725:
6693:
6688:
6424:
6385:
5985:
Searching for the Better Text: How errors crept into the Bible and what can be done to correct them
5984:
4164:, 10/4 (Autumn 1977), 8â30 ; Larson, "Conjectural Emendation and the Text of the Book of Mormon,"
2684:
2424:
2408:
2373:
2333:
2252:
2197:
which had been reused. Puin believed that this implied an evolving text as opposed to a fixed one.
2174:
of passing down at some point. Differences that affected the meaning were noted, and around AD 650
2010:
1982:
1978:
1070:
894:
488:
20:
5079:
Encountering the Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography & Textual Criticism
1150:
Greg's view, in short, was that the "copy-text can be allowed no over-riding or even preponderant
163:
as well, for example, the censoring of printed work for political, religious or cultural reasons.
7031:
6903:
6760:
6621:
6361:
5122:
4858:
4304:
3352:
3003:
2073:
1538:
versions of the following sources (dates refer to the oldest extant manuscripts in each family):
969:
296:
179:
On the other hand, the one original text that a scholar theorizes to exist is referred to as the
42:
154:
that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either
6887:
6770:
6755:
6745:
6337:
5906:
3795:
2602:
2595:
2499:
2093:
2078:
1958:
1794:
1500:
1254:
649:
635:
355:
314:, ever had just one original has been discussed. Interest in applying textual criticism to the
230:
192:
89:
6023:
4756:
2436:
2432:
2428:
229:" to the endeavor to establish the authorship, date, and place of composition of the original
7130:
7120:
6836:
6775:
6765:
6673:
6084:
5834:
1921:
1576:
1176:
except for the accidentals, is constructed without relying predominantly on any one witness.
961:
898:
536:
319:
3783:
2475:
package is a development of EDMAC by Peter R. Wilson for typesetting critical editions with
1328:
Between influences on the author and influences on the text are all manner of transitions.
842:
seems that a group of manuscripts are good, then eclecticism on that group would be proper.
128:
7036:
6956:
6668:
6581:
6491:
6257:
6144:
5650:
Tanselle, G. Thomas (1995). "The Varieties of Scholarly Editing". In D. C. Greetham (ed.).
5012:
The Variorum and Definitive Edition of the Poetical and Prose Writings of Edward Fitzgerald
3623:
2804:
2704:
2300:
2146:
2130:
2113:
1727:
1673:
1066:
1021:
910:
663:
504:
266:
6078:
4123:. The Committee on Scholarly Editions, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis.
8:
7135:
6978:
6943:
6740:
6419:
6202:
6172:
2974:
2814:
2775:
2659:
2163:
being applied to the Quran. In some countries textual criticism can be seen as apostasy.
2053:
2039:
2002:
1966:
1535:
1484:
1233:
977:
949:
474:
326:
258:
143:
6045:
5830:, The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 69, No. 3/4 (JulyâOctober 1976), pp. 211â257
5374:
Montgomery, William Rhadamanthus; Wells, Stanley W.; Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John (1997).
4554:
4298:
4160:, 1/4 (Fall 1976), 44â55; Larson, "Textual Variants in the Book of Mormon Manuscripts,"
3534:
3533:, 13 vols (Stockholm: Haeggström, 1827â77), vol. 1, table 3; the volume is available at
7140:
6870:
6785:
6591:
6586:
6548:
6471:
6434:
6414:
6344:
6061:(listing of the manuscript evidence for more than 11,000 variants in the New Testament)
5893:
5719:
5364:
5360:
5234:
5205:
4978:
4771:
4535:
3421:
3115:
3107:
3014:
2914:
2881:
2359:
2089:
1950:
1736:
1643:
1358:
1189:
1125:
1090:
1054:
superior reading. Close-call decisions are usually resolved in favor of the copy-text.
965:
403:
288:
270:
151:
5969:
5042:
Bowers, Fredson (1972). "Multiple Authority: New Problems and Concepts of Copy-Text".
4436:
3537:
but the scan unfortunately omits the stemma. William Robins, 'Editing and Evolution',
2516:
503:
analysisâinterpretation of handwriting, incomplete letters and even reconstruction of
7125:
6880:
6875:
6648:
6558:
6501:
6322:
6312:
6162:
5943:
5907:"The Collation and Textual Criticism of Icelandic Manuscripts (2): Textual Criticism"
5866:
5778:
5759:
5740:
5705:
5686:
5667:
5659:
5635:
5466:
5447:
5428:
5398:
5379:
5346:
5340:
5325:
5318:
5302:
5287:
5273:
5259:
5241:
5191:
5172:
5166:
5148:
5129:
5082:
5067:
4997:
4964:
4752:
4539:
4335:
3799:
3784:
3655:
3546:
3138:
3119:
2324:
2109:
2018:
1932:
1875:
708:
338:
to the twentieth century, textual criticism covers a period of about five millennia.
5734:
5109:
5055:
3382:
2727: â with textual mapping to Masoretic, Dead Sea Scrolls, and Septuagint variants
2534:. CTE can export files in TEI format. CTE is currently (2014) in active development.
1792:
There are three separate new editions of the Hebrew Bible currently in development:
7056:
6951:
6933:
6865:
6853:
6811:
6750:
6735:
6626:
6514:
6307:
6252:
6232:
6212:
5920:
5882:"Textual Criticism and the Povest' vremennykh let: Some Theoretical Considerations"
5105:
5051:
4525:
4515:
3542:
3099:
2994:
2906:
2785:
2484:
2465:
2202:
2160:
2030:
to Syria. It occurs in Greek manuscripts and in the Latin translations used by the
1994:
1986:
1867:
1615:
1570:
1565:
858:
624:
226:
202:
There are many approaches or methods to the practice of textual criticism, notably
184:
3448:
2619:(Vetus Testamentum Graecum: Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis editum)
1102:
1012:
6848:
6826:
6780:
6327:
6287:
6262:
6192:
6167:
6152:
6052:
5991:
5629:
5422:
3703:
3696:
3630:
2922:
2531:
2449:
2101:
2006:
1962:
1863:
1823:
1701:
1648:
1388:(MLA) established the Center for Editions of American Authors (CEAA). The CEAA's
1295:
1078:
1074:
957:
745:
639:
483:
279:
250:
132:
19:"Critical edition" redirects here. For critical editions of operatic scores, see
4120:
3478:, ed. and trans. by Glenn W. Most (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005) .
1925:(also called the "Neutral Text" tradition; less frequently, the "Minority Text")
1862:
manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages (including
241:
Textual criticism has been practiced for over two thousand years, as one of the
7084:
7066:
7000:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6609:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6380:
6356:
6317:
6267:
6247:
6217:
6197:
6182:
6177:
6157:
6123:
5775:
Scribes and scholars: a guide to the transmission of Greek and Latin literature
5162:
5117:
5020:"Some Principles for Scholarly Editions of Nineteenth-Century American Authors"
4931:
4480:
3594:
2809:
2669:
2234:
For these reasons, some scholars, especially those who are associated with the
2193:
rare styles of orthography. He also suggested that some of the parchments were
2171:
2069:
2031:
1855:
1443:
1427:
1229:
1185:
769:
620:
589:
571:
359:
262:
196:
5699:
4520:
4503:
2211:
substrate; one can derive a whole Islamic anti-history from them if one wants.
1201:
539:, are the most favored, and the critical text has an Alexandrian disposition.
7109:
6831:
6640:
6509:
6375:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6272:
6242:
6140:
5979:
5256:
Text and Interpretation: New Approaches in the Criticism of the New Testament
4455:
2755:
2609:
2222:
2138:
2097:
1936:
1476:
1472:
1280:
1237:
1058:
866:
731:
723:
427:
335:
307:
292:
274:
219:
5828:
The Eclectic Method in New Testament Textual Criticism: Solution or Symptom?
3505:
A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.
2126:
7089:
6989:
6918:
6820:
6282:
6277:
6237:
6207:
6187:
6135:
5482:"An Inquiry into the Social Status of Texts and Modes of Textual Criticism"
4599:
4422:
4250:
Hendel, R., "The Oxford Hebrew Bible: Prologue to a New Critical Edition",
2780:
2765:
2189:
2105:
2045:
1888:
1697:
1527:
1439:
1098:
878:
478:
363:
6007:
5924:
3685:
3103:
788:
Having completed the stemma, the critic proceeds to the next step, called
249:
in the last two centuries BC, were concerned with preserving the works of
6972:
6568:
6486:
6481:
6395:
6390:
6222:
6065:
Library of latest modern books of biblical studies and biblical criticism
2760:
2057:
1897:
1751:, oldest mss available to scholars 16th century CE, only Torah contained
1464:
1225:
1212:
754:
667:
616:
515:
500:
331:
254:
155:
6806:
5897:
5881:
5838:
3111:
2857:
List of New Testament verses not included in modern English translations
6961:
5964:
4800:
3779:
2194:
2035:
1606:
1423:
1042:
989:
943:
423:
6077:
4832:"Typesetting Critical Editions with LaTeX: ledmac, ledpar and ledarab"
4530:
2442:
1522:
819:). Emendations not supported by any known source are sometimes called
527:
individual witnesses, relying on both external and internal evidence.
322:
in 1972, which possibly date back to the seventh to eighth centuries.
6476:
6092:
2376:. Not all EU member States have transposed art. 5 into national law.
2218:
1940:
1692:
893:
phenomenon is widely present among living organisms, as instances of
882:
759:
496:
386:
242:
173:
147:
4331:
One Bible Only?: Examining Exclusive Claims for the King James Bible
1458:) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by
31:
6983:
6553:
6540:
6519:
6466:
6461:
5534:"Greg's Theory of Copy-Text and the Editing of American Literature"
2770:
2570:
2555:
2510:
1871:
1638:
853:
741:
466:
367:
284:
5980:
Computer-assisted stemmatology challenge & benchmark data-sets
5582:"Recent Editorial Discussion and the Central Questions of Editing"
5424:
Handbook of Stemmatology. History, Methodology, Digital Approaches
4831:
2537:
2491:
699:
465:
The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a
6995:
6860:
6058:
2861:
2824:
2472:
1789:(scribes) did not treat copy errors in the same manner later on.
1767:
1664:
1062:
886:
870:
384:
before any split in the tradition. That exemplar is known as the
159:
5395:
An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts
5124:
Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why
4772:"Balassi Bålint összes verse, hålózati kritikai kiadås (c) 1998"
2255:. David Thomas, Professor of Christianity and Islam, commented:
1077:
of the English bible, also used the copy-text method, using the
265:. Textual criticism was an important aspect of the work of many
6966:
6843:
6227:
6069:
5794:"A New Approach to the Critical Constitution of Literary Texts"
2563:
2559:
2404:
2266:
2230:
and therefore had less authority, than has always been claimed.
2181:
In the 1970s, 14,000 fragments of Quran were discovered in the
2175:
1760:
1516:
311:
4805:
Center for Textual Studies and Digital Humanities Publications
4300:
The New Testament in The Original Greek: Introduction Appendix
4269:"The Majority Text and the Original Text: Are They Identical?"
1361:
that should accompany a scholarly edition. In addition to the
530:
Since the mid-19th century, eclecticism, in which there is no
6127:
6002:
2799:
An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture
2520:
2476:
2344:
2295:
2134:
1859:
1455:
1300:
735:
470:
407:
315:
303:
6034:
A detailed discussion of the textual variants in the Gospels
5772:
4994:
New Testament Textual Criticism, Exegesis and Church History
4801:"Literary Documents, Texts, and Works Represented Digitally"
4421:
Egypt's culture wars: politics and practice â Page 278
394:(reconstruction of the original) is considerably advanced."
6027:
5411:
4958:
4656:
4654:
4641:
4639:
4089:
3954:
McKerrow 1939, pp. 17â8, quoted in Bowers 1974, p. 82, n. 4
2027:
6055:
of The Gospel According to John in the Byzantine Tradition
6008:
Walter Burley, Commentarium in Aristotelis De Anima L.III
5646:(originally published 1989; first paperback printing 1992)
5320:
Textual criticism: recovering the text of the Hebrew Bible
5236:
A history of literary criticism: from Plato to the present
5096:
Davis, Tom (1977). "The CEAA and Modern Textual Editing".
4700:
4698:
4121:"Aims and Services of the Committee on Scholarly Editions"
2526:
245:
arts. Early textual critics, especially the librarians of
5942:; Westminster John Knox Press; 3 edition (October 2001),
4717:
4678:
4676:
4619:
4617:
4456:"'Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University"
4068:
2551:
2541:
2461:
1969:(albeit, with some reliance on the Byzantine text-type),
1511:
1270:
5064:
Leaves of Grass: A Textual Variorum of the Printed Poems
4651:
4636:
3938:
3936:
3753:
3329:
3327:
3269:
2988:
6070:
An Online Textual Commentary of the Greek New Testament
5736:
A History of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament
5700:
Van Mulken, Margot; Van Reenen, Pieter Th van. (1996).
5654:. New York: The Modern Language Association of America.
5315:
4695:
4056:
4023:
3028:
2457:
1830:
is also diplomatic, but based on the Aleppo Codex. The
1442:
to his scribes) and the Printer's Manuscript (the copy
5076:
4859:"The New Testament in the Original Greek :: 2018"
4856:
The New Testament in the Original Greek, 2018 edition
4673:
4614:
4508:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
4262:
4260:
3999:
3978:
3734:
3486:
3484:
3353:"Manuscript Studies: Textual analysis (Scribal error)"
3250:
3156:
3154:
2666:
The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text
2072:
from the fifth century on and was used throughout the
1307:
Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of
1258:
according to the same system as the manuscript of the
1196:
1119:
418:
222:) appearing to be effective on a range of traditions.
5965:
An example of cladistics applied to textual criticism
3957:
3933:
3890:
3324:
3222:
3008:
1403:
881:. In biology, the technique is used to determine the
5558:"The Editorial Problem of Final Authorial Intention"
5412:
von Reenen, Pieter; Margot van Mulken, eds. (1996).
4793:
4791:
4035:
3914:
3827:
McKerrow 1939. pp. 17â18, quoted in Greg 1950, p. 25
3137:. Lausanne: Charles Bally in Payot C. pp. 1â3.
1357:
Bowers was also influential in defining the form of
638:(1687â1752), who in 1734 produced an edition of the
5756:
A Student's Guide to Textual Criticism of the Bible
5463:
Biological systematics: principles and applications
5254:Hartin, Patrick J., Petzer J. H., Manning, Bruce.
4257:
4101:
3481:
3203:
3151:
3089:
3071:
3052:
2835:
List of major textual variants in the New Testament
2548:. Development of CET seems to have stopped in 2004.
1341:
He suggests that where a revision is "horizontal" (
777:. The process of constructing the stemma is called
390:. "If we succeed in establishing the text of , the
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5892:(1). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 11â31.
5863:Scribal Publication in Seventeenth-Century England
5658:
5317:
5233:
5168:From Writer to Reader: Studies in Editorial Method
5121:
4605:
4207:Analysis of Textual Variants of the Book of Mormon
4011:
3902:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3778:
3709:
3315:
2038:and other corruptions. It is sometimes called the
1854:Early New Testament texts include more than 5,800
1452:Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies
1084:
1057:The first published, printed edition of the Greek
5839:"The Application of Thought to Textual Criticism"
5634:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 104.
5460:
5441:
5345:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
5338:
4788:
4742:
4296:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3497:
3184:
1515:11th-century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with
7107:
4900:"Greek New Testament :: Academic-bible.com"
4225:
2571:Critical editions of religious texts (selection)
1390:Statement of Editorial Principles and Procedures
927:derived from more than one source is said to be
499:editions may be inspected. This method involves
366:classical writers and no copies which have been
5739:. Macmillan. Original from Harvard University.
5420:
5416:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
5185:
5142:
5116:
4871:Novum Testamentum Graece, German Bible Society
4598:The treatise Ta'anit of the Babylonian Talmud:
1534:Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible compares
1420:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1138:varying degrees, be influenced by their copy".
1128:, "The Rationale of Copy-Text". Greg proposed:
630:Various scholars have developed guidelines, or
569:Two common considerations have the Latin names
341:
5444:Understanding scholastic thought with Foucault
4991:
4897:UBS Greek New Testament, German Bible Society
4195:The Printer's Manuscript of the Book of Mormon
2379:
656:, "the harder reading is better." Another was
611:
318:has also developed after the discovery of the
6108:
5998:The European Society for Textual Scholarship.
5479:
4828:See further the useful guidelines offered by
4798:
4481:"Birmingham's ancient Koran history revealed"
4327:
4191:The Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon
4181:, 2nd ed., 3 vols. (Provo: FARMS, 1986â1987).
3686:The Canterbury Tales Project Official Website
2284:
722:is a rigorous approach to textual criticism.
680:
646:, ("the harder reading is to be preferred").
642:. In his commentary, he established the rule
6036:(covering about 1200 variants on 2000 pages)
5724:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5680:
5446:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 73.
5392:
5231:
5147:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
4983:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4728:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOstrowski2003 (
4665:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOstrowski2018 (
3510:
2721: â standardized Nestle-Aland 27 edition
1171:Editors who follow Greg's rationale produce
921:
6040:A complete list of all New Testament Papyri
5938:Soulen, Richard N. and Soulen, R. Kendall,
5666:. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4292:
4290:
3375:
3261:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGreetham1999 (
3092:SEL Studies in English Literature 1500â1900
980:, because of grammar differences, but used
748:
604:internal and external evidence is related.
6115:
6101:
6075:
5296:
4709:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGippius2014 (
4552:
4501:
4328:Beacham, Roy E.; Bauder, Kevin T. (2001).
3595:"The Greek Vorlage of the Syra Harclensis"
3422:"Critical Rules of Johann Albrecht Bengel"
3383:"Critical Rules of Johann Albrecht Bengel"
2692:United Bible Society's Greek New Testament
2317:Textual criticism of the Primary Chronicle
218:, with methods from evolutionary biology (
5879:
5510:"Some Principles for Editorial Apparatus"
5465:. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
5397:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4723:
4687:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIsoaho2018 (
4660:
4645:
4628:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDimnik2004 (
4573:
4529:
4519:
3925:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBowers1973 (
3764:sfn error: no target: CITEREFEhrman2005 (
3280:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcGann1992 (
3063:sfn error: no target: CITEREFEhrman2005 (
2921:, is sometimes used for studies of (Old)
2732:New English Translation of the Septuagint
1379:
1262:, a system that he had rejected in proof.
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
5904:
5843:Proceedings of the Classical Association
5777:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 186.
5649:
5627:
5603:
5579:
5555:
5531:
5507:
5378:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
5376:William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion
5359:
4453:
4348:
4316:The New Testament in the Original Greek.
4287:
4095:
4074:
4062:
4029:
4005:
3984:
3529:CollĂn, H. S. and C. J. Schlyter (eds),
3256:
3160:
3132:
2961:"Tanselle thus combines an Aristotelian
2125:
1521:
1510:
1200:
1032:
852:
703:Scheme of descent of the manuscripts of
698:
670:(1828â1892) published an edition of the
615:
417:
135:, Manuscript C, folio 436v, 11th century
127:
5919:(3). Oxford University Press: 174â181.
5833:
5773:Wilson, N. R. p.; Reynolds, L. (1974).
5732:
5161:
4704:
4553:van Putten, Marijn (January 24, 2020).
4434:
3233:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMaas1958 (
3214:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMaas1958 (
3195:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMaas1958 (
3077:
2820:Categories of New Testament manuscripts
2677:The New Testament in the Original Greek
2656:The New Testament in the Original Greek
2170:The Quran is believed to have had some
2081:-era translations of the New Testament.
1450:By 1979, with the establishment of the
1352:
1179:
7108:
6122:
5791:
5753:
5652:Scholarly Editing: A Guide to Research
5366:Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare
5342:A critique of modern textual criticism
5041:
5017:
4874:"Copyright :: Academic-bible.com"
4770:Balassi, BĂĄlint. HorvĂĄth, IvĂĄn (ed.).
4682:
4623:
4589:corrupt and incomprehensible passages.
4365:
4236:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTov2001 (
3963:
3942:
3920:
3896:
3792:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
3759:
3745:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTov2001 (
3624:Critical Editions of the New Testament
3490:Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940).
3333:Hartin, Petzer, Mannig 2001, pp. 47â53
3275:
3058:
2322:Textual criticism or textology of the
2206:, Gerd Puin is quoted as saying that:
2088:which is close to the Byzantine text:
1844:Textual criticism of the New Testament
1386:Modern Language Association of America
1271:Uninfluenced final authorial intention
1220:discussion than to lay down the law".
1114:Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare
325:In the English language, the works of
211:
6096:
5683:Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible
5095:
4838:from the original on 5 September 2014
4799:Shillingsburg, Peter (January 2013).
4745:Canadian Intellectual Property Review
4220:The Book of Mormon: The Earliest Text
4162:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
4107:
4041:
2872:Jesus and the woman taken in adultery
2840:Textual variants in the New Testament
2433:11. Representation of Primary Sources
2236:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
1850:Textual variants in the New Testament
995:The stemmatic method's final step is
6088:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
5861:Love, Harold (1993). "section III".
5860:
5324:. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press.
5284:An Introduction to the New Testament
5204:
5190:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
4959:Aland, Kurt, Aland, Barbara (1987).
4275:from the original on 3 December 2013
4209:, 6 vols. (Provo: FARMS, 2004â2009).
4017:
3908:
3884:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3715:
3503:Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879).
3228:
3209:
3190:
2771:Kaozheng (Chinese textual criticism)
2708: â German Bible Society edition
2307:
1507:Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible
1245:When one collates the manuscript of
1188:(1905â1991). Starting in the 1970s,
1097:in his 1904 edition of the works of
1028:
1006:
560:
542:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
7047:Other books referenced in the Bible
7006:New Testament manuscript categories
5733:Vincent, Marvin Richardson (1899).
5427:. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 694.
5282:Klijn, Albertus Frederik Johannes,
5171:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4769:
4266:
4231:
3740:
3557:Mulken & van Pieter 1996, p. 84
2680: â Westcott & Hort edition
2366:
1197:Application to works of all periods
1120:W. W. Greg's rationale of copy-text
588:Another scribal tendency is called
346:The basic problem, as described by
13:
6577:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
5820:
5662:(1985). Dunnett, Walter M. (ed.).
5606:"Historicism and Critical Editing"
5272:, Oxford University Press, 1995,
4829:
4473:
3635:Encyclopaedia of Textual Criticism
2698:Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine
2289:
2084:Bible translations relying on the
1404:Application to religious documents
1294:Tanselle discusses the example of
1073:text, which was the basis for the
644:Proclivi scriptioni praestat ardua
16:Identification of textual variants
14:
7157:
6076:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
5975:Stemmatics and Information Theory
5953:
5912:Literary and Linguistic Computing
5014:, (1902), Doubleday, Page and Co.
3674:Literary and Linguistic Computing
3605:from the original on 3 March 2016
3363:from the original on 4 April 2016
2867:Modern English Bible translations
2407:keyboard, encoding was invented.
1415:Historicity of the Book of Mormon
1408:
277:, creating what developed as the
253:, and this continued through the
6003:Society for Textual Scholarship.
5880:Ostrowski, Donald (March 1981).
5704:. John Benjamins Publishing Co.
5631:A Rationale of Textual Criticism
5316:McCarter, Peter Kyle Jr (1986).
5240:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Pub.
5010:Bentham, George, Gosse, Edmund.
4917:
4891:
4865:
4850:
4822:
4763:
4736:
4435:Sadeghi, Behnam (23 July 2015).
4254:, no. 3 (2008). pp. 325â326
3975:quoted in Tanselle 1976, p. 168
3566:Wilson and Reynolds 1974, p. 186
3547:10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00391.x
3541:4 (2007): 89â120, at pp. 93â94,
3476:The Genesis of Lachmann's Method
3342:Aland K., Aland, B. 1987, p. 276
3035:
2968:
2688:Nestle-Aland 28th edition (NA28)
2634:Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition
2315:This section is an excerpt from
2249:earliest known Quranic fragments
1837:
1832:Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition
1807:Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition
1291:the author had made the change.
885:relationships between different
873:, where it was originally named
848:
458:-original, hence establishing a
302:Many ancient works, such as the
203:
30:
7062:Biblical and Quranic narratives
5077:Comfort, Philip Wesley (2005).
4952:
4925:"Review of Biblical Literature"
4906:from the original on 2013-11-02
4880:from the original on 2013-11-02
4811:from the original on 2017-08-16
4592:
4582:
4546:
4495:
4454:Coughlan, Sean (22 July 2015).
4447:
4428:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4385:
4321:
4244:
4212:
4200:
4184:
4171:
4150:
4140:
4127:from the original on 2008-05-23
4113:
4086:Shillingsburg 1989, p. 56, n. 8
4080:
4047:
3990:
3969:
3948:
3821:
3818:Quoted in Greg 1950, pp. 23â24
3812:
3772:
3721:
3690:
3679:
3662:from the original on 2017-08-16
3648:
3639:
3617:
3587:
3523:
3468:
3455:from the original on 2010-02-13
3449:"Theories of Westcott and Hort"
3441:
3428:from the original on 2010-02-13
3414:
3400:
3389:from the original on 2010-02-13
3345:
3336:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3241:
3133:Saussure, Ferdinand de (1916).
2955:
2941:
2719:The Comprehensive New Testament
2599:(based on now-lost manuscripts)
2265:the Quranic codification under
1494:
1475:(the head of FARMS), Professor
1085:McKerrow's concept of copy-text
897:(or lateral gene transfer) and
207:
41:needs additional citations for
5940:Handbook of Biblical Criticism
5905:Robinson, Peter M. W. (1989).
3996:quoted in Zeller 1975, p. 247
3175:
3166:
3135:Cours de linguistique générale
3126:
3083:
2932:
2895:
2626:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
2589:Hebrew Bible and Old Testament
672:New Testament in Greek in 1881
510:
1:
5480:Shillingsburg, Peter (1989).
5110:10.1093/library/s5-XXXII.1.61
5056:10.1093/library/s5-XXVII.2.81
4961:The Text of the New Testament
4366:Lester, Toby (January 1999).
4168:, 18 (Summer 1978), 563â569 .
3312:Comfort, Comfort 2005, p. 383
3045:
2852:List of New Testament uncials
2830:List of Biblical commentaries
2751:Authority (textual criticism)
2062:(also called "Majority Text")
1745:
1710:
1591:
1582:
1267:Hawthorne changed in proof."
1248:The House of the Seven Gables
1061:was produced by this method.
1041:shows a medieval scribe (the
869:is a technique borrowed from
689:
283:. In Italy, scholars such as
5958:
5628:Tanselle, G. Thomas (1992).
5604:Tanselle, G. Thomas (1986).
5580:Tanselle, G. Thomas (1981).
5556:Tanselle, G. Thomas (1976).
5532:Tanselle, G. Thomas (1975).
5508:Tanselle, G. Thomas (1972).
5210:"The Rationale of Copy-Text"
5081:. B&H Publishing Group.
4179:Book of Mormon Critical Text
2884:, dating the book of Genesis
2847:List of New Testament papyri
2662:and William Pierpont edition
2582:Book of Mormon Critical Text
2388:
2345:
1039:Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209
914:. Shaw's edition of Dante's
596:refers to eye-skip when the
487:, and the prose writings of
342:Basic notions and objectives
7:
5994:Biblical Archaeology Review
5865:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5301:. Oxford University Press.
5286:(1980), p. 14, BRILL,
3516:Saalfeld, G.A.E.A. (1884).
3029:
3009:
2989:
2739:
2652: â Tischendorf edition
2649:Editio octava critica maior
2538:Critical Edition Typesetter
2414:
2380:Digital textual scholarship
2356:identified textual variants
2155:Birmingham Quran manuscript
1902:
1627:2nd century BCE (fragments)
1540:
694:
612:Canons of textual criticism
10:
7162:
7042:English Bible translations
6430:Song of the Three Children
6017:
5461:Schuh, Randall T. (2000).
5442:Rosemann, Philipp (1999).
5369:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5339:McGann, Jerome J. (1992).
4437:"The origins of the Koran"
4297:Westcott and Hort (1896).
4252:Vetus Testamentum, vol. 58
2744:
2725:The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible
2429:10. Manuscript Description
2397:
2337:
2314:
2285:Application to other texts
2200:In an article in the 1999
2144:
1847:
1841:
1670:Quedlinburg Itala fragment
1629:4th century CE (complete)
1504:
1498:
1412:
736:
681:Limitations of eclecticism
658:Lectio brevior praeferenda
600:of two lines are similar.
413:
236:
18:
7080:
7024:
6942:
6896:
6794:
6639:
6602:
6567:
6538:
6500:
6445:
6352:
6336:
6134:
6059:New Testament Manuscripts
5886:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
5804:: 231â264. Archived from
5685:. Minneapolis: Fortress.
4521:10.1017/S0041977X19000338
4222:(Yale Univ. Press, 2009).
4053:Zeller 1975, pp. 247â248
3018:
2998:
2978:
2918:
2910:
2584: â FARMS 2nd edition
2276:
2151:Early Quranic manuscripts
1908:
1905:
1779:
1755:
1722:
1687:
1659:
1633:
1618:and other earlier papyri
1601:
1543:
1208:A Midsummer Night's Dream
922:Limitations and criticism
705:Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius
654:Lectio difficilior potior
582:lectio difficilior potior
261:and the invention of the
5421:Roelli, Philipp (2020).
5186:Greetham, D. C. (1999).
5143:Ehrman, Bart D. (2006).
5018:Bowers, Fredson (1964).
4197:, 2 vols. (FARMS, 2001).
3782:; Barbara Aland (1995).
3507:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3494:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3451:. Bible-researcher.com.
3424:. Bible-researcher.com.
3409:Novum Testamentum Graece
3385:. Bible-researcher.com.
2888:
2791:
2685:Novum Testamentum Graece
2460:macro package for Plain
2425:Text Encoding Initiative
2409:Text Encoding Initiative
2374:Copyright Term Directive
2358:(including developing a
2346:PovÄstÄ vremÄnÄnyxĆ lÄtĆ
2338:ĐĐŸĐČŃŁŃŃŃ ĐČŃĐ”ĐŒŃ§ĐœŃĐœŃŃ
Ń Đ»ŃŁŃŃ
2253:University of Birmingham
2121:
1834:is an eclectic edition.
1704:and other incomplete mss
1081:as the base manuscript.
984:. According to him, the
982:Complutensian Polyglotta
972:did not incorporate the
906:Canterbury Tales Project
895:horizontal gene transfer
875:phylogenetic systematics
773:descended from a single
21:Critical edition (opera)
6904:Intertestamental period
6079:"Lower Criticism"
5798:Studies in Bibliography
5702:Studies in Stemmatology
5610:Studies in Bibliography
5586:Studies in Bibliography
5562:Studies in Bibliography
5538:Studies in Bibliography
5514:Studies in Bibliography
5492:: 55â78. Archived from
5486:Studies in Bibliography
5414:Studies in Stemmatology
5214:Studies in Bibliography
5024:Studies in Bibliography
4992:Aland, Barbara (1994).
4776:magyar-irodalom.elte.hu
4502:van Putten, M. (2019).
4483:. BBC. 23 December 2015
4334:. Kregel Publications.
2990:ApoviesÄ minulych ÄasoĆ
2927:(Old) East Slavic texts
2349:, commonly transcribed
2074:Eastern Orthodox Church
1828:Hebrew University Bible
1810:(formerly known as the
1801:Hebrew University Bible
1732:Abisha Scroll of Nablus
970:Novum Instrumentum omne
815:(also sometimes called
297:Donation of Constantine
273:, who edited the Greek
133:Carmina Cantabrigiensia
6888:Apocalyptic literature
6525:Paralipomena of Baruch
5758:. InterVarsity Press.
4996:. Peeters Publishers.
4193:(Provo: FARMS, 2001);
4177:Robert F. Smith, ed.,
3321:Aland, B. 1994, p. 138
3010:Povest' vremennykh let
2979:ĐĐżĐŸĐČĐ”ŃŃŃ ĐŒŃĐœŃĐ»ŃŃ
ŃĐ°ŃĐŸŃ
2694:UBS 4th edition (UBS4)
2596:Complutensian polyglot
2500:backward-compatibility
2437:12. Critical Apparatus
2351:Povest' vremennykh let
2262:
2245:
2232:
2216:
2183:Great Mosque of Sana'a
2142:
1937:the Alexandrian Church
1885:
1816:Biblia Hebraica Quinta
1795:Biblia Hebraica Quinta
1749: 11th century CE
1644:Codex Ambrosianus B.21
1579:and Greek (Septuagint)
1553:
1547:
1531:
1519:
1501:Documentary hypothesis
1380:The MLA's CEAA and CSE
1373:
1339:
1330:
1264:
1255:The Blithedale Romance
1216:
1161:
1148:
1135:
1046:
863:
749:
712:
650:Johann Jakob Griesbach
636:Johann Albrecht Bengel
627:
575:(shorter reading) and
431:
377:
247:Hellenistic Alexandria
136:
7052:Additional Scriptures
7016:New Testament uncials
6085:Catholic Encyclopedia
6046:An Electronic Edition
6024:Manuscript Comparator
5970:Stemma and Stemmatics
5792:Zeller, Hans (1975).
5754:Wegner, Paul (2006).
5681:Tov, Emanuel (2001).
5393:Parker, D.C. (2008).
5232:Habib, Rafey (2005).
5066:, (1980), NYU Press,
4303:. Macmillan. p.
3474:Sebastian Timpanaro,
3172:Jarvis 1995, pp. 1â17
3104:10.1353/sel.2012.0008
2999:ĐĐŸĐČĐ”ŃŃŃ ĐČŃĐ”ĐŒĐ”ĐœĐœŃŃ
лДŃ
2713:Critical translations
2672:& Farstad edition
2527:Classical Text Editor
2257:
2247:In 2015, some of the
2240:
2227:
2225:has likewise stated:
2208:
2129:
2065:5thâ16th centuries CE
1922:Alexandrian text-type
1880:
1848:Further information:
1822:edition based on the
1683:Early 5th century CE
1655:Early 5th century CE
1525:
1514:
1505:Further information:
1368:
1334:
1320:
1242:
1205:William Shakespeare,
1204:
1156:
1143:
1130:
1036:
962:Testimonium Flavianum
899:genetic recombination
856:
702:
619:
537:Alexandrian text-type
421:
352:
267:Renaissance humanists
131:
7037:Bible version debate
7011:New Testament papyri
6957:Samaritan Pentateuch
6582:Testament of Abraham
6520:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
5664:New Testament survey
5188:Theories of the text
4368:"What Is the Koran?"
3731:: Braunschweig 1785
3676:20, 189â-204 (2005).
3584:McCarter 1986, p. 62
3535:the internet archive
3030:Povist' mynulykh lit
2805:Bible version debate
2705:Editio Critica Maior
2700: â Merk edition
2617:Gottingen Septuagint
2506:is maintenance mode.
2330:Tale of Bygone Years
2147:History of the Quran
2023:3rdâ9th centuries CE
1928:2ndâ4th centuries CE
1858:manuscripts, 10,000
1728:Samaritan Pentateuch
1674:Codex Complutensis I
1353:Format for apparatus
1180:GregâBowersâTanselle
1093:introduced the term
964:. According to him,
911:The Canterbury Tales
664:Brooke Foss Westcott
50:improve this article
7146:Textual scholarship
6979:Muratorian fragment
6914:New Testament canon
6909:Old Testament canon
6802:Chapters and verses
6420:Additions to Daniel
6386:Additions to Esther
6042:with link to images
5925:10.1093/llc/4.3.174
5297:Maas, Paul (1958).
4392:clarify this point.
4098:, pp. 167â168.
3743:, pp. 351â368.
3599:rosetta.reltech.org
3575:Roseman 1999, p. 73
3303:Bentham, Gosse 1902
3019:ĐĐŸĐČŃŃŃŃ ĐŒĐžĐœŃлОŃ
Đ»ŃŃ
2815:Biblical manuscript
2776:List of manuscripts
2660:Maurice_A._Robinson
2629: â 4th edition
2188:The German scholar
2054:Byzantine text-type
2040:Caesarean text-type
1812:Oxford Hebrew Bible
1557:Date of Composition
1485:Community of Christ
1469:Gordon C. Thomasson
1234:Nathaniel Hawthorne
978:Codex Montfortianus
950:Franz Anton Knittel
640:Greek New Testament
475:William Shakespeare
358:manuscripts of the
327:William Shakespeare
259:early modern period
183:(in the context of
144:textual scholarship
65:"Textual criticism"
6592:Testament of Jacob
6587:Testament of Isaac
6472:Prayer of Manasseh
6435:Bel and the Dragon
6415:Letter of Jeremiah
6051:2010-11-29 at the
5990:2012-03-14 at the
5660:Tenney, Merrill C.
5128:. Harper Collins.
5062:Bradley, Sculley,
4611:Habib 2005, p. 239
3762:, pp. 44, 56.
3706:Shaw edition, 2010
3702:2017-05-31 at the
3629:2009-04-14 at the
3539:Literature Compass
2949:apparatus criticus
2882:Wiseman hypothesis
2448:2018-05-11 at the
2360:critical apparatus
2143:
2131:Sana'a manuscripts
1744:Oldest extant mss
1737:Samaritan alphabet
1532:
1520:
1359:critical apparatus
1217:
1190:G. Thomas Tanselle
1126:Sir Walter W. Greg
1091:Ronald B. McKerrow
1089:The bibliographer
1047:
960:(1 John 5:7), and
956:(John 7:53â8:11),
954:Pericopa Adulterae
864:
713:
628:
577:lectio difficilior
432:
404:critical apparatus
400:apparatus criticus
373:constitutio textus
320:Sana'a manuscripts
289:Poggio Bracciolini
271:Desiderius Erasmus
152:literary criticism
137:
7116:Textual criticism
7103:
7102:
7072:Textual criticism
6635:
6634:
6559:Psalms of Solomon
6502:Orthodox Tewahedo
5404:978-0-521-71989-6
5299:Textual Criticism
5258:. (1991), BRILL,
5145:Whose Word Is It?
5135:978-0-06-073817-4
4267:Wallace, Daniel.
4077:, pp. 45â46.
3278:, p. xviiii.
3231:, pp. 22â23.
3027:
3007:
2987:
2905:", borrowed from
2876:Pericope AdulterĂŠ
2343:
2325:Primary Chronicle
2309:Primary Chronicle
2221:Islamic scholar,
2119:
2118:
2019:Western text-type
1933:Alexandria, Egypt
1783:
1782:
1436:Stanley R. Larson
1029:Copy-text editing
1022:Le Morte d'Arthur
1007:Best-text editing
709:Henry E. Sigerist
561:Internal evidence
543:External evidence
489:Edward Fitzgerald
473:and the works of
350:, is as follows:
295:on the purported
216:textual witnesses
212:copy-text editing
140:Textual criticism
126:
125:
118:
100:
7153:
6952:Dead Sea Scrolls
6934:Dating the Bible
6812:Historical books
6449:Eastern Orthodox
6362:Eastern Orthodox
6350:
6349:
6343:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6081:
6010:Critical Edition
5935:
5933:
5931:
5901:
5876:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5788:
5769:
5750:
5729:
5723:
5715:
5696:
5677:
5655:
5645:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5476:
5457:
5438:
5417:
5408:
5389:
5370:
5356:
5335:
5323:
5312:
5251:
5239:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5201:
5182:
5158:
5139:
5127:
5113:
5100:. Fifth Series.
5092:
5059:
5046:. Fifth Series.
5038:
5036:
5035:
5007:
4988:
4982:
4974:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4930:. Archived from
4929:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4795:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4702:
4693:
4692:
4680:
4671:
4670:
4658:
4649:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4621:
4612:
4609:
4603:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4523:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4432:
4426:
4419:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4363:
4346:
4345:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4264:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4229:
4223:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4188:
4182:
4175:
4169:
4154:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3790:. Grand Rapids:
3789:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3738:
3732:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3694:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3652:
3646:
3645:Schuh 2000, p. 7
3643:
3637:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3501:
3495:
3488:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3418:
3412:
3406:J.J. Griesbach,
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2953:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2920:
2912:
2899:
2786:Source criticism
2485:maintenance mode
2466:maintenance mode
2367:Legal protection
2348:
2342:romanized:
2341:
2339:
2203:Atlantic Monthly
2161:higher criticism
1903:
1750:
1747:
1718:10th century CE
1715:
1712:
1616:Codex Sinaiticus
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1571:Tanakh at Qumran
1566:Dead Sea Scrolls
1541:
1526:A page from the
1283:'s first novel,
1112:By 1939, in his
859:Canterbury Tales
752:
739:
738:
666:(1825â1901) and
625:Codex Sinaiticus
444:variant readings
227:higher criticism
185:Biblical studies
169:critical edition
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7076:
7020:
6938:
6929:Christian canon
6892:
6827:Prophetic books
6790:
6721:2 Thessalonians
6716:1 Thessalonians
6631:
6598:
6563:
6534:
6496:
6455:
6441:
6369:
6341:
6340:
6332:
6143:
6139:
6130:
6121:
6053:Wayback Machine
6020:
5992:Wayback Machine
5961:
5956:
5929:
5927:
5873:
5852:
5850:
5826:Epp, Eldon J.,
5823:
5821:Further reading
5811:
5809:
5785:
5766:
5747:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5693:
5674:
5642:
5619:
5617:
5595:
5593:
5571:
5569:
5547:
5545:
5523:
5521:
5499:
5497:
5473:
5454:
5435:
5405:
5386:
5361:McKerrow, R. B.
5353:
5332:
5309:
5268:Jarvis, Simon,
5248:
5223:
5221:
5198:
5179:
5163:Gaskell, Philip
5155:
5136:
5118:Ehrman, Bart D.
5089:
5033:
5031:
5004:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4909:
4907:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4883:
4881:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4861:. January 2018.
4857:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4827:
4823:
4814:
4812:
4796:
4789:
4780:
4778:
4768:
4764:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4664:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4637:
4627:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4551:
4547:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4462:
4452:
4448:
4433:
4429:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4364:
4349:
4342:
4326:
4322:
4309:
4307:
4295:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4265:
4258:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4189:
4185:
4176:
4172:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:, pp. 2â3.
4040:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3941:
3934:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3704:Wayback Machine
3695:
3691:
3684:
3680:
3665:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3631:Wayback Machine
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3498:
3489:
3482:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3357:www.ualberta.ca
3351:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3212:, pp. 2â3.
3208:
3204:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:Montgomery 1997
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3131:
3127:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3036:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2923:Church Slavonic
2900:
2896:
2891:
2794:
2747:
2742:
2573:
2453:TEI/XML format.
2450:Wayback Machine
2417:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2334:Old East Slavic
2320:
2312:
2292:
2290:Classical texts
2287:
2279:
2212:
2157:
2124:
2086:Textus Receptus
2061:
1924:
1912:Characteristics
1852:
1846:
1840:
1824:Leningrad Codex
1775:5th century CE
1748:
1713:
1702:Leningrad Codex
1628:
1612:Codex Vaticanus
1594:
1585:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1460:Robert F. Smith
1426:) includes the
1417:
1411:
1406:
1382:
1355:
1296:Herman Melville
1273:
1199:
1182:
1122:
1087:
1079:Codex Vaticanus
1075:Revised Version
1031:
1009:
958:Comma Johanneum
924:
851:
829:The process of
781:, or the Latin
746:classical Latin
697:
692:
683:
614:
563:
545:
513:
484:Leaves of Grass
416:
344:
308:Greek tragedies
280:Textus Receptus
239:
142:is a branch of
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7159:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7067:Synod of Hippo
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
7001:Masoretic Text
6998:
6993:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6948:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6837:Minor prophets
6834:
6832:Major prophets
6824:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6610:Pseudepigrapha
6606:
6604:
6603:Classification
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6573:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6549:Psalms 152â155
6545:
6543:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6506:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6417:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6203:1â2 Chronicles
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6132:
6131:
6120:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6073:
6067:
6062:
6056:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5954:External links
5952:
5951:
5950:
5936:
5902:
5877:
5871:
5858:
5835:Housman, A. E.
5831:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5789:
5783:
5770:
5764:
5751:
5745:
5730:
5710:
5697:
5691:
5678:
5672:
5656:
5647:
5640:
5625:
5601:
5577:
5553:
5529:
5505:
5477:
5471:
5458:
5452:
5439:
5433:
5418:
5409:
5403:
5390:
5384:
5371:
5357:
5351:
5336:
5330:
5313:
5307:
5294:
5280:
5266:
5252:
5246:
5229:
5202:
5196:
5183:
5177:
5159:
5153:
5140:
5134:
5114:
5093:
5087:
5074:
5060:
5039:
5015:
5008:
5002:
4989:
4969:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4916:
4890:
4864:
4849:
4821:
4787:
4762:
4751:(1): 157â170.
4735:
4726:, p. XIX.
4724:Ostrowski 2003
4716:
4707:, p. 342.
4694:
4685:, p. 637.
4672:
4661:Ostrowski 2018
4650:
4646:Ostrowski 1981
4635:
4626:, p. 255.
4613:
4604:
4591:
4581:
4572:
4545:
4514:(2): 271â288.
4494:
4472:
4446:
4427:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4384:
4347:
4340:
4320:
4286:
4256:
4243:
4224:
4218:Skousen, ed.,
4211:
4199:
4183:
4170:
4149:
4139:
4112:
4100:
4088:
4079:
4067:
4065:, p. 193.
4055:
4046:
4034:
4032:, p. 194.
4022:
4010:
3998:
3989:
3977:
3968:
3966:, p. 227.
3956:
3947:
3945:, p. 226.
3932:
3913:
3901:
3899:, p. 224.
3889:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3804:
3771:
3752:
3733:
3720:
3708:
3689:
3678:
3647:
3638:
3616:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3522:
3509:
3496:
3480:
3467:
3440:
3413:
3399:
3374:
3344:
3335:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3268:
3249:
3247:Gaskell, 1978.
3240:
3221:
3202:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3150:
3143:
3125:
3082:
3070:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3034:
2967:
2954:
2940:
2931:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2810:Biblical gloss
2807:
2802:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2613:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2577:
2576:Book of Mormon
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2549:
2535:
2524:
2514:
2507:
2488:
2469:
2454:
2440:
2416:
2413:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2368:
2365:
2321:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2172:oral tradition
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2110:Bishops' Bible
2082:
2070:Constantinople
2066:
2063:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2032:Western church
2024:
2021:
2014:
2013:
1944:
1929:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1915:Bible version
1913:
1910:
1907:
1842:Main article:
1839:
1836:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597: â 70 CE
1595: 150 BCE
1589:
1586: 150 BCE
1580:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1530:, Deuteronomy.
1499:Main article:
1496:
1493:
1444:Oliver Cowdery
1428:Book of Mormon
1410:
1409:Book of Mormon
1407:
1405:
1402:
1381:
1378:
1354:
1351:
1272:
1269:
1198:
1195:
1186:Fredson Bowers
1181:
1178:
1141:He concluded:
1121:
1118:
1086:
1083:
1030:
1027:
1008:
1005:
988:was known for
923:
920:
862:, Woodcut 1484
850:
847:
770:stemma codicum
753:may refer to "
696:
693:
691:
688:
682:
679:
613:
610:
590:homoioteleuton
572:lectio brevior
562:
559:
544:
541:
512:
509:
501:paleographical
415:
412:
343:
340:
263:printing press
238:
235:
197:oral tradition
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7158:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6941:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6684:2 Corinthians
6682:
6680:
6679:1 Corinthians
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6641:New Testament
6638:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6622:New Testament
6620:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6537:
6531:
6530:Broader canon
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6243:Song of Songs
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6141:Old Testament
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6118:
6113:
6111:
6106:
6104:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6087:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5949:
5948:0-664-22314-1
5945:
5941:
5937:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5872:0-19-811219-X
5868:
5864:
5859:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5824:
5808:on 2013-09-12
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5784:0-19-814371-0
5780:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5765:0-8308-2731-5
5761:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5746:0-8370-5641-1
5742:
5738:
5737:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5713:
5711:90-272-2153-7
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5692:90-232-3715-3
5688:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5673:0-8028-3611-9
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5641:9780812214093
5637:
5633:
5632:
5626:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5578:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5496:on 2013-09-12
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5472:0-8014-3675-3
5468:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5453:0-312-21713-7
5449:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5434:9783110684391
5430:
5426:
5425:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5385:0-393-31667-X
5381:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5352:0-8139-1418-3
5348:
5344:
5343:
5337:
5333:
5331:0-8006-0471-7
5327:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5310:
5308:0-19-814318-4
5304:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5292:90-04-06263-7
5289:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5278:0-19-818295-3
5275:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5264:90-04-09401-6
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5247:0-631-23200-1
5243:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5197:0-19-811993-3
5193:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5178:0-19-818171-X
5174:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5154:0-8264-9129-4
5150:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5104:(32): 61â74.
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5088:0-8054-3145-4
5084:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5072:0-8147-9444-0
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5050:(2): 81â115.
5049:
5045:
5040:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5003:90-390-0105-7
4999:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4972:
4970:90-04-08367-7
4966:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4937:on 2015-09-23
4933:
4926:
4920:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4860:
4853:
4837:
4833:
4830:Dekker, D-J.
4825:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4792:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4731:
4725:
4720:
4712:
4706:
4701:
4699:
4690:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4668:
4663:, p. 32.
4662:
4657:
4655:
4648:, p. 11.
4647:
4642:
4640:
4631:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4608:
4601:
4595:
4585:
4576:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4482:
4476:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4418:
4408:
4398:
4388:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4343:
4341:9780825497032
4337:
4333:
4332:
4324:
4317:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4293:
4291:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4261:
4253:
4247:
4239:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4215:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4143:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4110:, p. 61.
4109:
4104:
4097:
4096:Tanselle 1975
4092:
4083:
4076:
4075:Tanselle 1972
4071:
4064:
4063:Tanselle 1976
4059:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4031:
4030:Tanselle 1976
4026:
4020:, p. 32.
4019:
4014:
4008:, p. 19.
4007:
4006:Tanselle 1986
4002:
3993:
3987:, p. 16.
3986:
3985:Tanselle 1995
3981:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3928:
3923:, p. 86.
3922:
3917:
3911:, p. 36.
3910:
3905:
3898:
3893:
3887:, p. 31.
3886:
3881:
3875:, p. 29.
3874:
3869:
3863:, p. 26.
3862:
3857:
3851:, p. 22.
3850:
3845:
3839:, p. 21.
3838:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3807:
3805:0-8028-4098-1
3801:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3767:
3761:
3756:
3748:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3724:
3718:, p. 20.
3717:
3712:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3682:
3675:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3506:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3328:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3259:, p. 40.
3258:
3257:Greetham 1999
3253:
3244:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3192:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3162:
3161:Tanselle 1992
3157:
3155:
3146:
3144:9782228500647
3140:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3061:, p. 46.
3060:
3055:
3051:
3038:
3031:
3025:
3016:
3011:
3005:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2976:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2950:
2944:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Close reading
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2642:New Testament
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:: in progress
2620:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:ekdosis is a
2553:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2223:Andrew Rippin
2220:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2139:Andrew Rippin
2136:
2132:
2128:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1838:New Testament
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714: 100 CE
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588: â 70 CE
1581:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1477:Royal Skousen
1474:
1473:John W. Welch
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:In 1963, the
1377:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Stephen Crane
1277:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1238:Stephen Crane
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:Shakespeare,
1221:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1103:Joseph BĂ©dier
1100:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:New Testament
1055:
1051:
1044:
1043:marginal note
1040:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1013:Joseph BĂ©dier
1004:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
945:
939:
937:
936:sophisticated
932:
930:
919:
917:
913:
912:
907:
902:
900:
896:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:Phylogenetics
861:
860:
855:
849:Phylogenetics
846:
843:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:
766:
762:
761:
756:
751:
747:
743:
733:
732:Ancient Greek
729:
725:
724:Karl Lachmann
721:
717:
710:
706:
701:
687:
678:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:
622:
618:
609:
605:
601:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
583:
578:
574:
573:
567:
558:
554:
551:
540:
538:
533:
528:
524:
520:
517:
508:
506:
502:
498:
492:
490:
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
460:critical text
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
429:
428:2 Corinthians
426:, containing
425:
420:
411:
409:
405:
401:
395:
393:
389:
388:
383:
376:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
351:
349:
339:
337:
333:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
293:Lorenzo Valla
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
275:New Testament
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
234:
232:
228:
223:
221:
220:phylogenetics
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
170:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
134:
130:
120:
117:
109:
106:November 2023
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: â
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
7131:Hermeneutics
7121:Bibliography
7071:
6990:Vetus Latina
6988:
6971:
6924:Jewish canon
6919:Antilegomena
6821:Poetic Books
6817:Wisdom books
6795:Subdivisions
6708:
6413: /
6338:Deuterocanon
6258:Lamentations
6238:Ecclesiastes
6145:(protocanon)
6136:Hebrew Bible
6083:
6009:
5939:
5928:. Retrieved
5916:
5910:
5889:
5885:
5862:
5851:. Retrieved
5846:
5842:
5827:
5810:. Retrieved
5806:the original
5801:
5797:
5774:
5755:
5735:
5701:
5682:
5663:
5651:
5630:
5618:. Retrieved
5613:
5609:
5594:. Retrieved
5589:
5585:
5570:. Retrieved
5565:
5561:
5546:. Retrieved
5541:
5537:
5522:. Retrieved
5517:
5513:
5498:. Retrieved
5494:the original
5489:
5485:
5462:
5443:
5423:
5413:
5394:
5375:
5365:
5341:
5319:
5298:
5283:
5269:
5255:
5235:
5222:. Retrieved
5217:
5213:
5187:
5167:
5144:
5123:
5101:
5097:
5078:
5063:
5047:
5043:
5032:. Retrieved
5027:
5023:
5011:
4993:
4960:
4953:Bibliography
4939:. Retrieved
4932:the original
4919:
4908:. Retrieved
4893:
4882:. Retrieved
4867:
4852:
4840:. Retrieved
4824:
4813:. Retrieved
4804:
4779:. Retrieved
4775:
4765:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4719:
4705:Gippius 2014
4607:
4600:Henry Malter
4594:
4584:
4575:
4563:. Retrieved
4558:
4548:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4485:. Retrieved
4475:
4463:. Retrieved
4459:
4449:
4440:
4430:
4423:Samia Mehrez
4417:
4407:
4397:
4387:
4375:. Retrieved
4372:The Atlantic
4371:
4330:
4323:
4315:
4308:. Retrieved
4299:
4277:. Retrieved
4251:
4246:
4234:, p. 9.
4227:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4178:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4142:
4129:. Retrieved
4115:
4103:
4091:
4082:
4070:
4058:
4049:
4037:
4025:
4013:
4001:
3992:
3980:
3971:
3959:
3950:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3823:
3814:
3785:
3774:
3755:
3736:
3728:
3723:
3711:
3692:
3681:
3673:
3664:. Retrieved
3650:
3641:
3634:
3619:
3607:. Retrieved
3598:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3538:
3530:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3475:
3470:
3457:. Retrieved
3443:
3430:. Retrieved
3416:
3408:
3402:
3391:. Retrieved
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3356:
3347:
3338:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3294:Bradley 1990
3290:
3271:
3252:
3243:
3224:
3205:
3193:, p. 1.
3186:
3177:
3168:
3134:
3128:
3098:(1): 51â67.
3095:
3091:
3085:
3080:, p. 1.
3078:Vincent 1899
3073:
3054:
3037:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2948:
2943:
2934:
2902:
2897:
2875:
2797:
2781:Palaeography
2766:Hermeneutics
2730:
2724:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2647:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2603:
2594:
2581:
2418:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2370:
2350:
2329:
2323:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2280:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2199:
2190:Gerd R. Puin
2187:
2180:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2085:
2046:Vetus Latina
1894:
1889:D. A. Carson
1886:
1881:
1853:
1831:
1827:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1698:Aleppo Codex
1577:Paleo Hebrew
1560:Oldest Copy
1533:
1528:Aleppo Codex
1495:Hebrew Bible
1489:
1481:
1471:, Professor
1449:
1440:Joseph Smith
1432:
1418:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1260:Seven Gables
1259:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1222:
1218:
1206:
1183:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1099:Thomas Nashe
1094:
1088:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1037:A page from
1020:
1017:
1010:
1001:
996:
994:
985:
973:
948:
940:
935:
933:
929:contaminated
928:
925:
915:
909:
903:
891:
883:evolutionary
879:Willi Hennig
874:
865:
857:
844:
838:
834:
830:
828:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
798:
793:
789:
787:
782:
778:
774:
768:
765:hyparchetype
764:
758:
755:family trees
727:
720:stemmatology
719:
715:
714:
684:
676:
662:
657:
653:
648:
643:
631:
629:
606:
602:
597:
593:
587:
580:
576:
570:
568:
564:
555:
549:
546:
531:
529:
525:
521:
514:
493:
482:
479:Walt Whitman
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:, or simply
443:
441:
436:
433:
399:
396:
391:
385:
381:
378:
372:
353:
345:
324:
301:
278:
243:philological
240:
224:
215:
201:
178:
168:
165:
139:
138:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
7095:WikiProject
6973:Diatessaron
6944:Manuscripts
6897:Development
6699:Philippians
6569:Beta Israel
6487:4 Maccabees
6482:3 Maccabees
6396:2 Maccabees
6391:1 Maccabees
6173:Deuteronomy
5206:Greg, W. W.
4683:Isoaho 2018
4624:Dimnik 2004
4559:Twitter.com
4310:23 November
4279:23 November
4166:BYU Studies
3964:Bowers 1964
3943:Bowers 1964
3921:Bowers 1973
3897:Bowers 1964
3780:Aland, Kurt
3760:Ehrman 2005
3276:McGann 1992
3059:Ehrman 2005
2919:йДĐșŃŃĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐłŃŃ
2911:йДĐșŃŃĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐłĐžŃ
2761:Diplomatics
2612:2nd edition
2604:Septuaginta
2195:palimpsests
2079:Reformation
1898:eclecticism
1772:500â1000 CE
1741:200â100 BCE
1624:300â100 BCE
1465:Grant Hardy
1400:procedure.
1213:First Folio
1166:indifferent
1011:The critic
824:emendations
822:conjectural
805:examination
668:Fenton Hort
594:Homoioarche
516:Eclecticism
511:Eclecticism
422:Folio from
392:constitutio
354:We have no
332:Mesopotamia
255:Middle Ages
204:eclecticism
156:manuscripts
7136:Papyrology
7110:Categories
7032:Authorship
6962:Septuagint
6807:Pentateuch
6786:Revelation
6710:Laodiceans
6704:Colossians
6193:1â2 Samuel
5853:2008-03-08
5812:2006-06-07
5620:2024-06-28
5596:2007-09-07
5572:2006-06-04
5548:2006-06-04
5524:2006-06-04
5500:2006-06-07
5224:2006-06-04
5034:2006-06-04
4941:2010-02-08
4910:2013-10-31
4884:2013-10-31
4815:2017-05-16
4781:2022-10-19
4565:August 24,
4531:1887/79373
4487:4 February
4131:2008-05-24
4108:Davis 1977
4042:Davis 1977
3794:. p.
3666:2017-05-16
3459:2008-05-24
3432:2008-05-24
3393:2008-05-24
3046:References
2975:Belarusian
2901:The term "
2145:See also:
2060:text-type
2036:paraphrase
1820:diplomatic
1804:, and the
1735:Hebrew in
1607:Septuagint
1548:Manuscript
1536:manuscript
1424:LDS Church
1413:See also:
990:Tertullian
944:W. W. Greg
835:examinatio
809:examinatio
716:Stemmatics
690:Stemmatics
598:beginnings
430:11:33â12:9
424:Papyrus 46
269:, such as
208:stemmatics
174:recensions
76:newspapers
7141:Philology
6871:Johannine
6731:2 Timothy
6726:1 Timothy
6694:Ephesians
6689:Galatians
6477:Psalm 151
6345:apocrypha
6323:Zechariah
6313:Zephaniah
6198:1â2 Kings
6163:Leviticus
5720:cite book
5568:: 167â211
5544:: 167â230
5030:: 223â228
4979:cite book
4963:. Brill.
4561:. Twitter
4540:231795084
4018:Greg 1950
3909:Greg 1950
3885:Greg 1950
3873:Greg 1950
3861:Greg 1950
3849:Greg 1950
3837:Greg 1950
3727:Knittel,
3716:Greg 1950
3229:Maas 1958
3210:Maas 1958
3191:Maas 1958
3120:145665900
3024:romanized
3015:Ukrainian
3004:romanized
2984:romanized
2952:clarity."
2915:Ukrainian
2903:textology
2260:revealed.
2102:Coverdale
1941:recension
1935:and from
1906:Text type
1693:Masoretic
1152:authority
1095:copy-text
1003:version.
997:emendatio
839:emendatio
817:divinatio
813:emendatio
790:selection
779:recension
775:archetype
760:cladogram
497:facsimile
387:archetype
356:autograph
348:Paul Maas
257:into the
251:antiquity
193:autograph
189:archetype
148:philology
7126:Exegesis
7085:Category
6984:Peshitta
6881:Catholic
6876:Pastoral
6861:Epistles
6854:Synoptic
6741:Philemon
6554:2 Baruch
6541:Peshitta
6515:Jubilees
6467:2 Esdras
6462:1 Esdras
6357:Catholic
6308:Habakkuk
6253:Jeremiah
6233:Proverbs
6213:Nehemiah
6049:Archived
5988:Archived
5898:41035890
5837:(1922).
5363:(1939).
5208:(1950).
5165:(1978).
5120:(2005).
4904:Archived
4878:Archived
4836:Archived
4809:Archived
4465:10 April
4460:BBC News
4441:BBC News
4377:10 April
4273:Archived
4232:Tov 2001
4158:Sunstone
4125:Archived
3741:Tov 2001
3700:Archived
3697:Commedia
3660:Archived
3627:Archived
3603:Archived
3453:Archived
3426:Archived
3387:Archived
3361:Archived
3112:41349051
2963:praktike
2740:See also
2668: â
2658: â
2556:LuaLaTeX
2511:reledmac
2446:Archived
2415:Software
2301:Republic
2219:Canadian
2056:; also,
1876:Armenian
1872:Ethiopic
1639:Peshitta
1575:Hebrew,
1554:Language
1551:Examples
1230:Fielding
1173:eclectic
1067:Westcott
916:Commedia
831:selectio
801:selectio
794:selectio
783:recensio
750:stemmata
742:loanword
740:and its
737:ÏÏÎΌΌαÏα
695:Overview
623:11:2 in
532:a priori
467:variorum
452:readings
448:variants
437:eclectic
382:exemplar
368:collated
306:and the
285:Petrarch
7057:Studies
7025:Related
6996:Vulgate
6866:Pauline
6844:Gospels
6761:2 Peter
6756:1 Peter
6746:Hebrews
6649:Matthew
6539:Syriac
6425:Susanna
6328:Malachi
6288:Obadiah
6263:Ezekiel
6168:Numbers
6153:Genesis
6126:of the
6030:output)
5959:General
5849:: 67â84
5592:: 23â65
5520:: 41â88
5220:: 19â36
5098:Library
5044:Library
4757:1961535
4412:Quran."
3633:at the
3026::
3006::
2995:Russian
2986::
2907:Russian
2862:Mark 16
2825:John 21
2745:General
2610:Rahlfs'
2552:ekdosis
2517:ednotes
2504:eledmac
2496:eledmac
2492:eledmac
2398:Methods
2389:History
2133:of the
2098:Tyndale
1787:soferim
1768:Aramaic
1665:Vulgate
1363:content
1063:Erasmus
968:in his
966:Erasmus
887:species
871:biology
505:lacunae
414:Process
312:Gospels
237:History
160:scribes
90:scholar
7090:Portal
6967:Targum
6776:3 John
6771:2 John
6766:1 John
6674:Romans
6627:Jewish
6452:Others
6411:Baruch
6406:Sirach
6401:Wisdom
6381:Judith
6366:Others
6318:Haggai
6268:Daniel
6248:Isaiah
6228:Psalms
6218:Esther
6183:Judges
6178:Joshua
6158:Exodus
5946:
5930:19 May
5896:
5869:
5781:
5762:
5743:
5708:
5689:
5670:
5638:
5616:: 1â46
5469:
5450:
5431:
5401:
5382:
5349:
5328:
5305:
5290:
5276:
5262:
5244:
5194:
5175:
5151:
5132:
5085:
5070:
5000:
4967:
4842:14 May
4755:
4538:
4338:
4147:1974).
3802:
3141:
3118:
3110:
2670:Hodges
2606:
2560:LuaTeX
2483:is in
2481:ledmac
2473:ledmac
2435:, and
2405:QWERTY
2277:Talmud
2267:Uthman
2176:Uthman
2153:, and
2106:Geneva
1868:Slavic
1864:Syriac
1826:. The
1798:, the
1761:Targum
1707:Hebrew
1649:Syriac
1517:Targum
1467:, Dr.
1325:Maggie
1313:Maggie
1309:Maggie
1285:Maggie
1226:Dryden
799:After
730:. The
728:stemma
711:(1927)
632:canons
210:, and
181:urtext
150:, and
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
6751:James
6736:Titus
6510:Enoch
6376:Tobit
6303:Nahum
6298:Micah
6293:Jonah
6273:Hosea
6128:Bible
6124:Books
6018:Bible
5894:JSTOR
5102:XXXII
5048:XXVII
4935:(PDF)
4928:(PDF)
4536:S2CID
3609:2 May
3367:2 May
3116:S2CID
3108:JSTOR
2947:"The
2889:Notes
2792:Bible
2546:EDMAC
2521:LaTeX
2477:LaTeX
2458:EDMAC
2443:Juxta
2296:Plato
2135:Quran
2122:Quran
2058:KoinÄ
1959:Douay
1955:NABRE
1860:Latin
1856:Greek
1818:is a
1678:Latin
1621:Greek
1456:FARMS
1301:Typee
1236:, or
986:Comma
976:from
974:Comma
807:, or
734:word
471:Bible
408:sigla
364:Roman
360:Greek
336:Egypt
316:Quran
304:Bible
97:JSTOR
83:books
6849:List
6781:Jude
6669:Acts
6664:John
6659:Luke
6654:Mark
6615:list
6492:Odes
6283:Amos
6278:Joel
6208:Ezra
6188:Ruth
6028:diff
5944:ISBN
5932:2023
5867:ISBN
5779:ISBN
5760:ISBN
5741:ISBN
5726:link
5706:ISBN
5687:ISBN
5668:ISBN
5636:ISBN
5467:ISBN
5448:ISBN
5429:ISBN
5399:ISBN
5380:ISBN
5347:ISBN
5326:ISBN
5303:ISBN
5288:ISBN
5274:ISBN
5260:ISBN
5242:ISBN
5192:ISBN
5173:ISBN
5149:ISBN
5130:ISBN
5083:ISBN
5068:ISBN
4998:ISBN
4985:link
4965:ISBN
4844:2014
4753:SSRN
4730:help
4711:help
4689:help
4667:help
4630:help
4567:2021
4489:2016
4467:2019
4402:East
4379:2019
4336:ISBN
4312:2013
4281:2013
4238:help
3927:help
3800:ISBN
3766:help
3747:help
3611:2018
3369:2018
3282:help
3263:help
3235:help
3216:help
3197:help
3139:ISBN
3065:help
2925:and
2564:CTAN
2544:and
2532:Wine
2509:The
2490:The
2471:The
2456:The
2423:The
2094:NKJV
2052:The
2028:Gaul
2017:The
1975:NASB
1971:TNIV
1965:and
1920:The
1909:Date
1874:and
1347:i.e.
1343:i.e.
1071:Hort
1069:and
837:and
621:Luke
550:best
362:and
334:and
287:and
231:text
69:news
6342:and
6223:Job
5921:doi
5106:doi
5052:doi
4526:hdl
4516:doi
3796:236
3543:doi
3100:doi
2542:TeX
2462:TeX
2328:or
2298:'s
2114:OSB
2090:KJV
2011:CSB
2007:GNB
1999:ASV
1991:NWT
1987:EBR
1983:ESV
1979:RSV
1967:NJB
1951:NAB
1947:NIV
1814:).
1298:'s
1289:why
877:by
792:or
744:in
718:or
707:by
481:'s
450:or
402:or
191:or
187:),
172:or
52:by
7112::
6082:.
5915:.
5909:.
5888:.
5884:.
5847:18
5845:.
5841:.
5802:28
5800:.
5796:.
5722:}}
5718:{{
5614:39
5612:.
5608:.
5590:34
5588:.
5584:.
5566:29
5564:.
5560:.
5542:28
5540:.
5536:.
5518:25
5516:.
5512:.
5490:42
5488:.
5484:.
5216:.
5212:.
5028:17
5026:.
5022:.
4981:}}
4977:{{
4902:.
4876:.
4834:.
4807:.
4803:.
4790:^
4774:.
4749:27
4747:.
4697:^
4675:^
4653:^
4638:^
4616:^
4557:.
4534:.
4524:.
4512:82
4510:.
4506:.
4458:.
4439:.
4370:.
4350:^
4314:.
4289:^
4271:.
4259:^
3935:^
3798:.
3658:.
3601:.
3597:.
3483:^
3359:.
3355:.
3326:^
3153:^
3114:.
3106:.
3096:52
3094:.
3021:,
3017::
3013:;
3001:,
2997::
2993:;
2981:,
2977::
2917::
2913:/
2909::
2608:â
2502:.
2479:.
2431:,
2340:,
2336::
2269:.
2149:,
2137:.
2112:,
2108:,
2104:,
2100:,
2096:,
2092:,
2009:,
2005:,
2003:NC
2001:,
1997:,
1995:LB
1993:,
1989:,
1985:,
1981:,
1977:,
1973:,
1963:JB
1961:,
1957:,
1953:,
1949:,
1870:,
1866:,
1746:c.
1711:c.
1700:,
1672:,
1614:,
1592:c.
1583:c.
1315:.
1232:,
1228:,
1168:.
1025:.
992:.
931:.
826:.
785:.
491:.
456:un
375:).
299:.
233:.
206:,
146:,
6823:)
6819:(
6138:/
6116:e
6109:t
6102:v
5934:.
5923::
5917:4
5900:.
5890:5
5875:.
5856:.
5815:.
5787:.
5768:.
5749:.
5728:)
5714:.
5695:.
5676:.
5644:.
5623:.
5599:.
5575:.
5551:.
5527:.
5503:.
5475:.
5456:.
5437:.
5407:.
5388:.
5355:.
5334:.
5311:.
5250:.
5227:.
5218:3
5200:.
5181:.
5157:.
5138:.
5112:.
5108::
5091:.
5058:.
5054::
5037:.
5006:.
4987:)
4973:.
4944:.
4913:.
4887:.
4846:.
4818:.
4784:.
4759:.
4732:)
4713:)
4691:)
4669:)
4632:)
4569:.
4542:.
4528::
4518::
4491:.
4469:.
4443:.
4381:.
4344:.
4305:2
4283:.
4240:)
4134:.
3929:)
3808:.
3768:)
3749:)
3669:.
3613:.
3545::
3462:.
3435:.
3396:.
3371:.
3284:)
3265:)
3237:)
3218:)
3199:)
3163:.
3147:.
3122:.
3102::
3067:)
2929:.
2878:)
2874:(
2566:.
2523:.
2487:.
2468:.
2439:.
2332:(
2319:.
1454:(
1422:(
1215:)
1211:(
371:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
