2288:"The present Ghaggar-Hakra valley and its tributary rivers are currently dry or have seasonal flows. Yet rivers were undoubtedly active in this region during the Urban Harappan Phase. We recovered sandy fluvial deposits approximately 5;400 y old at Fort Abbas in Pakistan (SI Text), and recent work (33) on the upper Ghaggar-Hakra interfluve in India also documented Holocene channel sands that are approximately 4;300 y old. On the upper interfluve, fine-grained floodplain deposition continued until the end of the Late Harappan Phase, as recent as 2,900 y ago (33) (Fig. 2B). This widespread fluvial redistribution of sediment suggests that reliable monsoon rains were able to sustain perennial rivers earlier during the Holocene and explains why Harappan settlements flourished along the entire Ghaggar-Hakra system without access to a glacier-fed river."
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1973:
1794:
70:
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2285:"Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati (e.g., 4, 5, 7, 19), was a large glacier fed Himalayan river. Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River, the Sutlej River, or both rivers. However, the lack of large-scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large, glacier-fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar-Hakra region during the Holocene
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1961:
717:
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86:
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461:
699:
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2146:
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594:
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See chapter entitled: "Reconstruction of an approximately complete
Quaternary Tibetan Inland Glaciation between the Mt. Everest and Cho Oyu Massifs and the Aksai Chin. – A new glaciogeomorphological southeast-northwest diagonal profile through Tibet and its consequences for the glacial isostasy and
671:
The climate is arid and subtropical. Average temperature varies with season, and extremes can range from near-freezing in the winter to more than 50 °C in the summer months. Average annual rainfall ranges from 100 to 500 mm, and occurs during the short July-to-September southwest monsoon.
1950:
industry ranges from cheaper backpacker treks to plush
Arabian night-style campsites replete with banquets and cultural performances. During the treks, tourists are able to view the fragile and beautiful ecosystem of the Thar Desert. This form of tourism provides income to many operators and camel
1633:
lifestyle. Most of the permanent human settlements are located near the two seasonal streams of the Karon-Jhar hills. Potable groundwater is also rare in the Thar Desert. Much of it tastes sour due to dissolved minerals. Potable water is mostly available only deep underground. When wells are dug
2041:
in modern-day India. The empire crumbled over time because of continuous invasions from central Asia. According to Satish
Chandra, the Hindu Shahis of Afghanistan made an alliance with the Bhatti rulers of Multhan because they wanted to end the slave raids that were made by the Turkic ruler of
3935:
Rajawat, A. S., Sastry, C. V. S. and Narain, A. (1999-a). "Application of pyramidal processing on high resolution IRS-1C data for tracing the migration of the
Saraswati river in parts of the Thar desert". in "Vedic Sarasvati, Evolutionary History of a Lost River of Northwestern India",
2282:"Contrary to earlier assumptions that a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, identified by some with the mythical Sarasvati, watered the Harappan heartland on the interfluve between the Indus and Ganges basins, we show that only monsoonal-fed rivers were active there during the Holocene."
2069:
became a major port, and sea trade largely replaced trade along the traditional land routes. Maharawals Ranjit Singh and Bairi Sal Singh tried to reverse the economic decline, but the kingdom nevertheless became impoverished. To make matters worse, there was a severe
2081:
In 1965 and 1971, population exchanges took place in the Thar between India and
Pakistan; 3,500 Muslims shifted from the Indian section of the Thar to Pakistani Thar, whilst thousands of Hindu families also migrated from Pakistani Thar to the Indian section.
3950:
Rajesh Kumar, M., Rajawat, A. S. and Singh, T. N. (2005). "Applications of remote sensing for educidate the
Palaeochannels in an extended Thar desert, Western Rajasthan", 8th annual International conference, Map India 2005, New
1209:(i.e. small, loosely-scattered patches of greenery). The densities and sizes of these green patches increase from west to east, following an increase in rainfall. The primary vegetation of the Thar Desert is composed of trees,
2042:
Ghazni, but the alliance was broken apart by Alp Tigin in 977 CE. Bhati dominions continued to shift southwards: they ruled Multan, then finally got pushed into
Cholistan and Jaisalmer, where Rawal Devaraja built
572:
4,000 years ago when monsoons diminished even further, the dried-up Harkra become an intermittent river, and the urban
Harappan civilisation declined, becoming localized in smaller agricultural communities.
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481:
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About 85% of the Thar Desert is in India, and about 15% is in
Pakistan. The Thar Desert is about 4.56% of the total geographical area of India. More than 60% of the desert lies in the Indian state of
988:. This may be partly because they are well adapted to this environment: they are smaller than similar animals that live in other environments, and they are mainly nocturnal. It may also be because
1951:
owners in
Jaisalmer, as well as employment for many camel trekkers in the desert villages nearby. People from various parts of the world come to see the Pushkar ka Mela (Pushkar Fair) and oases.
3943:
Ramasamy, S. M. (1999). "Neotectonic controls on the migration of Sarasvati river of the Great Indian desert". in "Vedic Sarasvati, Evolutionary History of a Lost River of Northwestern India",
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from 1895 to 1900, during the reign of Maharawal Salivahan Singh, which caused the widespread loss of the livestock upon which the increasingly agriculturally based kingdom had come to rely.
1946:
Desert safaris on camels have become increasingly popular around Jaisalmer. Domestic and international tourists frequent the desert seeking adventure on camels for one to several days. This
2407:
Sharma, K. K.; Mehra, S. P. (2009). "The Thar of Rajasthan (India): Ecology and Conservation of a Desert Ecosystem". In Sivaperuman, C.; Baqri, Q. H.; Ramaswamy, G.; Naseema, M. (eds.).
883:
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Clift, Peter D.; Carter, Andrew; Giosan, Liviu; Durcan, Julie; et al. (2012), "U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River",
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are the natives of the area. The Thar Desert is the most widely populated desert in the world, with a population density of 83 people per km. In India, the inhabitants comprise
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that happen to yield sweet tasting water, people tend to settle near them, but such wells are difficult and dangerous to dig, sometimes claiming the lives of the well-diggers.
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1862:
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Govt. of India. Ministry of Food & Agriculture booklet (1965)—"Soil conservation in the Rajasthan Desert"—Work of the Desert Afforestation Research station, Jodhpur.
3705:
Khonde, Nitesh; Kumar Singh, Sunil; Maur, D. M.; Rai, Vinai K.; Chamyal, L. S.; Giosan, Liviu (2017), "Tracing the Vedic Saraswati River in the Great Rann of Kachchh",
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The desert has both a very dry part (the Marusthali region in the west) and a semidesert part (in the east) that has fewer sand dunes and slightly more precipitation.
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in Gujarat. These lakes receive and collect rainwater during monsoon and evaporate during the dry season. The salt comes from the weathering of rocks in the region.
1991:
The government of India initiated departmental exploration for oil in 1955 and 1956 in the Jaisalmer area, Oil India Limited discovered natural gas in 1988 in the
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3891:. Water Resources in the South: Present Scenario and Future Prospects, Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South, Islamabad.
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wood is reported to contain high calorific value and provide high-quality fuel wood. The lopped branches are good as fencing material. Its roots also encourage
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The Thar is one of the most heavily populated desert areas in the world with the main occupations of its inhabitants being agriculture and animal husbandry.
1301:
2514:
Kuhle, M. (1999). "Tibet and High Asia V. Results of Investigations into High Mountain Geomorphology, Paleo-Glaciology and Climatology of the Pleistocene".
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Burdak, L. R. (1982). "Recent Advances in Desert Afforestation". Dissertation submitted to Shri R. N. Kaul, Director, Forestry Research, F.R.I., Dehra Dun.
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229:
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Kuhle, Matthias (1998). "Reconstruction of the 2.4 Million km Late Pleistocene Ice Sheet on the Tibetan Plateau and its Impact on the Global Climate".
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1793:
1768:
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Development in Quaternary Science 2c (Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica)
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530:, changed its course, leaving the Ghaggar-Hakra as a system of monsoon-fed rivers which did not reach the sea and now ends in the Thar desert.
383:. This discovery marks the first of its kind to be unearthed in India and is also the oldest specimen of the group ever recorded in the global
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is the only river in the desert. Rainfall is 100 to 500 mm (4 to 20 in) per year, almost all of it between June and September.
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from the alluvial plains and the coast. The sand is highly mobile due to the strong winds that rise each year before the onset of the
4408:
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Kuhle, M (2004). "The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) ice cover in High and Central Asia". In Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L. (eds.).
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3989:
3775:
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Sinha, R. K.; Bhatia, S. & Vishnoi, R. (1996). "Desertification control and rangeland management in the Thar desert of India".
1146:
1704:, which are grown in the summer season and seeded in June and July. These are then harvested in September and October and include
3290:
2872:
Ghalib, S. A.; et al. (2008). "Bioecology of Nara Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, Districts Ghotki, Sukkur and Khairpur, Sindh".
2586:
Kuhle, Matthias (2001). "The Tibetan Ice Sheet; its Impact on the Palaeomonsoon and Relation to the Earth's Orbital Variations".
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is a resident breeder in the Thar region. The peacock is designated as the national bird of India and the provincial bird of the
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5280:
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4714:
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2855:
2710:
Ramesh, R.; Jani, R. A. & Bhushan, R. (1993). "Stable isotopic evidence for the origin of salt lakes in the Thar desert".
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In the true desert areas, the only sources of water for animals or humans are small, scattered ponds - some that are natural (
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in this region have not been transformed into cropland as fast as in other regions, and because a local community, the
6381:
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Bakliwal, P. C. and Grover, A. K. (1988). "Signature and migration of Sarasvati river in Thar desert, Western India".
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dispute this, arguing that it was a large perennial river draining the high mountains as late as 3700–2500 years ago.
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i.e. the ice in Tibet reflected at least four times more radiation energy per unit area into space than ice at higher
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2017:'s historical foundations are in the large empire ruled by the Bhati dynasty. The empire stretched from what is now
1933:
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20,000 before present, an approximately 2,400,000 square kilometres (930,000 sq mi) ice sheet covered the
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747:. High-velocity winds blow soil from the desert, depositing some of it on neighboring fertile lands, and causing
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species that are fast vanishing in other parts of India are found in the desert in large numbers, including the
5583:
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2930:"Current distribution and status of the mammals, birds and reptiles in Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary, Sindh"
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1911:
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4382:
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Yashpal, Sahai Baldev, Sood, R.K., and Agarwal, D.P. (1980). "Remote sensing of the 'lost' Saraswati river".
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Khan, T. I. & Frost, S. (2001). "Floral biodiversity: a question of survival in the Indian Thar Desert".
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2551:
Kuhle, M. (1988). "The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages – An Autocycle Hypothesis".
274:
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3321:"Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 272 - Imperial Gazetteer of India - Digital South Asia Library"
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brings fresh water to the Thar Desert. It was built to halt any spreading of the desert into fertile areas.
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1907:
418:, which further cooled overlying atmosphere at that time. This impacted the regional climate. Without the
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within the desert to shift. To counteract this problem, sand dunes are stabilised by first erecting micro
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in the west and northwest. Much of the desert area is covered by huge, shifting sand dunes that receive
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3805:"Counter-intuitive influence of Himalayan river morphodynamics on Indus Civilisation urban settlements"
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discovery in 2023 from the Thar Desert in India, dating back to 167 million years ago, pertains to a
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3755:. In Giosan, Liviu; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Nicoll, Kathleen; Flad, Rowan K.; Clift, Peter D. (eds.).
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Present-day Gagghar-Hakra river-course, with paleochannels as proposed by (Clift et al. (2012)).
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Rahmani, A. R. (1989). "The uncertain future of the Desert National Park in Rajasthan, India".
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Due to severe weather conditions, few highways are in the Thar Desert. Shown here is a road in
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Kaul, R. N. (1967). "Trees or grass lands in the Rajasthan: Old problems and New approaches".
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Chatterjee, Anirban; Ray, Jyotiranjan S.; Shukla, Anil D.; Pande, Kanchan (20 November 2019).
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3238:"Breeds of Livestock - Tharparkar Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science"
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region of Rajasthan. This sanctuary is home to large populations of blackbuck, fox, caracal,
852:
3972:
3753:"Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period"
925:, with 30 species of mammals, 112 bird species, 20 reptiles, and 22 important plant species.
812:, in Rajasthan, covers 3,162 km (1,221 sq mi) and represents the Thar Desert
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2004:
1547:, the largest city in the region, lies in the scrub forest zone at the desert's perimeter.
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8:
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heavily influences life in all areas of the Thar, prompting many inhabitants to adopt a
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Giosan, Liviu; Clift, Peter D.; Macklin, Mark G.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (10 October 2013).
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2008:
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lives in the Thar Desert. The main occupations of the inhabitants are agriculture and
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declared biosphere reserve, which covers 65,791 hectares (254.02 sq mi) the
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6039:
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5508:
5405:
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5029:
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and the state took its name from the capital. On 11 December 1818 Jaisalmer became a
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Around 5,000 years ago when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished further, the
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3180:"ICMR Bulletin vol.38, No.1-3, Pattern and Process of Drug and Alcohol Use in India"
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on the Indian subcontinent, and animals responded to this shift in climate with the
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782:
768:
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353:
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209:
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Bakliwal, P. C. and Sharma, S. B. (1980). "On the migration of the river Yamuna".
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Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: General Background and Ecology of Vertebrates
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2014:
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The soil of the Thar Desert remains dry for much of the year, so it is prone to
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The Thar region of Rajasthan is a major opium production and consumption area.
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Maemoku, Hideaki; Shitaoka, Yorinao; Nagatomo, Tsuneto; Yagi, Hiroshi (2013).
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3889:"Strategic sustainable development of groundwater in Thar Desert of Pakistan"
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3307:"Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajpoot States, Volume 2, page 197-198"
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covers 6,300 km (2,400 sq mi); it is located in is located in
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7 = dried-up Harappan Hakkra course, and pre-Harappan Sutlej paleochannels (
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Mustard fields in a village of Shri Ganganagar district (Rajasthan, India).
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537:(IVC) prospered in this area, with the rise of numerous IVC urban sites at
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4771:
3962:
3759:. American Geophysical Union Monograph Series 198. John Wiley & Sons.
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2575:. Tibet and High-Asia I. Results of the Sino-German Joint Expeditions (I).
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5930:
5653:
5588:
5332:
5128:
5024:
4988:
4942:
4876:
4260:
4238:
2187:
2038:
1807:
1759:
1571:
1511:
1505:
1340:
1049:
876:
610:
527:
439:
419:
376:
3791:
3697:
3681:
581:
6748:
6250:
6203:
6145:
6010:
5763:
5518:
5473:
5059:
4916:
4906:
4861:
4803:
4277:
4255:
2615:
2564:
2157:
2030:
1947:
1431:
1419:
1084:
989:
868:
845:
837:
748:
736:
731:
709:
645:
622:
550:
538:
519:
472:, and (pre-)Harappan Hakkra/Sutlej-Yamuna paleochannels as proposed by
447:
322:
3458:"Families separated by Pak-India border yearn to see their loved ones"
2744:
2340:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"
716:
453:
6778:
6175:
4901:
4817:
4007:
3612:
2162:
2085:
1552:
1534:
1214:
1170:
961:
872:
848:
tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert.
829:
813:
752:
558:
542:
465:
443:
329:
187:
75:
4095:
2061:
Because the kingdom's main source of income had long been levies on
2011:
has a collection of 180-million-year- old animal and plant fossils.
1885:
886:
covers 117.49 km (45.36 sq mi) and is located in the
6052:
5747:
3141:
3044:
Biosphere Reserves in India: Landuse, Biodiversity and Conservation
2034:
1855:
1728:
969:
957:
833:
614:
546:
415:
314:
309:
that covers an area of 200,000 km (77,000 sq mi) in
170:
85:
2096:
698:
605:. The desert stretches to Punjab and Haryana in the north, to the
589:
satellite image of the Thar Desert, with the India–Pakistan border
460:
6155:
5483:
3534:"On the existence of a perennial river in the Harappan heartland"
3142:"Mithi: Where a Hindu fasts and a Muslim does not slaughter cows"
2223:
2071:
2022:
1869:
1843:
1834:
1548:
1544:
1463:
1120:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1010:
1000:
993:
841:
656:
652:
641:
633:
618:
566:
554:
431:
423:
341:
333:
197:
192:
5829:
3884:, MPS Repros, 39, BGKT Extension, New Pali Road, Jodhpur, India.
6160:
6005:
5872:
5861:
5658:
5362:
5107:
5074:
5054:
4957:
3511:, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, 20 March 2013.
2267:
suggest that the river remained perennial till 4,500 years ago.
2218:
2075:
2066:
2026:
2018:
1733:
1709:
1630:
1575:
1527:
1152:
The chinkara or Indian gazelle is found across the Thar Desert.
1103:
1025:
933:
864:
759:
of the treated dunes—planting the seedlings of shrubs (such as
688:
562:
515:
435:
384:
593:
360:
lies to the north, west and northeast of the Thar desert, the
6067:
5980:
5468:
5300:
5291:
5044:
4967:
4203:
2934:
International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Pakistan)
1717:
1664:
1621:
1515:
1443:
1210:
438:, expansion of the Thar Desert, more dust deposited into the
345:
310:
214:
165:
113:
2605:
2603:
2601:
1530:. In Pakistan, inhabitants include both Muslims and Hindus.
5019:
3918:(Earth and Planet Science), V. 89, No. 3, pp. 317–331.
3750:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2624:
1713:
1523:
1519:
586:
302:
2441:"The Oldest Plant-Eating Dinosaur Has Been Found in India"
2409:
Faunal Ecology and Conservation of the Great Indian Desert
1861:
601:
The northeastern part of the Thar Desert lies between the
352:(the portion in the latter province is referred to as the
2897:
2895:
2598:
2337:
1205:
The natural vegetation of this dry area is classified as
1185:
999:
Other mammals in the Thar Desert include a subspecies of
4493:
3679:
3531:
2647:
2630:
2295:
2264:
344:. The portion in Pakistan extends into the provinces of
1555:
are the largest cities located entirely in the desert.
906:. It contains the largest population of the endangered
702:
Checking of shifting sand dunes through plantations of
464:
Vedic and present-day Gagghar-Hakra river-course, with
2927:
2892:
2778:
Sharma, K. K., S. Kulshreshtha, A. R. Rahmani (2013).
2046:. Jaisalmer was founded as the new capital in 1156 by
3345:. Bhatinda Government. 14 August 2018. Archived from
3072:. Monographiiae Biologicae. Vol. 20. The Hague.
2842:. Government of India Planning Commission, New Delhi.
2298:
have responded to, and rejected, Valdiya's arguments.
2122:
1637:
Crowded housing conditions are common in some areas.
2871:
2833:"Report of the Task Force on Grasslands and Deserts"
2664:
2338:
Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; et al. (2017).
3343:"Bhatinda Government: District at A glance- Origin"
1966:
Camel ride in the Thar Desert near Jaisalmer, India
628:Saltwater lakes within the Thar Desert include the
609:along the coast, and to the alluvial plains of the
454:
Desertification due to drying up of Sarasvati river
3776:"Saraswati – The ancient river lost in the desert"
2782:. Springer Science & Business Media, New York.
2391:
1610:
3629:"Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization"
2709:
855:covers 7 km (2.7 sq mi) and is an
6825:
3856:"The River Saraswati was a Himalayan-born river"
3212:"Will Rajasthan opium farmers vote for change?"
2745:Gwen Robbins Schug, Subhash R. Walimbe (2016).
2089:The position of Thar Desert (orange colour) in
930:Lal Suhanra Biosphere Reserve and National Park
3309:. Higginbotham And Co. Madras. 14 August 2018.
2411:. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1–11.
723:flowing in Thar Desert near Sattasar village,
5845:
5274:
4787:
4479:
4023:
3916:Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences
3704:
3626:
3020:A revised survey of the forest types of India
2609:
2276:
2033:in modern-day Pakistan to the region that is
1858:fixation, which produces higher crop yields.
477:
422:pressure caused by the heating, there was no
390:
3998:, Photos of the Thar Desert in Pakistan side
3802:
3590:
3017:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2658:
2641:
1013:, and a number of reptiles dwell there too.
996:, has made special efforts to protect them.
499:
473:
4801:
3397:"Provincial Gazetteers Of India: Rajputana"
3369:"Provincial Gazetteers Of India: Rajputana"
2994:"UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory"
2406:
2387:
2385:
2383:
1914:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
15:
5852:
5838:
5281:
5267:
4794:
4780:
4486:
4472:
4030:
4016:
3923:Journal of the Geological Society of India
3897:Gupta, R. K. & Prakash Ishwar (1975).
3299:
3090:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
678:
651:Lithic tools belonging to the prehistoric
506:10,000-8,000 years ago a paleo channel of
395:
16:
3899:Environmental analysis of the Thar Desert
3836:
3734:
3662:
3652:
3573:
3437:Maini, Tridivesh Singh (15 August 2012).
3409:
3162:. 3rd Edition. Jojo Granthagar, Jodhpur.
3152:
3104:
2820:
2363:
1934:Learn how and when to remove this message
1016:The region is a haven for 141 species of
755:barriers with scrub material and then by
332:; the portion in India also extends into
180:States of India and provinces of Pakistan
3930:Record of the Geological Survey of India
3925:, Vol. 21, Sept. 1980, pp. 461–463.
3773:
3061:
2670:
2380:
2156:
2095:
2084:
1860:
1833:
1184:
1164:
730:
715:
697:
682:
592:
580:
459:
305:region in the north-western part of the
154:238,254 km (91,990 sq mi)
24:This is an accepted version of this page
3853:
3757:Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations
3335:
2791:
2291:
2114:7 = paelochannels (Clift et al. (2012))
1700:Agricultural production is mainly from
816:; it includes 44 villages. Its diverse
51:Large arid region in India and Pakistan
14:
6826:
4081:National Geological Monuments of India
4037:
3947:, Bangalore, No. 42, pp. 153–162.
3940:, Bangalore, No. 42, pp. 259–272.
3455:
3399:. Government of India. 14 August 2018.
3389:
3371:. Government of India. 14 August 2018.
2862:Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
2270:
1083:. It can be seen sitting on khejri or
5833:
5819:Sindh Tourism Development Corporation
5262:
4775:
4467:
4011:
3436:
3413:Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan
3361:
3323:. Dsal.uchicago.edu. 18 February 2013
3018:Champion, H. G.; Seth, S. K. (1968).
2751:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 64.
2748:A Companion to South Asia in the Past
2682:
2585:
2579:
2550:
2513:
2498:
2467:
2315:
2313:
2021:in modern-day Afghanistan to what is
1533:About 40% of the total population of
1020:and resident desert birds, including
3456:Arisar, Allah Bux (6 October 2015).
3139:
3067:
3040:
2507:
2263:In contrast to the mainstream view,
1912:adding citations to reliable sources
1879:
687:Greening desert with plantations of
5441:Sindh Coastal Development Authority
3774:Sankaran, A. V. (25 October 1999).
3502:
3410:Hasan, Arif; Raza, Mansoor (2009).
3313:
3047:. Delhi: Indus Publishing Company.
2928:Ghalib, S. A.; et al. (2014).
1602:Desert tribes near Jaisalmer, India
48:
3945:Memoir Geological Society of India
3938:Memoir Geological Society of India
3874:
2310:
2195:– tracked directly over the desert
940:region of the Greater Thar Desert.
792:
321:, and the world's 9th-largest hot
49:
6910:
5859:
3955:
3901:. English Book Depot., Dehra Dun.
3803:Singh, Ajit; et al. (2017).
863:, 210 km (130 mi) from
137:Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh
5290:
3961:
3932:V 116, Pts. 3–8, pp. 77–86.
2144:
2132:
1971:
1959:
1884:
1814:
1792:
1767:
1751:
1672:
1657:
1645:
1619:) and some that are human-made (
1595:
1583:
1563:
1145:
1133:
1111:
1095:
915:Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary
884:Sundha Mata Conservation Reserve
368:borders the desert to the east.
132:Northwestern thorn scrub forests
90:Map of the Thar Desert ecoregion
84:
68:
3480:
3449:
3430:
3403:
3375:
3281:
3255:
3230:
3204:
3172:
3133:
3098:
3034:
3011:
2986:
2964:
2921:
2865:
2845:
2785:
2772:
2738:
2703:
2686:Deserts and Desert Environments
2676:
2257:
2240:
1829:
1611:Water and housing in the desert
1207:northwestern thorn scrub forest
946:
5584:List of Sindhi Hindu festivals
2544:
2492:
2461:
2433:
2400:
2331:
2174:Arid Lands Information Network
2170:Arid Forest Research Institute
1692:
1087:trees in villages or Deblina.
921:is an Important Bird Area and
900:Nara Desert Wildlife Sanctuary
430:. This lack of monsoon caused
13:
1:
6869:Geography of Punjab, Pakistan
5569:List of Sindhi-language films
5070:Protected areas in Tamil Nadu
4428:World Heritage Sites in India
3140:Raza, Hassan (5 March 2012).
3022:. Government of India Press.
2486:10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00008-6
2304:
2065:, its economy suffered after
1875:
663:deposits in the Thar Desert.
6849:Deserts and xeric shrublands
5436:Sindh Information Department
4353:Biogeographic classification
3969:travel guide from Wikivoyage
3627:Giosan; et al. (2012).
2712:Journal of Arid Environments
1842:tree for fodder and fuel in
1782:
739:district of Sindh, Pakistan.
576:
510:- identified with the paleo
119:Deserts and xeric shrublands
7:
5124:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
4409:National monuments of India
3992:, Photos of the Thar Desert
3263:"PlanningCommission.NIC.in"
3070:Afforestation in arid zones
2874:Pakistan Journal of Zoology
2417:10.1007/978-3-540-87409-6_1
2118:
1986:
1802:cow breed originating from
450:deer migrating into India.
364:lies to its south, and the
10:
6915:
3882:Flora of The Indian Desert
3829:10.1038/s41467-017-01643-9
3727:10.1038/s41598-017-05745-8
3558:10.1038/s41598-019-53489-4
3525:
3383:"Princely States of India"
2794:Environmental Conservation
1998:
1687:
1503:
666:
391:History of desertification
6798:
6764:
6739:
6730:
6682:
6660:
6587:
6578:
6410:
6367:
6345:
6292:
6249:
6174:
6096:
6038:
6029:
5906:
5868:
5809:
5788:
5772:
5756:
5728:
5667:
5599:
5454:
5381:
5318:Indus Valley Civilisation
5308:
5193:
5142:
5116:
5083:
5002:
4981:
4935:
4810:
4728:
4685:
4647:
4616:
4578:
4502:
4401:
4339:
4291:
4229:
4109:
4091:Sacred mountains of India
4073:
4045:
3439:"Not just another border"
2806:10.1017/S0376892900009322
2689:. John Wiley & Sons.
1821:Cattle in the Thar Desert
1499:
1217:herb species, including:
1140:Blackbuck male and female
535:Indus Valley Civilisation
283:
273:
268:
260:
223:
179:
158:
150:
145:
124:
112:
100:
95:
83:
67:
58:
6889:Environment of Rajasthan
3509:Mythical Saraswati River
3416:. IIED. pp. 15–16.
2838:10 December 2011 at the
2831:Singh, P. (ed.) (2007).
2470:Quaternary International
2265:Chatterjee et al. (2019)
2234:
1679:Tanks for drinking water
1667:are common water sources
1348:Dactyloctenium scindicum
1248:Clerodendrum multiflorum
1160:
1118:Peafowl eating pieces of
951:
844:. Seashells and massive
659:have been discovered in
514:, after confluence with
379:dinosaur group known as
31:latest accepted revision
5893:List of deserts by area
5680:Institute of Sindhology
5373:Cultural heritage sites
4423:Indian-origin religions
4414:National parks of India
4159:Highest point by states
3887:Zaigham, N. A. (2003).
3654:10.1073/pnas.1112743109
3119:10.1023/A:1017991606974
2528:10.1023/A:1007039510460
2252:Honde te al. (2017) map
2248:Clift et al. (2012) map
2214:List of deserts by area
2106:3 = today's Thar desert
1868:tree in the village of
1806:, Sindh, popular since
1652:Huts in the Thar Desert
1469:Calligonum polygonoides
1466:floral species include
1290:Leptadenia pyrotechnica
859:. It is located in the
679:Desertification control
597:View of the Thar Desert
490:3 = today's Thar desert
396:Ice-age desertification
6899:Indomalayan ecoregions
6874:Geography of Rajasthan
6859:Ecoregions of Pakistan
6475:Gran Desierto de Altar
5801:Encyclopedia Sindhiana
5134:Atolls of the Maldives
4912:Chittagong Hill Tracts
4301:States and territories
4096:Sacred rivers of India
4086:Sacred groves of India
3985:. World Wildlife Fund.
3983:Terrestrial Ecoregions
3854:Valdiya, K.S. (2013).
3515:9 October 2016 at the
3495:
2732:10.1006/jare.1993.1047
2327:. World Wildlife Fund.
2325:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2165:
2115:
2093:
2048:Maharawal Jaisal Singh
1872:
1847:
1625:). The persistence of
1414:Desmostachya bipinnata
1320:Vachellia jacquemontii
1202:
1182:
1058:greater spotted eagles
740:
728:
713:
695:
598:
590:
503:
6774:North American Arctic
6515:North American Arctic
5780:Sindhi-language media
5416:Commissioners of Sind
4495:Geography of Pakistan
3809:Nature Communications
3798:on 19 September 2004.
3158:Gupta, M. L. (2008).
2858:10 April 2015 at the
2853:Conservation Reserves
2683:Laity, J. J. (2009).
2356:10.1093/biosci/bix014
2160:
2099:
2088:
1978:Sunrise in the desert
1864:
1837:
1456:Citrullus colocynthis
1396:Sporobolus marginatus
1390:Dichanthium annulatum
1272:Euphorbia caducifolia
1188:
1168:
1006:Vulpes vulpes pusilla
853:Tal Chhapar Sanctuary
771:) and trees (such as
734:
719:
701:
686:
596:
584:
569:) along this course.
463:
6894:Environment of Sindh
5675:Education in Karachi
4720:World Heritage Sites
4705:Wildlife Sanctuaries
4657:Environmental issues
4624:Administrative units
4443:Environment of India
3293:30 June 2006 at the
3068:Kaul, R. N. (1970).
3041:Negi, S. S. (1996).
2296:Giosan et al. (2013)
2277:Giosan et al. (2012)
2091:Iron Age Vedic India
2052:British protectorate
2044:Dera Rawal / Derawar
2005:Desert National Park
1908:improve this section
1402:Saccharum spontaneum
1278:Euphorbia neriifolia
1230:Balanites roxburghii
822:great Indian bustard
810:Desert National Park
801:in the Thar Desert:
693:Fatehpur, Shekhawati
478:Khonde et al. (2017)
442:, a lowering of the
410:, causing excessive
404:Last Glacial Maximum
317:. It is the world's
297:, also known as the
6884:Tharparkar District
6854:Ecoregions of India
6844:Deserts of Pakistan
6702:Los Médanos de Coro
6450:Channeled scablands
6073:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
5479:Sindhi Cultural Day
5396:Provincial Assembly
5010:Indo-Gangetic plain
4943:Balochistan Plateau
3821:2017NatCo...8.1617S
3719:2017NatSR...7.5476K
3645:2012PNAS..109E1688G
3639:(26): E1688–E1694.
3605:2012Geo....40..211C
3550:2019NatSR...917221C
3468:on 25 December 2016
3160:Rajasthan Gyan Kosh
2724:1993JArEn..25..117R
2625:Maemoku et al. 2013
2478:1998QuInt..45...71K
2394:RALA Report No. 200
1578:, cooking her food.
1438:Tribulus terrestris
1338:Herbs and grasses:
1326:Ziziphus nummularia
1302:Maytenus emarginata
1126:Tharparkar District
982:Equus hemionus khur
966:Antilope cervicapra
904:Mirpurkhas District
857:Important Bird Area
787:Indira Gandhi Canal
785:). The 649-km-long
721:Indira Gandhi Canal
607:Great Rann of Kutch
508:Ghaggar-Hakra River
500:Clift et al. (2012)
474:Clift et al. (2012)
428:Indian subcontinent
358:Indo-Gangetic Plain
319:18th-largest desert
307:Indian subcontinent
299:Great Indian Desert
275:Conservation status
241: /
62:Great Indian Desert
21:Page version status
6879:Geography of Sindh
6495:Jornada del Muerto
5898:Desert exploration
5736:Sindh cricket team
5514:Sindhi Adabi Board
5499:Sindhi nationalism
4922:Gandhamardan Hills
4892:Sulaiman Mountains
4715:Protected wetlands
4695:Biosphere Reserves
4039:Geography of India
3707:Scientific Reports
3538:Scientific Reports
3462:News Lens Pakistan
3349:on 10 January 2011
2909:on 3 February 2020
2610:Giosan et al. 2012
2565:10.1007/BF00209444
2503:. pp. 175–99.
2446:The New York Times
2204:Geography of India
2166:
2116:
2094:
2009:Jaisalmer district
1873:
1866:Tecomella undulata
1848:
1758:Bajra is the main
1475:Prosopis cineraria
1384:Panicum antidotale
1366:Lasiurus scindicus
1236:Calotropis procera
1221:Trees and shrubs:
1203:
1191:Prosopis cineraria
1183:
1046:Circaetus gallicus
826:Chirotis nigricaps
797:There are several
778:Prosopis juliflora
741:
729:
714:
696:
661:Middle Paleolithic
599:
591:
504:
432:extensive rainfall
27:
6821:
6820:
6794:
6793:
6678:
6677:
6363:
6362:
6040:Arabian Peninsula
5996:Plaine des Sables
5827:
5826:
5757:Flora & fauna
5649:Historical places
5539:Sindhi folk tales
5509:Sindhi literature
5256:
5255:
5030:Indus River Delta
4769:
4768:
4461:
4460:
3973:Rajasthan Tourism
3766:978-1-118-70443-1
3443:Himal South Asian
2903:"Protected Areas"
2659:Singh et al. 2017
2642:Clift et al. 2012
2472:. 45/46: 71–108.
2426:978-3-540-87408-9
2161:Amar Sagar, near
2110:5 = today's shore
2108:4 = ancient shore
2104:2 = today's river
2102:1 = ancient river
1944:
1943:
1936:
1574:nomadic tribe of
1493:Cenchrus biflorus
1450:Sorghum halepense
1408:Cenchrus ciliaris
1354:Cenchrus biflorus
1266:Crotalaria burhia
1081:Punjab (Pakistan)
1042:short-toed eagles
974:Gazella bennettii
644:in Rajasthan and
494:5 = today's shore
492:4 = ancient shore
488:2 = today's river
486:1 = ancient river
444:biotic life zones
412:radiative forcing
291:
290:
63:
18:
6906:
6839:Deserts of India
6737:
6736:
6585:
6584:
6036:
6035:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5831:
5830:
5796:Sindhi Knowledge
5431:Sindh High Court
5343:Muslim caliphate
5295:
5294:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5260:
5259:
5050:Coromandel Coast
4973:Pothohar Plateau
4897:Toba Kakar Range
4826:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4736:Gilgit–Baltistan
4639:Cities and towns
4488:
4481:
4474:
4465:
4464:
4453:Tourism in India
4448:History of India
4438:Culture of India
4433:Climate of India
4306:Autonomous areas
4060:Geology of India
4032:
4025:
4018:
4009:
4008:
3986:
3965:
3870:
3860:
3850:
3840:
3799:
3794:. Archived from
3786:(8): 1054–1060.
3770:
3747:
3738:
3701:
3676:
3666:
3656:
3623:
3613:10.1130/g32840.1
3587:
3577:
3519:
3506:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3464:. Archived from
3453:
3447:
3446:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3303:
3297:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3269:on 14 April 2006
3265:. Archived from
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3214:. Archived from
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3192:on 28 March 2022
3191:
3185:. Archived from
3184:
3176:
3170:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3107:Environmentalist
3102:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3081:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2952:on 12 April 2023
2948:. Archived from
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2905:. Archived from
2899:
2890:
2889:
2869:
2863:
2849:
2843:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2789:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2645:
2639:
2628:
2622:
2613:
2607:
2596:
2595:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2449:. 19 August 2023
2437:
2431:
2430:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2317:
2299:
2274:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2244:
2183:Cholistan Desert
2149:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2112:6 = today's town
2074:and a resulting
2056:Rajputana Agency
1975:
1963:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1888:
1880:
1818:
1796:
1771:
1755:
1676:
1661:
1649:
1599:
1587:
1570:A girl from the
1567:
1539:animal husbandry
1378:Panicum turgidum
1372:Cynodon dactylon
1360:Cenchrus setiger
1314:Suaeda fruticosa
1254:Commiphora mukul
1242:Capparis decidua
1149:
1137:
1115:
1099:
908:mugger crocodile
769:castor oil plant
725:Bikaner district
518:flowed into the
496:6 = today's town
484:satellite image.
371:The most recent
354:Cholistan Desert
256:
255:
253:
252:
251:
246:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
88:
72:
61:
56:
55:
39:4 September 2024
6914:
6913:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6790:
6760:
6726:
6674:
6656:
6617:Nullarbor Plain
6574:
6485:Great Salt Lake
6430:Baja California
6406:
6377:Bardenas Reales
6359:
6341:
6294:Iranian Plateau
6288:
6245:
6170:
6151:Saryesik-Atyrau
6092:
6025:
5961:Farafra (White)
5902:
5888:List of deserts
5878:Desertification
5864:
5858:
5828:
5823:
5805:
5789:Sindhi websites
5784:
5768:
5752:
5741:Domestic league
5724:
5663:
5619:List of talukas
5595:
5534:Sindhi folklore
5504:Sindhi language
5494:Sindhi diaspora
5450:
5385:
5377:
5358:Kalhora dynasty
5338:Brahman dynasty
5304:
5289:
5287:
5257:
5252:
5189:
5138:
5112:
5079:
4998:
4977:
4931:
4882:Anaimalai Hills
4822:
4806:
4800:
4770:
4765:
4724:
4687:Protected Areas
4681:
4643:
4612:
4593:Mountain ranges
4574:
4498:
4492:
4462:
4457:
4397:
4388:Protected Areas
4335:
4287:
4251:Northeast India
4225:
4219:Western Coastal
4214:Eastern Coastal
4179:Mountain passes
4105:
4101:Stones of India
4069:
4041:
4036:
4004:, आपणो राजस्थान
3977:
3958:
3906:Indian Forester
3880:Bhandari M. M.
3877:
3875:Further reading
3863:Current Science
3858:
3780:Current Science
3767:
3686:Current Science
3528:
3523:
3522:
3517:Wayback Machine
3507:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3454:
3450:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3295:Wayback Machine
3288:OilIndia.NIC.in
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3242:afs.okstate.edu
3236:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3157:
3153:
3138:
3134:
3103:
3099:
3083:
3082:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3039:
3035:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2870:
2866:
2860:Wayback Machine
2850:
2846:
2840:Wayback Machine
2830:
2821:
2790:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2743:
2739:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2648:
2640:
2631:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2599:
2584:
2580:
2549:
2545:
2541:Ice Age cycle".
2512:
2508:
2497:
2493:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2405:
2401:
2390:
2381:
2350:(6): 534–545 .
2336:
2332:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2258:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2209:History of Thar
2155:
2145:
2143:
2131:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2015:Jaisalmer State
2001:
1993:Jaisalmer basin
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1967:
1964:
1940:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1905:
1889:
1878:
1850:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1810:
1797:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1763:
1756:
1723:Sorghum vulgare
1695:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1650:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1591:
1588:
1579:
1568:
1508:
1502:
1487:Tamarix aphylla
1481:Acacia nilotica
1296:Lycium barbarum
1260:Cordia sinensis
1163:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1141:
1138:
1129:
1116:
1107:
1100:
978:Indian wild ass
954:
949:
888:Jalore District
799:protected areas
795:
793:Protected areas
705:Acacia tortilis
681:
669:
655:culture of the
579:
512:Sarasvati River
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
456:
408:Tibetan Plateau
398:
393:
373:paleontological
287:41,833 km (18%)
249:
247:
243:
240:
235:
232:
230:
228:
227:
219:
207:
175:
141:
91:
79:
74:Thar Desert in
60:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
6912:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6786:Russian Arctic
6783:
6782:
6781:
6770:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6745:
6743:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6688:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6666:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6607:Great Victoria
6604:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6555:Tule (Arizona)
6552:
6550:Tonopah Desert
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6525:Painted Desert
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6373:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6351:
6349:
6347:Southeast Asia
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6180:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6126:Dasht-e Naomid
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5857:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5630:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5609:List of cities
5605:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5559:Sindhi cuisine
5556:
5551:
5549:Sassui Punnhun
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5460:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5411:Sindh Archives
5408:
5403:
5401:Chief Minister
5398:
5392:
5390:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5368:British period
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5348:Soomra dynasty
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5328:Sindhu kingdom
5325:
5314:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5286:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5263:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4963:Mysore Plateau
4960:
4958:Ladakh Plateau
4955:
4953:Deccan Plateau
4950:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4887:Cardamom Hills
4884:
4879:
4874:
4872:Himachal Range
4869:
4867:Shivalik Hills
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Aravalli Range
4839:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4700:National Parks
4697:
4691:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4608:Desert regions
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4515:Extreme points
4512:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4497:related topics
4491:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4468:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4419:Nature worship
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4331:Municipalities
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Extreme points
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3990:Dharssi.org.uk
3987:
3975:
3970:
3957:
3956:External links
3954:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3909:
3908:, 93: 434–435.
3902:
3895:
3892:
3885:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3851:
3800:
3771:
3765:
3748:
3702:
3692:(7): 888–890.
3682:"Sarasvati II"
3677:
3624:
3599:(3): 211–214,
3588:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3479:
3448:
3429:
3422:
3402:
3388:
3374:
3360:
3334:
3312:
3298:
3280:
3254:
3229:
3218:on 10 May 2022
3203:
3171:
3151:
3132:
3113:(3): 231–236.
3097:
3060:
3053:
3033:
3010:
2998:www.unesco.org
2985:
2963:
2940:(4): 601–611.
2920:
2891:
2864:
2844:
2819:
2800:(3): 237–244.
2784:
2771:
2758:978-1119055471
2757:
2737:
2718:(1): 117–123.
2702:
2695:
2675:
2663:
2646:
2629:
2614:
2597:
2588:Polarforschung
2578:
2543:
2522:(1–2): 3–276.
2506:
2491:
2460:
2432:
2425:
2399:
2379:
2330:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2292:Valdiya (2013)
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2269:
2256:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2154:
2153:
2141:
2120:
2117:
2000:
1997:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1942:
1941:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1627:water scarcity
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1504:Main article:
1501:
1498:
1460:
1459:
1336:
1224:Aerva javanica
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1077:Indian peafowl
1066:laggar falcons
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
943:
942:
941:
926:
919:Badin District
911:
893:
892:
891:
880:
861:Churu district
849:
794:
791:
680:
677:
668:
665:
603:Aravalli Hills
578:
575:
455:
452:
397:
394:
392:
389:
381:dicraeosaurids
289:
288:
285:
281:
280:
277:
271:
270:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
225:
221:
220:
218:
217:
212:
205:
200:
195:
190:
183:
181:
177:
176:
174:
173:
168:
162:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
143:
142:
140:
139:
134:
128:
126:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
81:
80:
73:
65:
64:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6911:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6787:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6732:Polar regions
6729:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6684:South America
6681:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6560:Tule (Nevada)
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6412:North America
6409:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:Gurbantünggüt
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6078:Rub' al Khali
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5855:
5850:
5848:
5843:
5841:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5811:Sindh tourism
5808:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5579:Sindhi tribes
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5564:Sindhi cinema
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:Sindhi bhagat
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5524:Sindhi poetry
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:Sindh workies
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:Bhutto family
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5353:Samma dynasty
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5284:
5279:
5277:
5272:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5091:Coastal India
5089:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Rann of Kutch
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Satpura Range
4855:
4853:
4852:Vindhya Range
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:Eastern Ghats
4835:
4833:
4832:Western Ghats
4830:
4825:
4824:Mount Everest
4821:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4802:Geography of
4797:
4792:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:Game reserves
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:Hill stations
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4283:Central India
4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:Indo-Gangetic
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3979:"Thar Desert"
3976:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3489:
3483:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3423:9781843697343
3419:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3392:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3322:
3316:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3168:81-86103-05-8
3165:
3161:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3054:9788173870439
3050:
3046:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2973:
2972:"Lal Suhanra"
2967:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2696:9781444300741
2692:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2671:Sankaran 1999
2667:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2559:(4): 581–96.
2558:
2554:
2547:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2321:"Thar Desert"
2316:
2314:
2309:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Deforestation
2197:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Aridification
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1938:
1935:
1927:
1924:December 2011
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1893:This section
1891:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1308:Mimosa hamata
1304:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1102:Peacock on a
1098:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Aquila clanga
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
986:Rann of Kutch
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:
920:
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:
895:In Pakistan:
894:
890:of Rajasthan.
889:
885:
881:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
820:includes the
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
804:
803:
802:
800:
790:
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:afforestation
754:
750:
746:
738:
733:
726:
722:
718:
711:
707:
706:
700:
694:
690:
685:
676:
673:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
595:
588:
583:
574:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
524:delta channel
521:
517:
513:
509:
501:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
458:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
366:Aravali Range
363:
362:Rann of Kutch
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
286:
282:
278:
276:
272:
267:
263:
259:
254:
226:
222:
216:
213:
211:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
185:
184:
182:
178:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
94:
87:
82:
77:
71:
66:
57:
54:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
6754:Meyer Desert
6612:Little Sandy
6382:Cabo de Gata
6283:
6264:Indus Valley
6184:Badain Jaran
6106:Aral Karakum
6098:Central Asia
6088:Wahiba Sands
6001:Richtersveld
5926:Black Desert
5883:Polar desert
5773:Sindhi media
5720:Sindh Museum
5574:Sindhi media
5554:Sindhi music
5528:Sindhi poets
5426:Sindh Police
5322:Mohenjo-daro
5244:Southeastern
5239:Southwestern
5219:Northeastern
5209:Northwestern
5040:Ganges Delta
5035:Ganges Basin
5025:Indus Valley
5015:Punjab plain
4993:
4948:Chota Nagpur
4927:Lushai Hills
4617:Subdivisions
4293:Subdivisions
4138:
4065:Indian Plate
4055:Fossil Parks
3996:Avgustin.net
3982:
3944:
3937:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3905:
3898:
3881:
3866:
3862:
3812:
3808:
3796:the original
3783:
3779:
3756:
3710:
3706:
3689:
3685:
3636:
3632:
3596:
3592:
3544:(1): 17221.
3541:
3537:
3504:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3466:the original
3461:
3451:
3442:
3432:
3412:
3405:
3391:
3377:
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3347:the original
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3315:
3301:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3267:the original
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3241:
3232:
3220:. Retrieved
3216:the original
3206:
3194:. Retrieved
3187:the original
3174:
3159:
3154:
3145:
3135:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3069:
3063:
3043:
3036:
3019:
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2950:the original
2937:
2933:
2923:
2911:. Retrieved
2907:the original
2880:(1): 37–43.
2877:
2873:
2867:
2851:WII (2015).
2847:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2747:
2740:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2685:
2678:
2666:
2594:(1/2): 1–13.
2591:
2587:
2581:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2500:
2494:
2469:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2444:
2435:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2324:
2272:
2259:
2242:
2229:Thari people
2193:Cyclone Phet
2080:
2060:
2054:through the
2013:
2002:
1990:
1945:
1930:
1921:
1906:Please help
1894:
1865:
1852:P. cineraria
1851:
1849:
1839:
1830:Agroforestry
1742:
1727:
1721:
1702:kharif crops
1699:
1696:
1636:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1572:Gadia Lohars
1543:
1532:
1509:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1284:Grewia tenax
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1174:
1119:
1074:
1070:Falco jugger
1069:
1061:
1054:Aquila rapax
1053:
1050:tawny eagles
1045:
1015:
1004:
998:
981:
973:
965:
955:
947:Biodiversity
910:in Pakistan.
840:, wolf, and
825:
796:
776:
745:wind erosion
742:
703:
674:
670:
650:
632:, Kuchaman,
627:
600:
571:
532:
505:
470:Kuru Kingdom
457:
401:
399:
370:
327:
298:
294:
292:
269:Conservation
261:Climate type
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
6834:Thar Desert
6662:New Zealand
6642:Sturt Stony
6602:Great Sandy
6540:Smoke Creek
6505:Lechuguilla
6490:Great Sandy
6480:Great Basin
6121:Betpak-Dala
5654:Indus River
5589:Cheti Chand
5333:Rai dynasty
5185:Afghanistan
5129:Lakshadweep
4994:Thar Desert
4989:Thal Desert
4877:Khasi Hills
4729:By province
4649:Environment
4341:Environment
4261:South India
4239:North India
3967:Thar Desert
3815:(1): 1617.
3713:(1): 5476,
3472:25 December
3327:22 November
3273:16 November
2978:28 December
2188:Nara desert
2139:Environment
2039:Hanumangarh
1838:Lopping of
1808:World War I
1760:kharif crop
1693:Agriculture
1512:Thar people
1506:Thar people
1426:Ergamopagan
1341:Ochthochloa
1332:Z. zizyphus
923:Ramsar Site
917:located in
877:sand grouse
783:lebbek tree
727:, Rajasthan
611:Indus River
528:Indus River
480:. See also
440:Arabian Sea
420:thermal low
402:During the
377:herbivorous
323:subtropical
295:Thar Desert
248: /
224:Coordinates
107:Indomalayan
59:Thar Desert
6828:Categories
6749:Antarctica
6712:Patagonian
6697:La Guajira
6637:Strzelecki
6530:Red Desert
6470:Forty Mile
6455:Chihuahuan
6435:Black Rock
6251:South Asia
6236:Taklamakan
6011:Tanezrouft
5764:Red Sindhi
5519:Sindhology
5474:Sindhi cap
5383:Government
5175:Bangladesh
5143:By country
5101:West Coast
5096:East Coast
5060:Sundarbans
4917:Naga Hills
4907:Hindu Kush
4862:Garo Hills
4804:South Asia
4662:Ecoregions
4550:Waterfalls
4363:Biospheres
4358:Ecoregions
4278:West India
4256:East India
4199:Waterfalls
2553:GeoJournal
2516:GeoJournal
2396:: 115–123.
2344:BioScience
2305:References
2031:Rawalpindi
1948:ecotourism
1876:Ecotourism
1804:Tharparkar
1738:groundnuts
1726:), maize (
1432:Phragmites
1420:Eragrostis
1179:Tharparkar
1009:) and the
990:grasslands
869:Shekhawati
846:fossilized
838:Bengal fox
805:In India:
773:gum acacia
749:sand dunes
737:Tharparkar
710:Laxmangarh
646:Kharaghoda
623:Luni River
551:Rakhigarhi
539:Kalibangan
520:Nara river
448:Javan rusa
279:vulnerable
208:Pakistan:
6779:Greenland
6741:Antarctic
6589:Australia
6465:Escalante
6402:Deliblato
6259:Cholistan
6176:East Asia
5976:Moçâmedes
5668:Education
5638:Nawabshah
5633:Hyderabad
5614:Districts
5601:Geography
5170:Sri Lanka
4902:Karakoram
4818:Himalayas
4811:Mountains
4741:Islamabad
4634:Districts
4629:Divisions
4603:Gemstones
4588:Tectonics
4570:Mountains
4545:Volcanoes
4503:Landforms
4316:Districts
4311:Divisions
4271:Southeast
4266:Southwest
4244:Northwest
4194:Volcanoes
4174:Mountains
4111:Landforms
3621:130765891
3566:2045-2322
3353:14 August
3086:cite book
2956:21 August
2946:1810-2719
2886:0030-9923
2573:129234912
2536:128089823
2453:23 August
2163:Jaisalmer
1895:does not
1783:Livestock
1590:Thar life
1553:Jaisalmer
1535:Rajasthan
1447:species,
1435:species,
1429:species,
1423:species,
1343:compressa
1215:perennial
1171:mushrooms
1018:migratory
984:) in the
962:blackbuck
938:Cholistan
873:partridge
867:, in the
830:blackbuck
814:ecosystem
753:windbreak
638:Pachpadra
615:sediments
577:Geography
559:Dholavira
543:Rajasthan
466:Aryavarta
434:over the
426:over the
416:latitudes
330:Rajasthan
284:Protected
245:27°N 71°E
188:Rajasthan
159:Countries
146:Geography
76:Rajasthan
6808:Category
6460:Colorado
6440:Carcross
6425:Amargosa
6397:Tabernas
6387:Monegros
6337:Registan
6141:Moiynkum
6136:Kyzylkum
6048:Ad-Dahna
5966:Kalahari
5916:Algerian
5748:Malakhra
5406:Governor
5388:politics
5297:Province
5229:Southern
5224:Littoral
5214:Northern
5180:Maldives
5155:Pakistan
5003:Lowlands
4936:Plateaus
4847:Nilgiris
4598:Minerals
4520:Glaciers
4402:See also
4393:Wildlife
4154:Glaciers
4074:Heritage
3869:(1): 42.
3847:29184098
3792:24103577
3745:28710495
3698:24098502
3673:22645375
3584:31748611
3513:Archived
3291:Archived
3247:5 August
3127:82472637
3003:21 April
2974:. UNESCO
2913:21 April
2856:Archived
2836:Archived
2814:83995201
2374:28608869
2119:See also
2063:caravans
2035:Bhatinda
1987:Industry
1856:nitrogen
1762:in Thar.
1729:zea mays
1712:such as
1177:) from
1038:vultures
1034:kestrels
1030:buzzards
1022:harriers
994:Bishnois
970:chinkara
958:wildlife
834:chinkara
547:Banawali
387:record.
325:desert.
315:Pakistan
301:, is an
171:Pakistan
35:reviewed
6813:Commons
6803:Project
6722:Tatacoa
6717:Sechura
6692:Atacama
6670:Rangipo
6632:Simpson
6627:Pedirka
6622:Painted
6580:Oceania
6545:Sonoran
6392:Oleshky
6269:Katpana
6241:Tengger
6166:Ustyurt
6156:Sarykum
6131:Karakum
6116:Barsuki
6111:Aralkum
6063:Judaean
6058:Arabian
6021:Western
5951:Eastern
5941:Danakil
5862:deserts
5628:Karachi
5624:Climate
5484:Sindhis
5456:Culture
5446:Economy
5310:History
5204:Central
5117:Islands
4982:Deserts
4760:Karachi
4677:Climate
4580:Geology
4565:Deserts
4540:Valleys
4525:Islands
4510:Beaches
4378:Forests
4345:climate
4231:Regions
4189:Valleys
4164:Islands
4124:Borders
4119:Beaches
4047:Geology
4002:MIT.gov
3838:5705636
3817:Bibcode
3736:5511136
3715:Bibcode
3664:3387054
3641:Bibcode
3601:Bibcode
3593:Geology
3575:6868222
3546:Bibcode
3526:Sources
2720:Bibcode
2474:Bibcode
2365:5451287
2224:Pokhran
2125:Portals
2072:drought
2023:Sialkot
1999:History
1916:removed
1901:sources
1870:Harsawa
1846:village
1844:Harsawa
1688:Economy
1631:nomadic
1549:Bikaner
1545:Jodhpur
1528:Muslims
1464:endemic
1181:, Sindh
1128:, Sindh
1121:chapati
1064:), and
1026:falcons
1011:caracal
1001:red fox
976:), and
842:caracal
836:, fox,
667:Climate
657:Maghreb
653:Aterian
642:Phalodi
634:Didwana
630:Sambhar
619:monsoon
567:Gujarat
555:Haryana
526:of the
424:monsoon
356:). The
342:Haryana
334:Gujarat
198:Haryana
193:Gujarat
186:India:
125:Borders
96:Ecology
78:, India
6766:Arctic
6652:Tirari
6647:Tanami
6597:Gibson
6535:Sevier
6520:Owyhee
6510:Mojave
6445:Carson
6420:Alvord
6369:Europe
6355:La Paz
6332:Polond
6327:Naomid
6274:Kharan
6231:Qaidam
6219:Kubuqi
6209:Kumtag
6161:Taukum
6083:Syrian
6016:Ténéré
6006:Sahara
5986:Nubian
5971:Libyan
5946:Djurab
5936:Chalbi
5921:Bayuda
5908:Africa
5873:Desert
5860:World
5729:Sports
5659:Makran
5363:Talpur
5303:topics
5234:Island
5196:region
5165:Bhutan
5108:Makran
5084:Coasts
5075:Makran
5055:Konkan
4750:Lahore
4746:Punjab
4560:Passes
4535:Rivers
4383:Issues
4321:Cities
4204:Plains
4184:Rivers
4139:Desert
4134:Canals
4129:Coasts
3951:Delhi.
3845:
3835:
3790:
3763:
3743:
3733:
3696:
3671:
3661:
3619:
3582:
3572:
3564:
3420:
3222:10 May
3196:10 May
3166:
3125:
3078:115047
3076:
3051:
3028:549213
3026:
2944:
2884:
2812:
2755:
2693:
2571:
2534:
2423:
2372:
2362:
2219:Marwar
2076:famine
2067:Bombay
2027:Lahore
2019:Ghazni
1840:khejri
1734:sesame
1710:pulses
1665:Johads
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