Premiership of Margaret Thatcher

3500: 3042: 198: 650: 2008:" councils helped Mrs Thatcher to launch a party-political assault', as all the eliminated councils were controlled by the Labour Party, favoured higher local government taxes and public spending, and were vocal centres of opposition to her government. The GLC also warned that the break-up of the county councils would lead to the creation of "endless joint committees and over 60 quangos". Several of the councils including the GLC had however rendered themselves vulnerable by committing scarce public funds to controversial causes such as Babies Against the Bomb, the Antiracist Year, and lesbian mothers seeking custody of their children; the Save the GLC campaign itself was estimated to have cost ratepayers £10 million, climaxing in a final defiant week of festivities that cost ratepayers £500,000. 2859: 2479: 656: 879: 3330:"One certain beneficiary of Mrs Thatcher's radicalism has been the Labour party. She hoped to kill it, and, by 1983, it indeed seemed close to death. Instead, fear chastened it into accepting the disciplines of its new leader, Mr Neil Kinnock. True, Labour's 1983 humiliation owed much to the defection of right-wingers to form the Social Democratic party; but, in a sense, that too was her doing. Now, after years of gloomily watching her reverse the socialist 'ratchet', the Labour party has transformed itself. It has ditched unilateralism, hostility to the European Community and zeal for nationalisation. Labour as socialism is dead; as a political machine it is alive and well – and justifiably optimistic." 3184: 1707:" refused to go to Wapping. Enough printers did come—670 in all—to produce the same number of papers that it took 6,800 men to print at the old shop. The efficiency was obvious and frightened the union into holding out an entire year. Thousands of union pickets tried to block shipments out of the plant; they injured 574 policemen. There were 1,500 arrests. The pickets failed. The union tried an illegal secondary boycott and was fined in court, losing all its assets which had been used for pensions. In the next two years, Britain's national newspapers opened new plants and abandoned Fleet Street, adopting the new technology with far fewer employees. They had even more reason to support Thatcherism. 1761:, the privatisation of British Telecom was a "landmark moment for neoliberalism." It became a model for other countries that sold their state utilities. Planners in the Long Range Planning Department used new computer models to support the transition of telecommunications and, more generally, the dramatic move from social democracy to neoliberalism, from monopoly to market. The telecommunications network was essential to plans for the digitalisation of the economy. Computer simulations were needed to support neoliberalism, both as a managerial tool that could simulate free markets, as well as a technology that enabled the contraction of the government's role in the private sector. 2969: 2406: 2066: 62: 2589: 1479: 833: 2242:'s command, President Reagan decided to carry out a bombing raid on Libya. Both France and Spain refused to allow US aircraft to fly over their territory for the raid. Thatcher herself had earlier expressed opposition to "retaliatory strikes that are against international law" and had not followed the US in an embargo of Libyan oil. However, Thatcher felt that as the US had given support to Britain during the Falklands and that America was a major ally against a possible Soviet attack in Western Europe, she felt obliged to allow US aircraft to use bases situated in Britain. 2273:(OECS), which formally asked the United States for help in removing the new regime. Reagan promptly agreed and almost overnight ordered a major invasion of Grenada. He notified Thatcher a few hours before the invasion, but he did not ask her consent. She was privately highly annoyed, but in Cabinet and Parliament she announced that Britain supported the Americans, saying "We stand by the United States". When it became clear that the American rollback of the upstart Communist regime had been a striking success, Thatcher "came to feel that she had been wrong to oppose it". 2144: 3074:, NATO's first secretary-general: "The purpose of NATO is to keep the Americans in, the Russians out, and the Germans down." Thatcher and Mitterrand had a more specific worry. Bush said: "Margaret still feared the worst from reunification and, like Mitterrand, worried that the Germans might "go neutral" and refuse to permit stationing nuclear weapons on their soil." That is, Chancellor Kohl might trade neutralisation of united Germany as part of the price the Kremlin wanted to approve unification. In the event, Germany was reunited and there was no neutralisation. 3371:

of Thatcher's Cabinet colleagues offered her at best lukewarm support, and many warned her that she would very likely lose a second ballot to Heseltine. On 22 November, at just after 9.30 am, she announced to the Cabinet that she would not be a candidate in the second ballot after all. Shortly afterwards, her staff made public what was, in effect, her resignation statement, in which she stated that she had "concluded that the unity of the Party and the prospects of victory in a General Election would be better served" if she stood down as prime minister.

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armed struggle until existing conditions for the black majority in South Africa changed. In their economic discussions, Mandela initially favoured nationalisation as a preferred method for redistributing wealth between blacks and whites, but with British investment in South Africa in 1989 accounting for half of the total, and with bilateral trade worth just over $ 3.2 billion, Thatcher successfully urged him to adopt free-market solutions, arguing they were necessary to maintain the kind of growth that would sustain a

3320:, one of the most dramatic episodes in British political history. The idea of a long-serving prime minister, undefeated at the polls, being ousted by an internal party ballot might, at first sight, seem bizarre. However, by 1990, opposition to Thatcher's policies on local government taxation, her Government's perceived mishandling of the economy (in particular the high interest rates of 15% that eroded her support among homeowners and business people), and the divisions opening in the Conservative Party over 10206: 234: 11010: 11022: 3449: 3426: 2046:

those of non-oil-exporting countries, and there was a decline in the country's relative standing in terms of unemployment. The resulting welfare payments meant that even though Thatcher and her ministers in 1979 had taken the view that "public expenditure is at the heart of Britain's present economic difficulties", it was not until the boom year of 1987 that the expenditure ratio fell below the 1979 level. For most of the 1980s, the average tax take was higher than in 1979.

1636:(NUM), in opposition to proposals to close a large number of unprofitable mines, proved a decisive victory for Thatcher. The Government had made preparations to counter a strike by the NUM long in advance by building up coal stocks, keeping many miners at work, and co-ordinating police action to stop massive picketing. Her policies defeated the NUM strategy of causing severe cuts in the electricity supply—the legacy of the industrial disputes of 1972 would not be repeated. 10998: 10947: 10974: 2212:(INF). The INF Treaty of December 1987, signed by Reagan and Gorbachev, eliminated all nuclear and conventional missiles, as well as their launchers, with ranges of 500–1,000 kilometres (310–620 mi) (short-range) and 1,000–5,500 kilometres (620–3,420 mi) (intermediate-range). The treaty did not cover sea-launched missiles of the sort Britain possessed. By May 1991, after on-site investigations by both sides, 2700 missiles had been destroyed. 1592: 1320: 9023: 3003:

her decision to lift a ban on new investment unilaterally. Mandela declared: "We regard the attitude of the British Government on the question of sanctions as of primary importance ... My release from prison was the direct result of the people inside and outside South Africa. It was also the result of the immense pressure exerted on the South African Government by the international community, in particular from the people of the UK."

2227: 1679:). He wanted to introduce technological innovations that would put 90% of the old-fashioned typesetters out of work. The company offered redundancy payments of £2,000 to £30,000 to each printer to quit their old jobs. The union rejected the offer, and on 24 January 1986, its 6,000 members at Murdoch's papers went on strike. Meanwhile, News International had built and clandestinely equipped a new printing plant in the London district of 3116:" candidate for more prominent members of the party. Thatcher easily defeated Meyer's challenge, but there were sixty ballot papers either cast for Meyer or abstaining, a surprisingly large number for a sitting prime minister. However, her supporters in the Party viewed the results as a success, claiming that after ten years as prime minister and with approximately 370 Conservative MPs voting, the opposition was surprisingly small. 1600:

and influence of the unions. The changes were chiefly focused upon preventing the recurrence of the large-scale industrial actions of the 1970s but were also intended to ensure that the consequences for the participants would be severe if they took any future action. The reforms were also aimed, Thatcher claimed, to democratise the unions and return power to the members. The most significant measures were to make secondary

8982: 2845:(2003), she described her later regret in supporting the concept of human-induced global warming, outlining the negative effects she perceived it had upon the policy-making process. "Whatever international action we agree upon to deal with environmental problems, we must enable our economies to grow and develop, because without growth you cannot generate the wealth required to pay for the protection of the environment". 10986: 1150: 9071: 1094:, became prime minister of "Zimbabwe-Rhodesia" in June 1979 with Smith's support. Thatcher, new to 10 Downing Street, praised the bishop. White Rhodesians expected Britain to recognise the Muzorewa regime and end crippling sanctions. However, Thatcher reversed herself. She withheld recognition and manoeuvred the Muzorewa government into accepting new elections. They had to include 2961:, and the most forthright opponent of economic sanctions against the country, which a white minority government ruled. Her stand had divided the Commonwealth 48–1 at three conferences since 1985, but had brought her influence in South Africa's white community. Rejecting the US policy of disinvestment as a mistake, she argued a prosperous society would be more receptive to change. 3220:"What remains to be explained is why a politician who had hitherto shown such brilliant populist sensitivity should destroy herself with a tax reform which inflicted terrible damage on millions of people who had been in the front line of the Thatcher Revolution ... Either the government failed to understand what most research and many commentators were saying, or they 1001:, responding to a suggestion that rioting was caused by unemployment, observed that the unemployment of the 1930s was far worse than that of the 1980s—and that his father's generation never reacted by rioting. "I grew up in the 1930s with an unemployed father", Tebbit said. "He did not riot. He got on his bike and looked for work, and he went on looking until he found it." 2965:

enough to permit his release and that the "renunciation of violence" should not be an absolute condition for negotiations for a settlement. At the end of March 1989, Thatcher's six-day, 10,000-mile tour through southern Africa—a follow-up to her "look and learn" exercise in Kenya and Nigeria in 1988—did not include South Africa because Mandela had not yet been released.

3132:"Tories had always expected the switch from rates, paid by 18 million people, to a community charge, paid by 35 million, to be unpopular. Most in the party were ready to take a chance on something new, which they were told would bring high-spending Labour councils to heel by making them responsible to the voters. If it went wrong, they could always blame the councils." 1610:"The miners' strike was the central political event of the second Thatcher Administration. Just as the victory in the Falklands War exorcised the humiliation of Suez, so the eventual defeat of the NUM etched in the public mind the end of militant trade unionism which had wrecked the economy and twice played a major part in driving elected governments from office." 1065:

sizeable discount. The new owners were more likely to vote Conservative, as Thatcher had hoped. The downside to this was that it eventually led to council house shortages, as the share of the money from the sale of the houses to be used to construct more council properties gradually fell by the end of the 1980s, and saw fewer councils building affordable housing.

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given the option to choose between different providers and would inevitably choose the best hospitals, the money would follow the patients and the best hospitals would prosper. However, in practice the majority of patients were not in a position to exercise choice between providers and so the internal market was not as successful as Thatcher had anticipated.

2803:, at the 1987 Conservative Party conference, Thatcher's speech read: "Children who need to be taught to respect traditional moral values are being taught that they have an inalienable right to be gay". Backbench Conservative MPs and peers had already begun a backlash against the "promotion" of homosexuality and, in December 1987, the controversial " 2093:. A prominent member of the Cabinet, Norman Tebbit, was injured, and his wife Margaret was left paralysed. Thatcher herself escaped assassination by sheer luck. She insisted that the conference open on time the next day and made her speech as planned in defiance of the bombers, a gesture which won widespread approval across the political spectrum. 3295:"Having consulted widely among my colleagues, I have concluded that the unity of the Party and the prospects of victory in a General Election would be better served if I stood down to enable Cabinet colleagues to enter the ballot for the leadership. I should like to thank all those in Cabinet and outside who have given me such dedicated support." 1210:, Thatcher saw it as a typical example of "relentless Communist imperialism". However, the foreign ministry said the Kremlin was desperately trying to save its failing ally there. Thatcher supported the American plan to boycott the Moscow Olympics, as did Parliament. However, the athletes disagreed, and they went to Moscow anyway. 1257:(a long-time leader of Polish Catholicism). Thatcher considered Poland as a key centre of Soviet vulnerability. She offered limited help to Solidarity in tandem with the United States. Success came with the thaw in superpower relations, the consolidation of Thatcherism at home and the march of neo-liberal ideas internationally. 1024:: "There is no adamantine law that says we have to produce as much in the way of manufactures as we consume. If it does turn out that we are relatively more efficient in world terms at providing services than at producing goods, then our national interest lies in a surplus on services and a deficit on goods." 3370:

then challenged her for the leadership of the party; she led the first round of voting by Conservative MPs (20 November) with just under 55% of the vote but fell four votes short of the 15% margin needed to win outright. Though she initially stated that she intended to contest the second ballot, most

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made her seem increasingly politically vulnerable and her party increasingly divided. A Gallup poll in October 1990 showed that while Thatcher remained personally respected, there was overwhelming opposition towards her final initiatives, while various polls suggested the party was trailing Labour by

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agreed on the project and set up study groups. Mitterrand as a socialist said the French government would pay its share. Thatcher insisted on private financing for the British share, and the City assured her that private enterprise was eager to fund it. Final decisions were announced in January 1986.

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to hand back not simply the New Territories, but the whole colony, in exchange for China awarding the colony the special status within China of a "Special Administrative Region". Under the terms of the agreement, China was obliged to leave Hong Kong's economic status unchanged after the handover on 1

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The miners' strike lasted a full year before the NUM leadership conceded without a deal. Conservative governments proceeded to close all but 15 of the country's pits, with the remaining 15 being sold off and privatised in 1994. Since then, private companies have acquired licences to open new pits and

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In the June 1983 general election, the Conservatives won 42.4% of the vote, the Labour Party 27.6% and the Alliance 25.4%. Though the gap between Labour and the Alliance was narrow in terms of votes, the Alliance vote was scattered, and they won only a fraction of the seats that Labour held, with its

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Thatcher's opposition to sanctions left her isolated within the Commonwealth and the European Community, and Mandela did not take up an early offer to meet her, opposing her proposed visit to his country as premature. Mandela rejected all concessions to the South African government, which he accused

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was adamant: "We needed to make a practical response to a man, President F. W. de Klerk, who has taken his political life into his hands". Nevertheless, as a gesture of goodwill Thatcher agreed to begin aid to the ANC, which until its suspension of violence she had criticised as "a typical terrorist

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Thatcher said the European Community's voluntary ban on new investment should be lifted when Mandela was released. However her call to the world to reward reforms was countered by Mandela himself, who while still in jail argued sanctions must be maintained until the end of white rule, and criticised

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Thatcher, therefore, welcomed de Klerk's decision in February 1990 to release Mandela and lift the ban on the ANC, and said the change vindicated her positive policy: "We believe in carrots as well as sticks". However Thatcher had also set the freeing of Mandela as a condition of friendship with the

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established an internal market within the NHS which divided NHS providers into those that provided services and those that purchased services from them, requiring NHS hospitals and other service providers to generate their own income and compete for business. The intention was that patients would be

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The threat of recession finally became a reality in October 1990, when it was confirmed that the economy had declined during the third quarter of the year. Unemployment started to rise again. Inflation, which the first Thatcher government had conquered by 1983, was touching 10% for the first time in

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would be immoral because they would make thousands of black workers unemployed; instead she characterised industry as the instrument that was breaking down apartheid. She also believed sanctions would disproportionately injure Britain and neighbouring African countries, and argued that political and

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on South Africa, where the United Kingdom was the biggest foreign investor and principal trading partner. This meant that the status quo remained, and British companies continued to operate in South Africa, although other European countries continued trading to a lesser degree. According to Geoffrey

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The United Kingdom's growth rate was more impressive, ranking first in the OECD-16 in 1987, a statistical achievement that Thatcher and her government exploited to the full in the general election campaign of that year. However, the balance of payments record had deteriorated, faring even worse than

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to win Conservative endorsement. Thatcher from her earliest days in politics favoured the idea because it would lead to a "property-owning democracy". By the 1970s, many working-class people had ample incomes for home ownership, and eagerly accepted Thatcher's invitation to purchase their homes at a

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in 1990. This highly visible redistribution of the tax burden onto the less well-off proved to be one of the most controversial policies of Thatcher's premiership. Additional problems emerged when many of the tax rates set by local councils proved to be much higher than earlier predicted. Opponents

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for a federal structure and increasing centralisation of decision-making. Although she had supported British membership, Thatcher believed that the role of the EC should be limited to ensuring free trade and effective competition, and feared that new EC regulations would reverse the changes she was

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In the Thatcher years the top 10% of earners received almost 50% of the tax remissions, but there proved to be no simple trade-off between equality and efficiency. The receipts ratio did not fall below the 1979 level until 1992. The expenditure ratio rose again after Thatcher's resignation in 1990,

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made clear that Britain was no longer a superpower and had to depend on its military allies on the continent. The Conservatives could more carefully consider the long-term economic value to business and strategic value, and also the new sense of a European identity. Labour was worried that a tunnel

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Thatcher thought Heseltine too powerful and popular a figure to sack. After a period in early January 1986 in which Heseltine and the Thatcher/Brittan camp leaked material damaging to each other's case to the press, Cabinet agreed (9 January) that all statements on the matter, including repetitions

942:". That she meant what she said was confirmed in the 1981 budget, when, despite concerns expressed in an open letter from 364 leading economists, taxes were increased in the middle of a recession, leading to newspaper headlines the following morning of "Howe it Hurts", a reference to the Chancellor 3394:

poll found that 52% agreed with the proposition that "On balance she had been good for the country", while 48% disagreed thinking she had been bad. In 1991, she was given a long and unprecedented standing ovation at the party's annual conference, although she politely rejected calls from delegates

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Mandela delayed meeting Thatcher until he had gathered support for sanctions from other world leaders in the course of a four-week, 14-nation tour of Europe and the United States. Their first meeting failed to resolve differences over her unilateral lifting of sanctions and his refusal to renounce

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Summit, the EEC agreed on an annual rebate for the United Kingdom, amounting to 66% of the difference between Britain's EU contributions and receipts. Although Labour prime minister Tony Blair later agreed to reduce the rebate size significantly, this would remain in effect. It periodically caused

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The images of crowds of militant miners attempting to prevent other miners from working proved a shock even to some supporters of the strikes. The NUM never held a strike vote, which allowed many miners to keep working and prevented other unions from supporting the strike. The mounting desperation

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Thatcher was committed to reducing the power of the trade unions but, unlike the Heath government, adopted a strategy of incremental change rather than a single Act. Several unions launched strikes in response, but these actions eventually collapsed. Gradually, Thatcher's reforms reduced the power

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To deal with economic stagnation in the inner cities, the Government introduced "enterprise zones" starting in 1981; the idea began in Britain and was adopted by the United States and some EU countries. It targeted designated small, economically depressed neighbourhoods and exempted them from some

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The link between the money supply and inflation was proven accurate, and by January 1982, the inflation rate had dropped back to 8.6% from earlier highs of 18%. Interest rates were then allowed to fall. Unemployment continued to rise, passing 3 million by January 1982 and remaining this high until

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a new European currency which competed alongside existing national currencies. In his resignation speech in the House of Commons two weeks later, he likened having to negotiate against what he called the "background noise" of her rhetoric to trying to play cricket despite the team captain having

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launched by newspaper printers in London. It resulted in a second major defeat for unions and another victory for Thatcher's union policies, especially her assurance that the police would defend the plants against pickets trying to shut them down. The target was Britain's largest privately owned

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was trying to introduce in the face of fierce opposition from teaching unions. At very least she wanted a two-year delay to ensure rigorous syllabuses and adequate teacher training. However, when the unions who had been involved in a pay dispute for two years further criticised reforms at their

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Thatcher was fiercely committed to a new tax—commonly called the "poll tax"—that would apply in equal amounts to rich and poor alike, despite intense public opposition. Her inability to compromise undermined her leadership in the Conservative Party, which turned decisively against her. Thatcher

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In October 1988, Thatcher said she would be unlikely to visit South Africa unless black nationalist leader Nelson Mandela was released from prison. In March 1989 she stressed the need to release him for multi-party talks to take place, urging that the ANC's promise to suspend violence should be

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A balance of forces on the battlefield that clearly favoured the nationalists; international sanctions and their adverse effects on Rhodesia's economy and Salisbury's ability to wage war; a particular pattern of third party interests; and finally, the skill and resources that Lord Carrington as

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By 1983, manufacturing output had dropped by 30% from 1978, although economic growth had been re-established the previous year. The productivity turnaround from labour-shedding proved to be a one-off and was not matched by growth in output. The industrial base was so reduced that thereafter the

938:'s "U-turn" and speculated that Thatcher would follow suit, but she repudiated this approach at the 1980 Conservative Party conference, telling the party: "To those waiting with bated breath for that favourite media catchphrase, the U-turn, I have only one thing to say: You turn if you want to. 3263:

Constitutional commentators concluded from the tax fiasco that "the British state dangerously centralised, to an extent that important policy developments can now no longer be properly debated". The unpopularity of the poll tax came to be seen as an important factor in Thatcher's downfall, by

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As early as September 1988, economists warned that the economic boom would soon be over and that 1989 could see a recession set in. For the moment, the economy defied these predictions; it continued to grow throughout 1989, and unemployment continued to fall, despite the United States entering

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was the key to the solution, an idea which she cajoled along by such initiatives as her March 1987 speech in the Kremlin. She convinced Reagan that he was "a man we can do business with." This was a start of a move by the West to force a dismantling of Soviet control over Eastern Europe, which

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seized the opportunity this presented on the day of her resignation to deliver one of her most memorable performances. Among other quips, she famously noted: "a single currency is about the politics of Europe, it is about a federal Europe by the back door. So I shall consider the proposal of

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She defended the poll tax, firstly, on the principle of marginality, that all voters should bear the burden of extra spending by local councils; secondly, on the benefit principle, that burdens should be proportional to benefits received. Ministers disregarded political research which showed

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Coal miners were highly organised and had defeated Prime Minister Heath. Thatcher expected a major confrontation, planned ahead for one, and avoided trouble before she was ready. In the end the miners' strike of 1984–85 proved a decisive victory for her—one that permanently discouraged trade

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linking to France. The idea had been tossed around for over a century but was always vetoed, usually, by insularity-minded Englishmen. Opposition to the tunnel over the decades reflected the high value the British placed on their insularity, and their preference for imperial links that they

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a few weeks before he died of starvation. Thatcher refused to countenance a return to political status for republican prisoners, famously declaring "Crime is crime is crime; it is not political". After nine more men had died, most rights were restored to paramilitary prisoners, but official

1875:, ordered the leak of a confidential legal letter critical of Heseltine. For a time, Thatcher's survival as prime minister seemed in doubt, but her involvement in the leak remained unproven, and she survived after a poor debating performance in the Commons (27 January) by Opposition leader 3057:

The NATO nations were in general agreement on delicately handling the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, the reunification of Germany in 1990–91, and the end of communism and the Soviet Union in 1991. There was no gloating or effort to humiliate Gorbachev. While US president

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took control in a coup in 1979. The small Caribbean island had been ruled by Bishop, a radical Marxist with close ties to Cuba. In October 1983 he was overthrown by dissident Marxists and killed. This alarmed other small countries in the region who had a regional defence organisation, the

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Thatcher defended Botha's visit as an encouragement to reform, but he ignored her concern over Mandela's continued detainment, and although a new constitution brought coloured people of mixed race and Indians into a tricameral assembly, 22 million blacks continued to be excluded from the

2433:, that her opposition threatened to break up the 49-nation Commonwealth. In return, calls for a total embargo were abandoned, and the existing restrictions adopted by member states against South Africa were lifted. ANC president Tambo expressed disappointment at this major compromise. 1863:, to make a rival bid. He claimed that Thatcher had prevented proper discussion by cancelling a promised meeting of the Cabinet Economic Affairs Committee early in December 1985. Cabinet eventually (19 December 1985) forbade any minister from actively campaigning for either option. 1358:; the operation was hailed as a great triumph, with only 258 British casualties. Victory brought a wave of patriotic enthusiasm and contributed to Thatcher's re-election, with one poll showing that 84% of the electorate approved of the Prime Minister's handling of the crisis. 1644:(UDM), was soon formed. More and more frustrated miners resigned to the impending failure of the strike and, worn down by months of protests, began to defy the union's rulings, starting splinter groups and advising workers that returning to work was the only viable option. 3161:(taxes) were replaced by the community charge, popularly known as the "poll tax", which levied a flat rate on all adult residents. Almost every adult, irrespective of income or wealth, paid the same, which would heavily redistribute the tax burden onto the less well-off. 2663:

sent the economy into overdrive. By early 1988, unemployment was below 2,500,000. A year later, it fell below 2,000,000. By the end of 1989, it was down to 1,600,000. A residential property price surge saw the average home price in Britain double between 1986 and 1989.

1695:(AUEW)—ran closed shops: only union members could be hired at the old Fleet Street plants; most were sons of members. However, the new plant in Wapping did not have a closed shop contract. The company activated its new plant with the assistance of another union, the 3224:

understand it and believed that they could, as the saying went, 'tough it out'. A third possibility is that ministers came to understand the electoral damage ahead, but were afraid to put the case strongly enough to a Prime Minister at the helm of her 'flagship'."

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Overall, the economic record of Thatcher's government is disputed. In relative terms, it could be held there was a modest revival of British fortunes. Real gross domestic product (GDP) had grown by 26.8% over 1979–89 in the United Kingdom as against 24.3% for the

2521:"The key change from earlier attempts was that, for the first time in the checkered history of the Tunnel project, there was a British Prime Minister who was strongly in favour of it, and applied all the drive of her formidable personality to see it through." 1311:

denounced Argentina's aggression, and France and other allies provided diplomatic and military support. In the United States, Reagan was supportive, but he also launched diplomatic initiatives to resolve the crisis without a war. Thatcher assembled and sent a

3354:, one of Thatcher's oldest allies and longest-serving Cabinet member, resigned from his position as Deputy Prime Minister in protest at Thatcher's open hostility both to moves towards European federalism and to her own government's policy advocating a "hard 869:

reported on the Queen's alleged criticism of Thatcher's policies, especially regarding the people of the Commonwealth, as "uncaring, confrontational and socially divisive." Thatcher often ridiculed the Commonwealth, which the Queen held in very high esteem.

1566:. Britain had imported infected supplies of Factor VIII from risky overseas commercial sources; it is generally thought that this was because the Thatcher government had not made public funding available for the NHS sufficient in creating its own supplies. 1871:. He remained an influential critic and potential leadership challenger and would eventually prove instrumental in Thatcher's fall in 1990. Brittan was then forced to resign for having, earlier that month and with the agreement of Thatcher's press adviser 3206:

in March 1990 that put Labour 18.5 points ahead. As the crisis deepened and the Prime Minister stood her ground, opponents claimed that up to 18 million people were refusing to pay. Enforcement measures became increasingly draconian. Unrest mounted and

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company, the National Freight Company, to its workers, with a positive response. One critic on the left dismissed privatisation as "the biggest electoral bribe in history". Following the 1983 election, the Government became bolder and, starting with

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In her first six months as prime minister, Thatcher repeatedly prioritised defence spending over economic policy and financial control. However, in 1980, she reversed this priority and tried to cut the defence budget. The 1981 Defence Review by

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he was at a loss to reply. What in fact she meant was Government support for inefficient industries, punitive taxation, regulation of the labour market, price controls – everything that interfered with the functioning of the free

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reacted to a market fall with a reflationary budget, stoking inflation and precipitating a slide in the Government's fortunes. By the time of Thatcher's resignation in 1990, inflation had again hit 10%, the same level she had found it in 1979.

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it had doubled its spending in three years, and Thatcher insisted on its abolition as an efficiency measure, transferring most duties to the boroughs, with veto power over major building, engineering and maintenance projects being given to the

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making in the UK, stating that she had "not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain" only to see her reforms undermined by "a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels". She was specifically against

1161:, London, when the armed forces were for the first time in 70 years authorised to use lethal force on the British mainland. For six days in May, 26 hostages were held by six gunmen; the siege came to a dramatic end with a successful raid by 1631:

received the largest amount of public subsidies going to any nationalised industry: by 1984 the annual cost to taxpayers of uneconomic pits had reached £1 billion. The year-long confrontation over strikes carried out from April 1984 by the

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Despite her third straight victory she remained a polarising figure. Performative hatred from the far left motivated scores of songs that "expressed anger, amusement, defiance and ridicule" towards her. A common chant among protestors was

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commandos. Later that day, Thatcher went to congratulate the SAS men involved and sat among them watching a re-run of the attack. The breaking of the siege by the SAS was later ranked by the public as one of television's greatest moments.

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showed that Thatcher's leadership style was more important for voters than party identification, economic concerns, and indeed all other issues. She entered the record books, becoming the longest continuously-serving prime minister since

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Thatcher had initially not made any major attempts to reform the National Health Service. However, based on recommendations from the Griffiths report of 1983 into NHS management, from 1988 onwards she began to apply the principles of

2502:(EEC) than it received in spending. She famously declared at the summit: "We are not asking the Community or anyone else for money. We are simply asking to have our own money back". Her arguments were successful, and at the June 1984 1806:. However, the Government had already introduced special employment and training measures, and ministers dismissed the report as "muddle-headed" and uncosted. The breach with the Church and its liberal bishops remained unhealed until 844:

Thatcher was Britain and Europe's first female prime minister. She appointed few women to high office and did not make women's issues a priority, but her pioneering election was widely hailed as an achievement for women in general.

2402:, whose links to the Soviet bloc she viewed with suspicion, and whom she declined to see because he espoused violence and refused to condemn guerrilla attacks and mob killings of black policemen, local officials and their families. 1244:

The Polish crisis of 1980 and 1981 involved large-scale anti-Communist protests in the heartland of Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe. Thatcher recognised that Soviet hegemony was vulnerable in Poland and offered public support for

3389:

She supported John Major as her successor, and after he had won the leadership contest, she formally resigned as prime minister on 28 November. In the years to come, her approval of Major would fall away. After her resignation, a

2309:. Within a month, the Coventry Four had been freed from jail and allowed to travel to South Africa, on condition that they return to England for their trial later that year. However, in August 1984, South African foreign minister 1059:

One of Thatcher's largest and most successful policies assisted council tenants in public housing to purchase their homes at favourable rates. The "Right to Buy" had emerged in the late 1940s, but was too great a challenge to the

3325:

between 6 and 11 points. Moreover, the Prime Minister's distaste for "consensus politics" and willingness to override colleagues' opinions, including that of her Cabinet, emboldened the backlash against her when it did occur.

1777:. Although the Government's counter-claim of increased expenditure was also challenged, the decision of the Oxford dons was widely condemned as "petty" and "vindictive". The chancellor of the university, former prime minister 2249:

escaped extradition by claiming their killings were political acts. This had been previously opposed by Irish-Americans for years but was passed after Reagan used Thatcher's support in the Libyan raid as a reason to pass it.

3183: 3363:

broken her own team's bats. He ended by suggesting that the time had come for "others to consider their own response to the tragic conflict of loyalties", with which he stated that he had wrestled "for perhaps too long".

2891:, and for which the EC was making preparations. The speech caused an outcry from other European leaders and exposed for the first time the deep split that was emerging over European policy inside her Conservative Party. 1233:. She visited some of the many hundreds of thousands of Afghans gathered in refugee camps there giving a speech stating that the 'hearts of the free world were with them'. Five years later two of the Mujaheddin warlords 1118:. Thus Thatcher's refusal to recognise the Muzorewa government ultimately allowed Mugabe to take power, an outcome that outraged whites in Rhodesia but which satisfied British opinion and was applauded internationally. 6876:

At the meeting of the Commonwealth heads of government in Nassau, Mrs Margaret Thatcher has maintained her individual stance against economic sanctions against South Africa despite protests from the other Commonwealth

2596:

Thatcher led her party to a landslide victory in the 1987 general election with a 102-seat majority. Her resolute personality played a key role in overcoming the well-organised, media-wise Labour campaign led by

2930:, in November 1987, Thatcher claimed not to have been told of this and disapproved. By 1989 the economy was suffering from high interest rates (they peaked at 15% in autumn 1989) imposed to temper a potentially 2459:. In 1984 Thatcher visited China intending to resolve the difficulties that would inevitably be encountered as the New Territories were due to be returned to the Chinese in 1997. She signed an agreement with 2115:. This was the first time a British government gave the Republic of Ireland a say (albeit advisory) in the governance of Northern Ireland. The agreement was greeted with fury by Northern Irish unionists. The 1389:, to discuss Northern Ireland, she announced in Parliament that "the future of the constitutional affairs of Northern Ireland is a matter for the people of Northern Ireland, this government, this parliament, 2779:

throughout the welfare state, including the NHS, in order to decentralize decision making and introduce competition, with the goal of making the state a purchaser of healthcare rather than a provider. The

1197:

agreed: "Mrs Thatcher attracted public support because she seemed to be taking action which the public overwhelmingly thought was right but never thought any government would have the nerve to carry out".

1604:

illegal, to force union leadership to first win a ballot of the union membership before calling a strike, and to abolish the closed shop. Further laws banned workplace ballots and imposed postal ballots.

2188:(or "live and let live") which the West had pursued during the 1970s. In a decision that came under heavy attack from the Labour Party, American forces were permitted by Thatcher to station nuclear 3279:

agreed that Thatcher had suffered a massive defeat over the poll tax, but he argued that Major's repeal "vindicated the rioters and those who had refused to pay. Lawlessness seemed to have paid off".

2753:

even climbing for a time above the 1979 figure. The cause was the heavy budget charge of the recessions of 1979–81 and 1990–92 and the extra funding required to meet the higher level of unemployment.

720:. She gained intense media attention as Britain's first female prime minister, and was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century. Her premiership ended when she withdrew from the 8111:

It is interesting to note that, despite the Prime Minister's remarks that the ANC is a typical terrorist organisation, officials of the ANC are, quite rightly, meeting Foreign Office officials today.

2896:"We have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain, only to see them re-imposed at a European level with a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels." 1517:

concentrated base. The Conservatives' share of the vote fell slightly (1.5%) since 1979. Labour's vote had fallen by far more (9.3%), and the Conservatives now had an overall majority of 144 MPs.

364: 8884: 3546:. She went to war with Argentina to recover the Falkland Islands, a move which strengthened the UK’s relationship with the US government. She was alsoa a leader in the coalition opposing Iraq's 2937:

At a meeting before the European Community summit in Madrid in June 1989, Lawson and foreign secretary Geoffrey Howe forced Thatcher to agree to the circumstances under which she would join the

1843:

Thatcher's preference for defence ties with the United States was demonstrated in the Westland affair when, despite ostensibly maintaining a neutral stance, she and Trade and Industry secretary

1177:" to rest and again projecting Britain as a great power. Celebration of the SAS was a key component in the popular militarism of the 1980s, fuelled by the continuing "war" against international 2987:

in London in June 1989 and stressed that Mandela must be freed and reforms put in place before she would visit the country. In July 1989 she called for the release not only of Mandela but also

2667:

However, this led to the government doubling interest rates during 1988 and it chose to increase these further during 1989 and 1990 as inflation increased. In 1988, Chancellor of the Exchequer

2042:. Unemployment had peaked at nearly 3,300,000 in 1984, but had fallen below 3,000,000 by June 1987, in early 1989 it fell below 2,000,000 and by December 1989 it stood at just over 1,600,000. 802:, which she argued would lead to a federalist Europe and surrender Britain's ability to self govern. She also alienated many Conservative voters and parliamentarians with the imposition of a 3696:

In 2017, the British Foreign Office admitted that they lost hundreds of government files from the 1970s and 1980s, mainly relating to the Falkland Islands, Palestine and Northern Ireland.

798:"wet" Conservatives and took full control. By the late 1980s, however, she had alienated several senior members of her Cabinet with her opposition to greater economic integration into the 3190: 1742:

offers, although many sold their shares immediately for a quick profit; therefore, the proportion of shares held by individuals rather than institutions did not increase. The policy of

354: 2201:

Gorbachev realised was necessary if he was to reform the weak Soviet economy. Those who share her views on it credit her with a part in the West's victory, by both the deterrence and

1365:." Thatcher saw the issue as freedom versus oppression and dictatorship. Her sensibility was widely shared in the UK. Historian Ezequiel Mercau argues that the islanders' demands for 954:

In 1981, as unemployment soared (exceeding 2.5 million by the summer and heading towards 3 million before Christmas) and the Government's popularity plunged, the party chairman,

3640:

epidemic among black British people. Carolyn Sinclair, a policy adviser, suggested that Thatcher proceed cautiously in working with black communities because she believed they gave

2679:

Employment was booming by the late 1980s, above all in the financial and retail sectors, particularly on new commercial developments built on old industrial sites. For example, the

2123:

made an electoral pact and, on 23 January 1986, staged an ad hoc referendum by resigning their seats and contesting the subsequent by-elections, losing only one, to the nationalist

1867:

of those already made, must be cleared through the Cabinet Office. Heseltine resigned and walked out of the meeting in protest, claiming that Thatcher had broken the conventions of

1069:

regulations and taxes. The goal was to attract private capital and new business activity that would bring jobs and progress to declining areas. Important projects included those in

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on the property-owning section of the population and outlined a fundamental solution as her flagship policy in the Conservative manifesto for the 1987 election. Local government

1490:", along with the resumption of economic growth by the end of 1982, bolstered the Government's popularity and led to Thatcher's victory in the most decisive landslide since the 1773:

voted to refuse Thatcher an honorary degree in protest against her cuts in funding for higher education. This award had previously been given to all prime ministers since the

1110:. These were revolutionary movements that Rhodesian security forces had been trying to suppress for years. Under her direction, foreign secretary Lord Carrington brokered the 927:. These moves hit businesses—especially the manufacturing sector—and unemployment exceeded 2 million by the autumn of 1980, up from 1.5 million at the time of Thatcher's 655: 1825:

backbench rebellion, with 72 Conservatives voting against the Government Bill. As well as Thatcher's only defeat, it was the last occasion on which a government bill fell at

2655:

With the battle against inflation and strikes long won, an economic boom was in its early stages. Unemployment had fallen below 3,000,000 during the spring of 1987, and the

1696: 1169:

Her decisiveness—christened the "resolute approach" by the Prime Minister herself—became Thatcher's trademark and a source of her popularity. In the words of one historian:

6930:

Ashford, Nicholas (21 October 1985), "Thatcher refuses to budge over sanctions / British Premier resists commonwealth pressure over economic embargo against South Africa",

3249: 2614: 1510: 1012:

early 1987. However, Tebbit later suggested that, due to the high number of people claiming unemployment benefit while working, unemployment never reached three million.

2749:

era of stop-go. The amplitude of fluctuations in GDP and real gross private non-residential fixed capital formation was greater in the United Kingdom than for the OECD.

2371:

representation. After the outbreak of violence in September 1984, Thatcher granted temporary sanctuary to six African anti-apartheid leaders in the British consulate in

9045: 3854:. The introduction of the euro was postponed because of the collapse of the Exchange Rate Mechanism in summer 1993, but it has been in force as legal tender since 1999 10528: 46: 3302: 2605:

at a time Thatcher was helping to end the Cold War. Fleet Street (the national newspapers) mostly supported her and were rewarded with regular press briefings by her

2264:

Grenada was a former colony and current independent Commonwealth nation under the Queen. The British government exercised no authority there and did not object when

911:, Thatcher started out in her economic policy by increasing interest rates to slow the growth of the money supply and thus lower inflation. She had a preference for 1361:

Restoring British control over a small colony was a response to aggression, but it also represented a sensibility that Britain had a responsibility to protect its "

3395:

for her to make a speech. She "all but shunned" the House of Commons after losing power and gave no clue as to her future plans. She retired from the House at the

2004:. The Government also argued that the transfer of power to local councils would increase electoral accountability. Critics contended that the "excesses" of a few " 1369:

were weak. Instead their predominant sentiment was a close "kith and kin" identification with the people of Great Britain that gave the Falklanders a "loyalty to

4849:

Waddy, Nicholas (2014), "The Strange Death of 'Zimbabwe-Rhodesia': The Question of British Recognition of the Muzorewa Regime in Rhodesian Public Opinion, 1979",

2205:

postures. According to Thatcher, the West won the Cold War "without firing a shot" because the Kremlin would not risk confrontation with NATO's superior forces.

1425: 50: 10556: 2069:

The Grand Hotel on the morning after the bombing. Thatcher's response to the attempt on her life helped to bolster her popularity halfway through the year-long

3491:—the addition of the unemployment rate to the inflation rate—in the UK in November 1990 was "13.92", an 11.8% decrease from the rate of "15.57" in April 1979. 2823:

Thatcher, a trained chemist, became publicly concerned with environmental issues in the late 1980s. In 1988, she made a major speech accepting the problems of

2756:

In Thatcher's third term, welfare reforms created an adult Employment Training system that included full-time work done for the dole plus a £10 top-up, on the

8100: 3684:

In 2014, papers revealed that Thatcher’s government had considered redrawing the UK border with the Republic of Ireland as one way to end the violence of the

1189:. The storming of the Iranian Embassy had shown that Britain could meet terror with counter-terror: Mrs Thatcher's black-clad "terminators" would protect us. 10465: 8910: 5462: 10195: 7022:

Evans, Richard (26 October 1985), "Tambo scorns Thatcher stand / ANC President criticises British Premier's resistance to sanctions against South Africa",

3041: 2574:

Thatcher's third term started well but the economic boom faltered. Her mistakes multiplied and her enemies in her party and the general public multiplied.

2245:

Later that year in America, President Reagan persuaded Congress to approve of an extradition treaty which closed a legal loophole by which IRA members and

1153:

Thatcher's decisive response to the Iranian Embassy siege (aftermath pictured) won her widespread praise during a difficult period for the British economy.

359: 327: 3267:

Following Thatcher's departure, her former chancellor Nigel Lawson labelled the poll tax as "the one great blunder of the Thatcher years". The succeeding

2945:(despite giving him the title Deputy Prime Minister he was now effectively removed from decision-making over Europe) and by listening more to her adviser 10858: 4382: 3773:

Following the introduction of the 15% VAT rate on 18 June 1979, inflation rose from 11.4% in June to 15.6% in July, reaching a high of 21.9% in May 1980.

2781: 1338:, but Argentina rejected all compromise proposals. Public opinion, and both major parties, backed Thatcher's aggressive response. The task force sank an 680: 6403: 2421:

in October 1985, Thatcher agreed to impose limited sanctions and to set up a contact group to promote a dialogue with Pretoria, after she was warned by

3137: 1307:. She immediately decided to expel the invaders. She replaced foreign minister Lord Carrington with Francis Pym and rounded up diplomatic support. The 5350: 8995: 7312:

Stewart, Marianne C.; Clarke, Harold D. (1992), "The (un) importance of party leaders: Leader images and party choice in the 1987 British election",

6511: 2884: 2836: 1041:

as defence secretary because he wanted more funding. The cuts were cancelled when the ships destined for cuts proved essential in the Falklands War.

9743:

Chiampan, Andrea (2013), "Running with the Hare, Hunting with the Hounds: The Special Relationship, Reagan's Cold War and the Falklands Conflict",

1545: 8329:

Barilleaux, Ryan J.; Rozell, Mark J. (2004) , "Bush and Thatcher: Managing the End of the Cold War", in Pugliese, Stanislao G.; Iain Dale (eds.),

4622: 3616:

conference, Joseph persuaded her to go ahead immediately to avoid appearing to take their side. According to Dominic Cummings, special advisor to

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Hampshire, Edward (2016), "Strategic and Budgetary Necessity, or Decision-making 'Along the Grain'? The Royal Navy and the 1981 Defence Review",

4412: 2526: 1004:

Over two million manufacturing jobs were ultimately lost in the recession of 1979–81. This labour-shedding helped firms deal with long-standing

10853: 10401: 10174: 3515:

Thatcher had broadened her interest in foreign policy since she became Conservative Party leader and would work with five foreign secretaries.

3471:

Altogether, the eleven-year duration of her three terms in office make up the third to have outlasted a decade from start to finish, following

2313:

decided not to allow the Coventry Four to return to stand trial, forfeiting £200,000 bail money put up by the South African embassy in London.

2294: 2070: 1582: 1114:

of December 1979. It resumed British control of Rhodesia, declared a ceasefire, ended guerrilla action, and quickly led to the creation of the

515: 288: 5604: 4706: 1781:(now Lord Stockton), noted that the decision represented a break with tradition, and predicted that the snub would rebound on the university. 10064: 9919:

Ledger, Robert (2016), "From Solidarity to 'Shock Therapy'. British Foreign Policy Towards Poland Under the Thatcher Government, 1980–1990",

9619:(4 vol, Routledge, 2015) 1,624 pp of republished excerpts by many writers; review by Robert Saunders, "The Many Lives of Margaret Thatcher" 5096:

Ledger, Robert (2016), "From Solidarity to 'Shock Therapy'. British Foreign Policy Towards Poland Under the Thatcher Government, 1980–1990",

1750:'s government. Wider share-ownership and council house sales became known as "popular" capitalism to its supporters (a description coined by 1633: 8952: 7289: 5071: 2552:

would bring new workers and lower wage rates. Britain's prestige, security and wealth now seemed safest when tied closely to the continent.

2131:

of 1974, they found they could not bring the agreement down by a general strike. This was another effect of the changed balance of power in

2026:

During the 1980s there was a great improvement in the United Kingdom's productivity growth relative to other advanced capitalist countries.

10514: 10051: 919:(VAT) was raised sharply to 15%, with a resultant actual short-term rise in inflation. The fiscal and monetary squeeze, combined with the 11052: 10609: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10118: 3653: 3288: 3276: 3103: 2841: 2038:

year of 1987, when inflation had fallen to 4.2%, in the decade as a whole the country still had the second highest inflation rate of the

1343: 1304: 807: 721: 631: 571: 561: 320: 4467:

Burke, Peter (2007), Peter Burke; Jonathan Parker (eds.), "Disadvantage and Stigma: A Theoretical Framework for Associated Conditions",

890:

reports that in July 1978, before Thatcher became prime minister, when asked by a Labour MP in the Commons what she meant by socialism:

10345: 2941:. At the meeting, they both threatened they would resign if Thatcher did not meet their demands. Thatcher responded by moving Howe to 747:, and the weakening of trade unions. She emphasised reducing the government's role and letting the marketplace decide in terms of the 11062: 10253: 3705: 3374: 3264:

convincing many Conservative backbenchers to vote against her when she was later challenged for the leadership by Michael Heseltine.

2922:

cutting interest rates and selling pounds to try to prevent the pound rising above DM 3.00 (as a substitute for joining the European

2182:

against the Soviets, which envisioned the end of Communism in Europe (which happened in 1989–91). This contrasted with the policy of

1347: 1313: 376: 8842: 5759: 1429:

recognition of their political status was not granted. Thatcher later asserted: "The outcome was a significant defeat for the IRA."

10670: 9079: 6555:

Brown, Archie (2008), "The Change to Engagement in Britain's Cold War Policy: The Origins of the Thatcher-Gorbachev Relationship",

4209: 3062:

wanted to make NATO more of a political than a military alliance, Thatcher spoke out for the importance of the military role. Like

2270: 2238:

In the aftermath of a series of terrorist attacks on US military personnel in Europe, which were believed to have been executed at

2209: 1692: 1355: 7036:

Mark, Chi-kwan (2017), "To 'educate' Deng Xiaoping in capitalism: Thatcher's visit to China and the future of Hong Kong in 1982",

10073: 9424:"Weakening the Trade Unions, One Step at a Time: The Thatcher Governments' Strategy for the Reform of Trade-Union Law, 1979–1984" 4671:"Thatcherite Ideology, Housing Tenure, and Crime: The Socio-Spatial Consequences of the Right to Buy for Domestic Property Crime" 4311:

Government Versus the Market: The Growth of the Public Sector, Economic Management, and British Economic Performance C. 1890–1979

3996:"Weakening the Trade Unions, One Step at a Time: The Thatcher Governments' Strategy for the Reform of Trade-Union Law, 1979–1984" 1437: 673: 9975:

Ramsbotham, Oliver and Hugh Miall (1991), "The British Defence Debate in the 1980s", in Hugh Miall and Oliver Ramsbotham (ed.),

7440: 6589:

Feulner, Ed (18 April 2007), "A new arms race America must win; Booming China is substantially boosting its military spending",

2390:

Thatcher's opposition to economic sanctions was challenged by visiting anti-apartheid activists, including South African bishop

2293:

At the end of March 1984, four South Africans were arrested in Coventry, remanded in custody, and charged with contravening the

810:

and persuaded by Cabinet to withdraw from the second round of voting – ending her eleven-year premiership. She was succeeded by

30:

This article is about Margaret Thatcher's tenure as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. For the people in her ministries, see

10904: 10863: 3596: 2001: 1688: 1008:

from over-manning, enabling the British economy to catch up to the productivity levels of other advanced capitalist countries.

837: 599: 270: 6698:

Ali, Mohsin (27 July 1985), "Thatcher refuses to budge on sanctions / British Premier reaffirms policy towards South Africa",

2858: 2332:

regime of South Africa. On 26 April 1984 Leahy succeeded in securing the release of the British hostages at the UNITA base in

1738:, sold off most of the large utilities which had been in public ownership since the late 1940s. Many people took advantage of 197: 10156: 10147: 9001: 8810: 8583: 8556: 8338: 8314: 7680: 7391: 7363: 7272: 7131: 7079: 6855: 6654: 5980: 5952: 5924: 5885: 5857: 5829: 5800: 5743: 5716: 5654: 5421: 5393: 5291: 5183: 5055: 4834: 4807: 4768: 4606: 4318: 4249: 4225: 4194: 4163: 4102: 4071: 4043: 3892: 1716: 1272: 733: 280: 5486: 2478: 2030:

Nigel Lawson identified inflation as "the judge and jury of a government's record", but while the country also improved its

1090:

in Rhodesia. Under intense world pressure it held elections that included some black voters. One of them, Methodist Bishop

10909: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10139: 7454: 3396: 2703: 2583: 1491: 1473: 1284: 928: 717: 713: 705: 697: 544: 468: 402: 275: 151: 146: 141: 9680:

Ashton, Nigel J. (2011), "Love's Labours Lost: Margaret Thatcher, King Hussein and Anglo–Jordanian Relations, 1979–1990",

7648: 6112: 740: 10185: 8353: 6155:"Government moves to prove that public expenditure on higher education has risen during its term of office have failed", 2508: 2221: 2208:

Thatcher played a major role as a broker between Reagan and Gorbachev in 1985–87, with the successful negotiation of the

1115: 904:

Under Margaret Thatcher's government, the taming of inflation displaced high employment as the primary policy objective.

315: 5325: 4516:

Hampshire, Edward (2015), "Margaret Thatcher's First U-Turn: Francis Pym and the Control of Defence Spending, 1979–81",

3479:

in the 1790s. Despite her electoral success in accumulating tens of millions of votes throughout Great Britain, only in

10704: 9854: 9646: 9378: 9330: 9299: 9033: 8489: 6329: 3531: 2626:

in 1865. On New Year's Day 1988, Thatcher became the longest-serving Prime Minister of the 20th century, having bested

2124: 1769:

In February 1985, in what was generally viewed as a significant snub from the centre of the British establishment, the

1099: 1021: 666: 9783:

Cooper, James (2013), "Two's Company, Three's A Crowd: Neil Kinnock, Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, 1984–1987",

7233:

Dupont, Christophe (1990), "The Channel Tunnel Negotiations, 1984–1986: Some aspects of the process and its outcome",

865:, and becoming the centre of attraction on foreign visits. Tensions between the two were kept hidden until 1986, when 10601: 10584: 9125: 9107: 9009: 8971: 8007:

Mason, John (7 February 1990), "British Premier Thatcher calls for lifting of minor sanctions against South Africa",

7474: 6787:"The visit of South African Prime Minister Mr P W Botha is causing a rising storm of protest in Britain and Europe", 2800: 2259: 2082: 1926: 1397: 623: 265: 5306:

Kelly, Stephen (2015), "'Love/Hate'—The Haughey/Thatcher Relationship And The Anglo-Irish Summit, 8 December 1980",

3252:

widened, and they made gains from the Tories in local council elections and more than once in by-elections. The new

2742:, labour, and capital, British productivity growth between 1979 and 1993 compared favourably with the OECD average. 1323:

This map summarises the deployment of Argentine versus British naval forces around the Islands before the Argentine

9891:

Lahey, Daniel James (2013), "The Thatcher government's response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979–1980",

6297:"The Government will soon run into controversy with regard to its abolition plans for the Greater London Council", 5005:

Lahey, Daniel James (2013), "The Thatcher government's response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979–1980",

3764::460–463, 475–479, 484, 509–513) wrote that the Queen almost faded into the background between the two media stars. 3386:[that she be the first governor of the new European Central Bank]. Now where were we? I am enjoying this". 3275:, a banded property tax similar in many respects to the older system of rates. Former trade-and-industry secretary 3256:, after a weak start, were starting to gain ground in the opinion polls and seized the safe Eastbourne seat in its 2193: 1640:

and poverty of the striking families led to divisions within the regional NUM branches, and a breakaway union, the

1288: 10055: 2359:, Thatcher told Botha the policy of racial separation was "unacceptable". She urged him to free jailed ANC leader 1655:

The defeat of the miners' strike led to a long period of demoralisation in the whole of the trade union movement.

10509: 10297: 10111: 4334: 3519: 2348: 1641: 1308: 1250: 1107: 419: 9458:

Howell, David; et al. (1987), "Goodbye to all that?: A Review of Literature on the 1984/5 Miners' Strike",

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Evans, Richard (29 March 1986), "We'll Meet Again, Promises Defiant GLC / Abolition of metropolitan councils",

5261: 4678: 2942: 2606: 2442: 1684: 1573:

was announced into the scandal and a group legal action (Jason Evans & Ors) was brought at the High Court.

1487: 1401: 1334:

In the six weeks it took to arrive, she engaged in diplomatic efforts moderated by Reagan's secretary of state

729: 510: 177: 6820:

Keatley, Patrick; Laurence, Patrick (15 September 1984), "Consulate refugees secure as Thatcher bends rules",

5512: 2547:

controlled directly. By the 1960s, circumstances had changed radically. The British Empire collapsed, and the

2498:

At the Dublin European Council in November 1979, Thatcher argued that the United Kingdom paid far more to the

1703:) moved to Wapping, and NUJ Chapels continued to operate. However, the NUJ urged them not to work there; the " 1569:

It has been alleged that the Thatcher cabinet attempted to "cover up" the events of the scandal. In 2017, the

11047: 10879: 10768: 10350: 10307: 7146:

Redford, Duncan (2014), "Opposition to the Channel Tunnel, 1882–1975: Identity, Island Status and Security",

6411: 3595:, various government documents relating to Thatcher's premiership have been declassified and released by the 2692: 1700: 1157:

Thatcher's determination to face down political violence was first demonstrated during the 1980 siege of the

939: 704:

to form a government, and ended on 28 November 1990 upon her resignation. She was elected to the position in

409: 304: 204: 7780:

Dowden, Richard (3 February 1990), "Prime Minister claims her South African policies have been vindicated",

7729: 7625: 6474: 4358: 1826: 1813:

Soon after, Thatcher suffered her government's only defeat in the House of Commons, with the failure of the

10659: 9947:

Lochery, Neill (2010), "Debunking the Myths: Margaret Thatcher, the Foreign Office and Israel, 1979–1990",

5358: 2934:, which she believed had been exacerbated by Lawson's policies. Thatcher's popularity once again declined. 2297:, which prohibited exports to South Africa of military equipment. Thatcher took a personal interest in the 2246: 2021: 1965: 1502: 500: 17: 9041: 7008:

Sallot, Jeff (17 October 1985), "Unified action sought on apartheid Commonwealth at risk, Thatcher told",

3081:

in 1990, to which she sent over 45,000 troops. In the following year, they saw combat under her successor

2077:

On the early morning of 12 October 1984, the day before her 59th birthday, Thatcher escaped injury in the

1037:, the defence minister, dramatically cut the capabilities of the Royal Navy's surface fleet. She replaced 10340: 8633: 8057:

Oakley, Robin; McEwen, Andrew (20 February 1990), "Britain Will Go It Alone on South African Sanctions",

6373:"The Greater London Council and the six other metropolitan county councils will cease to be on April 1", 6048: 5605:"Contaminated Blood Scandal 'Was Avoidable – Now Historic Inquiry Must Uncover The Truth'" 4406: 3725: 3257: 2499: 2027: 1218: 815: 799: 9796:

Corthorn, Paul (2013), "The Cold War and British debates over the boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics",

8660: 6185:"Lord Stockton has condemned Oxford University's decision not to give Mrs Thatcher an honorary degree", 5630: 878: 11042: 10964: 10951: 10688: 10498: 10481: 10460: 10440: 10435: 10406: 10377: 10357: 10329: 10312: 10302: 10104: 4731:

Wetherell, Sam (2016), "Freedom Planned: Enterprise Zones and Urban Non-Planning in Post-War Britain",

4178: 3239: 2680: 887: 725: 566: 556: 551: 490: 485: 480: 475: 439: 434: 429: 424: 7180:

Grayson, Richard S. (1996), "The British Government, the Channel Tunnel and European Unity, 1948–64",

6425: 2085:(IRA). Five people died in the attack, including Roberta Wakeham, wife of the Government's Chief Whip 1746:, while anathema to many on the left, has become synonymous with Thatcherism and was also followed by 10752: 10728: 10417: 10088: 9089: 8459: 8230:

Dowden, Richard (4 July 1990), "Mandela hopes he can change Mrs Thatcher's mind on trade sanctions",

8186:

Cassell, Michael; Southey, Caroline (17 April 1990), "Mandela attacks Thatcher stance on sanctions",

8172:

Jenkins, Lin; Duce, Richard (17 April 1990), "Mandela tells Thatcher he opposes South Africa visit",

5971:

The Wapping Dispute: An Examination of the Conflict and Its Impact on the National Newspaper Industry

4647: 2812: 2808: 2739: 2287: 1931: 1896: 1461: 1276: 1238: 1111: 642: 182: 9211: 8438:

Travers, Tony (Winter 1991), "The Politics and Economics of the Poll Tax: Mrs Thatcher's Downfall",

4670: 4120:(1995), "The gender significance of women in power: British women talking about Margaret Thatcher", 3453: 3173:

organised to resist bailiffs and disrupt court hearings of community charge debtors. One Labour MP,

2745:

However, under Thatcherite management, the macro-economy was unstable, even by the standards of the

10835: 10712: 10593: 10486: 10367: 10324: 10275: 10270: 8619: 8457:

Comfort, Nicholas (4 March 1990), "The Tory Crisis: 'Concerned Hysteria' as Poll Tax Uproar Grow",

8269: 8158: 8043: 7964: 7914: 7821: 6994: 6913: 6097:

has drawn attention to Oxford University's decision not to award Mrs Thatcher an honorary degree",

6049:"Computer Models and Thatcherist Futures: From Monopolies to Markets in British Telecommunications" 5383: 3488: 3476: 3125: 3067: 2165: 2161: 1803: 1526: 1498: 1413: 858: 803: 784: 615: 581: 463: 110: 35: 7978:

McEwen, Andrew (3 February 1990), "British policy over South Africa proved right, says Thatcher",

7864:"Thatcher says renunciation of violence by ANC no longer an absolute condition for negotiations", 10784: 10450: 10287: 8859: 8771: 7879:

Oakley, Robin (27 March 1989), "Thatcher pursues role as peace broker; Tour of African nations",

3872: 3720: 3112:, a 69-year-old back-bencher. As Meyer was a virtually unknown backbench MP, he was viewed as a " 2972: 2958: 2938: 2923: 2569: 2344: 2320:, to negotiate the release of 16 Britons who had been taken hostage by the Angolan rebel leader, 1888: 1457: 1287:. Thatcher had not previously shown concern for the islands and had proposed large-scale cuts to 1158: 827: 795: 709: 539: 414: 397: 128: 115: 105: 39: 31: 6450: 5130: 4448:

Newsinger, John (April–June 1992), "True confessions: some Tory memoirs of the Thatcher years",

2968: 1901:

In April 1986, Thatcher, enacting a policy set out in her party's 1983 manifesto, abolished the

10736: 10422: 10382: 9206: 3253: 2684: 2078: 2065: 2060: 1917: 1902: 1892: 1570: 1354:, and V bombers, the last to crater the Port Stanley runway. Argentine forces in the Falklands 505: 9844: 9723:

Bruni, Domenico Maria. "A leader at war: Margaret Thatcher and the Falklands crisis of 1982."

5212:

Mercau, Ezequiel (2016), "War of the British Worlds: The Anglo-Argentines and the Falklands",

3620:, it was a catastrophic decision which led to a collapse in the integrity of the exam system. 3430: 2556: 2487: 2351:, condemned the visit as a "diplomatic coup" for the South African government, and Labour MEP 1509:. However, this grouping failed to make its intended breakthrough, despite briefly holding an 861:, increasingly assumed regal poses, such as taking the salute at the victory parade after the 11014: 10411: 9835:

Donaghy, Aaron. "Margaret Thatcher's Private Secretaries for Foreign Affairs, 1979–1984." in

9534:

Marsh, David (1991), "British industrial relations policy transformed: the Thatcher legacy",

7599:

Blowers, Andrew (1987), "Transition or Transformation? Environmental Policy Under Thatcher",

6825: 6712: 6253: 3559: 3015:

of seeking the easing of sanctions before it had offered "profound and irreversible change".

2949:

on economic matters. Lawson resigned that October, feeling that Thatcher had undermined him.

2776: 2446: 2333: 2306: 2290:(ANC), which fought to end apartheid, as a "typical terrorist organisation" as late as 1987. 2128: 2108: 2102: 1207: 1144: 495: 449: 9737: 9318: 8798: 8544: 8302: 7524: 7379: 7288: 7260: 6843: 6642: 5968: 5940: 5873: 5845: 5704: 5410: 5171: 4213: 4182: 4090: 4059: 4031: 2405: 2363:; to halt the harassment of black dissidents; to stop the bombing of ANC guerrilla bases in 1173:

The mood reflected Mrs Thatcher's Iron Lady stance, her proclaimed intention of laying the "

604: 10776: 10760: 10744: 10388: 9451:

The Legacy of Thatcherism: Assessing and Exploring Thatcherite Social and Economic Policies

9423: 6215:"Parliament: Church authors told to take one more step and cost proposals / Inner cities", 6200:"Leading Article: Dealing With The Mismatch / Unemployment, the economy and inner-cities", 6021:

Heffernan, Richard (2005), "UK privatisation revisited: Ideas and policy change, 1979–92",

3995: 3547: 3321: 3268: 3032: 2688: 2382:, a South African anti-apartheid MP, reaffirmed her belief that economic sanctions against 2132: 1770: 1339: 1324: 966:, confronted the Prime Minister and suggested she should resign; according to her adviser, 8517:

Gibson, J. G. (September 1994), "Voter reaction to tax change: the case of the poll tax",

7406: 2143: 1086:

Before the 1979 election Thatcher was on record as supporting the all-white government of

8: 11026: 10792: 10470: 8827: 8383:

Smith, Peter (June 1995), "Failure in British Government: The Politics of the Poll Tax",

7565:

Thomas, Philip A. (1993), "The nuclear family, ideology and AIDS in the Thatcher years",

6496: 5155:

Riddell, Peter (26 April 1982), "The Falklands Crisis: Poll shows backing for Thatcher",

3876: 3656:

reported that Thatcher was made aware of child abuse allegations against Conservative MP

3571: 3543: 3518:

As prime minister, she cautiously moved closer to the European Community, tried to limit

2769: 2602: 2588: 2120: 1955: 1906: 1628: 1478: 1449: 1445: 1234: 1230: 1162: 882:

Annual UK GDP growth with the economic turnaround in the 1980s highlighted in light green

832: 586: 10042: 4920:

Matthews, Robert O. (1990), "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: prerequisites of a settlement",

3668:

In December 2023, files showed that Thatcher’s government tried to block the release of

3215:, London. More than 100,000 protesters attended and more than 400 people were arrested. 10808: 10800: 10720: 10024: 9964: 9936: 9908: 9880: 9830: 9813: 9777: 9760: 9697: 9575: 9562:

Miller, Kenneth and Mairi Steele (1993), "Employment legislation: Thatcher and after",

9551: 9527: 9483: 9475: 9411: 9368: 9224: 7712: 7612: 7582: 7543: 7337: 7329: 7246: 7197: 7163: 7053: 6621: 6572: 6076: 6008: 5582: 5280: 5229: 5113: 5022: 4937: 4903: 4883: 4866: 4652: 4567: 4533: 4499: 4137: 3981: 3951: 3078: 3050: 2976: 2879: 2735: 2282: 1868: 1726: 1664: 1506: 1417: 1182: 1061: 924: 854: 161: 9514:

Marsh, David (1991), "Privatization under Mrs. Thatcher: a review of the literature",

8123:

Jacques, Martin (18 February 1990), "Mandela release leaves Thatcher lost for words",

5995:

Marsh, David (1991), "Privatization under Mrs. Thatcher: a review of the literature",

5531: 3968:

Marsh, David (1991), "Privatization under Mrs. Thatcher: a review of the literature",

10633: 10127: 9968: 9940: 9912: 9884: 9850: 9817: 9764: 9701: 9642: 9555: 9487: 9415: 9374: 9326: 9319: 9295: 9289: 9269: 9228: 9155: 8806: 8606: 8579: 8552: 8334: 8310: 8256: 8145: 8030: 7951: 7901: 7808: 7716: 7676: 7586: 7504: 7432: 7387: 7359: 7341: 7268: 7201: 7167: 7127: 7107: 7075: 7057: 6981: 6900: 6851: 6650: 6272: 6080: 6068: 6034: 5976: 5948: 5920: 5881: 5853: 5825: 5796: 5767: 5739: 5712: 5587: 5569: 5535: 5436: 5417: 5389: 5287: 5275: 5255: 5233: 5179: 5117: 5051: 5044: 5026: 4941: 4870: 4830: 4803: 4764: 4656: 4602: 4571: 4537: 4503: 4314: 4245: 4221: 4190: 4159: 4141: 4098: 4067: 4039: 3955: 3900: 3847: 3629: 3551: 3523: 3378: 3367: 3169: 3109: 3108:

In November 1989, Thatcher was challenged for the Conservative Party's leadership by

3059: 3046: 3020: 2711: 2631: 2399: 2364: 2302: 2197: 2112: 1992: 1859:

had organised a consortium of European and British firms, including the Italian firm

1856: 1852: 1848: 1794: 1789: 1601: 1595:

Annual UK coal mining employment, 1880–2012. By 1990 employment fell by over 100,000.

1300: 1254: 1222: 994: 955: 780: 693: 248: 166: 61: 9863:

Eames, Anthony M. (2014), "Margaret Thatcher's Diplomacy and the 1982 Lebanon War",

8955:

British government admits to losing Northern Ireland documents from National Archive

8911:"Abuse inquiry: MP Peter Morrison was backed by Thatcher despite claims against him" 6576: 2811:. This legislation was eventually repealed by the Blair government between 2000 and 1912: 1721:

Thatcher's political and economic philosophy emphasised reduced state intervention,

1554:

described as "the worst treatment disaster in the history of the NHS." Thousands of

1129:, the success of the Lancaster House negotiations can be explained by four factors: 10016: 9985:

Facing Down the Soviet Union: Britain, the USA, NATO and Nuclear Weapons, 1976–1983

9956: 9928: 9900: 9872: 9805: 9752: 9689: 9571: 9543: 9523: 9503: 9467: 9438: 9403: 9348: 9257: 9216: 9186: 8885:"Margaret Thatcher's letters reveal plan to spray cocaine plants with deadly pests" 8526: 8418: 8392: 7752: 7704: 7608: 7574: 7321: 7242: 7189: 7155: 7103: 7045: 6678: 6613: 6564: 6541: 6060: 6030: 6004: 5577: 5561: 5527: 5221: 5105: 5014: 4929: 4895: 4858: 4740: 4687: 4642: 4634: 4559: 4525: 4491: 4129: 4010: 3977: 3943: 3880: 3592: 3563: 3527: 3480: 3212: 3194: 3086: 2946: 2863: 2491: 2430: 2343:, the first South African premier to come to Britain since his nation had left the 2116: 1778: 1774: 1652:

sites, with the majority of the original mines destroyed and the land redeveloped.

1420:, which had been revoked five years earlier under the preceding Labour government. 1351: 1246: 1070: 1050: 975: 9932: 7992:

Dowden, Richard (12 February 1990), "Who gets the credit for Mandela's release?",

7049: 5463:"Britain's contaminated blood scandal: 'I need them to admit they killed our son'" 5109: 4563: 3077:

Thatcher pushed President Bush to take strong military action in reversing Iraq's

2914:

In 1987–88, Chancellor Nigel Lawson had been following a policy of "shadowing the

2903: 2483: 11002: 10929: 10429: 10235: 9960: 9904: 9809: 9756: 9693: 8799: 8571: 8545: 8303: 7695:

Beder, Sharon (2001), "Neoliberal Think Tanks and Free Market Environmentalism",

7380: 7261: 7121: 6844: 6716: 6643: 6525: 5969: 5941: 5874: 5846: 5705: 5172: 5018: 4862: 4638: 4529: 4214: 4183: 4091: 4060: 4032: 3641: 3271:

announced the abolition of the tax in spring 1991 and, in 1993, replaced it with

2828: 2719: 2623: 2543: 2456: 2452: 2418: 2239: 1996: 1941: 1838: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1735: 1659: 1586: 1386: 1229:. Thatcher visited Pakistan in October 1981 meeting with Pakistan leader General 979: 963: 959: 916: 756: 752: 525: 9471: 8474:

Johnson, Adrian (26 April 2008), "Letter: 'Remembering the poll tax campaign'",

8409:

Crick, Michael; Van Klaveren, Adrian (1991), "Mrs Thatcher's greatest blunder",

6829: 6233:

Petre, Jonathan (23 May 2006), "The moment of schism for Anglicans and Tories",

5565: 4469:

Social Work and Disadvantage: Addressing the Roots of Stigma Through Association

2367:; and to comply with UN Security Council resolutions and withdraw from Namibia. 10696: 10652: 10646: 10627: 10491: 10258: 10179: 9407: 8096: 7193: 6137: 5707:

The New Politics of British Trade Unionism: Union Power and the Thatcher Legacy

5039: 4933: 4133: 3715: 3657: 3472: 3383: 3208: 3113: 2984: 2824: 2707: 2691:

site that had shed just over 1,200 jobs when it closed in 1982. The comparable

2619: 2610: 2539: 2360: 2355:

rallied European Socialists in an unsuccessful attempt to stop it. In talks at

2352: 2317: 2265: 2231: 2189: 1979: 1872: 1676: 1658:

The 51-week miners' strike of 1984–85 was followed a year later by the 54-week

1366: 1335: 1296: 1280: 1005: 971: 935: 791: 381: 299: 10001:

Diplomacy and Disillusion at the Court of Margaret Thatcher: An Insider's View

9717:

The Human Factor: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Thatcher, and the End of the Cold War

9666:

Diplomacy and disillusion at the court of Margaret Thatcher: an insider's view

9547: 9507: 9197:

Jessop, Bob (2015), "Margaret Thatcher and Thatcherism: Dead but not buried",

8530: 8422: 7094:

Spence, James (2012), "A high price to pay? Britain and the European budget",

6733: 6682: 4062:

The Human Factor: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Thatcher, and the End of the Cold War

3607:

Papers released in December 2014 show that Thatcher completely disapproved of

1497:

The Labour Party at this time had split, and there was a new challenge in the

1217:(and the SAS) to undertake 'disruptive action' in Afghanistan. Supporting the 11036: 10640: 10475: 10334: 10190: 9876: 9636: 6568: 6315:

Thomas, Jo (2 August 1984), "Thatcher vs. 'Red Ken': winner to take London",

5771: 5573: 5539: 4991:

Apple, R. W. (1 May 1983), "Toughness Is Reason for Thatcher's High Rating",

4623:"'Right to Buy': The Development of a Conservative Housing Policy, 1945–1980" 4216:

Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, Volume Two: Everything She Wants

4027: 3637: 3504: 3351: 2988: 2931: 2875: 2723: 2503: 2460: 2321: 2298: 2175: 2090: 1951: 1807: 1743: 1433: 1266: 1194: 1122:

states, "She had been instrumental in creating another Third World country."

1103: 1091: 998: 970:, "Margaret just told them to go away". Thatcher's key ally in the party was 943: 920: 862: 772: 768: 748: 576: 444: 8215:

Dowden, Richard (19 June 1990), "Mandela in sanctions talks with Thatcher",

7159: 4495: 4482:

Wilks, Stephen (1997), "Conservative Governments and the Economy, 1979–97",

1346:

back to its home harbours. However, it had to deal with a nearby land-based

10990: 10978: 10914: 10225: 10205: 9442: 9352: 7835:

Hughes, David; Godwin, Peter (2 October 1988), "Thatcher hint on Mandela",

6072: 6064: 5731: 5679: 5591: 4117: 4014: 3934:

Campbell, Beatrix (2015), "Margaret Thatcher: To be or not to be a woman",

3908: 3669: 3617: 3612: 3555: 3484: 3461: 3230: 3211:. The most serious of these happened on 31 March 1990, during a protest at 3174: 3154: 3007: 2992: 2668: 2660: 2627: 2598: 2426: 2410: 2395: 2391: 2379: 2148: 2086: 2039: 1876: 1844: 1829:. The defeat was immediately overshadowed by the US intervention in Libya. 1799: 1751: 1730: 1453: 1362: 1095: 1054: 1017: 912: 760: 701: 233: 92: 9773:

Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan: A Very Political Special Relationship

9593:

Conservative Economic Policymaking and the Birth of Thatcherism, 1964–1979

7411:, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, § "1987–1990: Prime Minister – Third Term" 4745: 3503:

Thatcher developed a productive and active relationship with US president

3355: 2081:

during the Conservative Party Conference when the hotel was bombed by the

1424:, the first of the strikers, was elected as an MP for the constituency of 790:

In her first years she had a deeply divided cabinet. As the leader of the

10899: 10230: 10220: 9846:

MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service

9177:

Dorey, Peter (2015), "The Legacy of Thatcherism – Public Sector Reform",

8934: 8298: 5225: 5046:

MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service

4692: 3896: 3812:

Thatcher promised adequate police but otherwise was little involved. See

3757: 3710: 3316:

Thatcher's political "assassination" was, according to witnesses such as

3272: 3203: 3158: 2915: 2715: 2548: 2422: 2340: 2035: 2017: 1722: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1421: 1405: 1292: 1174: 1038: 764: 739:

In domestic policy, Thatcher implemented sweeping reforms concerning the

349: 10997: 9494:

Gibbon, Peter (1988), "Analysing the British miners' strike of 1984–5",

9479: 9339:

Tinwell, Angela (2013), "The impact of Thatcherism in popular culture",

8937:

National Archives: Thatcher was desperate to stop Spycatcher publication

8396: 6625: 5822:

Thatcher's Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the Thatcher Era

3857: 10936: 10827: 10317: 10028: 9599: 9394:

Backhouse, Roger E. (2002), "The Macroeconomics of Margaret Thatcher",

9220: 7578: 7333: 4907: 4822: 3947: 3904: 3843: 3673: 3438: 3377:

Neil Kinnock proposed a motion of no confidence in the Government, and

3317: 3082: 3071: 3063: 2804: 2794: 2639: 2005: 1991:

The GLC was the biggest council in Europe; under the leadership of the

1969: 1959: 1747: 1717:

List of privatizations by country § United Kingdom §§ 1980s_5

1226: 908: 811: 10007:

Wallace, William (1992), "British foreign policy after the Cold War",

7708: 3165:

potential massive losses for marginal Conservative-voting households.

2305:

requested daily summaries of the case from the prosecuting authority,

2184: 1591: 9600:

Wilsher, Peter; Donald Macintyre; and Michael CE Jones, eds. (1985),

9261: 9190: 9022: 8305:

Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush

6959:

Ashford, Nicholas (9 September 1985), "Why we should talk to Tambo",

6617: 4390: 3539: 3416: 3193:

The unpopularity of the poll tax culminated in riots—most notably in

2832: 2746: 2696: 2538:

Thatcher, like many Britons, had long been fascinated by the idea of

2473: 2329: 2310: 1945: 1935: 1704: 1649: 1441: 1382: 1370: 1178: 1087: 1034: 1016:

balance of payments in manufactured goods was in deficit. Chancellor

520: 10973: 10096: 10020: 9584:

Confidence regained: economics, Mrs. Thatcher, and the British voter

7325: 6754:

Holman, Michael (5 May 1984), "S. African Premier to visit London",

5790: 4899: 3850:

negotiated at the end of 1991, and Britain would remain outside the

3248:

Labour continued to benefit from the situation as their lead in the

2226: 1319: 712:

since 1975, and won landslide re-elections for the Conservatives in

215: 10503: 10265: 10046: 7544:"An economist explains why healthcare can't be treated as a market" 7463:, vol. 130, House of Commons, 29 March 1988, col. 885–901 7356:

Britpop!: Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock

6734:"Around the World; 17 Are Freed in Angola, 80 Days After Abduction" 6638: 3851: 3685: 3310:(announces decision not to contest second ballot), 22 November 1990 3036: 2757: 2622:(1812–1827), and the first to win three successive elections since 2383: 2356: 2179: 2171: 1973: 1729:. Since gaining power, she had experimented in selling off a small 1186: 983: 967: 776: 767:. In foreign policy, Thatcher decisively defeated Argentina in the 5917:

Margaret Thatcher: At Her Zenith: In London, Washington and Moscow

5791:

Wilsher, Peter; Donald Macintyre; and Michael Jones, eds. (1985),

5760:"Thatcher had secret plan to use army at height of miners' strike" 2687:

saw 6,000 retail jobs created between 1984 and 1989 on the former

8105: 7459: 6846:

Supping with the Devils: Political Writing from Thatcher to Blair

6669:

Payne, Anthony (1984), "The Grenada crisis in British politics",

6512:

Irish Government website, Department of Foreign Affairs section,

5198:

Pakenham, Thomas (11 July 1982), "Behind the Falklands Victory",

4426:

Tweedie, Neil (10 January 2009), "Taking on a nation in crisis",

3633: 3558:, becoming Vanuatu in 1980. It also oversaw the independence of 3142:"The Tory Crisis: 'Concerned Hysteria' as Poll Tax Uproar Grow", 3011:

organisation", her disapproval reinforced by her anti-socialism.

2957:

Thatcher continued to be the leading international advocate of a

2656: 1680: 8250:

Thatcher, Mandela Agree to Disagree on Sanctions, Armed Struggle

7928:"Prime Minister Attaches New Conditions to South Africa Talks", 7650:

Speech opening Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research

6479:(memoirs extract), Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 12 October 1984 3550:. During her tenure, her government oversaw the independence of 2328:

guerrilla movement was financed and supported militarily by the

982:

and support allowed her to resist the internal threat from the "

27:

Period of the Government of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990

10985: 7382:

Bring the Noise: 20 Years of Writing About Hip Rock and Hip Hop

3846:

would eventually secure a British opt-out from the euro at the

3575: 3567: 3202:

An indication of the unpopularity of the policy was given by a

2871: 2372: 2230:

Thatcher allowed American aircraft (pictured) to take off from

1860: 1381:

In May 1980, one day before Thatcher was due to meet the Irish

1225:, they also supplied weapons, training and intelligence to the 724:. While serving as prime minister, Thatcher also served as the 9826:

The end of Hong Kong: The secret diplomacy of imperial retreat

9245: 7072:

The End of Hong Kong: The Secret Diplomacy of Imperial Retreat

6975:

Commonwealth Reaches Accord On Limited South African Sanctions

779:. However, she also promoted collaboration with Soviet leader 4761:

Urban Planning Under Thatcherism: The Challenge of the Market

2325: 1983: 1784:

In December 1985 Thatcher was criticised from another former

1739: 1697:

Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union

1149: 700:

began on 4 May 1979 when she accepted an invitation of Queen

7214:

Holliday, Ian (1992), "The politics of the Channel Tunnel",

3282: 2926:

which Thatcher had vetoed in 1985); in an interview for the

1448:

of Northern Ireland should be at the forefront in combating

8801:

Thatcher's Diplomacy: The Revival of British Foreign Policy

8576:

The Reordering of British Politics: Politics After Thatcher

3608: 3544:

collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe during 1989

3391: 3153:

sought to relieve what she considered the unfair burden of

2888: 2878:

in which she outlined her opposition to proposals from the

2722:, which had been nationalised in 1975 by the government of 2601:, who was weakened by his party's commitment to unilateral 2234:

in April 1986 to participate in an airstrike against Libya.

2031: 1785: 987: 8845:

Independence of the New Hebrides 'Coconut War' with France

5655:"Contaminated blood 'cover-up' revealed in Cabinet papers" 4707:"The right to buy: the housing crisis that Thatcher built" 4601:(illustrated ed.), Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 1802:

on the Government's financial stringency and called for a

1193:

Commenting on the SAS's action, social services secretary

9370:

Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher: A Political Marriage

5282:

Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher: A Political Marriage

4957:

Newsinger, John (1 December 1998), "Who dares ...",

3628:

In July 1989, Thatcher called for research on the use of

2563: 2034:

inflation ranking from fifteenth in 1979 to tenth in the

1576: 1214: 8860:"Thatcher introduced GCSEs to spite the teaching unions" 4380: 3026: 2451:

Hong Kong was ceded to the British Empire following the

1350:, using primarily surface-to-air heat-seeking missiles, 1208:

Soviet Union troops entered Afghanistan in December 1979

9237:

Thatcherism and British politics: the end of consensus?

8600:

Thatcher Warns of "Dark Forces" on Rise in Soviet Union

8283:"Mandela and Thatcher establish cordial relationship", 2286:

Howe, one of her closest allies, Thatcher regarded the

10196:

Vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry (1979)

7795: 7793: 7791: 7775: 7773: 7771: 6711: 6358:

reviews Margaret Thatcher's Years as Prime Minister",

3871:

83% disapproved of the Government's management of the

2952: 2592:

Composition of the House of Commons after the election

2316:

In April 1984, Thatcher sent senior British diplomat,

2107:

On 15 November 1985, Thatcher signed the Hillsborough

2049: 1520: 1482:

Composition of the House of Commons after the election

1283:

that Britain had always ruled but which Argentina had

10962: 9307: 3487:

did she ever win a majority of the popular vote. The

2455:

and in 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease on the

1271:

On 2 April 1982, the ruling Argentine military junta

9974: 8693:

Unemployment statistics from 1881 to the present day

6604:

Davis, Lynn E. (1988), "Lessons of the INF Treaty",

6499:

Anglo Irish Agreement, United Kingdom-Ireland (1985)

3168:

The poll tax was introduced in Scotland in 1989 and

1855:

Corporation of the United States. Defence secretary

1452:. This meant relieving the burden on the mainstream 1213:

Thatcher gave the go ahead for Whitehall to approve

821: 7788: 7768: 7252: 6944:"New 'hope' after talking to Thatcher, says Tutu", 6719:(9 December 1988), "Commons test for SA arms row", 5487:"Infected blood scandal 'worst tragedy to hit NHS'" 3342:

reviews Margaret Thatcher's Years as Prime Minister

2889:

a single currency would replace national currencies

2782:

National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990

2281:Thatcher resisted international pressure to impose 1436:" policy of the previous Labour government and its 1253:, in close co-operation with the United States and 997:in West London in April 1981, employment secretary 853:Thatcher, having to share the media spotlight with 51:

social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

9561: 9288:Savage, Stephen P. and L. J. Robins, eds. (1990), 9287: 9281:Politics in Britain: From Labourism to Thatcherism 8909: 8685: 8683: 8109:, vol. 122, House of Commons, col. 701, 7427: 7425: 7123:France and Britain, 1940–1994: The Long Separation 6805:"Apartheid 'Unacceptable,' Thatcher Tells Botha", 5938: 5631:"Owen demands inquiry into infected blood scandal" 5409: 5279: 5043: 2196:(CND). A critical factor was Thatcher's idea that 10056:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 9246:"Thatcher and Thatcherism. Do They Still Matter?" 8957:, article by James Wilson dated December 27, 2017 8578:(illustrated ed.), Oxford University Press, 8408: 7734:, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 20 September 1988 7630:, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 27 September 1988 6140:(31 July 2008), "Dishonoured; My Week; Opinion", 4599:Margaret Thatcher: From Grantham to the Falklands 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4242:Margaret Thatcher: Grocer's Daughter to Iron Lady 2837:Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research 11034: 10175:Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960) 10052:Margaret Thatcher and the Privatization Movement 9448: 8328: 7944:Thatcher in talks with South African Campaigners 7757:, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 20 November 1987 7498: 4952: 4950: 4669:Farrall, Stephen; et al. (September 2015), 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 3636:producers in Peru, in the context of the feared 3399:, at the age of 66 years and 33 years as an MP. 2650: 2192:at British bases, arousing mass protests by the 1546:Contaminated blood scandal in the United Kingdom 9707:Bennett, Harry. "Lord Carrington, 1979–82." in 8680: 8139:Thatcher Still Seeks Mandela Talks Despite Snub 7849:"Mandela release supported by Prime Minister", 7422: 6819: 5932: 5736:The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical 5552:Coombes, Rebecca (28 April 2007), "Bad blood", 5377: 5375: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4363:, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 10 October 1980 4097:(reprint, revised ed.), Psychology Press, 2807:" was added as an amendment to what became the 1851:, a vital defence contractor, to link with the 1044: 775:to actively oppose Soviet communism during the 771:in 1982. In longer-range terms she worked with 8690:Denman, James; McDonald, Paul (January 1996), 8689: 8185: 8095: 7895:Thatcher tells de Klerk to free Nelson Mandela 7258: 7074:(illustrated, reprint ed.), John Murray, 4976:"100 TV moments – Keep them coming ...", 3177:, was jailed for 60 days for refusing to pay. 2866:. (Thatcher stands in front, sixth from left.) 2378:In July 1985, Thatcher, citing the support of 1138: 10112: 9673: 9629:Dancing with dogma: Britain under Thatcherism 9449:Farrall, Stephen and Colin Hay, eds. (2014), 9271:Reagan, Thatcher, and the politics of decline 8564: 8023:Mandela says British sanctions decision wrong 7371: 7311: 7063: 6850:(reprint, revised ed.), Atlantic Books, 6354:"To the victor these spoils – 5960: 4947: 4434: 4257: 4244:(abridged, revised ed.), Vintage Books, 3586: 2959:policy of contact with apartheid South Africa 2339:In June 1984, Thatcher received a visit from 1539: 1531:The second term saw Thatcher in full charge. 745:privatisation of most nationalised industries 674: 9308:Seldon, Anthony and Daniel Collings (2014), 8291: 8056: 7834: 6528:Anglo-Irish Agreement - Chronology of Events 6526:University of Ulster website, CAIN section, 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5711:, Macmillan International Higher Education, 5372: 5163: 4776: 4752: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4240:Campbell, John (2009), David Freeman (ed.), 4233: 4171: 3530:, she escalated her attacks when it invaded 3097: 2276: 295:Secretary of State for Education and Science 10610:Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World 9010:Learn how and when to remove these messages 8907: 8536: 8490:"Violence flares in poll tax demonstration" 8433: 8431: 8243: 8241: 8171: 7673:Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World 7653:, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 25 May 1990 6925: 6923: 6887: 6885: 6631: 6251:Regan, Paul (1988), "The 1986 Shops Bill", 5865: 5460: 5250:, Cambridge University Press, online review 4827:One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher 4411:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4313:(illustrated, revised ed.), E. Elgar, 4185:Margaret Thatcher Volume Two: The Iron Lady 4084: 4082: 3654:Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse 3289:1990 Conservative Party leadership election 3104:1989 Conservative Party leadership election 2011: 10119: 10105: 9590: 9431:Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 9396:Journal of the History of Economic Thought 9150:(7th ed.), pp. 213–271; textbook 8512: 8510: 7126:(reprint ed.), Taylor & Francis, 6835: 6749: 6747: 5837: 4147: 4003:Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 3494: 2147:Thatcher at the home of Israeli president 1764: 1699:(EETPU). Most journalists (members of the 1501:, formed by an electoral pact between the 934:Political commentators harked back to the 681: 667: 60: 9979:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 127–143 9837:Private Secretaries to the Prime Minister 9654: 9602:Strike: Thatcher, Scargill and the miners 9393: 9210: 9126:Learn how and when to remove this message 9108:Learn how and when to remove this message 8857: 8792: 8790: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8331:The Political Legacy of Margaret Thatcher 7541: 7499:Le Grand, Julian; Bartlett, Will (1993). 7113: 6310: 6308: 6020: 5966: 5947:(illustrated ed.), Spokesman Books, 5893: 5808: 5793:Strike: Thatcher, Scargill and the Miners 5696: 5581: 5326:"1981: IRA Maze hunger strikes at an end" 4956: 4815: 4744: 4730: 4691: 4648:1983/fc4cfac3-c403-4252-80cc-f0e6a1de9922 4646: 4577: 4549: 4515: 4447: 4308: 4202: 4038:(fourth ed.), Taylor & Francis, 3706:List of ministers under Margaret Thatcher 3283:1990 leadership challenge and resignation 2425:leaders, including Indian prime minister 2253: 1810:called for renewed co-operation in 1998. 1291:. Thatcher listened primarily to Admiral 1201: 289:Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 9823: 9795: 9742: 9366: 9316: 9243: 9234: 8823: 8821: 8661:"General Election Results, 11 June 1987" 8570: 8428: 8238: 7802:Thatcher isolated on S. Africa sanctions 7670: 7377: 7259:Butler, David; Kavanagh, Dennis (1988), 7213: 7069: 6920: 6894:Thatcher Defends Botha, Opposition Jeers 6882: 6800: 6798: 6637: 6539: 6330:"1986: Greater London Council abolished" 6246: 6244: 6228: 6226: 5876:Bang!: A History of Britain in the 1980s 5513:"Tainted blood: four decades of scandal" 5510: 5381: 5274: 5197: 5169: 5069: 4919: 4797: 4758: 4332: 4239: 4177: 4079: 4051: 4020: 3933: 3830: 3813: 3800: 3787: 3744: 3498: 3402: 3040: 2967: 2857: 2587: 2577: 2477: 2404: 2271:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 2225: 2210:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 2142: 2096: 2064: 1911: 1693:Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers 1590: 1550:Thatcher was prime minister during what 1477: 1467: 1318: 1148: 1126: 899: 877: 831: 572:1990 leadership election and resignation 10006: 9993:Britain's international role, 1970–1991 9946: 9626: 9581: 9387: 9361:Rejoice, Rejoice!: Britain in the 1980s 9338: 9267: 9148:Britain since 1945: A Political History 9139: 8948: 8946: 8634:"General Election Results, 9 June 1983" 8507: 8473: 8456: 8437: 8297: 8247: 8122: 8072:"Quotation of the Day (Published 1990)" 7799: 7598: 7179: 7145: 6972: 6958: 6929: 6891: 6744: 6693: 6691: 6588: 5871: 5551: 5154: 4668: 4425: 4360:Speech to Conservative Party Conference 4153: 4116: 3761: 3581: 2995:before all-group talks could continue. 2853: 2801:decriminalisation of male homosexuality 2699:, Tyne and Wear, around the same time. 2387:military measures were more effective. 1817:. The bill, which would have legalised 1583:1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike 1438:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 14: 11058:History of the Conservative Party (UK) 11035: 9990: 9918: 9842: 9782: 9770: 9725:Observatoire de la société britannique 9709:British Foreign Secretaries Since 1974 9679: 9657:British Foreign Secretaries since 1974 9634: 9493: 9457: 9358: 9250:Observatoire de la Société Britannique 9196: 9179:Observatoire de la Société Britannique 9168: 9145: 8882: 8787: 8542: 8516: 8371: 8229: 8214: 8136: 7991: 7977: 7892: 7878: 7779: 7564: 7353: 7286: 7232: 7093: 7007: 6767: 6765: 6753: 6314: 6305: 6136: 5848:Britain Since 1945: The People's Peace 5843: 5757: 5730: 5628: 5408:Butler, David E.; et al. (1985), 5407: 5248:The Falklands War: An Imperial History 5245: 5211: 5123: 5095: 5038: 4882: 4620: 4156:The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II 3929: 3927: 3236:Politics and Economics of the Poll Tax 2763: 2564:Third term (June 1987 – November 1990) 2436: 2215: 1689:Society of Graphical and Allied Trades 1616: 1577:Strikes; miners and newspaper printers 1412:, its previous official name) went on 1260: 84:4 May 1979 – 28 November 1990 10126: 10100: 9890: 9862: 9733:British foreign policy under Thatcher 9714: 9663: 9533: 9513: 9421: 9321:Post-war Britain: A Political History 9176: 8858:Sanderson, David (30 December 2014), 8818: 8796: 8382: 8354:"Thatcher beats off leadership rival" 8006: 7694: 7021: 6841: 6795: 6668: 6603: 6554: 6533: 6387: 6250: 6241: 6232: 6223: 5994: 5914: 5819: 5702: 5305: 5004: 4990: 4886:(1980), "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe", 4848: 4821: 4596: 4481: 4466: 4208: 4088: 4057: 4026: 3993: 3967: 3893:Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington 3817: 3783: 3679: 3623: 3441:, Washington: C-SPAN, 5 December 1993 3304:Resignation: MT resignation statement 3066:in France, she was nervous about the 3027:German reunification and the Gulf War 2464:July 1997, for at least fifty years. 1916:Map showing councils involved in the 1119: 806:. As her support ebbed away, she was 722:1990 Conservative leadership election 10140:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 9730: 9278: 9064: 9016: 8975: 8943: 8597: 7542:McCartney, Margaret (10 July 2017). 7263:The British General Election of 1987 7119: 7035: 6973:Johnson, Maureen (20 October 1985), 6892:Johnson, Maureen (29 October 1985), 6688: 6540:Thatcher, Margaret (30 March 1987). 6046: 5919:, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 5412:The British General Election of 1983 3366:Thatcher's former cabinet colleague 2848: 2706:and Minister of Trade and Industry, 2704:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 2645: 2584:1987 United Kingdom general election 2482:Thatcher with Danish Prime Minister 2409:Thatcher with Indian prime minister 1847:allowed the helicopter manufacturer 1758: 1474:1983 United Kingdom general election 1316:to take back control in three days. 1076: 698:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 334:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 10308:"The lady's not for turning" (1980) 9839:(Routledge, 2017) pp. 166–186. 9711:(Routledge, 2004) pp. 131–154. 9341:Journal of European Popular Culture 9274:, New York: Oxford University Press 9171:Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan 8101:"The Commonwealth and South Africa" 7800:Gregson, Peter (12 February 1990), 6872:Textline Multiple Source Collection 6762: 6697: 6649:(7th ed.), SAGE Publications, 6542:"Speech at Soviet Official Banquet" 6476:Northern Ireland: The Brighton Bomb 6322: 6299:Textline Multiple Source Collection 5939:Lang, John; Graham Dodkins (2011), 5461:Hattenstone, Simon (3 March 2018), 4763:(illustrated ed.), Routledge, 4122:European Journal of Women's Studies 3924: 3688:; this idea was quickly dismissed. 3578:as a protected state in 1984. 3092: 2953:South Africa and release of Mandela 2509:member states of the European Union 2398:, an exiled leader of the outlawed 2222:1986 United States bombing of Libya 2054: 2050:Ireland and Northern Ireland issues 1882: 1534: 1521:Second term (June 1983 – June 1987) 1408:(also known in Northern Ireland as 1376: 1027: 974:, and later Deputy Prime Minister, 873: 848: 24: 11053:20th century in the United Kingdom 9576:10.1111/j.1468-2338.1993.tb00675.x 9528:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00915.x 9317:Sked, Alan and Chris Cook (1993), 8965: 8908:O'Neill, Sean (26 February 2020), 8883:Wardle, Sally (30 December 2016), 7613:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1987.tb00662.x 7290:"Election coverage, British style" 7247:10.1111/j.1571-9979.1990.tb00555.x 6009:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00915.x 5824:(reprint ed.), Pocket books, 4189:(reprint ed.), Random House, 3982:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00915.x 3511:on the telephone with her in 1987) 3464:, Washington: C-SPAN, 25 June 1995 3384:the Honourable Member for Bolsover 2467: 2174:, Thatcher supported US president 2138: 2125:Social Democratic and Labour Party 1832: 1562:, or both, via the clotting-agent 1022:Select Committee on Overseas Trade 763:, and promulgated by the media as 744: 25: 11074: 10036: 8991:This section has multiple issues. 8972:Bibliography of Margaret Thatcher 8939:, article dated December 29, 2023 8309:, Random House Publishing Group, 8287:, London, p. 22, 5 July 1990 8248:Lederer, Edith M. (4 July 1990), 7443:from the original on 8 March 2008 6410:, 23 January 2009, archived from 6113:"Thatcher snubbed by Oxford dons" 5975:(illustrated ed.), Avebury, 4733:Twentieth Century British History 3663: 3647: 2514: 2494:Summit in Athens, 4 December 1983 2260:United States invasion of Grenada 2083:Provisional Irish Republican Army 1683:. The principal print unions—the 1398:Provisional Irish Republican Army 1081: 822:First term (May 1979 – June 1983) 11063:Premiership of Margaret Thatcher 11020: 11008: 10996: 10984: 10972: 10946: 10945: 10700:(1984–1996 & 2020 TV series) 10466:Broadcasting restrictions (1988) 10204: 10148:Leader of the Conservative Party 9294:, New York: St. Martin's Press, 9069: 9021: 8980: 8928: 8901: 8876: 8851: 8836: 8764: 8739: 8714: 8653: 8626: 8591: 8482: 8467: 8450: 8402: 8346: 8322: 8276: 8223: 8208: 8193: 8179: 8165: 8137:Forbes, Donald (17 April 1990), 8130: 8116: 8089: 8064: 8050: 8015: 8000: 7985: 7971: 7936: 7921: 7886: 7872: 7857: 7842: 7828: 7745: 7722: 7688: 7664: 7641: 7618: 7592: 7558: 7535: 7517: 7492: 7467: 7447: 7399: 7347: 7305: 7280: 7226: 7207: 7173: 7139: 7108:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01130.x 7087: 7029: 7015: 7001: 6966: 6952: 6937: 6863: 6813: 6780: 6726: 6705: 6662: 6597: 6582: 6548: 6519: 6505: 6490: 6467: 6426:"1987: Thatcher's third victory" 6170:"Oxford University's decision", 6035:10.1111/j.1467-923X.2005.00678.x 5629:Meikle, James (19 August 2002), 5357:, 3 October 1981, archived from 5072:"Secret Affairs, By Mark Curtis" 4851:South African Historical Journal 3886: 3865: 3836: 3823: 3782:For Thatcher's perspective, see 3526:to China. Having long denounced 3447: 3424: 3182: 2507:political controversy among the 2194:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 1710: 1404:prisoners in Northern Ireland's 1241:met Thatcher in Downing Street. 734:Leader of the Conservative Party 654: 648: 641: 232: 196: 79:Premiership of Margaret Thatcher 10351:"White flags over Port Stanley" 9325:(4th ed.), Penguin Books, 8999:or discuss these issues on the 8106:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 7731:Speech to the College of Europe 7525:"Turning the NHS into a market" 7501:Quasi-markets and Social Policy 7460:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 7358:(1st ed.), Da Capo Press, 6544:. Margaret Thatcher Foundation. 6443: 6418: 6396: 6381: 6366: 6347: 6290: 6265: 6208: 6193: 6178: 6163: 6148: 6130: 6105: 6086: 6040: 6014: 5988: 5784: 5758:Travis, Alan (3 January 2014), 5751: 5724: 5672: 5647: 5622: 5597: 5545: 5504: 5479: 5454: 5429: 5401: 5351:"Maze hunger strike called off" 5343: 5318: 5299: 5268: 5239: 5205: 5191: 5148: 5089: 5063: 5032: 4998: 4984: 4969: 4913: 4876: 4842: 4724: 4699: 4662: 4614: 4543: 4509: 4475: 4460: 4419: 4374: 4351: 4326: 4158:(1st ed.), HarperCollins, 3806: 3793: 3776: 3767: 3750: 3574:in 1983 and the termination of 3534:. However, Thatcher would seek 3520:disinvestment from South Africa 3209:culminated in a number of riots 2905:Speech to the College of Europe 1642:Union of Democratic Mineworkers 1309:United Nations Security Council 1134:mediator brought to the table. 1108:Zimbabwe African National Union 1100:Zimbabwe African People's Union 949: 328:1979 VoNC in Callaghan ministry 9655:Theakston, Kevin, ed. (2004), 9609: 9460:Work, Employment & Society 9244:——— (2015), 8843:Royal Marine History website, 8747:"Inflation Great Britain 1979" 8722:"Inflation Great Britain 1990" 8701:Government Statistical Service 7893:Elgood, Giles (23 June 1989), 6362:, p. 19, 24 November 1990 5967:Littleton, Suellen M. (1992), 5070:Sengupta, Kim (30 July 2010), 4802:, vol. 2, Jonathan Cape, 4679:British Journal of Criminology 4383:"Statement on Economic Policy" 4110: 3987: 3961: 3737: 3344:, 24 November 1990, p. 19 2943:Leader of the House of Commons 2818: 2760:model from the United States. 2443:Sino-British Joint Declaration 2394:, whom she met in London, and 1685:National Graphical Association 1456:and elevating the role of the 1402:Irish National Liberation Army 730:Minister for the Civil Service 389:Articles by ministry and term: 13: 1: 9933:10.1080/13619462.2015.1061940 9092:and help improve the section. 7754:Interview for Financial Times 7455:"Rover Group (Privatisation)" 7050:10.1080/14682745.2015.1094058 6451:"Unemployment in the UK 2012" 6189:, p. 28, 4 February 1985 6174:, p. 10, 3 February 1985 6159:, p. 5, 10 February 1985 6101:, p. 10, 3 February 1985 5943:Bad News: The Wapping Dispute 5532:10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30083-2 5511:Mitchell, Fiona (June 2017), 5110:10.1080/13619462.2015.1061940 4564:10.1080/01402390.2016.1220365 3917: 3691: 3554:, becoming Zimbabwe. and the 3338:To the victor these spoils – 2788: 2651:Economics and welfare reforms 2531:France and Britain, 1940–1994 2429:and Malaysian prime minister 1701:National Union of Journalists 1634:National Union of Mineworkers 1432:Thatcher also continued the " 958:, and two cabinet ministers, 808:challenged for her leadership 205:Coat of arms of HM Government 10859:Palace of Westminster (2007) 10660:We have become a grandmother 10471:"Sermon on the Mound" (1988) 10047:Margaret Thatcher Foundation 9961:10.1080/09592296.2010.529356 9921:Contemporary British History 9905:10.1080/14682745.2012.721355 9810:10.1080/14682745.2012.727799 9757:10.1080/09592296.2013.848714 9694:10.1080/09592296.2011.625822 9564:Industrial Relations Journal 9291:Public policy under Thatcher 8547:British Government in Crisis 8543:Foster, Christopher (2005), 8411:Contemporary British History 7479:Socialist Health Association 7433:"Thatcher years in graphics" 6948:, p. 24, 4 October 1985 6772:"Arguments in the Commons", 6204:, p. 8, 7 December 1985 5554:BMJ: British Medical Journal 5098:Contemporary British History 5019:10.1080/14682745.2012.721355 4863:10.1080/02582473.2013.846935 4639:10.1080/13619462.2013.824660 4627:Contemporary British History 4552:Journal of Strategic Studies 4530:10.1080/13619462.2014.974566 4518:Contemporary British History 3460:(Interview), interviewed by 3437:(Interview), interviewed by 2417:At a Commonwealth summit in 2127:(SDLP). However, unlike the 2022:Big Bang (financial markets) 1273:invaded the Falkland Islands 1045:Housing and urban enterprise 410:"The lady's not for turning" 7: 10418:Local Government Act (1985) 9991:Turner, Michael J. (2010), 9623:132#556 (2017), pp 638–658. 9591:Williamson, Adrian (2016), 9472:10.1177/0950017087001003007 9367:Wapshott, Nicholas (2007), 8847:, article dated July 9 2021 8360:, BBC News, 5 December 1989 7853:, p. 14, 17 March 1989 7671:Thatcher, Margaret (2003), 7627:Speech to the Royal Society 6557:Journal of Cold War Studies 6514:Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985 6501:, article by Martin Melaugh 6119:, BBC News, 29 January 1985 5844:Morgan, Kenneth O. (2001), 5684:infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk 5566:10.1136/bmj.39195.621528.59 5382:Thatcher, Margaret (1993), 3879:, and 64% were against the 3855: 3726:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 3699: 3119: 3045:Thatcher with US President 3006:However, foreign secretary 2885:Economic and Monetary Union 2500:European Economic Community 2155: 2028:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1219:Central Intelligence Agency 1139:Iranian Embassy siege, 1980 816:Chancellor of the Exchequer 800:European Economic Community 743:, eventually including the 10: 11079: 10515:Resignation Honours (1990) 10487:Community Charge (1989–90) 10325:Irish hunger strike (1981) 9949:Diplomacy & Statecraft 9745:Diplomacy & Statecraft 9727:20 (2018): 135–157 online. 9682:Diplomacy & Statecraft 9674:Foreign and defence policy 9408:10.1080/104277102200004767 9160:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 8969: 8598:Wolf, Jim (8 March 1991), 8200:"De Klerk visits London", 7295:Columbia Journalism Review 7194:10.1177/026569149602600304 7182:European History Quarterly 6377:, p. 30, 21 July 1985 5332:, BBC News, 3 October 1981 5260:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 5214:Journal of British Studies 4934:10.1177/002070209004500205 4134:10.1177/135050689500200405 3587:From the National Archives 3286: 3240:London School of Economics 3146:, p. 18, 4 March 1990 3123: 3101: 3070:, repeating the quip from 3030: 2835:. In 1990, she opened the 2799:Though an early backer of 2792: 2767: 2681:Merry Hill Shopping Centre 2581: 2567: 2471: 2440: 2349:Leader of the Labour Party 2257: 2219: 2159: 2100: 2089:, and Conservative MP Sir 2058: 2015: 1886: 1836: 1714: 1580: 1543: 1540:Contaminated blood scandal 1524: 1471: 1426:Fermanagh and South Tyrone 1305:Chief of the Defence Staff 1264: 1142: 1048: 940:The lady's not for turning 931:just over a year earlier. 915:over taxes on income, and 825: 726:First Lord of the Treasury 44: 29: 10923: 10892: 10872: 10846: 10819: 10753:The Long Walk to Finchley 10729:Jeffrey Archer: The Truth 10678: 10669: 10620: 10583: 10555: 10527: 10449: 10366: 10286: 10244: 10213: 10202: 10167: 10134: 10085: 10078: 10070: 10063: 9824:Cottrell, Robert (1993), 9731:Byrd, Peter, ed. (1988), 9664:Urban, George R. (1996), 9641:, Boston: Little, Brown, 9621:English Historical Review 9548:10.1017/S0143814X00005341 9508:10.1080/03085148800000008 9235:Kavanagh, Dennis (1990), 8551:, Bloomsbury Publishing, 8531:10.1080/00036849400000049 8496:, BBC News, 31 March 1990 8460:The Independent on Sunday 8423:10.1080/13619469108581185 7932:, p. 10, 5 July 1989 7546:. British Medical Journal 7475:"Griffiths Report on NHS" 7267:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 7070:Cottrell, Robert (1993), 6683:10.1080/00358538408453664 6336:, BBC News, 31 March 1986 5437:"SDP: Breaking the mould" 5246:Mercau, Ezequiel (2019), 5170:Anderson, Duncan (2014), 4335:"UK inflation since 1948" 4309:Middleton, Roger (1996), 3542:; she later welcomed the 3446: 3423: 3414: 3409: 3144:The Independent on Sunday 3098:1989 leadership challenge 2809:Local Government Act 1988 2740:total factor productivity 2738:-12 average. Measured by 2324:. At the time, Savimbi's 2288:African National Congress 2277:Apartheid in South Africa 1897:Local Government Act 1985 1675:and others, all owned by 1462:Royal Ulster Constabulary 1112:Lancaster House Agreement 1073:, Salford and Gateshead. 759:, promoted by her mentor 305:Withdrawal of school milk 212: 192: 172: 160: 134: 124: 98: 88: 75: 71: 59: 10713:Thatcher: The Final Days 10594:The Downing Street Years 10402:Miners' strike (1984–85) 9877:10.1215/10474552-2830847 9843:Dorril, Stephen (2002), 9635:Harris, Kenneth (1988), 9582:Norpoth, Helmut (1992), 9536:Journal of Public Policy 8773:Past Foreign Secretaries 7378:Reynolds, Simon (2011), 7120:Bell, P. M. H. (2014) , 6569:10.1162/jcws.2008.10.3.3 6053:Technology & Culture 5872:Stewart, Graham (2013), 5680:"Infected Blood Inquiry" 5385:The Downing Street Years 5131:"Falklands/Malvinas War" 4093:Thatcher and Thatcherism 4034:Thatcher and Thatcherism 3858:Euro § Introduction 3731: 3602: 3433:The Downing Street Years 3375:Leader of the Opposition 3350:On 1 November 1990, Sir 3126:Poll tax (Great Britain) 3068:reunification of Germany 2862:The 1987 meeting of the 2710:, announced the sale to 2012:Economic boom, 1984–1988 1804:redistribution of wealth 1558:were infected with HIV, 1527:Second Thatcher ministry 1492:general election of 1945 1416:to regain the status of 1120:Hugo Young (p. 183) 859:Diana, Princess of Wales 617:The Downing Street Years 562:1989 leadership election 321:1975 leadership election 311:Leader of the Opposition 241:This article is part of 111:Second Thatcher ministry 36:Second Thatcher ministry 10854:London Guildhall (1998) 10785:The Hunt for Tony Blair 9865:Mediterranean Quarterly 8953:Irish Central website, 8832:, article by Hugo Young 7287:Yoakum, Robert (1987), 7160:10.1111/1468-229x.12046 6791:, p. 2, 8 May 1984 5915:Moore, Charles (2016), 5820:Vinen, Richard (2010), 4798:Campbell, John (2003), 4759:Thornley, Andy (1991), 4597:Moore, Charles (2013), 4496:10.1111/1467-9248.00105 4089:Evans, Eric J. (2004), 3873:National Health Service 3721:Post-industrial society 3495:Foreign policy overview 3300:Margaret Thatcher, 2983:Thatcher met reformist 2973:Anti-Apartheid Movement 2939:Exchange Rate Mechanism 2924:Exchange Rate Mechanism 2901:Margaret Thatcher, 2874:in 1988, Thatcher made 2570:Third Thatcher ministry 2347:in 1961. Neil Kinnock, 1905:(GLC) and six top-tier 1889:Streamlining the cities 1765:Establishment criticism 1503:Social Democratic Party 1458:Ulster Defence Regiment 1251:Solidarity labour union 936:Edward Heath government 828:First Thatcher ministry 794:she purged most of the 116:Third Thatcher ministry 106:First Thatcher ministry 40:Third Thatcher ministry 32:First Thatcher ministry 10880:Richard Stone portrait 10737:The Alan Clark Diaries 10423:rate-capping rebellion 10383:Brighton hotel bombing 10191:"Britain Awake" (1976) 9849:, Simon and Schuster, 9771:Cooper, James (2012), 9715:Brown, Archie (2020), 9443:10.3828/hsir.2016.37.6 9359:Turner, Alwyn (2010), 9353:10.1386/jepc.4.2.123_1 9310:Britain Under Thatcher 9268:Krieger, Joed (1986), 9169:Cooper, James (2012), 9146:Childs, David (2012), 8805:, Palgrave Macmillan, 7697:Environmental Politics 7567:Feminist Legal Studies 6713:Norton-Taylor, Richard 6455:econ.economicshelp.org 6065:10.1353/tech.2020.0076 5520:The Lancet Haematology 5416:, Palgrave Macmillan, 5174:The Falklands War 1982 5050:, Simon and Schuster, 4058:Brown, Archie (2020), 4015:10.3828/hsir.2016.37.6 3652:In February 2020, the 3512: 3332: 3297: 3227: 3134: 3054: 2980: 2898: 2867: 2702:On 29 March 1988, the 2593: 2523: 2495: 2414: 2400:ANC guerrilla movement 2254:US invasion of Grenada 2235: 2152: 2079:Brighton hotel bombing 2074: 2061:Brighton hotel bombing 1921: 1918:rate-capping rebellion 1903:Greater London Council 1893:rate-capping rebellion 1612: 1596: 1571:Infected Blood Inquiry 1483: 1356:surrendered on 14 June 1331: 1202:Afghanistan and Poland 1191: 1154: 1136: 897: 883: 841: 741:affairs of the economy 10708:(1987–1991 TV series) 10412:Anglo-Irish Agreement 10080:Thatcher Premiership 10009:International Affairs 9627:Gilmour, Ian (1992), 9586:, U of Michigan Press 9516:Public Administration 9422:Dorey, Peter (2016), 8797:Sharp, Paul (2016) , 8440:Public Administration 7601:Public Administration 7354:Harris, John (2004), 7216:Parliamentary Affairs 7096:International Affairs 6273:"Guide to Parliament" 6254:Parliamentary Affairs 5997:Public Administration 5703:Marsh, David (1992), 4922:International Journal 4888:International Affairs 4621:Davies, Aled (2013), 4154:Pimlott, Ben (1996), 3994:Dorey, Peter (2016), 3970:Public Administration 3842:Thatcher's successor 3831:Sked & Cook (1993 3829:For an overview, see 3801:Sked & Cook (1993 3799:For an overview, see 3745:Sked & Cook (1993 3743:For an overview, see 3560:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3522:and agreed to return 3502: 3458:by Margaret Thatcher" 3435:by Margaret Thatcher" 3403:Record in perspective 3397:1992 general election 3328: 3293: 3218: 3130: 3044: 2971: 2894: 2861: 2777:New Public Management 2676:recession that year. 2591: 2578:1987 general election 2568:Further information: 2519: 2486:and French President 2481: 2447:handover of Hong Kong 2441:Further information: 2408: 2334:Jamba, Cuando Cubango 2307:HM Customs and Excise 2229: 2146: 2129:Sunningdale Agreement 2111:with Irish Taoiseach 2109:Anglo-Irish Agreement 2103:Anglo-Irish Agreement 2097:Anglo-Irish Agreement 2068: 2016:Further information: 2002:environment secretary 1915: 1608: 1594: 1544:Further information: 1525:Further information: 1481: 1468:1983 general election 1444:, believing that the 1396:In 1981, a number of 1322: 1277:invaded South Georgia 1171: 1152: 1145:Iranian Embassy siege 1131: 1049:Further information: 900:Deflationary strategy 892: 881: 835: 826:Further information: 496:Anglo-Irish Agreement 11048:British premierships 10745:Pinochet in Suburbia 10597:(1993 autobiography) 10510:"No. No. No." (1990) 10389:GCHQ trade union ban 10346:Diana Gould exchange 10168:Member of Parliament 10065:British Premierships 9995:, Palgrave Macmillan 9775:, Palgrave Macmillan 9388:Economics and unions 9283:, U of Toronto Press 9279:Leys, Colin (2015), 9140:Surveys and politics 9036:for the books listed 8828:Britannica website, 8385:National Tax Journal 8099:(13 November 1987), 7675:, Harper Perennial, 7439:, 18 November 2005, 6842:Young, Hugo (2003), 6497:Britannica website, 6047:Ward, Jacob (2020), 5795:, Coronet Booksess, 5226:10.1017/jbr.2015.178 3611:which, in 1986, Sir 3582:Information released 3548:occupation of Kuwait 3322:European integration 3033:German reunification 2854:European integration 2689:Round Oak Steelworks 2162:Cold War (1979–1985) 2133:industrial relations 2121:Democratic Unionists 1821:, was defeated by a 1798:blamed decay of the 1771:University of Oxford 1499:SDP–Liberal Alliance 1116:Republic of Zimbabwe 921:North Sea oil effect 10793:In Search of La Che 10671:Cultural depictions 9983:Stoddart, Kristan. 9785:White House Studies 9496:Economy and Society 8397:10.1086/NTJ41789145 8234:, London, p. 1 7314:Journal of Politics 7235:Negotiation Journal 6874:, 21 October 1985, 6807:The Washington Post 6414:on 21 November 2009 6023:Political Quarterly 5611:, 21 September 2018 5493:, 24 September 2018 5361:on 26 February 2009 4746:10.1093/tcbh/hww004 4428:The Daily Telegraph 3877:water privatisation 3875:, 83% were against 3572:Antigua and Barbuda 3538:with the reformist 2908:, 20 September 1988 2770:NHS internal market 2764:NHS internal market 2603:nuclear disarmament 2557:François Mitterrand 2488:François Mitterrand 2437:China and Hong Kong 2216:US bombing of Libya 1907:metropolitan county 1691:(SOGAT 82) and the 1629:National Coal Board 1450:Irish republicanism 1418:political prisoners 1348:Argentine Air Force 1261:Falklands War, 1982 1235:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1231:Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq 836:Composition of the 785:ending the Cold War 587:Sermon on the Mound 10721:The Falklands Play 9221:10.1057/bp.2014.22 8614:Unknown parameter 8264:Unknown parameter 8153:Unknown parameter 8078:, 21 February 1990 8076:The New York Times 8038:Unknown parameter 8025:, 23 February 1990 7959:Unknown parameter 7909:Unknown parameter 7816:Unknown parameter 7579:10.1007/BF01191523 7010:The Globe and Mail 6989:Unknown parameter 6908:Unknown parameter 6740:, UPI, 14 May 1984 6738:The New York Times 6317:The New York Times 5880:, Atlantic Books, 5276:Wapshott, Nicholas 5200:The New York Times 5135:globalsecurity.org 4993:The New York Times 4693:10.1093/bjc/azv088 4407:cite press release 3948:10.1057/bp.2014.27 3630:biological weapons 3624:Cocaine production 3513: 3079:invasion of Kuwait 3055: 3051:invasion of Kuwait 3049:on the day of the 2999:white government. 2981: 2977:South Africa House 2932:unsustainable boom 2880:European Community 2868: 2718:, the new name of 2594: 2496: 2415: 2283:economic sanctions 2236: 2153: 2075: 1927:Greater Manchester 1922: 1869:cabinet government 1727:entrepreneurialism 1665:News International 1663:newspaper empire, 1615:Nigel Lawson, 1597: 1484: 1332: 1183:Falklands conflict 1155: 1062:post-war consensus 925:real exchange rate 923:, appreciated the 884: 855:Queen Elizabeth II 842: 840:after the election 710:Conservative Party 600:Ceremonial funeral 11043:Margaret Thatcher 10960: 10959: 10905:Death and funeral 10888: 10887: 10705:The New Statesman 10689:Anyone for Denis? 10602:The Path to Power 10557:General elections 10523: 10522: 10128:Margaret Thatcher 10095: 10094: 10086:Succeeded by 9987:(Springer, 2014). 9977:Beyond Deterrence 9617:Margaret Thatcher 9136: 9135: 9128: 9118: 9117: 9110: 9063: 9062: 9014: 8830:Margaret Thatcher 8812:978-0-333-98368-3 8753:, Triami Media BV 8728:, Triami Media BV 8585:978-0-19-878201-8 8558:978-1-84731-057-6 8519:Applied Economics 8340:978-1-84275-025-4 8316:978-0-8129-9820-7 7709:10.1080/714000530 7682:978-0-06-095912-8 7393:978-1-59376-460-9 7365:978-0-306-81367-2 7274:978-1-349-19143-7 7133:978-1-317-88840-6 7081:978-0-7195-5291-5 6946:Chicago Sun-Times 6857:978-1-84354-116-5 6656:978-1-4522-3532-5 6645:Guide to Congress 6591:Chicago Sun-Times 6404:"Recession watch" 6301:, 7 November 1984 6279:, 11 October 2007 6219:, 4 December 1985 5982:978-1-85628-201-7 5954:978-0-85124-796-0 5926:978-0-307-95897-6 5887:978-1-78239-137-1 5859:978-0-19-164715-4 5831:978-1-84739-209-1 5802:978-0-233-97825-3 5745:978-0-593-02218-4 5718:978-1-349-21921-6 5661:, 25 October 2017 5560:(7599): 879–880, 5443:, 25 January 2001 5423:978-0-333-34578-8 5395:978-0-00-255354-4 5388:, HarperCollins, 5293:978-1-59523-047-8 5185:978-1-4728-0996-4 5057:978-0-7432-1778-1 4836:978-0-333-34439-2 4809:978-0-224-06156-8 4800:Margaret Thatcher 4770:978-0-415-05669-4 4608:978-0-307-95895-2 4484:Political Studies 4381:(23 March 1981), 4333:Datablog (2009), 4320:978-1-85898-371-4 4251:978-0-09-954003-8 4227:978-0-241-20126-8 4220:, Penguin Books, 4196:978-1-4464-2008-9 4165:978-0-00-255494-7 4104:978-0-415-27013-7 4073:978-0-19-106561-3 4045:978-0-429-89275-2 3901:Sir Geoffrey Howe 3848:Maastricht Treaty 3599:. These include: 3597:National Archives 3552:Southern Rhodesia 3475:in the 1730s and 3469: 3468: 3456:The Path to Power 3379:Margaret Thatcher 3368:Michael Heseltine 3254:Liberal Democrats 3197:on 31 March 1990. 3170:England and Wales 3110:Sir Anthony Meyer 3060:George H. W. Bush 3047:George H. W. Bush 3021:liberal democracy 2712:British Aerospace 2646:Domestic policies 2632:Winston Churchill 2365:front-line states 2303:10 Downing Street 2198:Mikhail Gorbachev 2113:Garret FitzGerald 1909:Councils (MCCs): 1857:Michael Heseltine 1853:Sikorsky Aircraft 1795:Faith in the City 1790:Church of England 1788:bastion when the 1673:News of the World 1602:industrial action 1340:Argentine cruiser 1301:Sir Terence Lewin 1299:; and to Admiral 1275:, and on 3 April 1255:Pope John Paul II 1223:Operation Cyclone 1077:Foreign relations 956:Lord Thorneycroft 913:indirect taxation 781:Mikhail Gorbachev 708:, having led the 694:Margaret Thatcher 691: 690: 625:The Path to Power 511:Joint Declaration 271:Electoral history 258: 257: 250:Margaret Thatcher 223: 222: 167:10 Downing Street 47:Political history 16:(Redirected from 11070: 11025: 11024: 11023: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11001: 11000: 10989: 10988: 10977: 10976: 10968: 10949: 10948: 10804:(2020 TV series) 10772:(2009 TV serial) 10748:(2006 docudrama) 10740:(2004 TV series) 10676: 10675: 10284: 10283: 10208: 10160: 10151: 10143: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10098: 10097: 10071:Preceded by 10061: 10060: 10031: 9996: 9980: 9971: 9943: 9915: 9893:Cold War History 9887: 9859: 9829: 9820: 9798:Cold War History 9792: 9776: 9767: 9736: 9720: 9704: 9669: 9660: 9651: 9631: 9605: 9596: 9587: 9578: 9558: 9530: 9510: 9490: 9454: 9445: 9428: 9418: 9383: 9363: 9355: 9335: 9324: 9313: 9304: 9284: 9275: 9264: 9262:10.4000/osb.1792 9240: 9231: 9214: 9199:British Politics 9193: 9191:10.4000/osb.1759 9173: 9165: 9159: 9151: 9131: 9124: 9113: 9106: 9102: 9099: 9093: 9088:Please read the 9084:may need cleanup 9073: 9072: 9065: 9058: 9055: 9049: 9025: 9017: 9006: 8984: 8983: 8976: 8959: 8950: 8941: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8913: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8855: 8849: 8840: 8834: 8825: 8816: 8815: 8804: 8794: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8708: 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6724: 6723: 6717:Pallister, David 6709: 6703: 6702: 6695: 6686: 6685: 6677:(292): 403–410, 6666: 6660: 6659: 6648: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6618:10.2307/20043479 6601: 6595: 6594: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6537: 6531: 6523: 6517: 6509: 6503: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6408:Evening Standard 6400: 6394: 6393: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6312: 6303: 6302: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6248: 6239: 6238: 6230: 6221: 6220: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6018: 6012: 6011: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5974: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5946: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5912: 5891: 5890: 5879: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5851: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5817: 5806: 5805: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5738:, Bantam Press, 5728: 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2947:Sir Alan Walters 2910: 2909: 2887:, through which 2864:European Council 2534: 2492:European Council 2431:Mahathir Mohamad 2117:Ulster Unionists 2055:Brighton bombing 1883:Local government 1779:Harold Macmillan 1775:Second World War 1627:unionists. The 1622: 1618:View from No. 11 1535:Domestic affairs 1488:Falklands Factor 1377:Northern Ireland 1314:naval task force 1289:her naval forces 1071:London Docklands 1051:Housing Act 1980 1028:Defence spending 1020:told the Lords' 976:William Whitelaw 874:Economic affairs 867:the Sunday Times 849:Royalty tensions 838:House of Commons 749:neoliberal ideas 683: 676: 669: 658: 652: 651: 645: 595:Post-premiership 545:1987 re-election 506:Brighton bombing 469:1983 re-election 254: 253: 251: 244: 236: 229: 228: 225: 224: 219: 218: 200: 82: 80: 66:Thatcher in 1983 64: 57: 56: 21: 11078: 11077: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11068: 11067: 11033: 11032: 11031: 11021: 11019: 11009: 11007: 10995: 10983: 10971: 10963: 10961: 10956: 10930:James Callaghan 10919: 10884: 10868: 10864:Grantham (2022) 10842: 10815: 10680: 10665: 10616: 10579: 10551: 10529:Party elections 10519: 10452: 10445: 10430:Westland affair 10369: 10362: 10289: 10282: 10240: 10236:Union democracy 10209: 10200: 10163: 10154: 10146: 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5079: 5076:The Independent 5068: 5064: 5058: 5040:Dorril, Stephen 5037: 5033: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4955: 4948: 4918: 4914: 4900:10.2307/2617389 4881: 4877: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4796: 4777: 4771: 4757: 4753: 4729: 4725: 4716: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4673: 4667: 4663: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4595: 4578: 4548: 4544: 4514: 4510: 4480: 4476: 4465: 4461: 4446: 4435: 4424: 4420: 4404: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4366: 4364: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4341: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4307: 4258: 4252: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4152: 4148: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4025: 4021: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3966: 3962: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3891: 3887: 3870: 3866: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3811: 3807: 3798: 3794: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3755: 3751: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3702: 3694: 3682: 3666: 3650: 3626: 3605: 3589: 3584: 3497: 3452: 3448: 3429: 3425: 3410:External videos 3405: 3348: 3336: 3335:Editorial, 3334: 3314: 3307: 3301: 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In her book 2825:global warming 2820: 2817: 2793:Main article: 2790: 2787: 2768:Main article: 2765: 2762: 2708:Kenneth Clarke 2659:by chancellor 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2620:Lord Liverpool 2611:Bernard Ingham 2582:Main article: 2579: 2576: 2565: 2562: 2518: 2516: 2515:Channel Tunnel 2513: 2472:Main article: 2469: 2466: 2438: 2435: 2361:Nelson Mandela 2353:Barbara Castle 2318:Sir John Leahy 2278: 2275: 2266:Maurice Bishop 2258:Main article: 2255: 2252: 2232:RAF Lakenheath 2220:Main article: 2217: 2214: 2157: 2154: 2140: 2137: 2101:Main article: 2098: 2095: 2071:miners' strike 2059:Main article: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2013: 2010: 1988: 1987: 1980:West Yorkshire 1977: 1963: 1949: 1939: 1929: 1923: 1884: 1881: 1873:Bernard Ingham 1837:Main article: 1834: 1831: 1827:second reading 1766: 1763: 1712: 1709: 1677:Rupert Murdoch 1607: 1578: 1575: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1522: 1519: 1472:Main article: 1469: 1466: 1392: 1378: 1375: 1367:decolonisation 1344:Argentine Navy 1342:, forcing the 1336:Alexander Haig 1297:First Sea Lord 1281:Crown Colonies 1265:Main article: 1262: 1259: 1203: 1200: 1143:Main article: 1140: 1137: 1083: 1082:Rhodesia, 1979 1080: 1078: 1075: 1046: 1043: 1029: 1026: 1006:X-inefficiency 993:Following the 972:Home Secretary 951: 948: 901: 898: 875: 872: 850: 847: 823: 820: 804:local poll tax 689: 688: 686: 685: 678: 671: 663: 660: 659: 640: 638: 637: 629: 621: 610: 608: 607: 602: 594: 590: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 548: 547: 540:Third ministry 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 523: 518: 516:Miners' strike 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 472: 471: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 406: 405: 398:First ministry 394: 391: 390: 387: 386: 385: 384: 382:wets and dries 371: 370: 369: 368: 367: 362: 357: 344: 342: 341: 333: 331: 330: 325: 324: 323: 316:Shadow Cabinet 310: 308: 307: 302: 300:Circular 10/70 294: 292: 291: 284: 283: 278: 273: 268: 260: 259: 256: 255: 243:a series about 239: 237: 221: 220: 210: 209: 203: 195: 194: 193: 190: 189: 181: 175: 174: 173: 170: 169: 164: 158: 157: 155: 154: 149: 144: 138: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 119: 118: 113: 108: 102: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 73: 72: 69: 68: 65: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11075: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11028: 11018: 11016: 11006: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10953: 10944: 10943: 10939: 10938: 10934: 10932: 10931: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10891: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10845: 10838: 10837: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10818: 10811: 10810: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10777:The Iron Lady 10774: 10771: 10770: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10718: 10715: 10714: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10641:Mark Thatcher 10639: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10612: 10611: 10607: 10605:(1995 memoir) 10604: 10603: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10554: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10526: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10499:Budget (1990) 10497: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10482:Budget (1989) 10480: 10477: 10476:Bruges speech 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10461:Budget (1988) 10459: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10448: 10442: 10441:Budget (1987) 10439: 10437: 10436:Budget (1986) 10434: 10431: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10416: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10407:Budget (1985) 10405: 10403: 10400: 10396: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10378:Budget (1984) 10376: 10375: 10373: 10371: 10365: 10359: 10358:Budget (1983) 10356: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10335:Falklands War 10333: 10331: 10330:Budget (1982) 10328: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10313:Budget (1981) 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10303:Budget (1980) 10301: 10299: 10298:Budget (1979) 10296: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10285: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10264: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10255: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10243: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10212: 10207: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10158: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10136: 10133: 10129: 10122: 10117: 10115: 10110: 10108: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10090: 10081: 10075: 10069: 10066: 10062: 10057: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10040: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10005: 10002: 9999:Urban, G. R. 9998: 9994: 9989: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9973: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9927:(1): 99–118, 9926: 9922: 9917: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9889: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9861: 9858: 9852: 9848: 9847: 9841: 9838: 9834: 9832: 9828:, John Murray 9827: 9822: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9781: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9741: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9713: 9710: 9706: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9678: 9677: 9667: 9662: 9658: 9653: 9650: 9644: 9640: 9639: 9633: 9630: 9625: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9613: 9603: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9585: 9580: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9532: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9492: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9456: 9452: 9447: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9425: 9420: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9392: 9391: 9382: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9365: 9362: 9357: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9337: 9334: 9328: 9323: 9322: 9315: 9311: 9306: 9303: 9297: 9293: 9292: 9286: 9282: 9277: 9273: 9272: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9242: 9238: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9185:(17): 33–60, 9184: 9180: 9175: 9172: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9149: 9144: 9143: 9130: 9127: 9112: 9109: 9101: 9098:February 2021 9091: 9090:editing guide 9085: 9081: 9076: 9067: 9066: 9057: 9047: 9043: 9042:add the ISBNs 9037: 9035: 9030:This section 9028: 9024: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9011: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8978: 8977: 8973: 8958: 8956: 8949: 8947: 8940: 8938: 8935:BBC website, 8931: 8917: 8912: 8904: 8890: 8886: 8879: 8865: 8861: 8854: 8848: 8846: 8839: 8833: 8831: 8824: 8822: 8814: 8808: 8803: 8802: 8793: 8791: 8775: 8774: 8767: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8727: 8723: 8717: 8702: 8695: 8694: 8686: 8684: 8669: 8668:parliament.uk 8662: 8656: 8642: 8641:parliament.uk 8635: 8629: 8621: 8616:|agency= 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8560: 8554: 8549: 8548: 8539: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8513: 8511: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8477: 8470: 8462: 8461: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8434: 8432: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8359: 8355: 8349: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8312: 8307: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8286: 8279: 8271: 8266:|agency= 8258: 8251: 8244: 8242: 8233: 8226: 8218: 8211: 8204:, 19 May 1990 8203: 8196: 8189: 8182: 8175: 8168: 8160: 8155:|agency= 8147: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8077: 8073: 8067: 8060: 8053: 8045: 8040:|agency= 8032: 8024: 8018: 8010: 8003: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7966: 7961:|agency= 7953: 7945: 7939: 7931: 7924: 7916: 7911:|agency= 7903: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7875: 7867: 7860: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7823: 7818:|agency= 7810: 7803: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7783: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7756: 7755: 7748: 7733: 7732: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7678: 7674: 7667: 7652: 7651: 7644: 7629: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7545: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7512: 7506: 7503:. MacMillan. 7502: 7495: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7426: 7410: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7389: 7384: 7383: 7374: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7308: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7283: 7276: 7270: 7265: 7264: 7255: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7116: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6996: 6991:|agency= 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6924: 6915: 6910:|agency= 6902: 6895: 6888: 6886: 6878: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6853: 6848: 6847: 6838: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6809:, 3 June 1984 6808: 6801: 6799: 6790: 6783: 6776:, 6 June 1984 6775: 6768: 6766: 6757: 6750: 6748: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6692: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6652: 6647: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6543: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6493: 6478: 6477: 6470: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6391: 6384: 6376: 6375:The Economist 6369: 6361: 6360:The Economist 6357: 6356:The Economist 6350: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6309: 6300: 6293: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6247: 6245: 6236: 6235:The Telegraph 6229: 6227: 6218: 6211: 6203: 6196: 6188: 6181: 6173: 6166: 6158: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5963: 5956: 5950: 5945: 5944: 5935: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5889: 5883: 5878: 5877: 5868: 5861: 5855: 5850: 5849: 5840: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5732:Lawson, Nigel 5727: 5720: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5699: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5404: 5397: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5378: 5376: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5263: 5257: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5166: 5158: 5151: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104:(1): 99–118, 5103: 5099: 5092: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4959:History Today 4953: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4832: 4829:, Macmillan, 4828: 4824: 4818: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4470: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4429: 4422: 4414: 4408: 4393: 4392: 4384: 4377: 4362: 4361: 4354: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4198: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4118:Pilcher, Jane 4113: 4106: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4085: 4083: 4075: 4069: 4064: 4063: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3928: 3923: 3910: 3906: 3903:(1983–1989); 3902: 3899:(1982–1983); 3898: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3770: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3697: 3689: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3638:crack cocaine 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3505:Ronald Reagan 3501: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3463: 3459: 3457: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3434: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3352:Geoffrey Howe 3347: 3343: 3340:The Economist 3339: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3306: 3305: 3296: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3250:opinion polls 3245: 3242:, p. 539 3241: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3196: 3191: 3185: 3178: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2989:Walter Sisulu 2986: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2860: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2730:eight years. 2727: 2725: 2724:Harold Wilson 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2695:was built at 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685:West Midlands 2682: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2643: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2585: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2558: 2555:Thatcher and 2553: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2533:, p. 254 2532: 2528: 2527:P. M. H. Bell 2522: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2504:Fontainebleau 2501: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2484:Poul Schlüter 2480: 2475: 2465: 2462: 2461:Deng Xiaoping 2458: 2454: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322:Jonas Savimbi 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299:Coventry Four 2296: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2261: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2176:Ronald Reagan 2173: 2167: 2163: 2150: 2145: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2091:Anthony Berry 2088: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966:West Midlands 1964: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952:Tyne and Wear 1950: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1808:William Hague 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1757:According to 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744:privatisation 1741: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1711:Privatisation 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1623: 1621:, p. 161 1620: 1619: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556:haemophiliacs 1553: 1547: 1532: 1528: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1507:Liberal Party 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434:Ulsterisation 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:hunger strike 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1267:Falklands War 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1199: 1196: 1195:Norman Fowler 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175:Suez Syndrome 1170: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1151: 1146: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1125:According to 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104:Robert Mugabe 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092:Abel Muzorewa 1089: 1074: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1056: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1000: 999:Norman Tebbit 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 947: 945: 944:Geoffrey Howe 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 896: 891: 889: 888:John Campbell 880: 871: 868: 864: 863:Falklands War 860: 856: 846: 839: 834: 829: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:"dry" faction 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 773:Ronald Reagan 770: 769:Falklands War 766: 762: 758: 754: 751:pioneered by 750: 746: 742: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 684: 679: 677: 672: 670: 665: 664: 662: 661: 657: 653: 644: 636: 634: 630: 628: 626: 622: 620: 618: 614: 613: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 577:Bruges speech 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 537: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 470: 467: 466: 465: 462: 461: 451: 448: 446: 445:Falklands War 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 404: 403:1979 election 401: 400: 399: 396: 395: 383: 380: 379: 378: 375: 374: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 351: 348: 347: 340: 337: 336: 329: 326: 322: 319: 318: 317: 314: 313: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 290: 287: 286: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 262: 261: 252: 238: 235: 231: 230: 227: 226: 217: 211: 206: 199: 191: 185: → 184: 179: 176:← 171: 168: 165: 163: 159: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 137: 133: 130: 127: 123: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 103: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 81: 74: 70: 63: 58: 55: 52: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11027:Conservatism 10935: 10928: 10915:Thatchergate 10836:The Audience 10834: 10831:(2010, 2013) 10826: 10807: 10799: 10791: 10783: 10775: 10767: 10759: 10751: 10743: 10735: 10727: 10719: 10711: 10703: 10695: 10687: 10608: 10600: 10592: 10451:3rd ministry 10368:2nd ministry 10288:1st ministry 10276:2nd–3rd term 10245: 10226:Conservatism 10079: 10012: 10008: 10000: 9992: 9984: 9976: 9952: 9948: 9924: 9920: 9899:(1): 21–42, 9896: 9892: 9871:(4): 27–44, 9868: 9864: 9845: 9836: 9825: 9804:(1): 43–66, 9801: 9797: 9788: 9784: 9772: 9748: 9744: 9732: 9724: 9716: 9708: 9685: 9681: 9665: 9656: 9637: 9628: 9620: 9616: 9604:, A. Deutsch 9601: 9592: 9583: 9567: 9563: 9539: 9535: 9519: 9515: 9499: 9495: 9463: 9459: 9450: 9434: 9430: 9399: 9395: 9373:, Sentinel, 9369: 9360: 9344: 9340: 9320: 9309: 9290: 9280: 9270: 9253: 9249: 9236: 9205:(1): 16–30, 9202: 9198: 9182: 9178: 9170: 9147: 9122: 9104: 9095: 9083: 9051: 9046:citation bot 9040:Please help 9031: 9007: 9000: 8994: 8993:Please help 8990: 8954: 8936: 8930: 8919:, retrieved 8915: 8903: 8892:, retrieved 8888: 8878: 8867:, retrieved 8863: 8853: 8844: 8838: 8829: 8800: 8778:, retrieved 8772: 8766: 8755:, retrieved 8751:inflation.eu 8750: 8741: 8730:, retrieved 8726:inflation.eu 8725: 8716: 8705:, retrieved 8692: 8671:, retrieved 8667: 8655: 8644:, retrieved 8640: 8628: 8599: 8593: 8575: 8566: 8546: 8538: 8522: 8518: 8498:, retrieved 8493: 8484: 8475: 8469: 8463:, p. 18 8458: 8452: 8443: 8439: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8388: 8384: 8362:, retrieved 8357: 8348: 8330: 8324: 8304: 8299:Meacham, Jon 8293: 8284: 8278: 8249: 8231: 8225: 8219:, p. 12 8216: 8210: 8201: 8195: 8187: 8181: 8173: 8167: 8138: 8132: 8125:Sunday Times 8124: 8118: 8110: 8104: 8091: 8080:, retrieved 8075: 8066: 8058: 8052: 8022: 8017: 8011:, p. 20 8008: 8002: 7993: 7987: 7979: 7973: 7943: 7938: 7929: 7923: 7894: 7888: 7880: 7874: 7866:The Guardian 7865: 7859: 7850: 7844: 7837:Sunday Times 7836: 7830: 7801: 7784:, p. 13 7781: 7759:, retrieved 7753: 7747: 7736:, retrieved 7730: 7724: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7672: 7666: 7655:, retrieved 7649: 7643: 7632:, retrieved 7626: 7620: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7573:(1): 23–44, 7570: 7566: 7560: 7548:. Retrieved 7537: 7529:Patients4NHS 7528: 7519: 7500: 7494: 7482:. Retrieved 7478: 7469: 7458: 7449: 7436: 7413:, retrieved 7407: 7401: 7386:, Catapult, 7381: 7373: 7355: 7349: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7298: 7294: 7282: 7262: 7254: 7241:(1): 71–80, 7238: 7234: 7228: 7222:(2): 188–204 7219: 7215: 7209: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7122: 7115: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7071: 7065: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7023: 7017: 7009: 7003: 6974: 6968: 6960: 6954: 6945: 6939: 6931: 6893: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6845: 6837: 6822:The Guardian 6821: 6815: 6806: 6789:The Guardian 6788: 6782: 6773: 6755: 6737: 6728: 6721:The Guardian 6720: 6707: 6699: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6644: 6633: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6593:, p. 47 6590: 6584: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6535: 6527: 6521: 6513: 6507: 6498: 6492: 6481:, retrieved 6475: 6469: 6460:20 September 6458:, retrieved 6454: 6445: 6434:, retrieved 6429: 6420: 6412:the original 6407: 6398: 6389: 6383: 6374: 6368: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6338:, retrieved 6333: 6324: 6316: 6298: 6292: 6281:, retrieved 6276: 6267: 6261:(2): 218–235 6258: 6252: 6234: 6216: 6210: 6201: 6195: 6187:The Guardian 6186: 6180: 6172:The Observer 6171: 6165: 6157:The Observer 6156: 6150: 6144:, p. 22 6141: 6132: 6121:, retrieved 6116: 6107: 6099:The Observer 6098: 6095:The Observer 6094: 6088: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5970: 5962: 5942: 5934: 5916: 5875: 5867: 5847: 5839: 5821: 5792: 5786: 5777:20 September 5775:, retrieved 5764:The Guardian 5763: 5753: 5735: 5726: 5706: 5698: 5687:, retrieved 5683: 5674: 5663:, retrieved 5658: 5649: 5638:, retrieved 5635:The Guardian 5634: 5624: 5613:, retrieved 5608: 5599: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5523: 5519: 5506: 5495:, retrieved 5490: 5481: 5470:, retrieved 5467:The Guardian 5466: 5456: 5445:, retrieved 5440: 5431: 5411: 5403: 5384: 5363:, retrieved 5359:the original 5354: 5345: 5334:, retrieved 5329: 5320: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5286:, Sentinel, 5281: 5270: 5247: 5241: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5199: 5193: 5173: 5165: 5156: 5150: 5139:, retrieved 5134: 5125: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5080:, retrieved 5075: 5065: 5045: 5034: 5013:(1): 21–42, 5010: 5006: 5000: 4992: 4986: 4978:The Observer 4977: 4971: 4962: 4958: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4891: 4887: 4884:Soames, Lord 4878: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4826: 4817: 4799: 4760: 4754: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4715:, retrieved 4711:The Guardian 4710: 4701: 4683: 4677: 4664: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4598: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4468: 4462: 4453: 4449: 4430:, p. 21 4427: 4421: 4396:, retrieved 4389: 4388:, Letter to 4376: 4365:, retrieved 4359: 4353: 4342:, retrieved 4339:The Guardian 4338: 4328: 4310: 4241: 4235: 4215: 4204: 4184: 4173: 4155: 4149: 4125: 4121: 4112: 4092: 4061: 4053: 4033: 4022: 4006: 4002: 3989: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3942:(1): 41–51, 3939: 3935: 3911:(from 1989). 3909:Douglas Hurd 3907:(1989); and 3888: 3867: 3838: 3825: 3808: 3795: 3778: 3769: 3752: 3739: 3695: 3683: 3670:Peter Wright 3667: 3651: 3627: 3618:Michael Gove 3613:Keith Joseph 3606: 3590: 3556:New Hebrides 3535: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3489:misery index 3485:the Midlands 3477:William Pitt 3470: 3462:Steve Scully 3455: 3432: 3415: 3388: 3373: 3365: 3359: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3315: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3266: 3262: 3260:in October. 3247: 3235: 3231:Tony Travers 3228: 3219: 3201: 3175:Terry Fields 3167: 3163: 3155:property tax 3151: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3107: 3076: 3056: 3017: 3013: 3008:Douglas Hurd 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993:Oscar Mpetha 2982: 2963: 2956: 2936: 2927: 2919: 2913: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2869: 2840: 2822: 2798: 2773: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2732: 2728: 2701: 2678: 2674: 2669:Nigel Lawson 2666: 2661:Nigel Lawson 2654: 2636: 2634:'s records. 2628:H.H. Asquith 2599:Neil Kinnock 2595: 2573: 2554: 2537: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2497: 2490:with in the 2450: 2427:Rajiv Gandhi 2416: 2411:Rajiv Gandhi 2396:Oliver Tambo 2392:Desmond Tutu 2389: 2380:Helen Suzman 2377: 2369: 2345:Commonwealth 2338: 2315: 2292: 2280: 2263: 2244: 2237: 2207: 2202: 2183: 2169: 2149:Chaim Herzog 2106: 2087:John Wakeham 2076: 2044: 2040:G7 countries 2025: 1990: 1900: 1877:Neil Kinnock 1865: 1845:Leon Brittan 1842: 1812: 1800:inner cities 1793: 1783: 1768: 1756: 1752:John Redwood 1731:nationalised 1723:free markets 1720: 1672: 1668: 1657: 1654: 1646: 1638: 1625: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1598: 1568: 1552:The Guardian 1551: 1549: 1530: 1515: 1511:opinion poll 1496: 1485: 1454:British Army 1431: 1409: 1395: 1380: 1363:kith and kin 1360: 1333: 1326: 1270: 1243: 1212: 1205: 1192: 1172: 1168: 1156: 1132: 1124: 1096:Joshua Nkomo 1085: 1067: 1058: 1055:Right to Buy 1031: 1018:Nigel Lawson 1014: 1010: 1003: 995:Brixton riot 992: 953: 950:Unemployment 933: 906: 903: 893: 885: 866: 852: 843: 789: 761:Keith Joseph 738: 702:Elizabeth II 692: 647: 632: 624: 616: 611:Publications 450:Right to Buy 372:Appointments 338: 266:Bibliography 129:Conservative 93:Elizabeth II 77: 54: 18:Thatcher Era 10900:Blatcherism 10812:(2024 film) 10796:(2011 film) 10780:(2011 film) 10764:(2009 film) 10756:(2008 film) 10724:(2002 play) 10716:(1991 film) 10453:(1987–1990) 10370:(1983–1987) 10290:(1979–1983) 10246:Premiership 10231:Free market 10221:Thatcherism 10159:(1959–1992) 10150:(1975–1990) 10142:(1979–1990) 9719:, Oxford UP 9659:, Routledge 9610:Biographies 9453:, Oxford UP 9437:: 169–200, 9312:, Routledge 9239:, Oxford UP 9044:or run the 8921:17 February 8894:30 December 8703:, p. 7 8673:31 December 8646:31 December 8494:On This Day 8478:, p. 9 8358:On This Day 8082:23 November 7996:, p. 6 7550:28 February 7415:11 February 6758:, p. 1 6563:(3): 3–47, 6436:18 November 6392:, p. 6 6334:On This Day 6237:, p. 4 6117:On This Day 5689:18 November 5665:18 November 5640:18 November 5615:18 November 5609:HuffPost UK 5526:(6): e256, 5497:18 November 5472:18 November 5336:17 November 5330:On This Day 5159:, p. 3 5082:19 December 4823:Young, Hugo 4398:30 November 4394:, p. 2 4367:17 November 4009:: 169–200, 3897:Francis Pym 3818:Moore (2016 3784:Moore (2013 3758:Ben Pimlott 3756:Biographer 3711:Thatcherism 3644:to babies. 3570:) in 1981, 3532:Afghanistan 3273:Council Tax 3258:by-election 3204:Gallup poll 2975:protest at 2916:Deutschmark 2819:Environment 2716:Rover Group 2693:MetroCentre 2549:Suez crisis 2423:Third World 2341:P. W. Botha 2166:(1985–1991) 2036:Lawson Boom 2018:Lawson Boom 1982:(including 1968:(including 1954:(including 1944:(including 1934:(including 1687:(NGA), the 1667:(parent of 1564:Factor VIII 1560:Hepatitis C 1422:Bobby Sands 1406:Maze Prison 1293:Henry Leach 1247:Lech Wałęsa 1181:and by the 1102:as well as 1039:Francis Pym 886:Biographer 765:Thatcherism 567:1990 budget 557:1989 budget 552:1988 budget 491:1987 budget 486:1986 budget 481:1985 budget 476:1984 budget 440:1983 budget 435:1982 budget 430:1981 budget 425:1980 budget 420:1979 budget 350:Thatcherism 339:Premiership 11037:Categories 10937:John Major 10828:Handbagged 10681:television 10649:(daughter) 10630:(husband) 10318:Gang of 25 10083:1979–1990 10043:Essentials 9595:, Springer 9082:" section 9054:April 2019 8996:improve it 8970:See also: 8869:30 January 8500:30 October 7510:0333565193 6340:30 October 5365:1 November 5314:(1): 46–49 5141:29 October 4490:(4): 693, 3918:References 3905:John Major 3844:John Major 3833::518–551). 3816::410) and 3803::440–517). 3790::160–206). 3747::329–439). 3692:Lost files 3674:Spycatcher 3672:’s memoir 3591:Under the 3566:(becoming 3439:Brian Lamb 3318:Alan Clark 3083:John Major 3072:Lord Ismay 3064:Mitterrand 2842:Statecraft 2805:Section 28 2795:Section 28 2789:Section 28 2640:Maggie Out 2542:under the 2336:, Angola. 2247:Volunteers 2160:See also: 2006:loony left 1995:socialist 1970:Birmingham 1960:Sunderland 1932:Merseyside 1887:See also: 1759:Jacob Ward 1748:Tony Blair 1715:See also: 1705:refuseniks 1400:(IRA) and 1279:, British 1227:mujaheddin 909:monetarist 812:John Major 796:One Nation 633:Statecraft 183:John Major 45:See also: 10873:Paintings 10801:The Crown 10769:The Queen 10634:baronetcy 10395:CCSU case 10341:"Rejoice" 10254:Ministers 10074:Callaghan 10054:from the 10045:from the 9969:153995303 9941:155643505 9913:153081281 9885:153634771 9818:153726522 9791:(1): 1–20 9765:153940456 9702:154279598 9668:, teNeues 9556:154551291 9488:154609889 9416:154788348 9229:154369425 9207:CiteSeerX 9002:talk page 8916:The Times 8864:The Times 8618:ignored ( 8268:ignored ( 8174:The Times 8157:ignored ( 8059:The Times 8042:ignored ( 7980:The Times 7963:ignored ( 7930:The Times 7913:ignored ( 7881:The Times 7820:ignored ( 7717:153740707 7587:144107361 7408:Biography 7342:154890477 7202:144255457 7168:141763143 7058:155749100 7024:The Times 6993:ignored ( 6961:The Times 6932:The Times 6912:ignored ( 6830:186467792 6700:The Times 6217:The Times 6142:The Times 6081:221468764 5772:0261-3077 5574:0959-8138 5540:2352-3026 5447:31 August 5234:165040944 5118:155643505 5027:153081281 4942:143640793 4871:159650816 4657:153511890 4572:157230295 4538:144839832 4504:143151570 4391:The Times 4142:144965800 3956:143944033 3820::496–98). 3676:in 1988. 3540:Gorbachev 3524:Hong Kong 3417:Booknotes 2833:acid rain 2747:Keynesian 2697:Gateshead 2474:UK rebate 2330:apartheid 2311:Pik Botha 1956:Newcastle 1946:Sheffield 1936:Liverpool 1669:The Times 1650:open-cast 1446:Unionists 1442:Roy Mason 1410:Long Kesh 1383:Taoiseach 1371:the Crown 1330:was sunk. 1325:ARA 1239:Abdul Haq 1221:(CIA) in 1206:When the 1179:terrorism 1088:Ian Smith 1035:John Nott 534:1987–1990 521:UK rebate 458:1983–1987 392:1979–1983 377:Ministers 11003:Politics 10952:Category 10761:Margaret 10679:Film and 10662:" (1989) 10655:(father) 10504:Gulf War 10271:1st term 10266:Cold War 10214:Ideology 10157:Finchley 9638:Thatcher 9480:23745863 9156:citation 8776:, GOV.UK 8607:citation 8574:(1997), 8446:(4): 539 8301:(2015), 8257:citation 8146:citation 8031:citation 7952:citation 7902:citation 7809:citation 7738:16 April 7441:archived 7437:BBC News 6982:citation 6901:citation 6826:ProQuest 6641:(2012), 6639:CQ Press 6626:20043479 6577:57561387 6430:BBC News 6283:19 March 6277:BBC News 6073:33416793 5734:(1992), 5659:Sky News 5592:17463458 5491:Sky News 5441:BBC News 5278:(2007), 5256:citation 5078:, London 5042:(2002), 4825:(1989), 4344:15 April 4212:(2015), 4181:(2011), 4030:(2018), 3852:eurozone 3700:See also 3686:Troubles 3642:cannabis 3632:against 3509:pictured 3120:Poll tax 3037:Gulf War 2876:a speech 2758:workfare 2657:tax cuts 2540:a tunnel 2384:Pretoria 2357:Chequers 2180:rollback 2172:Cold War 2156:Cold War 1974:Coventry 1849:Westland 1505:and the 1460:and the 1352:Harriers 1327:Belgrano 1249:and his 1187:Gulf War 1106:and his 1098:and his 984:Heathite 968:Tim Bell 929:election 895:economy. 777:Cold War 732:and the 582:Poll tax 501:Big Bang 360:economic 355:domestic 345:Policies 135:Election 10965:Portals 10940: → 10927:← 10910:Honours 10893:Related 10847:Statues 10391:(1984) 10337:(1982) 10155:MP for 10029:2622964 8364:9 April 7761:9 April 7657:9 April 7634:9 April 7484:2 March 7334:2132034 7301:(3): 40 7148:History 6877:leaders 6483:9 April 6123:9 April 5583:1857798 5355:History 4908:2617389 3634:cocaine 3536:détente 3053:in 1990 2714:of the 2683:in the 2413:in 1985 2203:détente 2185:détente 2170:In the 2151:in 1986 1920:of 1985 1792:report 1681:Wapping 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Premiership of Margaret Thatcher

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