486:
721:
754:
1245:
70:
1337:
1221:
576:
524:
designated was unlimited in extent. When the expeditions for the settlement of San Diego and
Monterey marched, it was understood that they were going, not out of California, but into a new part of it. The peninsula then began to be generally spoken of as Antigua or Old California and the unlimited remainder as Nueva or New California, subsequently more commonly called Alta or Upper California. At the same time the old plural name of The Californias was revived, but with a more definite signification than before.
1330:
1214:
1202:
1476:
1448:
1420:
1399:
1363:
1349:
610:
1495:
1314:
1291:
1260:
1233:
1085:
were no longer formally used. The areas in North
America acquired by the U.S. were designated as unorganized "territory" under a military governor, pending re-establishment of civilian control and organization. California was the first section of the territory to achieve statehood, two years later.
523:
In very early times, while the country was supposed to be an island or rather several islands, it was commonly known by the plural appellation of "Las
Californias" (The Californias). Afterwards, when its peninsular character was ascertained, it was called simply California; but the territory so
2010:
Richman, I. B. (1965). California under Spain and Mexico, 1535–1847: A contribution toward the history of the
Pacific coast of the United States, based on original sources, chiefly manuscript, in the Spanish and Mexican Archives and other repositories, pp.64–66. New York: Cooper Square
665:('new') unexplored areas to the north. At that time, almost the only explored and settled areas of the province were around the former Jesuit missions but, once exploration and settlement of the northern frontier began in earnest, the geographical designations
2020:
Bancroft, H. H. (1970). History of
California: Vol. II, 1801–1824, pp.20–21. Santa Barbara Calif.: Wallace Hebberd. (Note: Bancroft translated the names of the two new provinces as "Antigua" and "Nueva", but Richman uses Baja and Alta – as on the 1847 map of
1933:
1638:
1836:
2052:, a member of the Territorial Deputation (legislature), noted that Alta California was bounded "on the east, where the Government has not yet established the borderline, by either the
1607:
712:(1774–76), the Franciscan missionaries and others. Independent Mexico retained the division but demoted the former provinces to territories, due to populations too small for statehood.
1141:, served as natural barriers to Spanish settlement. The eastern border of upper Las Californias was never officially defined under either Spanish or subsequent Mexican rule. The 1781
1934:"The Case of the Pious Fund of the Californias. United States of America Vs. Republic of Mexico. Replication of the United States of America to the Answer of the Republic of Mexico"
1533:
933:
919:
905:
880:
866:
2288:
1642:
1061:
Following Mexico's defeat in the war, most of the former Alta
California territory was ceded on 2 February 1848 to the United States, under the terms of the
554:
2283:
1508:
542:
1890:
485:
1614:
650:
2323:
586:, five years before the establishment of the Province of the Californias. Note the name "California" placed on the Baja California Peninsula.
2338:
1766:
2358:
2318:
1102:(east); while Alta California had the Pacific Ocean on the west and deserts on the east. A northern boundary was established by the
2343:
1106:
of 1819. That boundary line remains the northern boundary of the U.S. states of
California, Nevada, and the western part of Utah.
2353:
2333:
432:
saw the vast Alta
California territory ceded from Mexico to the United States. The populated coastal region of the territory was
2348:
1109:
Inland regions were mostly unexplored by the
Spanish, leaving them generally outside the control of the colonial authorities.
2251:
2175:
1674:
1562:
1810:
2328:
1555:
1513:
1008:
2107:
1550:
1301:
1956:
553:, first permanent settlement and first administrative center of the province. The Jesuits went on to found a total of
2298:
2232:
2156:
2077:
2303:
1523:
1038:
996:
31:
1528:
1066:
2045:
1518:
504:
1227:
1176:
1145:
and government correspondence described Alta
California ("Upper California") as the areas to the west of the
1004:
740:
468:
2244:
Los gobernadores de las Californias, 1767–1804: contribuciones a la expansión territorial y del conocimiento
546:
2207:
1196:
1154:
1062:
1024:
984:
765:
631:
570:
550:
421:
385:
189:
24:
20:
1967:
499:
1254:
1208:
926:
885:
769:
558:
402:
2313:
2293:
1183:
1048:
1016:
591:
425:
364:
108:
77:
2213:
California: A History of Upper and Lower California from Their First Discovery to the Present Time
1986:
1103:
480:
720:
2138:. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft. Vol. 19. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Company.
2124:. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft. Vol. 18. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Company.
1691:
1170:
1000:
689:
583:
433:
429:
311:
290:
198:
2268:
1664:
1545:
1540:
1270:
773:
753:
709:
276:
255:
701:
2129:
2115:
2057:
1429:
1385:
1336:
1220:
1146:
1122:
992:
300:
265:
153:
988:
606:, was dispatched from Spain with authority to organize and expand the fledgling province.
595:
8:
2211:
1767:"Two Californias meet at the border to demand justice for farm workers – Liberation News"
1285:
1278:
1244:
1239:
1020:
959:
898:
603:
437:
372:
202:
193:
117:
69:
2197:
1980:
657:
José de Gálvez, dated January 28, 1768. Gálvez sought to make a distinction between the
538:
440:, while the vast, sparsely populated interior region would only later gain statehood as
2308:
2188:
The Founding of Spanish California: The Northwestward Expansion of New Spain, 1687–1783
2091:
The Founding of Spanish California: The Northwestward Expansion of New Spain, 1687–1783
1872:
1864:
1736:
1157:(the river forms the present day border between the states of California and Arizona).
1134:
1099:
624: Gila River; border between Las Californias/Alta California and Sonora (1767–1847)
490:
1069:
was established slightly to the north of the previous Alta-Baja border, and the terms
2247:
2228:
2171:
2152:
2145:
2073:
1990:
1876:
1856:
1728:
1670:
1500:
1462:
1434:
1118:
1114:
2031:
1916:
1848:
1720:
1373:
1055:
516:
390:
324:
2186:
575:
533:
The first attempted Spanish occupation of California was by the Jesuit missionary
2222:
2133:
2119:
1343:
1324:
1308:
1126:
955:
912:
871:
681:
398:
368:
184:
175:
113:
30:"Baja California Province" redirects here. For other divisions by that name, see
2053:
1814:
1457:
1408:
1379:
1329:
1213:
1201:
1150:
1110:
724:
Seal of the Government of the Department of the Californias, from 1836 to 1846.
688:
province had expanded to include coastal areas as far north as what is now the
409:
2277:
1860:
1732:
1587:
1572:
1475:
1447:
1419:
1398:
1362:
1348:
1130:
1095:
609:
467:
is a collective term to refer to the American and Mexican states bearing the
348:
344:
162:
60:
1994:
598:
was appointed governor to supervise the transition. At the same time, a new
2049:
1753:
1582:
534:
684:
province and Baja California province. By the time of the 1804 split, the
1921:. University of California Libraries. New York : Saxton & Miles.
1666:
The Magic Curtain: the Mexican-American Border in Fiction, Film, and Song
1577:
1567:
1138:
1043:
1012:
705:
700:. Expansion came through exploration and colonization expeditions led by
135:
1740:
1708:
2147:
Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535–1846
1357:
1094:
The Baja California Peninsula is bordered on three sides by water, the
951:
789:
697:
693:
360:
356:
166:
157:
148:
139:
101:
96:
2241:
1868:
471:, which share geography, history, cultures, and strong economic ties.
1724:
380:
246:
144:
2068:(Berkeley, Friends of the Bancroft Library, 1951), 3. Reprinted in
1852:
777:
457:
180:
1811:"Lieutenant-Governor of California: Commission of the Californias"
2168:
Women and the Conquest of California, 1542–1840: Codes of Silence
1470:
1442:
1041:) as part of the conservative government reforms codified in the
975:
967:
784:
594:
from the missions, and Franciscans were brought in to take over.
494:
453:
449:
171:
511:
There has been understandable confusion about use of the plural
2224:
Historia general de Baja California Sur: Los procesos polĂticos
1693:
Journal of the Assembly, Legislature of the State of California
1639:"Freemasons of California: Conference of the Three Californias"
1393:
1313:
1290:
1259:
1232:
1047:(Seven Laws). The Seven Laws were repealed in 1847, during the
963:
441:
352:
340:
56:
1033:
was revived, reuniting Alta and Baja California into a single
1837:"The Arrival of the Franciscans in the Californias-1768–1769"
307:
286:
272:
251:
1891:"Video: Is this the first or last beach in the Californias?"
1786:
2246:(in Spanish). Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, UNAM.
2221:
González Cruz, Edith; Altable, MarĂa Eugenia, eds. (2003).
1918:
Travels in the Californias, and scenes in the Pacific Ocean
1414:
971:
445:
1754:
Two California, Three Religious Orders, and Fifty Missions
1058:
but quickly came under the occupation of American forces.
613:
Evolution of the political boundaries of the Californias:
19:
This article is about the region. For the province, see
649:, was established by a joint dispatch to the King from
515:
by Spanish colonial authorities. California historian
1051:, and the split of the two Californias was restored.
2220:
1608:"Wilson Center – Institute of the Three Californias"
1490:
2066:
A Description of California in 1828 by José Bandini
1985:. San Francisco: N.J. Stone & Company. p.
1054:California briefly achieved independence after the
379:was used to define the vast northwestern region of
2144:
2242:MarĂa Luisa RodrĂguez-Sala; Karina Neria (2003).
1968:LA Times – What the Baja Boom Means for Our State
1509:List of governors in the Viceroyalty of New Spain
640: Baja California Sur boundary (1931–Present)
412:, administration was split into Baja California (
2275:
1957:MexicoMatters – Economy of the Three Californias
545:was successfully established by another Jesuit,
541:failed, however, and it was not until 1697 that
2032:"Bear Flag Revolt | United States history"
661:('old') area of established settlement and the
680:The single province was divided in 1804, into
2289:States and territories disestablished in 1847
1079:
1071:
672:
666:
2227:. Vol. 2. Mexico City: Plaza y Valdes.
1266:(with land transferred from Alta California)
1166:Initial Spanish Colonialization (1767–1804)
408:Originally a single, vast entity within the
2199:A History of California: The Spanish Period
2284:States and territories established in 1836
2269:Worldstatesmen.org: Provinces of New Spain
752:
1709:"The Two Californias during World War II"
1690:Assembly, California Legislature (1942).
1161:Territorial Evolution of Las Californias
543:Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó
220:569,329 km (219,819 sq mi)
2128:
2114:
2093:. New York: Octagon Books. p. xiii.
1689:
719:
608:
582:, produced in London following the 1763
574:
564:
484:
2195:
2184:
2165:
2088:
2038:
1978:
1914:
1713:California Historical Society Quarterly
1662:
715:
2276:
2206:
1834:
1706:
397:), and later as a collective term for
2142:
1534:Indigenous peoples of Baja California
37:Region of North America in California
16:Region of the North America continent
2324:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1563:Spanish colonization of the Americas
549:. The mission became the nucleus of
430:American Conquest of Alta California
2339:Pre-statehood history of California
2216:. San Francisco: Thomas C. Russell.
1556:Territorial evolution of California
1514:Spanish missions in Baja California
1302:Territorio Norte de Baja California
519:offered the following explanation:
13:
2108:Bibliography of California history
2101:
1931:
1915:Farnham, Thomas Jefferson (1844).
1551:History of California through 1899
645:The more ambitious province name,
14:
2370:
2359:History of the Gulf of California
2262:
2170:. Tucson: University of Arizona.
2089:Chapman, Charles Edward (1973) .
1764:
2319:Colonial United States (Spanish)
2166:Bouvier, Virginia Marie (2001).
2135:History of California: 1801–1824
2121:History of California: 1542–1800
1979:Hittell, Theodore Henry (1898).
1524:Indigenous peoples of California
1493:
1474:
1446:
1418:
1397:
1361:
1347:
1335:
1328:
1312:
1289:
1258:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1212:
1200:
997:Provisional Government of Mexico
931:
917:
903:
878:
864:
68:
32:Baja California (disambiguation)
2344:Pre-statehood history of Nevada
2082:
2024:
2014:
2004:
1972:
1961:
1950:
1925:
1908:
1883:
1828:
1529:Population of Native California
1228:Departamento de las Californias
1169:Late Spanish Colonial Period –
733:Departamento de las Californias
557:in the lower two-thirds of the
2354:Historical geography of Mexico
2334:History of Baja California Sur
2072:(New York, Arno Press, 1976).
1835:Geiger, Maynard (April 1952).
1803:
1779:
1758:
1747:
1700:
1683:
1656:
1631:
1600:
1519:Spanish missions in California
1:
2349:Pre-statehood history of Utah
1787:"Missions of the Californias"
1593:
1325:Territorio de Alta California
1255:Territorio de Baja California
1209:Territorio de Baja California
1188:Territory prior to statehood
1177:Centralist Republic of Mexico
1005:Centralist Republic of Mexico
741:Centralist Republic of Mexico
731:Department of the Californias
497:, originate in the 1510 epic
331:), occasionally known as the
2196:Chapman, Charles E. (1921).
2185:Chapman, Charles E. (1916).
1197:Provincia de las Californias
1089:
1009:Santa MarĂa–Calatrava Treaty
618: Palóu Line (1804–1836)
474:
395:Provincia de las Californias
7:
2044:José Bandini, in a note to
1486:
1155:Lower Colorado River Valley
1067:Mexico–United States border
1063:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1025:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
985:Mexican War of Independence
632:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
571:Province of Las Californias
505:Garci RodrĂguez de Montalvo
422:Mexican War of Independence
386:Province of the Californias
25:California (disambiguation)
21:Province of Las Californias
10:
2375:
2329:History of Baja California
2151:. Berkeley: Heyday Books.
2143:Beebe, Rose Marie (2001).
2105:
1271:Departamento de California
1149:and the lower part of the
982:
580:A New Map of North America
568:
528:
478:
29:
18:
1355:
1342:
1323:
1253:
1226:
1207:
1195:
1029:In 1836, the designation
947:
927:Baja California Territory
886:Baja California Territory
843:
839:
835:
831:
821:
811:
807:
799:
795:
783:
761:
751:
746:
738:
730:
559:Baja California Peninsula
547:Juan MarĂa de Salvatierra
403:Baja California Peninsula
375:. Historically, the term
297:
283:
262:
245:
237:
229:
224:
216:
211:
123:
107:
95:
76:
67:
54:
42:
2299:Regions of North America
1707:Mathes, Michael (1965).
1663:Torrans, Thomas (2002).
677:('lower') gained favor.
500:Las Sergas de Esplandián
2304:Former Spanish colonies
493:and its mythical ruler
481:Etymology of California
434:admitted into the Union
416:) and Alta California (
2202:. New York: Macmillan.
2191:. New York: Macmillan.
1932:School, Stanford Law.
1171:First Mexican Republic
1125:, along with the arid
1080:
1072:
1001:First Mexican Republic
823:• Disestablished
725:
704:(1769), his successor
690:San Francisco Bay Area
673:
667:
642:
587:
526:
508:
394:
328:
312:Mountain Daylight Time
291:Mountain Standard Time
241:77/km (200/sq mi)
23:. For other uses, see
2130:Bancroft, Hubert Howe
2116:Bancroft, Hubert Howe
1982:History of California
1546:History of California
1541:Ranchos of California
1098:(south and west) and
774:Pueblo de Los Angeles
723:
710:Juan Bautista de Anza
612:
592:Jesuits were expelled
578:
565:Province of New Spain
521:
488:
299: • Summer (
277:Pacific Daylight Time
264: • Summer (
256:Pacific Standard Time
1430:New Mexico Territory
1386:New Mexico Territory
1184:Mexican–American War
1049:Mexican–American War
1017:Mexican–American War
993:First Mexican Empire
716:Department of Mexico
426:Mexican–American War
355:, consisting of the
238: • Density
2062:Sierra Nevada Range
1938:Stanford Law School
1765:Staff, Liberation.
1286:Baja California Sur
1279:Baja California Sur
1240:California Republic
1162:
1021:California Republic
960:Baja California Sur
899:California Republic
813:• Established
438:State of California
424:. As a part of the
373:Baja California Sur
118:Baja California Sur
2070:Mexican California
2046:Governor EcheandĂa
1160:
1135:Great Basin Desert
1100:Gulf of California
726:
643:
588:
509:
491:name of California
230: • Total
217: • Total
2253:978-9-703-20277-5
2208:Forbes, Alexander
2177:978-0-8165-2446-4
1895:Los Angeles Times
1676:978-0-87565-257-3
1501:California portal
1484:
1483:
1463:Wyoming Territory
1435:Arizona Territory
1267:
1137:in their eastern
1119:Transverse Ranges
1115:Peninsular Ranges
1104:Adams–OnĂs Treaty
989:Treaty of CĂłrdoba
981:
980:
943:
942:
939:
938:
891:
890:
596:Gaspar de Portolá
333:Three Californias
318:
317:
2366:
2257:
2238:
2217:
2203:
2192:
2181:
2162:
2150:
2139:
2125:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:las californias.
1976:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1813:. Archived from
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1725:10.2307/25155757
1704:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1641:. Archived from
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1613:. Archived from
1612:
1604:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1479:
1478:
1451:
1450:
1423:
1422:
1402:
1401:
1374:Nevada Territory
1366:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1317:
1316:
1294:
1293:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1248:
1247:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1205:
1204:
1163:
1159:
1083:
1075:
1056:Bear Flag Revolt
935:
934:
921:
920:
907:
906:
895:
894:
882:
881:
868:
867:
861:
860:
845:
844:
756:
728:
727:
676:
670:
651:Viceroy de Croix
639:
629:
623:
617:
539:MisiĂłn San Bruno
517:Theodore Hittell
420:) following the
418:Upper California
414:Lower California
304:
269:
124:Principal cities
72:
40:
39:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2314:Colonial Mexico
2294:The Californias
2274:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2235:
2178:
2159:
2110:
2104:
2102:Further reading
2099:
2098:
2087:
2083:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1930:
1926:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1705:
1701:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1473:
1469:(Southwestern)
1445:
1417:
1396:
1360:
1346:
1344:Mexican Cession
1334:
1327:
1311:
1309:Baja California
1288:
1257:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1211:
1199:
1127:Colorado Desert
1111:Mountain ranges
1092:
1081:Alta California
1073:Las Californias
1031:Las Californias
1027:
983:Main articles:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
956:Baja California
954:
932:
918:
913:Mexican Cession
904:
879:
872:Alta California
865:
824:
814:
757:
734:
718:
682:Alta California
647:Las Californias
641:
637:
635:
627:
625:
621:
619:
615:
584:Treaty of Paris
573:
567:
537:, in 1683. His
531:
483:
477:
469:name California
448:, and parts of
436:in 1850 as the
428:(1846–48), the
399:Alta California
381:Spanish America
369:Baja California
337:Two Californias
329:Las Californias
321:The Californias
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1941:. Retrieved
1937:
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1897:. 2015-03-06
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1841:The Americas
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1815:the original
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1602:
1583:The Floridas
1465:(1868–1890)
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1437:(1863–1912)
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1578:The Dakotas
1568:The Canadas
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1273:(1863–1865)
1044:Siete Leyes
1013:Siete Leyes
849:Preceded by
706:Pedro Fages
555:18 missions
513:Californias
465:Californias
377:Californias
136:Los Angeles
2278:Categories
1943:2023-03-18
1901:2023-03-18
1821:2018-03-18
1796:2023-03-18
1772:2023-03-18
1649:2018-03-18
1624:2018-03-18
1594:References
1358:California
1191:Statehood
1121:, and the
1117:, eastern
1065:. The new
1039:department
952:California
790:Californio
698:California
694:U.S. state
361:California
357:U.S. state
247:Time zones
233:43,636,740
225:Population
102:California
97:U.S. state
2309:New Spain
2210:(1919) .
1877:146950170
1861:0003-1615
1733:0008-1175
1090:Geography
747:1836–1847
655:visitador
600:visitador
475:Etymology
383:, as the
199:Los Cabos
145:San Diego
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1487:See also
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770:Ensenada
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401:and the
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181:Mexicali
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1443:Arizona
1424:(1896)
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800:History
785:Demonym
762:Capital
702:Portolá
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391:Spanish
335:or the
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1077:and
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