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984:‘Bhullas’ took Kalapathar in the face of heavy enemy fire, and then came face to face with an enemy UMG emplacement. To the enemy's total surprise, Capt Gogoi launched an immediate attack on the UMG sangar, killing two intruders in hand-to-hand combat, being mortally wounded in the process. Capt Jintu Gogoi was awarded the Vir Chakra posthumously for his bravery in utter disregard for his own safety, but sadly his name is not widely known alongside people like Captain Vikram Batra, who was also a Kargil martyr. The battalion launched fresh attacks in the subsequent days and took Bump and Kalapathar. This paved the way for further successes – the battalion proceeded to take another dominating feature in the Muntho Dhalo complex, finally taking Point 5285 despite heavy snowfall and effective enemy fire including artillery fire due to the proximity of this feature to the LOC. The battalion was awarded Battle Honour ‘Batalik’ for its exploits in Op Vijay. Gallantry Awards received by the battalion were one Vir Chakra and one Mentioned-in-Despatches. In addition was also awarded GOC-in-C Northern Command Unit Appreciation to the unit for their splendid work.
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with its
Divisional Commander and staff). The 1st Battalion, under the command of Lt Col Numb, MC distinguished itself in actions against the Turks at Sharqat on 29–30 October 1918. The battalion received gallantry awards. As due recognition of their fighting prowess in the Great War, Battle Honours "La Bassee", "Armentieres", "Festubert", "Neuve Chapelle", "Aubers", "France and Flanders 1914-15", "Egypt", "Macedonia", "Khan Baghdadi", "Sharqat", "Mesopotamia" and "Afghanistan" were conferred on the Regiment. The 3rd Battalion was raised in 1916 and the 4th in 1918; these two battalions saw action in Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier. (In between, in 1917 a 4th Battalion had been raised through drafts from the existing three Garhwali battalions, consisting of men mostly from Kumaon; its designation was changed to 4th Battalion 39th Kumaon Rifles, and then in 1918 to 1st Battalion 50th Kumaon Rifles).
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climbing a sheer escarpment and taking the enemy sangar by surprise. His breakthrough paved the way for capture of Pt 4700. This brave officer was later mortally wounded by enemy fire on the objective and succumbed to his injuries. Capt Sumeet Roy was awarded the Vir Chakra posthumously. The adjoining features were assaulted by other companies of the 18th. Maj Rajesh Sah and Capt MV Sooraj led from the front, evicting the enemy from many a stronghold. Both these gallant officers were awarded the Vir Chakra for courageous leadership and bravery. The
Bhullas of the 18th Battalion displayed indomitable courage, Nk Kashmir Singh, Rfn Anusuya Prasad and Rfn Kuldeep Singh all won the Vir Chakra posthumously. The battalion received an immediate award of the COAS’ Unit Citation, in all winning six Vir Chakras, a Bar to the Sena Medal, seven Sena Medals, seven Mentioned-in-Despatches and the Battle Honour ‘Dras’.
563:(posthumous) at Neuve Chapelle. Nk Darwan Singh also had the distinction of being the first Indian to be presented the Victoria Cross personally by the King Emperor who made a special trip to the battle front in France at Locon on 1 December 1914. The extent of casualties being very high, the battalions were temporarily amalgamated and designated "The Garhwal Rifles" (the two Garhwali battalions lost 14 officers, 15 VCOs and 405 killed in France). Lt Gen Sir James Willcocks, commanding the Indian Corps in France had this to say about the Garhwali's in his book "With the Indians in France" : "The 1st and 2nd Battalions both did splendidly on every occasion in which they were engaged... the Garhwali's suddenly sprang to the very front rank of our best fighting men... nothing could have been better than their elan and discipline".
527:, in January 1886. Accordingly, in April 1887, the raising of the Second Battalion of the Third (The Kumaon) Gurkha Regiment was ordered, with its class composition as six mixed companies of Garhwali and Kumaoni men and two of Gurkhas. Based on this decision, recruiting commenced in the area of upper Garhwál and Tehri state by Major L Campbell and Captain Browne. The battalion was raised by Lieutenant Colonel E P Mainwaring of the 4th Gurkhas. Major LRD Campbell was the second in Command and Lt Col JHT Evatt, the Adjutant, both from the Punjab Frontier Force. Lt Col EP Mainwaring raised the First Battalion at Almora on 5 May 1887 and moved it to Kaludanda, which was later renamed as Lansdowne after the then Viceroy of India, on 4 November 1887.
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1659:, at a height of 5,800 ft (1,800 m) above sea level, is the recruitment centre of the Garhwal Rifles. On 1 October 1921 the regimental centre celebrated its first founder's day. Now 1 October is celebrated as the raising day of the battalion. After Independence, the name of the centre was changed to Garhwal Rifles Regimental Centre. The rigorous drills during the training helps to infuse a sense of discipline in every recruit. Special emphasis is laid on physical fitness, mental toughness and weapon handling. After successful completion of the 34-week training course, a Garhwali youth is turned into a soldier. The soldier is then trained for two more weeks in counter-insurgency operations.
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on 2 January 1920, the
Company Commander, Lt WD Kenny held his piquet under heavy fire and waves of fanatic tribals. The company suffered significant casualties as a result. When the piquet was finally ordered to withdraw, the party was continuously ambushed, resulting in further casualties. Lt Kenny, though badly wounded, helped in evacuation of his men while giving battle to the tribal forces until he eventually collapsed and succumbed. For his conspicuous bravery against overwhelming numbers of Mahsuds, Lt WD Kenny was posthumously awarded the third Victoria Cross. The famous Spin Ghara Ridge was renamed and was subsequently remembered as ‘The Garhwali Ridge’.
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battalion were one Vir Chakra and one Sena Medal. The 4th
Battalion was in the Jhangar sector and conducted raids on enemy outposts while holding its own ground. The 6th Battalion was in the Sialkot sector. After re-taking Nawanpind, the battalion carried the defensive battle into enemy territory, mounting three strong raids on enemy posts opposite its area. Gallantry Awards received by the battalion were one Vir Chakra and two Mention-in-Despatches. The 7th Battalion was in the Chhamb sector, fighting a series of actions culminating in the re-capture of Sangam post by the time the ceasefire was declared.
755:. The 3rd Battalion participated with distinction in the J&K Operations, winning Battle Honour "Tithwal" and gaining the distinction of becoming one of the most decorated battalions of the Indian Army in any one operation after independence – it won one MVC, 18 VrCs, 01 SC (then referred to as the Ashoka Chakra Class III) and 19 Mentions-in-Despatches. The Commanding Officer Lt Col Kaman Singh was awarded a well deserved Maha Vir Chakra and his name lives on in the form of the ‘Kaman Setu’, the crossing point recently opened up between Azad Kashmir and J&K (now renamed the ‘Aman Kaman Setu’).
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Charwa. It then held on doggedly to
Phillaura, beating back several enemy attacks. The 8th Battalion was also in the Sialkot sector, and fought the bitterly contested battle of Buttur Dograndi, paying a heavy price including losing the Commanding Officer and the 2IC within a span of two days of heavy fighting. These actions brought more glory to the regiment by way of Battle Honour "Buttur Dograndi" and the Theatre Honour "Punjab 1965". Gallantry Awards received by the battalion were one Vir Chakra, one Sena Medal and six Mention-in-Despatches.
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Lt Col JE Jhirad and Major AR Khan within two days. The command then fell on to youngest captain (Lt Col) HS Rautela who led from the front and got a gallantry commendation from the then Chief of Army Staff. Captain CN Singh of the
Regiment was posthumously awarded the MVC for gallantry whilst serving in HQ 120 Infantry Brigade. First Battalion and Eighth Battalion were honoured with battle honours 'GADRA ROAD’ and ‘BUTUR DOGRANDI’ respectively. The Sixth Battalion and Eighth Battalion was also awarded the Theatre Honour 'Punjab 1965'.
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casualties. The battalion was awarded Battle Honour ‘Kuantan’ and
Theatre Honour ‘Malaya 1941-42’. The 2nd Battalion ceased to exist after the Malayan Campaign due to heavy casualties – the remnants captured by the Japanese. The newly raised 5th Battalion was ordered overseas in Dec 1941 while still raw and under-equipped. It sailed for the Middle East, however the destination was changed after it embarked to
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survivors of the battalion were singled out for extra punishment in the
Chinese PoW camp as retaliation for the heavy casualties the Chinese had suffered at the hands of the Garhwalis. The Battalion's legendary action at Nuranang has passed in folk lore. Gallantry Awards received by the battalion were two Mahavir Chakra, seven Vir Chakra, one Sena Medal and one Mention-in-Despatches.
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and two
Regiments, of which the Regiment was one. The ‘Royal’ Garhwal Rifles was sanctioned the special distinguishing mark of wearing a scarlet twisted red cord(royal rassi) on the right shoulder and the Tudor crown on its shoulder title. The title ‘Royal’ had been dropped after the unit had refused to fire on civilians in 1930, however the lanyard retains its pride of place.
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those awarded the Vir Chakra was the CO Lt Col KP Lahiri. The
Battalion won Battle Honour ‘Gadra Road’ and Theatre Honour ‘Rajasthan 1965’. Captain Narsingh bahadur Singh played an important role and for his gallantry and courageous efforts he was awarded with 'sena medal' Gallantry Awards received by the battalion were tharee Vir Chakra and five Mention-in-Despatches .
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been singled out in most accounts of the war as a "fine example of infantry battle". For its brave stand against overwhelming odds, 4 GARH RIF was awarded the Battle Honour "Nuranang" – the only battalion to be awarded a battle honour in NEFA, a singular distinction in the context of that particular conflict. Nuranang has since been renamed Jaswantgarh, in honour of Rfn
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In This Operation Some Battalions of Garhwal Rifle Send by Present Prime Minister Shri Rajiv Gandhi in 1987. During Operation Pawan by Shanti Sena of India, The 5th Battalion and 11th Battalion was on a task of removing LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) Command in the Local sector of Sri Lanka.
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in the Malay Peninsula in 1940. The only infantry battalion in Kuantan, it was put to a myriad of tasks in a widely dispersed area. Just before the Japanese offensive, it had been milked twice to assist forming new battalions. When the Japanese struck, the battalion fought gallantly, inflicting heavy
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The outbreak of World War II led to an expansion of the regiment, with the 4th Battalion being re-raised in 1940 and the 5th being raised in 1941. An 11th (Territorial) Battalion had been raised in Peshawar in 1939 for line of communication protection duties; the 6th Battalion was raised from this in
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On 2 February 1921, on the historic occasion of laying of the foundation stone of the All India War Memorial at Delhi (now called 'India Gate'), the Duke of Connaught announced that in recognition of the distinguished services and gallantry, the Emperor had conferred the title of ‘Royal’ to six units
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In Oct 1919, the 4th Battalion was dispatched to Kohat for action against the Waziris and Mashuds. After successful completion of operations in Kohat, the Battalion was tasked to occupy, a very important, yet difficult piquet on the Spin Ghara Ridge near Kotkai. In the consequent onslaught by Mashuds
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The 17th Battalion was in the Batalik sub-sector and was tasked with assaulting Area Bump and Kalapathar in the Jubar Heights, a ridgeline overlooking Jubar top, astride the National Highway. The climb was arduous and all companies were ‘daylighted’ except for Capt Jintu Gogoi's platoon. The gallant
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The 8th Battalion under the command of Maj H.S Rautela S.M.(now Lt Col) was also in a holding role in Punjab and captured enemy post Ghurki and was awarded the Sena Medal. They kept holding this post despite shelling that continued until the ceasefire. Gallantry Awards received by the battalion were
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During Operation Hill, the 2nd Battalion participated in the two assaults on ‘OP Hill’. Capt Chandra Narain Singh of the 2nd Battalion was attached to HQ 120 Infantry Brigade. In a gallant night action against raiders in the Galuthi area, he led the charge that killed six of the enemy while the rest
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During the Battle of Gadra City, the 1st Battalion was in the Rajasthan sector and distinguished itself in operations to take Gadra City, giving a fine display of infantry tactics in desert terrain without artillery support. The battalion went on to capture Jesse ke Par, Nawa Tala and Miajlar. Among
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and finally in the Campaign in Italy. In Abyssinia, in the opening stages of WWII, it blazed a trail against the Italians. Among its Battle Honours earned are three ‘Garhwali-only’ honours: "Gallabat," "Barentu" and "Massawa." More Battle Honours followed: "Keren," "Amba Alagi," "Citta di Castello"
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and then the long, bitter rearguard action to Singapore. The 7th Battalion was raised essentially as a replacement for these two battalions (later converted to a training role). It was only after the War in 1946 that the 2nd Battalion was re-raised. The 5th had to wait until 1962 for its re-raising.
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The 18th Battalion was tasked to take Point 4700 and the surrounding heights where the enemy had consolidated their positions after being evicted from Tololing and Point 5140. In the subsequent operations, the Bhullas displayed gallantry of the highest order. Capt Sumeet Roy led a daredevil attack,
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The 3rd Battalion was in the Shakargarh sector. It took its initial objectives Dhandar and Mukhwal (south of Suchetgarh) and then into enemy territory to Bairi and Laisar Kalan. By the time of the ceasefire, the battalion had penetrated up to Ramri, north of Chakra. Gallantry Awards received by the
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In 1965, the First Battalion fought splendid actions in the Barmer sector of Rajasthan for which it was subsequently awarded Battle Honour "Gadra Road", the Second Battalion at OP Hill, the Sixth Battalion at Phillora and the Eighth Battalion at Butur Dograndi, where it lost two senior Officers viz
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and the remaining Battalion was re-designated as 39th (Garhwáli) Regiment of the Bengal Infantry. The ‘Crossed Khukris’ of the Gurkhas were replaced by the ‘Phoenix’, the mythical bird which rises out of its own ashes, in the crest, marking the formal beginnings of the Garhwális as a distinct class
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The 5th Battalion blazed a glorious trail during operations for the Liberation of Bangladesh. For its actions in the war, the battalion was awarded Battle Honour ‘Hilli’ and Theatre Honour ‘East Pakistan 1971’. The battalion won three Vir Chakras, three Sena Medals and seven Mention-in-Despatches.
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In 1950, the Royal title was dropped from the Regiment's name when India became a Republic. Other regimental symbols that were associated with the British were also discontinued, although the regimental lanyard continued to be worn on the right shoulder in traditional 'Royal' fashion. In 1953, the
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Both Battalions were awarded Theatre Honour ‘Kargil’. These honours came at a high price, the regiment lost 49 personnel of all ranks killed in action. Besides the 17th and 18th battalion, 10th battalion of the Regimnent was also deployed in Kargil. The Battalion was awarded the GOC-in-C Northern
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The 1962 Sino-Indian Conflict saw the 4th Battalion (at that time the youngest battalion of the regiment) in the midst of heavy fighting in Tawang, Jang and Nuranang areas of NEFA, where it gave an excellent account of itself, suffering very heavy casualties. The battalion's stand at Nuranang has
695:
The 1st Battalion moved to Burma in 1941 and fought valiantly in the effort to stem the Japanese tide. It took part in the desperate fighting in the southern Shan states at Yenangyuang, which it was awarded as a Battle Honour. It also has the distinction of being the only awardee of Battle Honour
566:
Later, in 1917, the re-constituted 1st and 2nd Battalions saw action against the Turks in Mesopotamia. At Khan Baghdadi on 25-26 Mar 1918, 2nd Battalion under the command of Lt Col Hogg, distinguished itself encircled and forced a Turkish column to surrender (consisting of 300 all ranks, complete
645:
On 1 October 1921, as part of the reorganization of the Indian Army, the ‘Group’ system was introduced into the Indian Army and the Regiment became the 18th Indian Infantry Group. On the same day, the Fourth Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Henderson, DSO, was nominated as the Training
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The 3rd Battalion was in the Lahore sector, and participated in the advance up the GT Road. It suffered 33 killed, mostly due to very heavy enemy artillery fire. The 6th Battalion was in Sialkot where some of the fiercest fighting of the war took place. In the initial phase, the battalion took
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whose bravery at Nuranang merited a posthumous Maha Vir Chakra. The other Maha Vir Chakra won in this conflict was won by Lt Col (later Maj Gen) BM Bhattacharjea, the indefatigable Commanding Officer under whose leadership the 4th Battalion gave a bloody nose to the Chinese. In captivity, the
703:
The 4th Battalion, too, was ordered to Burma after nearly three years on the NW Frontier. After intensive jungle warfare training, it moved to Burma and fought a series of actions in the Tunnels Area, Akyab and subsequent operations at Ruywa before proceeding to Kuala Lumpur for disarming the
825:
The 10th Battalion fought a notable action led by Maj Mahabir Negi while capturing Raipur Crossing in the Akhnur-Jaurian sector. The Commanding Officer Lt Col Onkar Singh personally led one of the attacks, being critically wounded and later succumbing to his injuries.
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as its 6th battalion. The regiment has a specialized scout battalion of Garhwal Scouts also known as "The Snow Leopards", it is an elite infantry battalion specializing in long range reconnaissance and high-altitude warfare. Garhwal Scouts are stationed permanently at
558:
The Great War saw the Garhwali's in France, part of the Garhwal Brigade of the Meerut Division, plunging into action in Flanders, where both battalions fought. The regiment had the distinction of winning two Victoria Crosses; Nk Darwan Singh Negi at Festubert and Rfn
901:
On this Task Rifleman Kuldeep Singh Bhandari of 5th Battalion Shifted to 11th Battalion for Rescue of battalion member who injured in LTTE Attack. He Save life of Other members of 11th Battalion & displayed indomitable courage & was awarded by Vir Chakra.
1271: : "La Bassee 1914", "Armentieres 1914", "Festubert 1914–15", "Neuve Chapelle 1915", "Aubers 1915", "France and Flanders 1914–15", "Egypt 1915–16", "Khan Baghdadi 1918", "Sharqat 1918", "Mesopotamia 1917–18", "Macedonia 1918", "Afghanistan 1919".
1259:. Of these, 13 have been awarded in the post-Independence period. The Regiment has also won the following theatre honours: Jammu and Kashmir — 1947–48, Punjab — 1965, Rajasthan — 1965, East Pakistan — 1971, Kargil — 1999.
507:
had been enlisted in the five regiments of Gurkhas belonging to the Bengal Infantry and the Punjab Frontier Force. The Sirmoor Battalion (later the 2nd Gurkhas), which fought in the siege of Delhi in 1857, had 33%
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fled, leaving behind large quantities of arms, ammunition and equipment. Capt CN Singh was hit by a machine gun burst in this action and laid down his life. He was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra posthumously.
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696:"Monywa," the last major action in the Retreat from Burma. After a period of rest and regrouping followed by intensive jungle training, the battalion was back for the Reconquest of Burma. Its actions in
471:(2nd to 22nd), two battalions of the Territorial Army (121 Inf Bn TA and 127 Inf Bn TA (Eco)) and three Rashtriya Rifles Battalions (14 RR, 36 RR, 48 RR). The 1st Battalion has since been converted to
700:, Ngyakydauk Pass, the landings at Ramree, and the final entry into Rangoon won it more Battle Honours: "North Arakan," "Ngakyduak Pass," "Ramree" and "Tuangup," and Theatre Honour "Burma 1942-45."
735:
The end of the War and consequent demobilization left the regiment with three regular battalions, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd. Thus, at Independence, the Garhwal Rifles had only three active battalions.
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World War II saw active participation of the Garhwalis, the 1st and 4th Battalions in Burma, the 2nd and 5th Battalions seeing action in Malaya. The 2nd Battalion was the Garrison Battalion at
1900:
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Battalion of the Group. On 1 December the same year it was renamed as the 10/18th Royal Garhwal Rifles. Even today, veterans colloquially refer to the Regiment as Garhwal Group.
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as they are a designated rifle regiment. Unlike regular rifle regiments, they are one of ten such units marching in the regular paces used in the Indian Army's ceremonies.
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The 12th Battalion had been in action since October 1971 and on commencement of active hostilities, took Hatibandha and participated in operations east of Dinajpur.
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Tithwal, Jammu and Kashmir, Nuranang, Buttur Dograndi, Punjab, Gadra Road, Rajasthan, Hilli, East Pakistan, Operation Pawan, Batalik, Dras, Kargil
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Regiment. The official title of ‘Rifles’ was received in 1892. The ‘Phoenix’ was later dropped, and the Maltese Cross which was in use by the
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and Theatre Honours "North Africa 1940-43" and "Italy 1943-45," bearing testimony to Garhwali valour in diverse battlefields and theatres.
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The Garhwal Rifles marching contingents passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 67th Republic Day Parade, 2016
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1289:, "Yenangyuang 1942", "Monywa 1942", "North Arakan 1944", "Ngakydauk Pass 1944", "Ramree 1945", "Taungup 1945",
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After the formation of India in 1947 and the subsequent merger of the various states in India at the time, the
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The Garhwal Rifles is one of the most decorated regiment in the Indian Army. The regiment has to its credit 3
484:. The soldiers from Garhwal Scouts wear red scout badges on shoulders on both combat and ceremonial uniform.
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It served during the frontier campaigns of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well in both
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1277: : "Gallabat 1940", "Barentu 1941", "Keren 1941", "Massawa 1941", "Amba Alagi 1941",
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1921:"Commemorative Stamp on Third Battalion The Garhwal Rifles released on 19th November 2016"
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Regiment's 3rd Battalion contributed to the United Nations custodian force in Korea.
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In 1891, the two Gurkha companies moved away to form the nucleus of 2nd Battalion,
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Ghatak platoon commandos from Garhwal Rifles during Yudh Abhyas 2018 exercise.
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was initiated by His Excellency Lieutenant General, (Later Field Marshal) Sir
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Command Unit Appreciation and four Sena Medals for its splendid performance.
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Today it has well over 26,000 soldiers, organized into twenty one regular
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2006:"Garhwal Rifles - Indian Army - Indian Military Academy (IMA), Dehradun"
1901:"Lt Gen Cherish Mathson appointed Colonel of Regiment of Garhwal Rifles"
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1319:, "Operation Pawan 1988", "Batalik 1999", "Dras 1999", "Kargil 1999".
751:. Subsequently, the Regiment was transferred to the newly independent
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The Regimental Centre was established at Lansdowne on 1 October 1921.
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1529:, India for his actions during the operation against Sikh separatists
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The Partitions of Memory: The Afterlife of the Division of India
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and the wars fought after independence. It is mainly made up of
2274:. Historical Section, Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
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Hours of Glory: Famous Battles of the Indian Army, 1801–1971
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Hours of Glory: Famous Battles of the Indian Army, 1801-1947
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Regimental Insignia of the Garhwal Rifles and Garhwal Scouts
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Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army
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Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army
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The Indomitable Garhwali Soldier: War Memorial, Lansdowne
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History of the Custodian Force (India) in Korea, 1953–54
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The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - National Capital Region
1027:(Victoria Cross Paltan, Neuve Chapelle, Superb Seconds)
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Soldiers of 18th Battalion before assault on Point 4700
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Soldiers feeding a peacock on the western front of the
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In North Africa and Italy, the 3rd Battalion served in
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The first proposal to raise a separate Regiment of the
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are marked with an asterisk superscript (like this ).
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The following units are part of the Garhwal Rifles:
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1161:
36 Rashtriya Rifles (The Gallants, The Gallant 36')
1139:127 Infantry Battalion Territorial Army (Garhwal),
1129:121 Infantry Battalion Territorial Army (Garhwal),
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2571:Military units and formations established in 1887
2197:Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947
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1633:for leading a surgical strike on 12 May 2003 in
2541:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947
1689:Maj Gen Hira Lal Atal (01.06.1949 - 01.06.1959)
683:. The battalion fought some notable actions at
1817:
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2226:Historical Record of the Royal Garhwal Rifles
1737:Brig Jagmohan Rawat (01.08.1997 - 30.09.2000)
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1840:The Garhwal Rifles and Garhwal Scouts (1987)
1521:Bhawani Datt Joshi (posthumous), June 1984,
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421:, it was incorporated into the Indian Army.
1822:Commemorative stamps have been released by
1307:, "Nuranang 1962", "Buttur Dograndi 1965",
1223:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
951:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
868:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
613:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2341:
2327:
1852:Third Battalion, The Garhwal Rifles (2016)
1720:Maj Gen S Sondhi (01.05.1993 - 01.11.1994)
1662:
762:
747:was among the first to be merged into the
405:. It was originally raised in 1887 as the
40:
1243:Learn how and when to remove this message
971:Learn how and when to remove this message
888:Learn how and when to remove this message
633:Learn how and when to remove this message
2270:Prasad, S.N & Chakravorty, B. 1976.
2075:
1007:
999:
908:
830:Operation Pawan by Shanti Sena (1987–88)
801:
652:
544:
2466:1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)
2103:"The Official Home Page of Indian Army"
1552:Lieutenant Colonel B. M. Bhattacharya,
487:The regimental insignia incorporates a
132:The Royal Garhwalis The Veer Garhwalis
14:
2546:British Indian Army infantry regiments
2533:
2166:
1918:
1429:Chief of the Army Staff's Commendation
1255:As on date the regiment has earned 44
432:from seven districts of Uttarakhand's
2322:
2237:Surrander at Dacca, birth of a nation
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2130:"History of Garhwal Rifle (Regiment)"
2128:Uttarakhandi, Being (20 March 2012).
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2003:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1876:List of Regiments of the Indian Army
1265: : "Punjab Frontier 1897–98".
1221:adding citations to reliable sources
1188:
949:adding citations to reliable sources
916:
866:adding citations to reliable sources
833:
738:
611:adding citations to reliable sources
578:
537:Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)
493:Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)
2056:
24:
2481:5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)
2456:Jammu & Kashmir Light Infantry
2189:
2147:
1919:Pandya, Prashant (November 2016).
1435:), and 92 Mention in Dispatches,.
401:, are an infantry regiment of the
25:
2582:
2300:
2023:
1938:
1907:
1184:
575:Reorganization and Title of Royal
2519:
2061:. Vision Books. pp. 1–600.
1977:
1845:
1833:
1614:
1580:
1545:Lieutenant Colonel Kaman Singh,
1533:
1506:
1443:
1193:
921:
838:
583:
498:
324:
309:
294:
284:
274:
264:
254:
244:
229:
219:
209:
199:
189:
81:
64:
2121:
2095:
2004:Bisht, Rashmi (20 March 2013).
1978:said, Mangal Singh Chauhan on.
1572:Captain Chandra Narayan Singh,
1547:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948
1502:Decorations (Post-Independence)
1341:
2350:Indian Army Infantry Regiments
2084:
1997:
1971:
1893:
1439:Decorations (Pre-Independence)
1358:
1329:
1033:(Tithwal Battalion, The Third)
704:Japanese who had capitulated.
657:Garwal Rifles refused duty in
13:
1:
1886:
1692:Maj Gen G Bharat Sewak Singh
1652:Regimental Centre – Lansdowne
1347:Theatre honours are shown in
1293:, "Citta di Castello 1944",
904:
512:on their rolls at that time.
413:. It then became part of the
27:Indian army infantry regiment
2371:Mechanised Infantry Regiment
2246:. Indiana University Press.
1174:1st Battalion (Converted to
659:Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre
491:and is based on the defunct
477:Mechanised Infantry Regiment
7:
2277:Sen, L.P. (Lt.Gen.). 1998.
1954:"Military: Garhwal Riffles"
1859:
1818:Commemorative Postal Stamps
1776:PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM**
1305:"Jammu and Kashmir 1947–48"
1303: : "Tithwal 1947–48",
10:
2587:
2235:Jacob, JFR Lt. Gen. 1997.
1574:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
1389:Param Vishisht Seva Medals
1084:(Batalik Kargil Battalian)
808:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
798:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
666:Second World War (1939–45)
215:Param Vishisht Seva Medals
146:(Fight With Determination)
2517:
2356:
2266:War in the High Himalayas
2195:Barthorp, Michael. 2002.
1798:(05.05.2018 - 04.08.2019)
1788:(01.07.2013 - 04.05.2018)
1786:PVSM, UYSM AVSM, VSM, ADC
1778:(01.01.2011 - 30.06.2013)
1768:(02.06.2008 - 31.12.2010)
1761:(01.09.2006 - 31.05.2008)
1751:(01.03.2003 - 31.08.2006)
1744:(01.10.2000 - 28.02.2003)
1734:(01.08.1996 - 31.07.1997)
1727:(02.11.1994 - 31.07.1996)
1717:(07.04.1988 - 30.04.1993)
1710:(24.04.1979 – 06.04.1988)
1703:(01.11.1970 - 31.12.1978)
1696:(05.07.1959 - 31.10.1970)
1686:(01.12.1944 - 31.05.1949)
1679:(18.08.1939 - 30.11.1944)
1672:(03.03.1914 - 24.03.1919)
777:Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
554:First World War (1914–18)
525:Commander-in-Chief, India
373:
368:
353:
348:
335:
184:
176:
168:
151:
138:
126:
108:
100:
92:
77:
59:
51:
39:
34:
2451:Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
2257:Maxwell, Neville. 1970.
1706:Lt Gen K Mahendra Singh
1675:Maj Gen Sir JHK Stewart
1595:Kuldeep Singh Bhandari,
1397:Ati Vishisht Seva Medals
1336:Repugnant battle honours
995:
397:, formerly known as the
235:Ati Vishisht Seva Medals
159:(Victory to the Sons of
2309:- Website Defence India
2167:Sharma, Gautam (1990).
1925:Indian Philately Digest
1663:Colonel of the Regiment
763:Sino-Indian War of 1962
407:39th (Garhwal) Regiment
172:Badhe Chalo Garhwaliyon
156:Badri Vishal Lal Ki Jai
2561:Pauri Garhwal district
2391:Maratha Light Infantry
2284:Sharma, Gautam. 1990.
2279:Slender was the thread
1980:"The Garhwali Soldier"
1283:"North Africa 1940–43"
1013:
1005:
914:
810:
745:Garhwal Princely State
711:, the Western Desert,
662:
550:
475:and forms part of the
383:Lion Capital of Ashoka
143:Yudhaya Krit Nishchaya
2361:Brigade of the Guards
2288:. Allied Publishers.
2210:Dalve, J.P. (Brig.).
1984:Indian Defence Review
1682:Lt Gen Sir RB Deedes
1599:by Shanti Sena, 1988.
1393:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal
1311:, "Gadra Road 1965",
1176:6 Mechanised Infantry
1011:
1003:
912:
805:
656:
548:
419:Independence of India
225:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal
2315:- Globalsecurity.org
2264:Palit, D.K. (Brig.)
2239:, Manohar Publishers
2171:. Allied Publisher.
2010:www.euttaranchal.com
1809:N. S. Raja Subramani
1740:Maj Gen AW Ranbhise
1417:Vishisht Seva Medals
1317:"East Pakistan 1971"
1217:improve this section
1039:(Nuranang Battalion)
945:improve this section
862:improve this section
607:improve this section
399:Royal Garhwal Rifles
363:N. S. Raja Subramani
315:Vishisht Seva Medals
2416:Sikh Light Infantry
2242:Kaul, Suvir. 2002.
2214:. Natraj Publishers
2199:. Cassell. London.
2057:Das, Chand (1997).
1952:Pike, John (2018).
1803:PVSM, SM, AVSM, VSM
1764:Lt Gen BK Chengapa
1747:Lt Gen MC Bhandari
1723:Maj Gen SPS Kanwar
1713:Lt Gen RV Kulkarni
1699:Maj Gen HN Singhal
1629:(Retd.) then Major
1563:Jaswant Singh Rawat
1523:Operation Blue Star
1495:Waziristan Campaign
1491:William David Kenny
1425:Jeevan Raksha Padak
1279:"Abyssinia 1940–41"
1164:48 Rashtriya Rifles
1158:14 Rashtriya Rifles
770:Jaswant Singh Rawat
473:mechanized infantry
415:British Indian Army
337:Battle honours
330:Jeevan Raksha Padak
2496:11th Gorkha Rifles
2366:Parachute Regiment
2313:The Garhwal Rifles
2307:The Garhwal Rifles
2228:Vol I, 1887–1922.
2217:Das, Chand. 1997.
1958:GlobalSecurity.org
1801:Lt Gen SK Upadhya
1014:
1006:
915:
811:
663:
551:
360:Lieutenant General
18:The Garhwal Rifles
2528:
2527:
2491:9th Gorkha Rifles
2486:8th Gorkha Rifles
2476:4th Gorkha Rifles
2471:3rd Gorkha Rifles
2261:. Pantheon Books.
2259:India's China War
2230:Gale & Polden
2212:Himalayan Blunder
1730:Brig AIS Dhillon
1459:Darwan Singh Negi
1301:Post-Independence
1253:
1252:
1245:
1045:(Hilli Battalion)
981:
980:
973:
898:
897:
890:
822:two Sena Medals.
739:Post-Independence
643:
642:
635:
532:3rd Gurkha Rifles
388:
387:
356:the Regiment
342:Post-Independence
109:Regimental Centre
16:(Redirected from
2578:
2566:Garhwal division
2523:
2506:Arunachal Scouts
2396:Rajputana Rifles
2343:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2281:. Orient Longman
2183:
2182:
2164:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2109:on 10 April 2009
2105:. Archived from
2099:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2054:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1916:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1849:
1837:
1813:
1804:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1773:Syed Ata Hasnain
1767:
1760:
1750:
1743:
1733:
1726:
1716:
1715:PVSM, UYSM, AVSM
1709:
1702:
1695:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1618:
1584:
1537:
1510:
1476:Gabar Singh Negi
1447:
1405:Yudh Seva Medals
1373:Maha Vir Chakras
1365:Victoria Crosses
1352:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1315:, "Hilli 1971",
1313:"Rajasthan 1965"
1287:"Malaya 1941–42"
1248:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1197:
1189:
1152:Rashtriya Rifles
1122:Territorial Army
1090:(Dras Battalion)
976:
969:
965:
962:
956:
925:
917:
893:
886:
882:
879:
873:
842:
834:
638:
631:
627:
624:
618:
587:
579:
561:Gabar Singh Negi
434:Garhwal division
417:, and after the
328:
313:
298:
290:Yudh Seva Medals
288:
278:
268:
258:
250:Maha Vir Chakras
248:
233:
223:
213:
203:
195:Victoria Crosses
193:
85:
70:
68:
67:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2551:Rifle regiments
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2515:
2431:Kumaon Regiment
2401:Rajput Regiment
2381:Madras Regiment
2376:Punjab Regiment
2352:
2347:
2303:
2221:. Vision Books.
2192:
2190:Further reading
2187:
2186:
2179:
2165:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2055:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1950:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1881:Kumaon Regiment
1871:Garhwali people
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1795:
1793:Cherish Mathson
1785:
1775:
1765:
1759:PVSM, AVSM, VSM
1758:
1748:
1741:
1731:
1724:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1654:
1608:Operation Vijay
1597:Operation Pawan
1567:Sino-Indian War
1554:Sino-Indian War
1539:Maha Vir Chakra
1493:(posthumous) -
1480:First World War
1478:(posthumous) -
1463:First World War
1385:Shaurya Chakras
1361:
1356:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1295:"Italy 1943–45"
1291:"Burma 1942–45"
1263:Pre-World War I
1249:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1214:
1198:
1187:
1115:(Snow Leopards)
1113:Garhwal Scouts
1088:18th Battalion
1082:17th Battalion
998:
977:
966:
960:
957:
942:
926:
907:
894:
883:
877:
874:
859:
843:
832:
800:
779:
765:
741:
668:
639:
628:
622:
619:
604:
588:
577:
556:
501:
430:Garhwali people
391:
355:
354:Colonel of
322:
307:
292:
282:
280:Shaurya Chakras
272:
262:
252:
242:
227:
217:
207:
197:
134:Gallant Bhullas
65:
63:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2568:
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2516:
2514:
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2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2446:Mahar Regiment
2443:
2441:Bihar Regiment
2438:
2436:Assam Regiment
2433:
2428:
2426:Garhwal Rifles
2423:
2421:Dogra Regiment
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:The Grenadiers
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2331:
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2302:
2301:External links
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2081:Sharma, p. 254
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1484:Neuve Chapelle
1470:
1449:Victoria Cross
1360:
1357:
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1257:battle honours
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1103:22nd Battalion
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1100:21st Battalion
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1094:19th Battalion
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1079:16th Battalion
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1076:15th Battalion
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1073:14th Battalion
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1070:13th Battalion
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1067:12th Battalion
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1064:11th Battalion
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1061:10th Battalion
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130:Snow Leopards
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55:1887 – present
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35:Garhwal Rifles
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2511:Sikkim Scouts
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2501:Ladakh Scouts
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2487:
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2479:
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2474:
2472:
2469:
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2464:
2462:
2461:Naga Regiment
2459:
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2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
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2424:
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2419:
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2414:
2412:
2411:Sikh Regiment
2409:
2407:
2406:Jat Regiment
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2294:81-7023-140-X
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2205:0-304-36294-8
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2161:
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1812:AVSM, SM, VSM
1810:
1806:
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1796:PVSM, SM, VSM
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1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:Ashoka Chakra
1509:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1469:-France, 1914
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:(including 3
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:(including 2
1418:
1414:
1411:(including 2
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:(including 1
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:Kirti Chakras
1374:
1370:
1369:Ashoka Chakra
1366:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:"Punjab 1965"
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:, "Kuantan",
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1236:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1202:This section
1200:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:9th Battalion
1057:
1055:8th Battalion
1054:
1052:7th Battalion
1051:
1049:6th Battalion
1048:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:Present units
1017:
1010:
1002:
993:
989:
985:
975:
972:
964:
961:December 2022
954:
950:
946:
940:
939:
935:
930:This section
928:
924:
919:
918:
911:
902:
892:
889:
881:
878:December 2022
871:
867:
863:
857:
856:
852:
847:This section
845:
841:
836:
835:
827:
823:
819:
815:
809:
804:
795:
791:
787:
783:
774:
771:
760:
756:
754:
750:
746:
736:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
701:
699:
693:
690:
686:
682:
677:
672:
660:
655:
651:
647:
637:
634:
626:
616:
612:
608:
602:
601:
597:
592:This section
590:
586:
581:
580:
572:
568:
564:
562:
547:
543:
540:
539:was adopted.
538:
533:
528:
526:
522:
521:F. S. Roberts
518:
513:
511:
506:
499:Early history
496:
494:
490:
489:Maltese cross
485:
483:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
458:Pauri Garhwal
455:
451:
450:Tehri Garhwal
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:Military unit
384:
380:
379:Maltese cross
376:
372:
367:
364:
361:
358:
352:
347:
343:
340:
338:
334:
331:
327:
320:
317:(including 2
316:
312:
305:
302:(including 2
301:
297:
291:
287:
281:
277:
271:
267:
261:
260:Kirti Chakras
257:
251:
247:
240:
237:(including 1
236:
232:
226:
222:
216:
212:
206:
205:Ashoka Chakra
202:
196:
192:
187:
183:
179:
177:Anniversaries
175:
171:
167:
164:
162:
157:
154:
150:
147:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
117:Pauri Garhwal
114:
111:
107:
104:27 battalions
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
62:
58:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2425:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2243:
2236:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2196:
2168:
2137:. Retrieved
2133:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:the original
2097:
2086:
2077:
2058:
2013:. Retrieved
2009:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1983:
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:
1895:
1821:
1783:Sarath Chand
1684:KCB, OBE, MC
1655:
1647:Ajay Vardhan
1637:District in
1622:Recipients:
1620:Kirti Chakra
1613:
1579:
1541:Recipients:
1532:
1514:Recipients:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1451:Recipients:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1362:
1348:
1343:
1331:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:World War II
1274:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1239:
1230:
1215:Please help
1203:
1181:
1169:Former units
1168:
1167:
1150:
1149:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1089:
1083:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1015:
990:
986:
982:
967:
958:
943:Please help
931:
899:
884:
875:
860:Please help
848:
824:
820:
816:
812:
792:
788:
784:
780:
766:
757:
749:Indian Union
742:
734:
706:
702:
694:
673:
669:
648:
644:
629:
620:
605:Please help
593:
569:
565:
557:
541:
529:
514:
503:Up to 1887,
502:
486:
466:
423:
406:
398:
394:
392:
341:
158:
155:
145:
142:
131:
29:
2556:Uttarakhand
1604:Jintu Gogoi
1588:Recipient:
1489:Lieutenant
1409:Sena Medals
1381:Vir Chakras
1359:Decorations
1269:World War I
1145:Uttarakhand
1135:West Bengal
753:Indian Army
523:, VC, then
446:Rudraprayag
411:Bengal Army
403:Indian Army
300:Sena Medals
270:Vir Chakras
185:Decorations
127:Nickname(s)
121:Uttarakhand
87:Indian Army
2535:Categories
2224:Evatt, J.
2178:817023140X
2068:8170940699
2015:4 December
1989:21 October
1887:References
1824:India Post
1766:PVSM, AVSM
1749:PVSM, AVSM
1701:PVSM, AVSM
1586:Vir Chakra
1233:April 2018
905:Kargil War
623:April 2018
469:battalions
438:Uttarkashi
426:World Wars
349:Commanders
180:5 May 1887
1725:AVSM, VSM
1657:Lansdowne
1467:Festubert
1204:does not
932:does not
849:does not
729:Palestine
709:Abyssinia
681:Singapore
594:does not
517:Garhwális
510:Garhwális
505:Garhwális
482:Joshimath
113:Lansdowne
1860:See also
1742:AVSM, SM
1677:KCB, DSO
1602:Captain
1593:Rifleman
1560:Rifleman
1527:Amritsar
1473:Rifleman
1141:Dehradun
462:Haridwar
454:Dehradun
374:Insignia
369:Insignia
139:Motto(s)
96:Infantry
2139:2 April
2134:YouTube
1963:2 April
1930:2 April
1866:Garhwal
1807:Lt Gen
1791:Lt Gen
1781:Lt Gen
1771:Lt Gen
1754:Lt Gen
1645:Subedar
1639:Kashmir
1635:Pulwama
1627:Colonel
1349:italics
1225:removed
1210:sources
1131:Kolkata
953:removed
938:sources
870:removed
855:sources
676:Kuantan
615:removed
600:sources
442:Chamoli
409:of the
152:War Cry
60:Country
2292:
2250:
2203:
2175:
2113:2 June
2065:
1610:, 1999
1569:, 1962
1556:, 1962
1497:, 1920
1486:, 1915
1415:), 30
1407:, 122
1403:), 13
1108:Scouts
717:Cyprus
698:Arakan
671:1941.
78:Branch
69:
52:Active
1427:, 19
1423:), 1
1395:, 25
1383:, 49
1379:, 43
1375:, 10
1323:Notes
1124:units
996:Units
725:Syria
713:Egypt
689:Johor
381:with
169:March
72:India
2290:ISBN
2248:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2141:2018
2115:2009
2063:ISBN
2017:2022
1991:2022
1965:2018
1932:2018
1708:PVSM
1519:Naik
1456:Naik
1433:Bars
1421:Bars
1413:Bars
1391:, 1
1387:, 7
1371:, 4
1367:, 1
1208:any
1206:cite
936:any
934:cite
853:any
851:cite
721:Iraq
685:Muar
598:any
596:cite
460:and
393:The
319:Bars
304:Bars
293:122
101:Size
93:Type
1732:VSM
1670:DSO
1401:Bar
1219:by
947:by
864:by
609:by
308:30
306:)
283:13
273:49
263:43
253:10
239:Bar
228:25
2537::
2149:^
2132:.
2025:^
2008:.
1982:.
1956:.
1940:^
1923:.
1909:^
1826:.
1694:MC
1606:,
1525:,
1482:,
1465:,
1461:-
1297:.
1281:,
1143:,
1133:,
727:,
723:,
719:,
715:,
687:,
464:.
456:,
452:,
448:,
444:,
440:,
436::
377:A
323:1
243:4
218:1
208:7
198:1
188:3
119:,
115:,
2342:e
2335:t
2328:v
2296:.
2254:.
2232:.
2207:.
2181:.
2143:.
2117:.
2071:.
2019:.
1993:.
1967:.
1934:.
1903:.
1641:.
1576:.
1549:.
1351:.
1246:)
1240:(
1235:)
1231:(
1227:.
1213:.
1178:)
974:)
968:(
963:)
959:(
955:.
941:.
891:)
885:(
880:)
876:(
872:.
858:.
661:.
636:)
630:(
625:)
621:(
617:.
603:.
321:)
241:)
163:)
20:)
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