Great Game - Knowledge

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view on the world. If Khiva and Bukhara were to become buffer states, then trade routes to Afghanistan, as a protectorate, along the Indus and Sutlej rivers would be necessary and therefore access through the Sind and Punjab regions would be required. The Great Game began between 1832 and 1834 as an attempt to negotiate trade deals with Ranjit Singh and the Amirs of Sind, and the "first interruption of this magnificent British daydream was caused by the determination of the Amirs of Sind to be left alone." Its failure occurred at the end of the First Anglo-Afghanistan war in 1842 with the British withdrawal from Afghanistan. The failure to turn Afghanistan into a client state meant that The Great Game could not be won.

1915: 7355:'European democracy'. They believed the British people wanted all-out war but that their rulers were guilty of treachery. However they felt no sympathy for Britain in her colonial and semi-colonial ventures in Asia. In Marx's eyes, the Anglo-Afghan war of 1839-1842 was 'infamous' (although the containment of Russian expansion was one of Britain's motives) In Britain's wars against Persia and China, between 1856 and 1860, Marx and Engels backed the Asian side against what Marxists would now call 'British imperialism'. But they never feigned affection for the regimes or the ruling strata nor did they play down the atrocities committed by the Chinese or by the sepoys 1327: 543: 1205:

of events, or to enter into relations with this Chief, either of a political or merely in the first instance of a commercial character, we confide in your discretion as well as the adoption of any other measures that may appear to you desirable to counteract Russian influence in that quarter, should you be satisfied...that the time has arrived at which it would be right for you to interfere decidedly in the affairs of Afghanistan. Such an interference would doubtless be requisite, either to prevent the extension of Persian dominion in that quarter or to raise a timely barrier against the impending encroachments of Russian influence.

844: 2739: 2718:, took power he found it difficult to completely reverse the constitutional reforms, yet the Qajar state was weakened by the upheaval and the Qajar court dependent on foreign powers. Meanwhile, Britain and Russia aligned to oust Shuster from Iran by an ultimatum in 1911 which was unanimously rejected by the Majilis. British and Russian officials coordinated as the Russian army, still present in Persia, invaded the capital again and suspended the parliament. The Tsar ordered the troops in Tabriz "to act harshly and quickly", while purges were ordered, leading to many executions of prominent revolutionaries. The British Ambassador, 1935:

doctors and officers were prominent at the Shah's court, influencing policy personally. Russia and Britain had competing investments in the industrialisation of Iran including roads and telegraph lines, as a way to profit and extend their influence. However, until 1907 the Great Game rivalry was so pronounced that mutual British and Russian demands to the Shah to exclude the other, blocked all railroad construction at the end of the 19th century. In 1907 the British and Russian Empires came to a mutual agreement, which provided a zone of influence in southeastern Iran to Britain and northern Iran to Russia.

4994:, p. 5 Quote: "The history of British India falls ... into three periods. From the beginning of the 17th to the middle of the 18th century, the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers, and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the Mutiny of 1857, the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown ..." (p. 5) 574:. During the 19th century, a political and diplomatic confrontation developed between Britain and Russia over Afghanistan which would become known as The Great Game. Russia's foreign policy was driven by the perspective that Britain would develop and control commercial and military inroads into Central Asia, and Britain's foreign policy was based on expectations of Russia adding the "jewel in the crown", India, to the vast empire that Russia was building in Asia. This resulted in an atmosphere of distrust and the constant threat of war between the two empires. If Russia were to gain control of the 3003:, a member of the Council of India, "Our engagement with Russia with respect to the frontier of Afghanistan precludes us from promoting the incorporation of the Turkomans of Merv in the territories subject to the Ameer of Kabul". Northbrook would not accept any extension of Persia towards Merv. It has been proposed that from Sher Ali's (Afghanistan's) point of view, prior to the invasion of Afghanistan by Britain in the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878, that there was evidence of the beginnings of a growing understanding between Britain and Russia to divide Central Asia between themselves. 2545:

to the fort. In May 1891, Nagar and Hunza sent a warning to Durand not to continue work on the road to the fort and to vacate the fort, which was on the Gilgit side of the border, else they would regard it as an act of war. Durand reinforced the fort and accelerated the road construction to it, causing Nagar and Hunza to see this as an escalation and so they stopped mail from the British Resident in Chinese Turkmenistan through their territory. British India regarded this as a breach of their 1889 agreement with Hunza, and after an ultimatum was issued and ignored they initiated the Anglo-

1406:, to establishing a British agent to Khiva and to mediate between Khiva and Russia. Abbott set off from Khiva in 1840 towards Russia to commence negotiations, which he did on his own initiative and it was not authorised by his superiors. His caravan was attacked by Khazakhs and he was wounded in the hand and taken hostage, however he and his party were released because they feared retribution. He reached Saint Petersburg but the attempt at mediation failed. His bravery was recognized through promotion to full Captain. In the same year, Lieutenant 3101:

politicians, military officers and journalists on both sides. The use of the term The Great Game to describe Anglo-Russian rivalry in Central Asia became common only after the Second World War. It was rarely used before that period. Malcolm Yapp proposed that some Britons had used the term "The Great Game" in the late 19th century to describe several different things in relation to its interests in Asia, but the primary concern of British authorities in India was the control of the indigenous population and not preventing a Russian invasion.

1903:. Although Britain had a reputation for industrialization and international trade boosted by its colony of India, Russian authors saw the Russian empire as competing directly with Britain for trade in Iran and other bordering markets. Russian travelogues written between the 1870s and the turn of the 1900s seem to imply that Russian commerce had become dominant in the northern and western portions of Iran that would be officially delineated to Russia by Britain in 1907. Russia had also acquired concessions such as a monopoly on the lucrative 2204: 107: 1468: 40: 1027:. According to historian Evgeny Sergeev, the Great Game represented a great power competition that did not initiate only with Russia's defeat in the Crimean War in 1856, but was already well underway and was only intensified thereafter. Expansion into Central Asia was closely connected with ambitions in India. Historian Alexandre Andreyev argued that the rapid advance of the Russian Empire in Central Asia, while mainly serving to extend the southern frontier, was aimed to keep British eyes off of the 1235: 1052: 3412: 945: 696:, to garner more British aid. In the 1809 preliminary Treaty of Tehran, Persia agreed to stop any European or foreign army passing to India, while the British agreed to send a mission to train sixteen thousand Persian soldiers and, if Qajar Persia was invaded by a European state, pay a £100,000 subsidy to Persia, while attempting to mediate if at peace with Persia's enemy. Nevertheless, Russia would end up defeating Iran a few years later, with Britain mediating the treaty. 3277: 2945: 2893:...the Transcaspian conquests of the Czar have brought about, and the seal upon which has been set by the completion of the new railway. The power of menace, which the ability to take Herat involves, has passed from English to Russian hands; the Russian seizure of Herat is now a matter not so much of war as of time; and that the Russians will thus, without an effort, win the first hand in the great game that is destined to be played for the empire of the East. 953: 2070:. However, no boundary west of the Amu Darya was defined until 1885. The agreement was regarded as having defined the British and Russian spheres of influence in Afghanistan and Central Asia, gave the two sides the legitimacy to advance within their designated zones, created cordial relations between the two rival European powers, and raised the new problem of defining what were the frontiers of Afghanistan, Russia and China in the upper Oxus region in the 856:

private property. With pay for work and security in place, nomads would settle and become tribal herdsman surrounding oasis cities. These were to develop into modern states with agreed borders, as in the European model. Therefore, lines needed to be agreed and drawn on maps. Morgan says that two proud and expanding empires approached each other, without any agreed frontier, from opposite directions over a "backward, uncivilized and undeveloped region."

1387: 1589: 2637: 3266: 700: 989:(modern-day Kazakhstan). This raised Russo-Khivan tensions in addition to Khiva's legal discrimination of Russian merchants who were just beginning to penetrate Central Asia, and the ongoing issue of Russian slaves. Russia launched an attack in 1839–1840 but it failed to reach Khiva because of the tough terrain and weather. However, the khan of Khiva feared a further Russian assault and released a number of Russian slaves. 3426: 523: 2413: 733: 2315: 2329: 2399: 2301: 1930:—continuing to place pressure with advances in the largely nomadic Turkestan, a crucial frontier territory of the Qajars – this Russian domination of Persia continued for nearly a century. The Persian monarchy became more of a symbolic concept in which Russian diplomats were themselves powerbrokers in Iran and the monarchy was dependent on British and Russian loans for funds. In 1879, the establishment of the 2656:. In the Convention of 1907, Russia recognized Afghanistan and southern Iran as part of the British sphere of influence, while Britain recognized Central Asia and northern Iran as part of the Russian sphere of influence. Both parties recognized Tibet as a neutral territory, except Russia had special privileges in negotiating with the Dalai Lama, and Britain had special privileges in Tibetan commercial deals. 2287: 2371: 2385: 2357: 997:. Russian merchants must be allowed to trade on the same terms as native merchants in Bukhara and Khiva. The khanates must guarantee the safety of the persons and property of Russian merchants, levy no excessive duties, permit unhampered transit of goods and caravans across Central Asia into neighboring states and allow Russian commercial agents to reside in Bukhara and Khiva, and free navigation on the 2343: 3440: 3134:– and perhaps had similar ideological underpinnings to start with. However, unlike the British-Russian Great Game in South and West Asia, where clear-cut spheres of influence were established, Patrikeeff says that this supposed Great Game in Northeast Asia ignored that economic dominance did not follow political (with Japan's victory in Manchuria not fully ousting the Russian concessions such as the 2434: 2211: 2440: 2227: 2243: 2259: 1402:

assault on Khiva may have been in response to Britain's "forward policy" on Afghanistan, however it failed to reach Khiva due to the severe winter conditions. Of the 5,000 men who had left Orenburg, only 4,000 returned. Abbott was hampered by a lack of understanding of Khivan language and culture, and the attempt to release Russian slaves was unsuccessful. He did agree with the Khivan ruler,

2273: 1799:. Phanjoubam argues that Britain overreacted to Russian interest in Tibet, if perhaps understandably due to the presence of Dorzhiev. A constantly shifting British policy on China from pro- to anti-Qing protectorates by Britain, as well as the shift from opposition to Russia to the 1907 Convention, led the Qing Dynasty to decide on a forward policy in the Himalayas. If it were not for the 1789:, who considers a smaller, espionage-focused interpretation of the Great Game, Tibet was indeed connected to the Great Game, but "the truth is that, in the period concerned, British ruling circles didn't own so much as a sweetshop in Tibet." Specifically, he notes that the commercial trade that followed the Younghusband expedition was negligible compared to the cost of the expedition. 1755: 2972:, the British Foreign Secretary. Clarendon replied that the rapid advance of Russian troops neither alarmed nor surprised the British Government, however it did the British public and the Indian Government. Clarendon proposed a neutral zone between Britain and Russia in the region, a view that was shared by the Russian Government. This led to a confidential meeting in 620:. Beyond these points it is your affair to gain information about the possessions of the English, and the condition of the native population subject to their rule". The British public learned about the incident years later, but it firmly imprinted on the popular consciousness, contributing to feelings of mutual suspicion and distrust associated with the Great Game. 3084:, have proposed that The Great Game was a legend and that the British Raj did not have the capacity to conduct such an undertaking. An examination of the archives of the various departments of the Raj showed no evidence of a British intelligence network in Central Asia. At best, efforts to obtain information on Russian moves in Central Asia were rare, 3389:, the authors state that Central Asian states have pursued a multivectored approach in balancing out the political and economic interests of larger powers, but it has had mixed success due to strategic reversals of administrations regarding the West, China, and Russia. They suppose that China could balance out Russia. However, Russia and China have a 1353:. There were a number of Amirs of Afghanistan until Dost Mohammad Khan gained power in 1826. Shah Shuja was not popular with the Afghans and tensions grew, leading to the killing of the British envoy, Captain Alexander Burnes, in 1841. By January 1842, the Afghans were in full revolt. With a weakening of military discipline, the British decided to 715:, which gave the Russian Empire the theoretical right to intervene in Persia at any time, a humiliation of Persia. Fath-Ali Shah sought to counterbalance Russia by increasing the ties between the Qajars and Britain; the British offered military and financial assistance to the shah, supporting Iran as a buffer between Russia and India. The 6458: 783:) would be forced to become protectorates of Russia. This would change Britain's perception of the world, and its response was The Great Game. Britain had no intention of getting involved in the Middle East, but it did envision a series of buffer states between the British and Russian Empires that included Turkey, Persia, plus the 2583:

demarcating the boundary between Russian and British spheres of interest from Lake Victoria eastwards to the Chinese border. The report of the Commission proved the absolute impracticality of any Russian invasion of India through the Pamir mountains. The result was that Afghanistan became a buffer state between the two powers.

2106:. A new Emir, Abdul Rahman Khan who was known to be a Russian ally and an opponent of the British, ratified and confirmed the Gandamak treaty once more. When the British and Indian soldiers had withdrawn, the Afghans agreed to let the British attain most of their geopolitical objectives, as well as create a buffer between the 1349:, who shared their more progressive vision for the people of the region. Shah Shuja ul-Mulk had ascended the throne in 1803 and had signed a mutual defence agreement with the British in 1809 against a possible Franco-Russian invasion of India via Afghanistan. In the same year he was deposed and imprisoned by his half-brother, 2961:

through Russia. For the first time, the India Office within the British Foreign Office could telegraph its orders and have them acted on in a timely manner. The Government in Westminster now had complete control over foreign policy in India and the Governor-General of India lost the discretion that he once enjoyed.

1803:, India would have been more threatened than it was. Nonetheless, "On the chessboard of the Great Game in far off places as Mongolia, Afghanistan and Persia was thus determined the fate of British Tibet policy, and therefore, the shadow of the Great Game too came to fall on the future of India's Northeast." 344:. Aware of the importance of India to the British, Russian efforts in the region often had the aim of extorting concessions from them in Europe, but after 1801, they had no serious intention of directly attacking India. Russian war plans for India that were proposed but never materialised included the 3372:

Other authors have criticized the reuse of the term "Great Game". It may imply that Central Asian states are entirely the pawns of larger states, when this ignores the potentially counterbalancing factors. According to strategic analyst Ajay Patnaik, the "New Great Game" is a misnomer, because rather

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Gerald Morgan also proposed that Russia never had the will nor ability to move on India, nor India the capability to move on Central Asia. Russia did not want Afghanistan, considering their initial failure to take Khiva and the British debacle in the First Anglo-Afghan War. To invade Afghanistan they

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who would rule India after its independence would deny them military cooperation under a British Commonwealth defence umbrella, they settled for those willing to do so by using religion for the purpose. Their problem could be solved if Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League Party, would

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On 12 November 1893, the Agreement Between Great Britain and Afghanistan was signed in Kabul. The Agreement reconfirmed the 1873 Agreement, required Afghanistan to withdraw from the territory north of the Amu Darya that it had occupied in 1884, and called for delimitation of the boundary east of Lake

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On 10 September 1885, the Delimitation Protocol Between Great Britain and Russia was signed in London. The protocol defined the boundary from the Oxus to the Harirud and was later followed by 19 additional protocols providing further detail between 1885 and 1888. The Afghan Boundary Commission agreed

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had the support of the Afghans to continue fighting and he did not allow a British resident to stay in Kabul which was a British objective that caused the start of the conflict. In return, he accepted British control of Afghanistan's foreign policies while maintaining internal sovereignty and to cede

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to watch more closely than has hitherto been attempted the progress of events in Afghanistan, and to counteract the progress of Russian influence...The mode of dealing with this very important question, whether by dispatching a confidential agent to Dost Mohammed of Kabul merely to watch the progress

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ancestry in imitation of the traditionally nomadic culture. Scholar Anindita Banerjee argued this shows a "deconstruction" of national identities by identifying with a "religious, geographic, and ethnic other", relevant to the diversity of Central Asia and India and the frontier that existed between

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and up to the frontier with Russia. The Mirs of Nagar and Hunza saw this as a threat to their natural advantage of remoteness. In 1890, Durand reinforced Chalt Fort that was near the border due to the rumor that Nagar and Hunza fighters were about to attack it, and continued redeveloping the road up

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was supposed to have settled the dispute, however the battle occurred before its arrival. The Afghan force of 500 was overwhelmed by superior Russian numbers. Britain did not aid Afghanistan as was required by the Treaty of Gandamak, leading the Amir to conclude that he could not rely on the British

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visited Kabul, and the British believed that it was to facilitate some form of diplomatic or military presence in Afghanistan. While in Kabul, he dined with the British envoy, Captain Alexander Burnes, who reported negatively on Russia's intentions. Russia feared British inroads on their commerce in

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in Central Asia because of the mineral wealth of the region, which was at that time becoming more available to foreign investment after the end of the Soviet Union. One journalist linked the term to an interest in the region's minerals and another to its minerals and energy. The interest in oil and

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The report emphasized that 'Britain must retain its military connection with the subcontinent so as to ward off the Soviet Union's threat to the area', citing four reasons for the 'strategic importance of India to Britain'—India's 'value as a base from which forces could be suitably deployed within

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proposes that Britain lost the Great Game. "The Great Game was an aspect of British history rather than international relations: the phrase describes what the British were doing, not the actions of Russians and Chinese." The Great Game was an attempt made in the 1830s by the British to impose their

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by Russian officers gave the Russian Empire influence over the modernization of the Qajar army. This influence was especially pronounced because the Persian monarchy's legitimacy was predicated on an image of military prowess, first Turkic and then European-influenced. By the 1890s, Russian tutors,

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seeking permission to trade in Russia. Russia had an interest in establishing a trade route from Moscow to India. From then until the mid-19th century, Russian ambassadors to the region spent much of their time trying to free Russians who had been taken as slaves by the khanates. Russia would later

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Travels into Bokhara; being the account of a journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia; also, Narrative of a voyage on the Indus, from the sea to Lahore, with presents from the king of Great Britain; performed under the orders of the supreme government of India, in the years 1831, 1832, and

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The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan invited comparisons to the Great Game in the 1980s. Concerns of resource scarcity emerged once again in the 1990s, and with it the hope that the newly independent states of Central Asia and the Caucasus would provide a resource boom – the new "Persian Gulf" – and

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According to military history scholar Matt Salyer, the "Great Game" as a British strategy was a fiction, but the "Great Game" as a vague descriptor of various actions of multiple empires, "as far back as the Seven Years' War" is accurate. He writes that "the 'legend of the Great Game' emerged as a

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A. Vescovi argued that Kipling's use of the term was entirely fictional, "...because the Great Game as it is described in the novel never existed; it is almost entirely Kipling's invention. At the time when the story is set (i.e. in the late Eighties), Britain did not have an intelligence service,

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Mail communications between London and Calcutta could take as long as three months either way. Long-distance telegraph lines were built across Russia in the 1850s. In 1870, the Indo-European Telegraph Line was completed and it provided a communication link between London and Calcutta after passing

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The Russians had gained all of the lands north of the Amu Darya which included the land claimed by the Khanate of Khiva, including the approaches to Herat, and all of the land claimed by the Khanate of Khoqand, including the Pamir plateau. To ensure a complete separation, this new Afghan state was

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to the Pamirs to investigate. Britain was concerned that Russia would take advantage of Chinese weakness in policing the area to gain territory. Murray was engaged in some form of diplomacy or espionage but the matter is not clear, and in 1893 reached agreement with Russia to demarcate the rest of

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waited some years so as not to antagonize the British, then Russia expanded into Central Asia in two campaigns. In 1864, a circular was sent to the consular officers abroad by Gorchakov, the Russian Chancellor, patiently explaining the reasons for expansion centering on the doctrines of necessity,

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riding on a wounded horse, made it to Jalalabad. Over one hundred of the British and 2,000 sepoys and camp followers were taken hostage and the rest killed. So perished the "Army of the Indus". In April, a punitive expedition was dispatched and recaptured Kabul and freed the captives in September.

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No less tragic was the fate of those romantic Bolsheviks who... rushed into Mongolia, western China, and farther to Tibet to build the Red Shambhala paradise by stirring indigenous prophecies and instigating lamas to revolution. Agvan Dorzhiev, another player in the great Bolshevik game in Inner

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Sneh Manajan wrote that the Russian military advances in Central Asia were advocated and executed only by irresponsible Russians or enthusiastic governors of the frontier provinces. Robert Middleton suggested that The Great Game was all a figment of the over-excited imaginations of a few jingoist

2078:, the lands of Badakhshan and Wakhan were accepted by Russia as part of Afghanistan, Russia accepted all of Britain's proposals on Afghanistan's northern borders and expected that Britain would keep Afghanistan from committing any aggression. However, this set in motion Russia's annexation of the 1613:

and proceeded in the direction of Kabul in Afghanistan. Russia occupied Chimkent in 1864, Tashkent in 1865, Khokhand and Bukhara in 1866, and Samarkand in 1868. Russia's influence now extended to outlying regions of Afghan Turkestan. The second campaign started from the Caspian Sea and was in the

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Britain believed that it was the world's first free society and the most industrially advanced country, and therefore that it had a duty to use its iron, steam power, and cotton goods to take over Central Asia and develop it. British goods were to be followed by British values and the respect for

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in Afghanistan. Afghanistan would need to be transformed from a group of warring principalities into one state ruled by an ally whose foreign relations would be conducted on his behalf by the Governor-General and the Foreign Office. The Great Game meant closer ties between Britain and the states

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and Japan as additional players. Noack calls it a "Second Tournament of Shadows" over the territory composing the border of British India, China, the Soviet Union and Japanese Manchuria. To Britain, the Germans initially appeared to be a secret Soviet ally. In 1933–1934 it "ended with Mongolia,

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Boundary Commission protocols, when the border between Afghanistan and the Russian empire was defined. The Pamir Boundary Commission was conducted by Major-General Gerard who met with a Russian deputation under General Povalo-Shveikovsky in the remote Pamir region in 1895, who were charged with

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they had a claim over the Pamirs. Afghanistan claimed that the region never paid tribute to Kokand and was independent, so having annexed it the region was theirs. The British claimed that this was a breach of the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1873. Unfortunately for Britain, the Indian government

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saw how important the Great Game had become for Russia and Britain. Germany had no direct stakes, however its dominance of Europe was enhanced when Russian troops were based as far away from Germany as possible. Over two decades, 1871–1890, he maneuvered to help the British, hoping to force the

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of the Bengal Artillery undertook a mission to the Khanate of Khiva in an attempt to negotiate the release of Russian slaves that would deny the Russians a pretext for invading Khiva. If war had already broken out, Abbot was instructed to attempt to negotiate a settlement. The attempted Russian

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would become part of diplomatic intrigues about India. He first received limited British support in 1801 that was canceled after Russia's invasion of Persia in 1804. Fath-Ali then lent a promise to Napoleon in 1807 to theoretically invade British India in exchange for French military assistance

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respectively, in their colonial struggle over Asia. Blavatsky would also refer to Russia's double-layered conception of itself as a European power in contrast to Asia as well as an empire based in Asia; meanwhile, she would also "consciously appropriate" British rhetoric on Russia in labelling

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Beginning in the 1820s, Russian troops would begin to advance southward from Siberia in search of secure boundaries and reliable neighbors. This advance would not cease until Russia's frontiers and her sphere of influence were firm in the Central Asia, and this would include Bokhara and Khiva.

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to the Far East, where it reached the Pacific port that would become known as Vladivostok by 1859. This eastward expansion was of no concern to the British Foreign Office because this area did not lie across any British trade routes or destinations, and therefore was of no interest to Britain.

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Marx and Engels were certainly not defeatist for Britain; they wanted her to wage offensive war against Russia and to conduct it with the utmost determination. A crushing Russian defeat seemed to them to be both in the power-political interests of Britain and in the revolutionary interests of

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openly threatened...to call in every foreign aid that he could command...we could never hope that the tranquility of our neighborhood could be secured...the Governor-General confidently hopes that the Shah will speedily be replaced on his throne...the independence and integrity of Afghanistan

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began in November 1837, when the new Shah of Persia, Mohammed Mirza, arrived before Herat. His intention was to take Herat then move on to Kandahar. With him was the Russian Envoy Count Simonich, seconded Russian officers and a regiment of Russian deserters under the Polish general Berowski.

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According to the scholar Andrei Znamenski, Soviet Communists of the 1920s aimed to extend their influence over Mongolia and Tibet, using the mythical Buddhist kingdom of Shambhala as a form of propaganda to further this mission, in a sort of "great Bolshevik game". The expedition of Russian

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On 11 March 1895, there was an Exchange of Notes Between Great Britain and Russia. The notes defined British and Russian spheres of influence east of Lake Sari-Qul by defining the northern boundary of the Wakhan Corridor east of the lake. This boundary was subsequently demarcated by a mixed

3319:, into a "Second Union of the East." There, the King of Shambhala would, following the Maitreya prophecies, make his appearance to fight a great battle against all evil forces on Earth. Roerich understood that as "perfection towards Common Good." The new polity was to include southwestern 2988:, British ambassador to Russia called on Russia's V. Westmann, Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs, and told him that "The advance of Russia in Central Asia of late years was a subject of watchful interest, although it was not one of either jealousy or fear to the Government of India." 992:

During the 1840s and 1850s, Russia's aims in Central Asia were for Bukhara and Khiva to refrain from hostile actions against Russia, cease possession of Russian slaves and the granting of asylum to Kazakhs fleeing from Russian justice. Khiva must cease her attacks on caravans along the

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was an explorer, doctor, veterinary surgeon, and Superintendent of the East India Company's horse stud. He had an interest in expanding trade in Central Asia, where he thought the Russian traders were already active. In 1820, Moorcroft, George Trebeck and George Guthrie left India for

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has been put in context of the Great Game due to his interest in Tibet, Although Roerich did not like the Communists, he agreed to help Soviet intelligence and influence operations due to a shared paranoia towards Britain, as well as his goal to form a "Sacred Union of the East"

668:(Central Persia) disguised as Muslims. The expedition was funded by the East India Company and was to map and research the regions of "Beloochistan" (Balochistan) and Persia because of concerns about India being invaded by French forces from that direction. After the disastrous 6488:"Enclosure No. 8. No. 179, dated Lake Victoria, the 28th July 1895 (Confidential). From Major-General M. G. Gerard, C. B. To the Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department." Record Office. Russia. Proceedings in Central Asia 1873–1898. PRO/FO 65/1506. pp. 336–337. 1716:. Przhevalsky's expeditions became famous and increased interest in European expansion into Asia among the Russian press, aristocracy and academia. In the 1880s, Przhevalsky advocated for the "forcible annexation of western China, Mongolia, and Tibet, and their colonization by 3092:

were baseless rumours, and that such rumours "were always common currency in Central Asia and they applied as much to Russia as to Britain". After two British representatives were executed in Bukhara in 1842, Britain actively discouraged officers from traveling in Turkestan.

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with it competition for oil and gas in a 21st-century version of the Great Game. These expectations were not supported by the facts, and came with an exaggeration of the region's commercial and geopolitical value. Since that time, some journalists have used the expression

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the Indian Ocean area, in the Middle East and the Far East'; it serving as 'a transit point for air and sea communications'; it being 'a large reserve of manpower of good fighting quality'; and the strategic importance of the northwest region to threaten the Soviet Union.

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pointed out that Bozai Gumbaz was not included in the Agreement and so it was in an undefined zone. Bozai Gumbaz had not appeared on the Russian map as being in Wakhan. Additionally, the British became aware that Younghusband had mistakenly entered Russian territory near

1751:. In the late 19th century, Britain strategically supported the Qing Dynasty's protectorates against the Russian Empire. According to Andreyev, "in the days of the Great Game, Mongolia was an object of imperialist encroachment by Russia, as Tibet was for the British."" 2722:

reportedly disapproved of this "reign of terror", though would soon pressure Persian ministers to officialize the Anglo-Russian partition of Iran. By June 1914, Russia established near-total control over its northern zone, while Britain had established influence over

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power and spread of civilisation. Gorchakov went to great lengths to explain that Russia's intentions were meant not to antagonize the British but to bring civilised behavior and protect the traditional trade routes through the region. The first campaign started from

1849:: a possible move in their struggle with Britain for control of inner Asia. In a report to the Russian General Staff, Mannerheim also argued in favor of a Russian invasion of Xinjiang. Disguised as an ethnographic collector, Mannerheim joined the French archeologist 3142:'s attempt at reviving a 'new Mongolian khanate'. Whereas the Great Game between Russia and Britain was codifying imperial spheres of influence at their frontiers, the supposed Great Game between Russia and Japan did not end up in a similarly defined frontier, with 2013:, tried unsuccessfully to keep them from entering Afghanistan, the Russians arrived in Kabul on 22 July 1878. As a reaction, on 14 August the British demanded that Sher Ali also accept a British mission. The Amir not only refused to receive a British mission under 1039:, it was logistically not possible for the Russian Empire to invade India and was not seriously considered, however the Tsars understood that making invasion plans threatening the "jewel" of Britain's empire was a way to extract more favorable outcomes in Europe. 2841:

and Xinjiang isolated from non-Soviet influence." Authors Andrei Znamenski and Alexandre Andreyev also describe the continuation of elements of the Great Game by the Soviet Union until the 1930s, focused on secret diplomacy and espionage in Tibet and Mongolia.

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in 1917 and the temporary end of Russia's interest in Persia. Konstantin Penzev has stated, echoing Kipling's fictional summary ("When everyone is dead, the Great Game is finished. Not before."), that unofficially the Great Game in Central Asia will never end.

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Travels in the Himalayan provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir; in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara; by William Moorcroft and George Trebeck, from 1819 to 1825. Edited by Horace Hayman Wilson. Published by John Murray, London, 1841.

7794:

With its panoply of outlandish tyrants, fortune tellers, mounted tribesmen and wild dreams advanced against absurd odds, the whole story could have possessed the makings of a glorious offshoot of the Great Game, had Ungern been anything more than a murderous

3373:

than two empires focused on the region as in the past, there are now many global and regional powers active with the rise of China and India as major economic powers. Central Asian states have diversified their political, economic, and security relationships.

1834:

also changed and weakened Russian designs in Xinjiang. According to researcher Jin Noda, Japanese intelligence activities occurred "against a backdrop of acute Russian and British interest in the geopolitical fate of Xinjiang, Tibet, and Russian Turkestan".

1295:, an officer of the Bengal Artillery, who had earlier entered Herat in disguise, stiffened the defences and despite the presence of Russian advisers the siege lasted eight months. Britain threatened to take military action and Persia withdrew in September. 2659:

For a time, the British and Russian Empires moved together against potential German entrance into the Great Game, and against a constitutional movement in Iran that threatened to dispel the two-way sphere of influence. Russia had earlier established the

2449:

that Russia would relinquish the farthest territory captured in their advance, but retain Panjdeh. The agreement delineated a permanent northern Afghan frontier at the Amu Darya, with the loss of a large amount of territory, especially around Panjdeh.

1743:, which aimed to annex Mongolia, Tibet, and China to the Russian Empire. Although not very successful, various agents were sent out to conduct espionage in Tibet in regards to British influence, investigate trade and attempted to foment rebellion in 1770:. Agvan Dorzhiev claimed that Russia was a powerful Buddhist country that would ally with Tibet against China or Britain. In response, Britain sought to increase its own influence in Tibet as a buffer for British India. British forces, led by Sir 2932: 1738:

argues that Tibet was a major territorial focus of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union, and was connected to the Great Game. Andreyev mentions that in 1893, Tsar Alexander III financed an adventurist project by a Tibetan medicine practitioner,

339:

Britain feared Russia's southward expansion would threaten India, while Russia feared the expansion of British interests into Central Asia. As a result, Britain made it a high priority to protect all approaches to India, while Russia continued

3397:, Paul Stronski and Nicole Ng wrote in 2018 that China has not fundamentally challenged any Russian interests in Central Asia. They suggested that China, Russia, and the West could have mutual interests in regional stability in Central Asia. 1042:

Similarly to the British Empire, the Russian Empire saw themselves as a "civilizing power" expanding a purely humanitarian mission among the Turcomans into what they perceived a "semi-barbarous" region, reflecting the ideology of the time.

1357:. The Kabul garrison of 4,500 troops and 12,000 camp followers left Kabul for Jalalabad that was 80 miles and 5 days march away. They were attacked by 30,000 Afghans. Six British officers escaped on horseback but only one, the wounded Dr 1370:

I have been struck by the magnitude of your resources, your ships, your arsenals, but what I cannot understand is why the rulers of so vast and flourishing an empire should have gone across the Indus to deprive me of my poor and barren

2983:

that "Although ... the Khanate of Khiva remained entirely in our sphere of action, we thought we would make an act of courtesy of not adopting any decisive measure against Khiva before having informed Britain of it." In November 1874,

1733: 2952:, which allowed London to communicate with its colony in India from 1870 onward, was built through the territory of the Russian Empire, during the 'Great Game' between Russia and Britain. Nevertheless, an all-British-owned line 636:

on a French military mission to Persia, with the intention of persuading Russia to invade India. In response, Britain sent its own diplomatic missions in 1808, with military advisers, to Persia and Afghanistan under the capable

3385:(SCO) established in 2001 is showing that Central Asia's actors have gained some real degree of independence. But fundamentally, the China factor introduces a level of predictability." In the 2015 international relations book 2862:

Nonetheless, Britain would win a decisive victory in the Second Anglo-Afghan War which occurred between 1878 and 1880. The victory also strengthened Britain's influence in Afghanistan, which had become a British protectorate.

2924:

of colluding with Russia during the Crimean War. At the time, Marx alleged that Palmerston weakened Britain's defense of the Ottoman Empire. Although this view was not otherwise widespread, the same accusation was levied by

2029:, invaded Afghanistan from British India. Warfare had been settled for a while through diplomatic negotiations in 1879, in 1880 however the fighting was reignited after a British envoy on a mission to Kabul was massacred. 1168:'s surveys of the Indus river would prepare the way for a future assault on the Sind to clear a path towards Central Asia. Burnes embarked on a dangerous 12-month journey beginning in 1831 into Afghanistan and through the 3109:

might rail against the corrupting effects of British rule over India and declare that there could be no frontiers for the Russians in Asia, but Russian policy was usually decided by saner heads. Canny statesmen such as

327:

Though the Great Game was marked by distrust, diplomatic intrigue, and regional wars, it never erupted into a full-scale war directly between Russian and British colonial forces. However, the two nations battled in the

1278:

with a message that the Emperor would no longer have anything to do with the Emir of Bukhara. After its two representatives were executed in Bukhara, Britain actively discouraged officers from traveling in Turkestan.

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Robert Irwin argues the Great Game was certainly perceived by both British and Russian adventurers at the time, but was played up by more expansionist factions for power politics in Europe. Irwin states that "Prince

641:, averting the possible French and Russian threat to India. However, Britain was left with concerns about being able to defend its colony on the subcontinent. At the time, Russia also went to war with Qajar Iran and 910:

In the early 1880s Russia failed to float a nine 9 million loan on the European markets for its strategic geopolitical enterprises, driving severe budget cuts by the Minister of Finance. For the construction of the

1217:

to paddle up the Indus River and surveyed the river as he went. In 1838, he led an expedition that found one of the River Oxus' sources in central Asia. He published his travels in 1872. In 1837, the Russian envoy

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distinct historiographical lens after the Second World War." However, he says, "That does not mean that historians who describe trajectories of British Imperial statecraft in terms of 'the Great Game' are wrong."

2489:

and could have been arrested by the administrator there. Yanov offered a verbal apology if he had mistakenly entered the Wakhan territory, and the Russian government proposed a joint survey to agree on a border.

1159:

to the British frontier in January 1831. He published his travels in 1834. However, after 1830, Britain's commercial and diplomatic interest to the north-west would eventually become formidable. In 1831, Captain

3073:

nor an Ethnographical Department; there was only a governmental task force called 'Survey of India' that was entrusted with the task of charting all India in response to a typically English anxiety of control."

1444:

in 1845–1846, resulting in the partial subjugation of the Sikh kingdom. The Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought in 1848–1849, resulting in subjugation of the remainder of the Sikh Empire, and the annexation of the

3052:

to assess 'the long-term policy required to safeguard the strategic interests of the British Empire in India and the Indian Ocean', the report in respect of which was submitted on 19 May 1945. He states in the

468:

In the historical sense, the term dates from the mid-19th century. Captain Conolly had been appointed as a political officer. A similar term, the "Tournament of Shadows" was reportedly used by Russian diplomat

2679:, a relatively free press and other reforms. Seeking to resolve financial problems of the Qajar dynasty such as heavy debts to Imperial Russia and Britain, the Majilis recruited the American financial expert, 3138:) and that centuries-old distinct traditions such as the Qing legacy there led to key differences. Nonetheless, ancient and even mythic appeals to legitimacy were used by exiled supporters of empire, such as 3121:

According to historian Patrikeeff, the concept of the Great Game was also applied, possibly inaccurately, to Northeast Asia to describe Russia and Japan's contest over Manchuria – which took the form of the

615:

wrote that Tsar Paul had not been able to obtain a detailed map of India until the Cossacks' departure from Orenburg. He quotes the Tsar as instructing Orlov: "My maps only go as far as Khiva and the River

6383:

Gerard, Maj.-Gen. M. G. Report on the Proceedings of the Pamir Boundary Commission. Calcutta, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1897, 1st ed., Foolscap Folio (33 x 21cm), iv, 99pp

6479:

Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kashmir, Chitral, Gilgit, Pamirs and North-West Frontier: Summary of Diary for August 1895. p.4. Public Record Office. Russia.Proceedings in Central Asia 1873–1898. F.O. 65/1507.

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observed that "the grotesque plan had no military significance, but at least showed its author's state of mind". Hopkirk remarked that "no serious thought or study has been given to this wild adventure".

2818:

which delineated spheres of interest between British India and Russian Central Asia in the borderland areas of Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet. However historian Elena Andreeva sets the endpoint with the

1707:

felt there was a British threat to Russian ambitions in Inner Asia, and set out on a series of 1870s expeditions. Although he failed to reach Tibet's capital at Lhasa, he travelled extensively in Tibet,

6509: 8363: 7823: 481:, Conolly wrote, "You've a great game, a noble game, before you." Conolly believed that Rawlinson's new post gave him the opportunity to advance humanitarianism in Afghanistan, and summed up his hopes: 3181:

have connected the Great Game to earlier and later expeditions in Inner Asia, predominantly those expeditions by British, Russian, and German orientalists. Robert Irwin summarizes the expeditions as "

2590:

river would form the border between Afghanistan and the Russian Empire. The agreements also resulted in the Russian Empire losing control of most Afghan territory it conquered, with the exception of

1334:

British influence was to be extended into Afghanistan and it was to become a buffer state. The intention to invade was clear, and when a copy of the Manifesto reached London there was no objection.

1172:

to Bukhara, returning in 1832. Burnes, a Christian travelling through a Muslim country was one of the first to study Afghanistan for British Intelligence and upon his return, he published his book,

2098:

of 1879. The British sent an envoy and mission to Kabul, but on 3 September this mission was massacred and the conflict was reignited. The second phase ended in September 1880 when the British

3400:

The Great Game has been described as a cliché-metaphor, and there are authors who have now written on the topics of "the Great Game" in Antarctica, the world's far north, and in outer space.

3006:

Britain and Russia officially ended their dispute with the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, and afterward cooperated to enforce its provisions on Qajar Iran, while covert rivalry continued.

2628:

given an odd eastern appendage known as the Wakhan Corridor. "In setting these boundaries, the final act of the tense game played out by the British and Russian governments came to a close."

1015:

The Russian Empire sought to expand its access to strategic coastlines such as the Black Sea, Persian Gulf, and the Pacific. Russian war plans against British India were developed during the

10598: 6924: 1899:

The Great Game in Iran took the form of military conquests, diplomatic intrigues, and the competition of trade goods. Russian colonists arrived in northern Iran, settling the region around

6996:

Asia, ended his Shambhala quest in a secret police prison morgue. By the 1930s, futile compromises with the Bolshevik regime morally broke down this former Dalai Lama ambassador to Russia.

1869:

in July 1906, but Mannerheim quarreled with Pelliot, so he made the greater part of the expedition on his own. Mannerheim met the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet and acted as an envoy of Russia.

1826:

made some of Japan's first official diplomatic interactions in Central Asia and observed Russian colonial policy during the early Meiji period, while during the end of the period, Colonel

7948: 2021:, the Viceroy of British India, ordered an envoy to set out on a diplomatic mission for Kabul in September 1878. The mission was turned back as it approached the eastern entrance of the 815: 588:. Expecting a future action by the British against Russia and her allies in Europe, Paul decided in 1801 to make the first move towards where he believed the British Empire was weakest ( 3393:. According to Ajay Patnaik, "China has advanced carefully in the region, using the SCO as the main regional mechanism, but never challenging Russian interests in Central Asia." In the 2691: 1953:

or keep Muhammad Ali Shah in power, the constitutional reforms were put in place against Russia's wishes, though the Cossack Brigade remained a major factor. An Iranian former Cossack,

1946: 3097:

would first require a forward base in Khorasan, Persia. St. Petersburg had decided by then that a forward policy in the region had failed but one of non-intervention appeared to work.

2532:), he opened up the region by building roads, telegraph, and mail systems while maintaining a dialogue with the Mir of Gilgit. He intended to improve the road from Kashmir through the 906:

And finally petroleum deposits in central Asia were discovered in the early 20th century. This oil was essential to the modernization of the Royal Navy, and to build Britain's economy.

1845:

on the way to Beijing. The Russian General Staff wanted on-the-ground intelligence about reforms and activities by the Qing dynasty, as well as the military feasibility of invading

485:

If the British Government would only play the grand game – help Russia cordially to all that she has a right to expect – shake hands with Persia – get her all possible amends from

719:

led to a Russian victory, weakening Qajar Iran which retained only minimal influence and power. This fully placed Persia into another colonial contest between Russia and Britain.

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arrived to try to secure Stoddart's release. He was also imprisoned and on 17 June 1842 both men were beheaded. On hearing of the execution of the two British officers, Emperor

9104:

Morrison, Alexander. "Introduction: Killing the Cotton Canard and getting rid of the Great Game: rewriting the Russian conquest of Central Asia, 1814–1895." (2014): 131–142.

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community in India told him that Russia was destined for a mission on Earth. That led Roerich to formulate his "Great Plan," which envisaged the unification of millions of

1031:

in Poland. Andreyev states that, as late as 1909, strategists of the Russian Empire sought to use Afghanistan to "threaten India... to exert influence on Britain", quoting

10442: 2602:

would be the subject of a later Afghan-China agreement. To conclude their agreement, one peak was named Mount Concord. In exchange for a British agreement to use the term

1282:

During 1838, there were rumors in London of a coming Russian move towards Khiva. Additionally, Persia intended to annex Herat to make up for territory it had lost in the

6239:

a commentary on "The Pamirs; being a Narrative of a Year's Expedition on Horseback and Foot through Kashmir, Western Tibet, Chinese Tartary and Russian Central Asia" by

903:

By the late 19th century London added the argument that Russian success against the Ottoman Empire would seriously embarrass Britain's reputation for diplomatic prowess.

872:

argues that by the mid-19th century the British had developed at least nine reasons to expect a major war with Russia unless Russian expansion in Asia could be stopped:

332:

from 1853 to 1856, which affected the Great Game. The Russian and British Empires also cooperated numerous times during the Great Game, including many treaties and the

6300: 5599: 4692: 3698: 1366:, decided to withdraw all British garrisons from Afghanistan and Dost Mohammad Khan was freed in India to return to the throne. Dost Mohammad is reported to have said: 5031: 11195: 10591: 922:

The Tsar also entered into agreements about delivery of munition for its fortresses at an estimated value of one million sterling, with German steel magnate Alfred

688:

in 1807, as Russia was still invading Iran, Fath-Ali Shah turned toward British diplomacy and alliance in 1809. The shah was also able to use a rivalry between the

11200: 4799: 3365:

gas includes pipelines that transmit energy to China's east coast. One view of the New Great Game is a shift to geoeconomic compared to geopolitical competition.

3114:

sanctioned the despatch of diplomatic missions, explorers and spies into Afghanistan and Tibet, but they did so to extort concessions from the British in Europe.

1502:

In 1856, Persia commenced an assault on Herat and the British Home Government declared war on Persia. The Anglo-Persian War was conducted under Major General Sir

10909: 10861: 4021: 1223:

Central Asia, as well as the influence that a Muslim power with British support might have on the other khanates. In 1837, Russian troops occupied the island of

2759:

Historians do not agree on dating the beginning or end of the Great Game. Konstantin Penzev believes that the Great Game commenced with Russia's victory in the

1001:

river for Russian ships. None of these aims was realised. Russia's borders remained insecure and in addition there was growing British influence in the region.

8434:

Globalizing Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Challenges of Economic Development. By Marlene Laruelle, Sebastien Peyrouse. Routledge, Abington, England, 2013.

6903:

Unofficially, the Great Game is still going on; and as Rudyard Kipling said, it will end when everyone is dead, i.e. it will never end. Of that we can be sure.

4448: 1410:

of the Bengal Artillery was successful in negotiating the release of 416 Russian captives, whom he escorted into Russia. He was knighted for this undertaking.

1012:

proposed Afghanistan as the neutral zone. Russia feared the influence that a Muslim power with British support might have on the other khanates in the region.

8356: 7807: 7456: 4647:

A Journey from Bengal to England through the Northern part of India, Kashmire, Afghanistan, and Persia, and into Russia by the Caspian Sea by George Forster.

2870:, who later became Viceroy of India (1899-1905), wrote a book on the strategic balance between the Russian and British Empires, as well as his travels on the 11029: 1877: 7239: 6501: 10584: 5446: 1896:

after which the British and Russian Empires largely moved together in their overtures for imperial influence in the region until the Bolshevik Revolution.

497:

views. The expediency, nay the necessity of them will be seen, and we shall play the noble part that the first Christian nation of the world ought to fill.

10342: 2161:. The Afghans claimed that the people of the district had always paid tribute to Afghanistan, and the Russians argued that this district was part of the 1792: 1728: 8202: 2885:

Our relations with Afghanistan in the forty years between 1838 and 1878 were successively those of blundering interference and of unmasterly inactivity.

1566:. Farrah had been under Dost Mohammad Khan's control since 1856, and he responded by sending his army to defeat Herat and reunited it with Afghanistan. 791:

that would grow from future trade. Behind these buffer states would be their protected states stretching from the Persian Gulf to India and up into the

11185: 11175: 11098: 11019: 459:

The phrase "the Great Game" was used well before the 19th century and was associated with games of risk, such as cards and dice. The French equivalent

5978:

The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, United States of America. 15 September 1983. p4-11

1115: 11411: 11210: 11129: 5203: 5151: 2832:

According to German historian David X. Noack, the Great Game resumed from 1919 to 1933 as a conflict between Britain and the Soviet Union, with the

2771:

of 1828. Edward Ingram believes that it began between 1832 and 1834 as an attempt to negotiate trade deals with Ranjit Singh and the Amirs of Sind.

422:

Boundary Commission protocols, when the border between Afghanistan and the Russian Empire was defined using diplomatic methods. In August 1907, the

11366: 11139: 8924: 8769: 8571: 2996: 8184:

The Asian Energy Factor: Myths and Dilemmas of Energy, Security and the Pacific Future by Robert A. Manning. Palgrave Macmillan (11 November 2000)

7656: 6916: 489:– force the Bukhara Amir to be just to us, the Afghans, and other Oosbeg states, and his own kingdom – but why go on; you know my, at any rate in 11215: 10654: 9423: 9279: 8328:

Mapping Central Asia: Indian Perceptions and Strategies. By Marlène Laruelle and Sébastien Peyrouse. Ashgate Publishing, Farnham, England, 2011.

6813:

The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia. Evgeny Sergeev Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013,

2867: 2128: 70: 6890: 6716: 4067: 10712: 10053: 9047: 7940: 6577: 6407: 5382: 5333: 3843: 2814:

British fears ended in 1907 and the Great Game came to a close in 1907 when Britain and Russia became military allies (with France). They made

2731:

autonomous tribal leaders in the southeastern zone. Qajar Iran would become a battleground between Russian, Ottoman, and British forces in the

9108: 3040:

succeed in his plan to detach the northwest of India abutting Iran, Afghanistan and Sinkiang and establish a separate state there – Pakistan.

9191:, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552 9130: 1539:

functioned as the guardian of a system of connected markets maintained by military power, business legislation and monetary management. The

608:, conquer the Central Asian Khanates, and from there invade India. Paul was assassinated in the same year, and the invasion was terminated. 367:, shuffling Persia into a competition between colonial powers. According to one major view, the Great Game started on 12 January 1830, when 11426: 9884: 9337: 180: 2811:

proposes that The Great Game was over at the end of the First Anglo-Afghanistan war in 1842 with the British withdrawal from Afghanistan.

1986: 11341: 11280: 10902: 10876: 10607: 9332: 8665: 8046: 7124: 6686: 6647: 3471: 795:, with British sea-power protecting trade sea-lanes. Access to Afghanistan was to be through developing trade routes along the Indus and 515:

on 10 November 1926. The use of the term "The Great Game" to describe Anglo-Russian rivalry in Central Asia became common only after the

6855: 6832: 6746: 6280: 4757: 3031:

that the partition of India was partially connected to the Great Game between Britain and the USSR. He stated the following in his book:

11421: 11391: 9172: 8339: 7638: 7537: 7025: 6320:

William C. Rowe (2010). "Chapter 4: The Wakhan Corridor – The endgame of The Great Game". In Alexander C. Diener; Joshua Hagen (eds.).

3982: 3394: 3378: 2921: 1450: 861: 7085: 1345:, Dost Mohammad surrendered despite his victories. The British sent him into exile in India and replaced him with the previous ruler, 11406: 11371: 11346: 10043: 9433: 1200:

was appointed Governor-General, and replaced Bentinck who had pursued a non-intervention policy. The India Board instructed Auckland:

247: 7417: 6216: 5416: 452:

popularized the term, increasing its association with great power rivalry. It became even more popular after the 1979 advent of the

11386: 10995: 10970: 4777:

The Soviet Union and Iran : Soviet policy in Iran from the beginnings of the Pahlavi Dynasty until the Soviet invasion in 1941

2979:

After the signing of the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1873 that was followed by Russia's occupation of Khiva, Gorchakov wrote in the

2018: 1818:, a pan-Muslim opponent of Russian and British expansion. Japanese interest in the region as well as enmity with Russia led to the 1303: 1266:. Nasrullah Khan had Stoddart imprisoned in a vermin-infested dungeon because he had not bowed nor brought gifts. In 1841, Captain 403:

against Russian expansion. This would protect India and key British sea trade routes by blocking Russia from gaining a port on the

7556:

Minute by Viceroy, encl. No. 123 of 1875, Government of India, Foreign Department (Political), to Salisbury, 7 June 1875, N.P.123.

6088: 11321: 10945: 10940: 10028: 9288: 4677:

Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab: Including a Residence in Those Countries from 1826–1838

3244:

by the British and Russian Empires, as they competed to define and claim "the Orient". Blavatsky would be referenced by the poet

4311:

From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801-1813

1926:, Russia received territorial domination in Iran. With the Romanovs shifting to a policy of 'informal support' for the weakened 11356: 11331: 10985: 10895: 6334:

In setting these boundaries, the final act of the tense game played out by the British and Russian governments came to a close.

4156: 3390: 2999:, the Secretary of State for India, that he accepted an eventual Russian annexation of Merv. In the following year he wrote to 2969: 1147:

of the East India Company travelled from St. Petersburg, Russia to the Caspian desert, to Kir (northern Iran), was detained in

1005: 418:

Traditionally, the Great Game came to a close between 1895 and 1907. In September 1895, London and Saint Petersburg signed the

8418: 6359: 885:

It would undermine the old Islamic regimes of central Asia leading to a frantic war among the powers for shares of the spoils.

11401: 10058: 9628: 8936: 8915: 8439: 8022: 7981: 7856: 7753: 7347: 7320: 7118: 6976: 6680: 6641: 6541: 5940: 5913: 5635: 5585: 5541: 5514: 5484: 5410: 5358: 5309: 5256: 5189: 4319: 4031: 3954: 3807: 2992: 2914: 2706:

after April 1909. Nonetheless, the constitutionalists were able to retake the capital and were initially victorious with the

8085: 7987: 6982: 5641: 5270: 4338:, by Henry Pottinger. First published by Longman, London, 1816. This edition by RoutledgeCurzon, Milton Park, England 2004. 3682: 1892:

Various authors connect British-Russian competition in Iran to the Great Game as well. This competition continued until the

1649: 11381: 11361: 11326: 10980: 6297: 5283:

Britain considered that... 'It was necessary to cultivate China as a counterbalance to the Russian threat to British India'

5028: 4689: 3186: 2918: 2203: 1795:

states that the Anglo-Russian rivalry in Tibet ultimately had implications for Northeast India as well, culminating in the

1363: 745: 368: 136: 3339:, Xinjiang and Tibet, with its capital in "Zvenigorod," the "City of Tolling Bells," which was to be built at the foot of 11416: 11376: 11351: 10955: 10159: 9272: 6415: 4236: 3542: 2494: 2426: 1247: 1176:, which became an overnight success in 1834. Between 1832 and 1834, Britain attempted to negotiate trade agreements with 1135:

and reached Bukhara in 1825. However, all three died of fever on the return journey. His travels were published in 1841.

7657:"Going All in on the Great Game? The Curious and Problematic Choice of Kiplingesque Inspiration in US Military Doctrine" 4821:

Narrative of a Mission to Bokhara, in the Years 1843–1845, to Ascertain the Fate of Colonel Stoddart and Captain Conolly

4688:

Journey to the North of India through Russia, Persia and Afghanistan Lt. Arthur Conolly. London, Richard Bentley, 1834.

2751: 11396: 11059: 10154: 10063: 10033: 9709: 9585: 9166: 8878: 8659: 8639: 8584: 8264: 7591: 7019: 6633:

The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906–1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy, & the Origins of Feminism

3650: 1398: 7566:

Taming the Imperial Imagination:Colonial Knowledge, International Relations, and the Anglo-Afghan Encounter, 1808–1878

3821: 1562:

of Herat, who was placed into power by Persia and issued coinage on behalf of the Shah, attacked the disputed town of

900:

When Russia reached the Indian Ocean it could threaten the naval communications that held the British Empire together.

10816: 10811: 10432: 10362: 10317: 10101: 9764: 9692: 9658: 8782: 8399: 8333: 8239: 8194: 7620: 6818: 6785: 6170: 5013: 4933: 4785: 4612: 4245: 3756: 3742: 3603: 3537: 3532: 3382: 3369:

believes that "China and Russia are the two dominant power players vs. the weaker independent Central Asian states".

2668: 1950: 1283: 749: 740:

basin today. Britain's intended strategy was to use its steam power and the river as a trade route into Central Asia.

716: 642: 372: 364: 360: 9252: 7453: 4442: 2066:), and a joint Russian-British commission would define the boundary from the Amu Darya to the Persian border on the 1914: 11049: 10821: 10347: 10307: 10169: 10018: 9877: 9095: 9071: 9011: 8894: 8560: 8144: 7917: 6184: 5971: 5851: 5784: 5708: 4626: 4403: 3481: 3000: 2604: 1975: 1814:

would observe the Great Game and participate indirectly through diplomacy and espionage. For example, Japan hosted

1604:

had ended in 1856 with Russia's defeat by an alliance of Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire. The new and wary

1330:

Dost Mohammad Khan, 1793 to 1863. Emir of Afghanistan. From The World's Inhabitants by G.T. Bettany published 1888.

474: 426:

created an alliance between Britain and Russia, and formally delineated control in Afghanistan, Persia, and Tibet.

341: 9243: 9029: 8168: 5109: 2755:

1920s bird's eye map depicting the approaches to British India through Afghanistan including then Soviet territory

10801: 10422: 10201: 10144: 10096: 10068: 9953: 9948: 8886:

Preston, Adrian. "Frustrated Great Gamesmanship: Sir Garnet Wolseley's Plans for War against Russia, 1873-1880."

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The Small Players of the Great Game: The Settlement of Iran's Eastern Borderlands and the Creation of Afghanistan

5248:

China and the international system, 1840–1949 : power, presence, and perceptions in a century of humiliation

2760: 2557: 1446: 31: 7154: 7055: 6445: 5438: 4823: 2468:

Pamir. In 1891, Russia sent a military force to this area and its commander, Yanov, ordered the British Captain

11336: 10660: 9913: 9602: 9597: 9265: 8079: 6758: 6036: 4343: 3454: 2732: 2695: 1615: 1008:

proposed the Amu Darya river as the basis for a neutral zone between British and Russian spheres of influence,

633: 17: 7874:"Liberation Theosophy: Discovering India and Orienting Russia between Velimir Khlebnikov and Helena Blavatsky" 3343:, in Altai. According to Roerich, the same Mahatmas revealed to him in 1922 that he was an incarnation of the 711:

began to coalesce into a point of tension between the British and Russian empires, particularly following the

11431: 11316: 11270: 10871: 10806: 10407: 10327: 10322: 10164: 10149: 10023: 9612: 7273: 6068: 3123: 1503: 1143:, Afghanistan and the Punjab between 1826 and 1838 and published his travels. In September 1829, Lieutenant 897:

It would strengthen protectionism and thereby undermine the free trading ideal that Britain was committed to.

578:, it might then be used as a staging post for a Russian invasion of India, was the British line of thinking. 240: 165: 1506:

until 1857, when Persia and Britain both withdrew and Persia signed a treaty renouncing its claim on Herat.

11108: 10866: 10781: 10374: 10369: 10332: 10196: 10048: 9673: 9518: 9392: 9039:

Tripodi, Christian. "Grand Strategy and the Graveyard of Assumptions: Britain and Afghanistan, 1839–1919."

9003:

Stone, James. "Bismarck and the Great Game: Germany and Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1871–1890."

8868: 6533:

Middle East conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st century : an encyclopedia and document collection

3182: 2949: 2703: 2179: 1583: 1540: 1231:

of the southern Caspian Sea. However, from 1837 to 1857 the Russian Empire lent their support to the Shah.

1123: 6145:

James Stone, "Bismarck and the Great Game: Germany and Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1871–1890."

3217:, the Nazi sympathiser who seems to have regarded Asian exploration as a proving ground for the superman; 2664:

in 1879, a force which was led by Russian officers and served as a vehicle for Russian influence in Iran.

1155:, marched with the Afghan army from there to Herat, then traveled to Kandahar, to Quetta, then across the 10749: 10702: 10551: 10498: 10352: 10188: 10139: 9870: 9789: 9548: 9479: 5143: 3547: 3197:, the head of the ill-fated British Mission in Kabul (and a scholar who produced an important edition of 3170:

that was prominent in the late 19th and early 20th century), during the Great Game and in its aftermath.

3036: 2799:– in the context of the Great Game. Sergeev believes that the Great Game started in the aftermath of the 1838: 1775: 1575: 977: 768: 672:

in 1812 and the collapse of the French army, the threat of a French invasion through Persia was removed.

542: 189: 121: 8788: 8607:

Campbell, Heather A. (2021) "Great Game Thinking: The British Foreign Office and Revolutionary Russia."

8590: 7175:

George N. Curzon, Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question, London 1889, pp. 356–7.

6603: 5882: 4700: 1841:

also acted as a tsarist agent during the Great Game, leading an expedition through Tibet, Xinjiang, and

1758:

Agvan Dorzhiev (1853-1938) acted as a diplomatic link between the Russian Empire and the 13th Dalai Lama

1326: 860:

Here we are, just as we were, snarling at each other, hating each other, but neither wishing for war. –

308:. By the early 20th century, a line of independent states, tribes, and monarchies from the shore of the 11275: 10918: 10856: 10851: 10357: 10091: 9580: 9553: 9087:

Martel, Gordon. "Documenting the Great Game: 'World Policy' and the 'Turbulent Frontier' in the 1890s"

7367: 6581: 5048:

The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.

3166:

Several scholars have focused on the role of legends and mysticism (sometimes interpreted as a form of

3139: 2838: 2166: 2147: 2014: 1700: 1669: 1069: 653: 333: 4496: 1614:

direction of Herat, near the Persian frontier. Khiva was occupied in 1873. Russian forces also seized

10834: 10727: 9918: 9418: 8485:

Sam Miller. A Strange Kind of Paradise: India Through Foreign Eyes. Vintage Books, London 2014. p286.

8457:"Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic" 6882: 6799:

The Caucasus, thanks to Urquhart and his friends, had thus become part of the Great Game battlefield.

6712: 5506:

The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road, and the Rise of Modern China

4363: 4059: 3497: 2855: 2808: 2738: 2099: 843: 757: 669: 380: 172: 9044: 8175:

by Robert A. Manning. The Brown Journal of World Affairs Vol. 7, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2000), pp. 15–33

6404: 5969:

International Boundary Study No. 26 (Revised) Afghanistan – U.S.S.R. Boundary (Country Codes: AF-UR)

1762:

Britain feared increased Russian influence in Tibet, due to contacts between the Russia-born Buryat

888:

It would add power and prestige to the Russian regime that was the great enemy of political freedom.

10764: 10478: 10447: 10268: 10127: 9779: 9445: 9380: 9105: 8964: 8357:"Kennan Cable No. 56: No Great Game: Central Asia's Public Opinions on Russia, China, and the U.S." 6307:. Digitized Afghanistan Materials in English from the Arthur Paul Afghanistan Collection. Paper 25. 5131:

State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863)

3020: 2649: 2641: 2507: 1893: 1744: 1520: 1263: 423: 233: 153: 90: 5741:""All Rulers are Brothers": Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century" 4424:

Secret committee to governor-general in council, 12 January 1830, India Office Records, Ltes/5/543

2578:

commission. The Great Game is proposed to have ended on 10 September 1895 with the signing of the

1949:

that involved both regular Russian troops and the Persian Cossacks. Failing to fully suppress the

11311: 11285: 11044: 10839: 10786: 10513: 10427: 10290: 10174: 10003: 9973: 9842: 9832: 9774: 9714: 9560: 9387: 9370: 9119: 8941:

Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David. "Paul's great game: Russia's plan to invade British India."

7770: 6240: 3135: 3118:, on the other hand, was reluctant to have its foreign policy in Europe dictated to by the Raj." 2953: 2711: 2661: 1980: 1970: 1942: 1931: 1819: 1721: 1699:

continued to travel around Tibet and surrounding regions for many years. The publications of the

1696: 1579: 1381: 1354: 1112:

and then by ship to London. Forster's detailed description of the journey was published in 1798.

638: 7392: 2652:, the Russian Empire and British Empire officially ended their rivalry to focus on opposing the 11257: 10796: 10544: 10537: 10461: 10437: 10390: 10337: 10013: 10008: 9998: 9983: 9905: 9897: 9633: 9570: 9353: 4280: 3194: 2680: 2541: 2537: 2082:

in the same year. Badakhshan would later be divided between Afghanistan and Russian-controlled

1605: 1476: 1342: 1321: 1219: 792: 693: 681: 601: 575: 388: 292:

used military interventions and diplomatic negotiations to acquire and redefine territories in

277: 159: 79: 60: 10576: 8870:

Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia: 1810–1895, Epilogue by Lt. Col. (retd) Geoffrey Wheeler

8649: 8038: 7565: 7472: 7310: 7108: 6670: 6631: 6393: 6329: 6133: 5348: 5299: 5130: 5047: 4711: 4664: 2889:

However, he also portrayed the great game as a then-ongoing and future event in 1889, stating:

10990: 10845: 10738: 10508: 10493: 10417: 10412: 10263: 10038: 9719: 9575: 9397: 9307: 8389: 8010: 7505: 7337: 6947:

The Second Tournament of Shadows: Perceptions of great power politics in Turkestan, 1919–1933

6852: 6829: 6743: 6277: 6028: 5987: 5531: 5474: 4945: 4925: 4754: 4204: 3527: 3417: 2871: 2815: 2768: 2609: 1938: 1923: 1862: 1786: 1423: 1287: 1274:

would no longer receive Bukhara's gifts or emissaries, and its ambassador was turned back at

912: 836: 832: 820: 764: 753: 629: 567: 547: 453: 376: 9156: 8495:

Dodds, Klaus (2008). "The Great Game in Antarctica: Britain and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty".

8442: 8336: 7635: 7009: 6321: 4958: 4335: 2964:

In 1868, Russia moved against Bukhara and occupied Samarkand. Prince Gorchakov wrote in the

2150:

in the same year to define the borders between the Russian Empire and northern Afghanistan.

11014: 10560: 10488: 10280: 10107: 9993: 9724: 9643: 9638: 9358: 7077: 5665:"Russian Settlements in Iran in the Early Twentieth Century: Initial Phase of Colonization" 3300:

states that "Roerich brought the bewilderments of the later Great Game to America" through

3206: 3178: 2985: 2820: 2792: 2570: 2486: 2469: 2063: 1771: 1703:

in 1869 made the arrival of British Pundits at Lhasa known in Russia. The Russian explorer

1419: 1271: 1210: 589: 501:

It was introduced into the mainstream by the British novelist Rudyard Kipling in his novel

465:

dates back to at least 1585 and is associated with meanings of risk, chance and deception.

356: 8231: 8225: 4712:

Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India:1780-1870

2464:, Russia and Afghanistan. In the 1880s, the Afghans had advanced north of the lake to the 2186:

from British naval access, compelling an Anglo-Russian negotiation regarding Afghanistan.

1679:

Nain Singh Rawat (1830-1882), a surveyor employed by the British to explore the Himalayas

1286:, however the allegiance of Herat to Afghanistan was crucial to the British strategy. The 8: 11306: 11180: 10483: 9704: 9513: 9467: 9438: 9216: 9212: 9208: 6917:"The Second Tournament of Shadows and British Invasion Scares in Central Asia, 1919–1933" 6223: 6073: 5400: 3237: 3202: 2742:

Persia claims in Central Asia at Versailles Peace Conference in 1918, after the World War

2719: 2598:

were demarcated as a border line between the Russian Empire and Afghanistan as well. The

2562: 2135: 2075: 2010: 1815: 1779: 1704: 1407: 1350: 1346: 1009: 676: 559: 412: 131: 106: 9201: 9197: 6372:(..) "The final balance was formalized by the Joint Pamirs Boundary Commission in 1895." 4977: 4735: 4676: 4652: 645:, adding to Britain's fears, while Russia was distracted mainly by the Napoleonic Wars. 74:"Afghanistan and her relation to British and Russian territories", 1885 American map of 11252: 11242: 11144: 11069: 11024: 10667: 10565: 10113: 9978: 9837: 9804: 9769: 9648: 9565: 9543: 9523: 9489: 8992: 8828: 8750:

Klein, Ira. "The Anglo-Russian Convention and the Problem of Central Asia, 1907-1914."

8732: 8512: 8311: 8136: 7909: 7901: 7269: 7231: 7186: 6571: 6450: 6116: 5843: 5835: 5776: 5768: 5700: 5692: 5376: 5327: 5101: 4963: 4395: 4334:

The Great Game: Britain and Russia in Central Asia. Edited by Martin Ewans. Volume II:

4111: 3893: 3837: 3517: 3357: 3245: 3127: 2900: 2764: 2095: 2067: 1831: 1827: 1627: 1619: 1563: 1484: 1441: 1338: 1259: 788: 712: 708: 689: 685: 571: 384: 9257: 8651:

Securing the Indian Frontier in Central Asia: Confrontation and Negotiation, 1865–1895

5808:"The Russian Military Mission and the Birth of the Persian Cossack Brigade: 1879–1894" 3185:, the horse doctor with a mission to find new stock for the cavalry in British India; 2850: 11225: 11170: 11134: 11103: 11085: 11074: 11064: 11006: 10950: 10927: 10744: 10717: 10649: 10644: 10639: 9963: 9824: 9809: 9685: 9653: 9607: 9162: 8996: 8984: 8932: 8911: 8874: 8832: 8820: 8778: 8655: 8635: 8629: 8580: 8516: 8435: 8395: 8329: 8303: 8260: 8235: 8128: 8075: 8018: 7977: 7913: 7893: 7852: 7815: 7778: 7749: 7616: 7587: 7343: 7316: 7235: 7223: 7114: 7015: 6972: 6814: 6781: 6754: 6676: 6637: 6547: 6537: 6454: 6322: 6176: 6166: 6120: 6108: 6053:

England and Russia Face to Face in Asia: Travels with the Afghan Boundary Commission.

6052: 6032: 5909: 5847: 5827: 5780: 5760: 5704: 5684: 5631: 5591: 5581: 5537: 5510: 5480: 5406: 5364: 5354: 5315: 5305: 5262: 5252: 5195: 5185: 5093: 5009: 4929: 4791: 4781: 4618: 4608: 4387: 4339: 4315: 4241: 4115: 4027: 3990: 3950: 3897: 3885: 3813: 3803: 3748: 3738: 3690: 3609: 3599: 3512: 3308: 3289: 3131: 2707: 2599: 2481: 2174: 2111: 1684: 1559: 1488: 1462: 1119:

British military officer associated with the Great Game, Alexander Burnes (1805-1841)

972: 621: 313: 301: 56: 8315: 2702:. Additional brigades of the Russian Army were also deployed to assist the Shah and 1823: 1668:". Strategists of the Russian Empire sought to create a springboard to surround the 632:, to invade India; however Alexander resisted. In 1807, Napoleon dispatched General 11205: 11160: 11149: 11054: 10960: 9988: 9928: 9819: 9699: 9494: 9428: 9375: 9317: 8976: 8856: 8812: 8724: 8504: 8415: 8293: 8282:"Re-centering Central Asia: China's "New Great Game" in the old Eurasian Heartland" 8120: 7885: 7741: 7509: 7290: 7265: 7215: 6440: 6100: 5819: 5752: 5676: 5181:

Tournament of Shadows : the Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia

5144:"Ascending The Roof Of The World – Nain Singh's Last Exploration | Dreams Of Tibet" 5085: 4379: 4103: 3877: 3507: 3464: 3344: 3292: 3249: 3233: 3218: 3190: 2910: 2897:

Russia remained a focus for Curzon through and after his time as Viceroy of India.

2728: 2715: 2525: 2195: 2162: 2158: 2116: 2115:

to the British a number of its southern frontier areas, including the districts of

2079: 1796: 1623: 1532: 1480: 1292: 1255: 1161: 1089: 1036: 1028: 956: 916: 848: 784: 585: 516: 396: 9229: 8728: 8552:

Alder, G. J. "Standing Alone: William Moorcroft Plays the Great Game, 1808–1825."

7645:

by A. Vescovi (2014), p.12. cited in Other Modernities, by the University of Milan

7219: 6347: 5988:

Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives

5932: 5439:"Japanese Spies in Inner Asia during the Early Twentieth Century* | The Silk Road" 4648: 4383: 2025:, triggering the Second Anglo–Afghan War. In November 1878, 40,000 men led by the 11247: 11165: 11154: 10935: 10791: 10776: 10634: 9933: 9799: 9794: 9462: 9322: 9302: 9247: 9112: 9099: 9075: 9051: 9033: 9015: 8965:"Along the fringes of 'the great game': imperial Russia and Hong Kong, 1841–1907" 8905: 8898: 8762: 8564: 8422: 8343: 8172: 8069: 7971: 7846: 7642: 7612: 7544: 7460: 7339:

War and the Marxists: Socialist Theory and Practice in Capitalist Wars, 1848–1918

6966: 6859: 6840: 6836: 6775: 6750: 6411: 6304: 6284: 5975: 5756: 5680: 5625: 5571: 5504: 5246: 5179: 5035: 4827: 4775: 4761: 4696: 4309: 4107: 3778:

Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David (2006). "Russian foreign policy: 1815–1917".

3106: 3028: 2833: 2595: 2579: 2517: 2071: 2051: 1994: 1958: 1811: 1800: 1767: 1467: 1403: 1165: 1055:

Afghan foot soldiers in British regiment called the Rangers, lithograph taken by

1032: 804: 649: 551: 470: 443: 419: 289: 98: 8980: 8816: 8612: 7889: 7203: 4094:

Becker, Seymour (2012). "The 'great game': The history of an evocative phrase".

3009: 39: 11190: 10754: 10732: 10722: 10707: 10473: 10402: 9968: 9743: 9590: 9472: 9457: 9365: 9327: 8952:(2006): 2:554–574, argues Russia had no intention of attacking India after 1801 7808:"Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia" 6324:

Borderlines and Borderlands: Political Oddities at the Edge of the Nation-state

4231: 3502: 3492: 3487: 3445: 3366: 3336: 3332: 3193:, the foolhardy political officer, who perished at the hands of an Afghan mob; 2926: 2788: 2621: 2533: 2043: 1830:

managed Japan's Central Asia policy during its contest with Russia. Later, the

1763: 1740: 1528: 1429: 1390: 1358: 1267: 1234: 1228: 1197: 1151:(northern Iran) as a Russian spy, then travelled with a caravan of pilgrims to 1144: 1136: 1132: 1072:, a civil servant of the East India Company, undertook a journey that began in 1051: 986: 939: 776: 563: 439: 392: 269: 265: 221: 48: 44: 8860: 8800: 8619:

Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia

8508: 8298: 8281: 7973:

The Myth of the Masters Revived: The Occult Lives of Nikolai and Elena Roerich

6945: 6551: 5823: 5089: 4780:. Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff International. pp. 6–11. 3947:

Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia

3865: 3189:, the advocate of a forward policy on the frontier in the early 19th century; 2146:, the British and Russian governments formed a joint Anglo-Russian diplomatic 1672:

as well as a second front against British India from the northeast direction.

1633:

From 1869 to 1872, Mir Mahmud Shar was able to gain control of the Khanate of

11300: 11113: 11093: 11034: 10887: 10697: 10692: 10685: 10206: 9958: 9923: 9736: 9731: 9402: 9312: 9235:

Central Asia: Afghanistan and Her Relation to British and Russian Territories

8988: 8948:

Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David. "Russian foreign policy: 1815–1917." in

8824: 8307: 8132: 7897: 7819: 7782: 7227: 6771: 6669:

Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011).

6162:

St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814–1974

6112: 5831: 5764: 5688: 5595: 5368: 5319: 5266: 5199: 5097: 4604:

St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814–1974

4391: 3994: 3889: 3817: 3694: 3643:"The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia" 3595:

St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814–1974

3431: 3340: 3312: 3253: 3174: 3159: 3044:

Lawyer and mediator in Supreme Court of India, Aman M. Hingorani in his book

2968:

that the Russian Ambassador to Britain offered an explanation that satisfied

2800: 2772: 2724: 2672: 2653: 2549:

Campaign of 1891. Hunza and Nagar came under a British protectorate in 1893.

2521: 2006: 1927: 1846: 1638: 1548: 1433: 1239: 1109: 1056: 944: 927: 869: 612: 400: 305: 64: 7848:

The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge

6278:

Remoteness and Modernity: Transformation and Continuity in Northern Pakistan

6089:""Russians at the Gates of India"? Planning the Defense of India, 1885–1900" 5229: 4982:. Outram, Lieut. General Sir James. 1860. London: Smith, Elder and Co. p=iii 4946:

Notes on Western Turkistan: Some Notes on the Situation in Western Turkistan

3752: 3642: 2094:

After the British Siege of Kabul, warfare was settled diplomatically by the

1523:, the East India Company's remaining powers were transferred to the British 11220: 11039: 10975: 9943: 8957:

The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia

8625: 7735: 6536:. Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts. Santa Barbara, California. 2019. 6531: 4795: 3522: 3374: 3111: 3081: 2937: 2477: 2473: 2461: 1850: 1748: 1544: 1492: 1243: 1177: 1024: 1020: 597: 508: 408: 404: 349: 345: 317: 293: 273: 75: 7745: 7204:"Great Game Thinking: The British Foreign Office and Revolutionary Russia" 6180: 6104: 4622: 3881: 3797: 3734:

Soviet Russia and Tibet : the debacle of secret diplomacy, 1918-1930s

3613: 3276: 2552: 2157:

district north of Herat province and its fort in what has been called the

882:

Russian success would encourage anti-colonial elements in India to revolt.

10965: 10770: 10611: 10503: 10073: 9938: 9893: 9851: 9814: 9784: 9748: 9679: 9664: 9508: 9080:

Becker, Seymour. "The 'great game': The history of an evocative phrase."

8039:"Observer review: Tournament of Shadows by Karl Meyer and Shareen Brysac" 7941:"Why the Soviets Sponsored a Doomed Expedition to a Hollow Earth Kingdom" 7521:

Quoted in Ira Klein, "English Free Traders and Indian Tariffs, 1874—96,"

4830:

by Reverend Dr. Joseph Wolff. Harper & Brothers, New York, 1845. p235

3732: 3476: 3361: 3241: 3236:, has also been connected to the Great Game, with her Himalayas-inspired 3210: 3167: 3143: 3049: 2804: 2776: 2613: 2566: 2107: 2026: 2022: 1990: 1908: 1601: 1593: 1536: 1437: 1181: 1156: 1140: 1097: 1081: 1016: 876:

Expansion would upset the balance of power by making Russia too powerful.

737: 661: 503: 447: 355:

Russia and Britain's 19th-century rivalry in Asia began with the planned

329: 321: 309: 213: 208: 9092: 9068: 9008: 8891: 8736: 8557: 8165: 8140: 8108: 7905: 7873: 7011:

In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775–1842

6744:

In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775-1842

5968: 5839: 5807: 5772: 5740: 5696: 5664: 4399: 4367: 3866:"Qajar Iran at the centre of British–Russian confrontation in the 1820s" 3019:

Narendra Singh Sarila, aide-de-camp to Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last

2944: 2178:

Russians to commit more soldiers to Asia. However, Bismarck through the

952: 415:

expanded and competed, Russia proposed Afghanistan as the neutral zone.

10231: 10226: 9862: 9450: 9240: 9158:

The Great Game: Britain and Russia in Central Asia, Volume 1, Documents

9026: 6160: 6031:

edited by Peter R. Blood. Library of Congress Publication 1995. p20-21

5105: 5073: 4602: 3593: 3320: 3301: 3297: 3214: 3115: 2501: 2047: 1858: 1688: 1665: 1634: 1496: 1169: 1093: 891:

The British people hated and feared Russia and demanded a pushing back.

531: 297: 281: 52: 8945:

33.2 (2014): 143–152. On Russia's failed plan to invade India in 1801.

8715:

Ingram, Edward (1980). "Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction".

7636:

Beyond East and West: the Meaning and Significance of Kim's Great Game

5184:. Shareen Blair Brysac. New York: Basic Books. pp. 235–236, 239. 2845: 2714:, who was exiled and took refuge with the Russians. When a new ruler, 10241: 9499: 9021:

Thornton, A. P. "Afghanistan in Anglo-Russian Diplomacy, 1869–1873."

8755: 8702:

Commitment to Empire: Prophecies of the Great Game in Asia, 1797–1800

8538:

Easton, Ian. The New Great Game in Space. The Project 2049 Institute.

8124: 7583: 7261: 7146: 7047: 6074:

Northern Afghanistan; Or, Letters from the Afghan Boundary Commission

5577: 4820: 4667:

by Julie G. Marshall. Routledge Curzon, Abingdon, England, 2005. p134

3229: 3222: 2973: 2906: 2587: 2059: 2017:

but also threatened to stop it if it attempted to enter his country.

1954: 1885: 1854: 1807: 1683:

Britain had been exploring territories north of India by recruiting "

1524: 1224: 1214: 1105: 998: 994: 824: 807:

regions would be required. Persia would have to give up its claim on

9234: 8697:( NY: Kodansha, 1990_. Illus. 564p. maps. , popular military history 8573:

Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924

8071:

Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debacle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s

6968:

Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia

6429:"Knowledge for Sustainable Development in the Tajik Pamir Mountains" 6405:

International Boundary Study of the Afghanistan-USSR Boundary (1983)

5573:

Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and Orientalism

4948:

By George Aberigh-Mackay. Thack, Spink & Co, Calcutta, 1875. p42

3248:, who argued that Britain and Russia had both taken traits from the 2976:

between Clarendon and Count Brunow, the Russian Imperial Secretary.

1588: 1386: 10518: 10251: 10236: 10211: 9186: 7580:

The Shadow of the Great Game: The Untold Story of India's Partition

6298:"Report on the proceedings of the Pamir Boundary Commission (1897)" 5038:. By George P. Tate. Bennet, Coleman & Co, Bombay, 1911. p213-4 4991: 3459: 3328: 3316: 3258: 3147: 3027:

that based on his research in The Oriental and India Collection of

2780: 2636: 2529: 2183: 2103: 1717: 1713: 1610: 1275: 1148: 1073: 799:

rivers using steam-powered boats, and therefore access through the

605: 581: 478: 6287:

By Shafqat Hussain. Yale University Press, New Haven, 2015. p49-53

4928:

by Nicholas Storey. Pen and Sword Books Ltd, Yorkshire, UK, 2012.

3265: 3257:

herself a "Russian savage". Both Blavatsky and Khlebnikov claimed

3153: 2692:

Russian Empire intervened in the Persian Constitutional Revolution

2520:, Secretary for State of India was appointed administrator of the 2037: 2001:

In 1878, Russia sent troops on an uninvited diplomatic mission to

699: 10302: 10221: 6136:

By Frank Clements. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, California 2003. p198

4714:

By Christopher Alan Bayly. Cambridge University Press, 1996. p138

4444:

The Russians at Merv and Herat, and their power of invading India

4205:

What is Asia to Us?: Russia's Asian Heartland Yesterday and Today

2956:

also completed its first India connection in 1870, the same year.

2591: 2465: 2189: 2182:

also aided Russia, by pressuring the Ottoman Empire to block the

2154: 2083: 1866: 1709: 1618:(now in Turkmenistan) in 1869. Notable Russian generals included 1552: 1128: 1077: 964: 665: 527: 522: 43:

1885 British map of Western Asia during the Great Game, with the

8529:

Scott G. Borgerson. The Great Game Moves North. Foreign Affairs.

8416:

Beyond the "Great Game" stereotype, the "Zhang Qian's Diplomacy"

7147:"Russia in Central Asia in 1889, and the Anglo-Russian question" 6830:

Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia

5231:

Imperial Russia and Its Orient—the Renown of Nikolai Przhevalsky

3350: 10606: 10256: 10246: 10216: 8904:

Rywkin, Michael (22 July 2016). "Chapter One - Tsarist Times".

8801:"The great game: Russia's role in the Persian Empire and Tibet" 8743:

Khodarkovsky, Michael. "The Great Game in the North Caucasus."

7496:

Loftus to Derby, 17 November 1874, Correspondence; F.O. 65/1202

5251:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 107. 4764:

by Christopher Snedden. C. Hurst & Co, London, 2015. p55-62

3221:, the artist and barmy quester after the fabled hidden city of 3088:

adventures and at worst intrigues resembling the adventures in

2879:

Russia in Central Asia in 1889 & the Anglo-Russian Question

2699: 2694:

to support the Shah and abolish the constitution. The Cossacks

2676: 2546: 2457: 2453: 2430:

Panjdeh Incident (overlaid on a map of modern-day Turkmenistan)

2124: 2055: 1904: 1900: 1472: 1152: 796: 780: 772: 657: 593: 486: 7506:

Russia and Britain in Persia: Imperial Ambitions in Qajar Iran

6853:

Russia and Iran in the Great Game: Travelogues and Orientalism

2439: 1302:, a piece of propaganda designed to blacken the reputation of 915:

however, an operation supervised by renowned engineer General

732: 584:

had proposed a joint Franco-Russian invasion of India to tsar

477:

who had been recently appointed as the new political agent in

10759: 10312: 9127:

Proceedings of the British Academy: 2000 Lectures and Memoirs

8847:

Morgan, Gerald (1973), "Myth and Reality in the Great Game",

8166:

The Myth of the Caspian Great Game and the "New Persian Gulf"

7188:

Russia in central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian question

6595: 5874: 3010:

Effect of the Great Game on contemporary political boundaries

2433: 2143: 2002: 1842: 1692: 1661: 1653: 1185: 1085: 968: 923: 851:

in Paris, 1891, supervisor of Russo-Indian railway operation.

808: 800: 744:

The Great Game is said to have begun on 12 January 1830 when

438:

was coined in 1840 by a British intelligence officer Captain

285: 9129:, vol. 111, Oxford University Press, pp. 179–198, 6862:. By Elena Andreeva. Routledge, Abington, England. 2007. p21 4023:

Setting the East Ablaze: On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia

3777: 3280:

1924 or 1927 painting by Russian explorer Nicholas Roerich,

2058:

were Afghan territory, the northern Afghan boundary was the

1675: 10273: 6446:

10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0139:KFSDIT]2.0.CO;2

6392:

C. Collin Davies (1932) Cambridge University Press. p. 158

6165:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 200–201. 5402:

Abdurreshid Ibrahim and Japanese Approaches to Central Asia

4607:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 200–201. 3598:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 200–201. 3324: 3205:, the explorer who gave his name to a hard-to-spell horse; 2991:

In December 1874, long before Russia annexed Merv in 1884,

2139: 2120: 1881: 1101: 828: 703:

Map of Qajar Iran losses to Russian Empire in 1813 and 1828

617: 4979:

Lieut.-General Sir James Outram's Persian Campaign in 1857

4679:

Charles Masson. Richard Bentley, London 1842-3. 4 volumes.

4172: 4170: 2901:"The British colluded with the Russians over Central Asia" 2074:. The agreement was negotiated by Russian diplomat Prince 1754: 1337:

In 1838, the British marched into Afghanistan and deposed

7568:

By Martin J. Bayly. Cambridge University Press 2016. p258

6348:"Review:Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1810–1895" 5006:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

4879: 4877: 3315:

through a religious movement using the Future Buddha, or

3307:

In the early 1920s, Roerich asserted that beings from an

3067: 2851:

Allegation that "Britain had lost the Great Game by 1842"

2480:. The Russians claimed that because they had annexed the 2110:

and the Russian Empire. The British were aware that Amir

1019:, presented to the Tsar in 1854 and 1855. These were the 894:

It could disrupt the established British trade with Asia.

537: 6246: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 3983:"The Editorial Notebook; Persia: The Great Game Goes On" 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 10862:

List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)

9287: 9063:

Amos, Philip. "Recent Work on the Great Game in Asia."

8839:

Mohl, Raymond A. "Confrontation in Central Asia, 1885"

8695:

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia

8631:

Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics

8257:

Postmodern Imperialism: Geopolitics and the Great Games

8015:

Occult Russia: Pagan, Esoteric, and Mystical Traditions

7475:

by H.H. Dodswell. Cambridge University Press 1935. p808

7368:"The Story of the Life of Lord Palmerston by Karl Marx" 6000: 5998: 5996: 5875:"Russia v. Russians at the Court of Moḥammad-ʿAli Shah" 5133:

By Christine Noelle. Routledge, Abingdon UK, 1997. p101

4850: 4555: 4553: 4237:

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia

4167: 4089: 4087: 4085: 2553:

Exchange of Notes Between Great Britain and Russia 1895

1547:

of the British government assume the administration of

10621:

Italics = areas outside present-day India and Pakistan

8929:

William Simpson and the Crisis in Central Asia, 1884-5

8337:

Chapter 1 – Foreign Policy and Myth Making: Great Game

7686: 7674: 6077:

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4906: 4904: 4889: 4874: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4139: 4137: 3909: 3907: 1778:

in 1904 and made a treaty with the Tibetans, the 1904

550:, showing British India in two shades of pink and the 8280:

Chen, Xiangming; Fazilov, Fakhmiddin (19 June 2018).

7478: 6753:

By Edward Ingram. Frank Cass & Co, London, 1984.

5350:

The Northeast question : conflicts and frontiers

5301:

The Northeast question : conflicts and frontiers

4538: 4517: 3919: 2046:

signed an agreement that stipulated that the eastern

9253:

The Great Game and Afghanistan – Library of Congress

7710: 7698: 7435: 6010: 5993: 5990:

edited by K. Warikoo. Routledge, Abingdon, 2009. p14

5053: 4565: 4550: 4463: 4082: 4060:"Anglo-Russian Entente 1907 - History of government" 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3407: 3269:

1933 painting by Russian explorer Nicholas Roerich,

2502:

Agreement Between Great Britain and Afghanistan 1893

2460:

region to be defined. This territory was claimed by

507:(1901). It was first used academically by Professor 8771:

British Foreign Policy 1874–1914: The Role of India

7533: 7531: 6780:. London: Hachette UKJohn Murray (published 2006). 6427:Breu, Thomas; Maselli, Daniel; Hurni, Hans (2005). 4901: 4862: 4833: 4717: 4577: 4505: 4210: 4182: 4134: 4122: 3904: 2846:

Historiographical interpretations of the Great Game

2671:sought to establish a Western-oriented, democratic 2631: 680:(Gardane's mission) which fell through despite the 7278:. London: George Allen and Unwin. pp. 121–202 6871:Kim, by Rudyard Kipling (London: Macmillan, 1949). 6134:Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia 2612:on official maps, the Russians agreed to refer to 1436:. The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the 1046: 985:Between 1824 and 1854, Russia occupied the entire 8843:(March 1969), Vol. 19 Issue 3, pp 176–183 online. 8391:Central Asia: Geopolitics, Security and Stability 8227:The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia 7547:by Suhash Chakravarty. Orient Longman, 1976 p 123 7191:. New York, Barnes & Noble. pp. 296–297. 6710: 6264:Robert Middleton, Huw Thomas, and Markus Hauser. 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5906:Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947 3561: 1720:", although the plan received some pushback from 1139:, formerly of the East India Company, resided in 11298: 8621:(Oxford: Casemate (UK). ISBN 978-1-61200-814-1). 7538:From Khyber to Oxus: Study in Imperial Expansion 7528: 7113:. Princeton University Press. pp. 145–146. 6668: 6426: 6394:The Problem of the North-West Frontier:1890–1908 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 4738:by Captain John Wood. John Murray, London, 1872. 1911:, which lasted until after the First World War. 1724:who favoured influence rather than an invasion. 10655:Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements 8455:Stronski, Paul; Ng, Nicole (28 February 2018). 7499: 6809: 6807: 6636:. Columbia University Press. pp. 330–338. 6319: 5662: 5029:The Kingdom of Afghanistan: A Historical Sketch 3240:both critiquing, and falling for, two forms of 3154:Role of legends and mysticism in the Great Game 2062:(Oxus River) as far west as Khwaja Salar (near 2038:Agreement Between Great Britain and Russia 1873 1641:, and by 1873 Afghanistan governed Badakhshan. 1637:with the help of Afghanistan's new ruler, Amir 1569: 1393:acquisitions by year in Central Asia up to 1885 1191: 10917: 8907:Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia 8709:Beginning of the Great Game in Asia, 1828–1834 8394:. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 28–31. 6777:The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia 6739: 6737: 6735: 6706: 6704: 5955: 5805: 5623: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 2190:Protocol Between Great Britain and Russia 1885 1945:against the revolutionaries, in a large scale 304:, and Britain expanded and set the borders of 10903: 10592: 9878: 9273: 8428: 8322: 8178: 8159: 7466: 7110:Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History 6846: 6345: 6199: 5050:By Martin Sicker. Praeger, London, 2001. p156 4985: 4921: 4919: 4368:"Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction" 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4199: 4197: 3360:to describe what they proposed was a renewed 3062: 2165:and Merv which they had annexed earlier. The 1311:restored, the British army will be withdrawn. 1188:. However, these attempts were unsuccessful. 760:, to establish a new trade route to Bukhara. 241: 9187:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV (1908), 9057: 8387: 8254: 7629: 7550: 6804: 6315: 6313: 6271: 6127: 5897: 4658: 1822:and an attempted Ottoman-Japanese alliance. 1660:British-Russian competition also existed in 628:Napoleon tried to persuade Paul's son, Tsar 460: 387:. Britain aimed to create a protectorate in 11281:Presidencies and provinces of British India 10877:Territorial evolution of the British Empire 8408: 8279: 7490: 7169: 6823: 6732: 6701: 6386: 6290: 6064: 6062: 6046: 6044: 5981: 5738: 5008:. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. 5003: 4939: 4741: 4682: 4641: 4307: 3484:(a longer history including the Great Game) 2746: 2089: 643:invaded the Persian Caucasus from 1804-1813 473:. In July 1840, in correspondence to Major 10910: 10896: 10599: 10585: 9885: 9871: 9280: 9266: 8461:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 8454: 8009:McIntosh, Christopher (27 December 2022). 7938: 7733: 7559: 7260: 7078:"Second Anglo-Afghan War | 1878–1880" 6921:The Oxus Society for Central Asian Affairs 6576:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5663:Andreeva, Elena; Nouraei, Morteza (2013). 5381:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5346: 5332:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5297: 5124: 5071: 5041: 4971: 4916: 4670: 4498:Russia's Railway Advance into Central Asia 4418: 4378:(2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 160–171. 4349: 4328: 4227: 4225: 4194: 3842:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2086:by the Pamir Boundary Commission in 1895. 1964: 1514: 248: 234: 8686:Fromkin, David. "The great game in Asia" 8297: 7939:Nikolaidou, Dimitra (15 September 2016). 7606: 6964: 6473: 6444: 6339: 6310: 6214: 6056:W. Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh, 1887. 6022: 4997: 4814: 4705: 4481:David Fromkin, "The great game in Asia," 2498:the border, a process completed in 1895. 1315: 1258:of the East India Company arrived in the 879:Sooner or later Russia will invade India. 383:, with establishing a trade route to the 9892: 8223: 8067: 8008: 7969: 7871: 7447: 7418:"Halfway around the world in 28 minutes" 7201: 7185:Curzon, George Nathaniel Curzon (1967). 7106: 6971:. Quest Books. pp. 19–20, 232–233. 6865: 6675:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 221. 6158: 6059: 6041: 5903: 5569: 5529: 5074:"Persia and the Great Powers, 1856–1869" 5022: 4992:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908 4957: 4729: 4600: 4308:Bournoutian, George (29 December 2020). 4203:Milan Hauner. Unwin Hyman, London 1990. 3863: 3737:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 13–15, 18–20. 3591: 3275: 3264: 2943: 2931: 2750: 2737: 2635: 2556: 1985: 1974: 1913: 1876: 1861:. They started from the terminus of the 1753: 1674: 1648: 1587: 1466: 1385: 1325: 1304:Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan) 1233: 1114: 1050: 951: 943: 842: 814: 731: 727: 698: 541: 521: 69: 38: 27:19th-century Anglo-Russian confrontation 11367:Political history of the United Kingdom 10084: 10019:Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war 8767: 7844: 7768: 7692: 7304: 7302: 7048:"Ali Masjid and the British Camp, 1878" 6960: 6958: 6956: 6881:Penzev, Konstantin (15 November 2010). 6770: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6482: 6086: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5624:Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (31 July 2004). 5619: 5617: 5530:Clements, Jonathan (11 December 2012). 5398: 5293: 5291: 4736:Journey to the Source of the River Oxus 4532: 4261:Oxford University Press, 1967. Page 67. 4222: 4019: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3730: 3472:United Kingdom in the Soviet–Afghan War 2775:views "unofficial" British support for 1687:", native Indian explorers, among them 1644: 1238:Political cartoon depicting the Afghan 1213:of the Indian Navy commanded the first 933: 264:was a rivalry between the 19th-century 14: 11299: 11236:Post independence historical districts 9230:The Franco-Russian Expedition to India 8903: 8866: 8846: 8714: 8569: 8383: 8381: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7680: 7654: 7577: 7335: 7184: 7007: 6927:from the original on 14 September 2021 6880: 6496: 6494: 5806:Rabi, Uzi; Ter-Oganov, Nugzar (2009). 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5472: 5394: 5392: 5227: 5223: 5221: 5173: 5171: 5169: 4856: 4571: 4559: 4544: 4511: 4494: 4469: 4440: 4362: 4176: 4093: 3932: 3913: 3802:. Princeton, New Jersey. p. 277. 3795: 3683:"An Endless Progression of Whirlwinds" 3587: 3585: 3583: 3068:Mythologized aspects of the Great Game 2640:Influence zones in Iran following the 2142:. As the Russian forces were close to 2042:On 21 January 1873, Great Britain and 1918:Persian Cossacks, some time after 1876 926:, being the arms manufacturer for the 558:At the start of the 19th century, the 538:First signs of possible India invasion 526:Silk and spice festival in modern-day 361:Russian invasions of Iran in 1804–1813 352:plans of the Crimean War (1853–1856). 10891: 10580: 9866: 9261: 9154: 9136:from the original on 1 September 2022 8962: 8798: 8647: 8624: 8494: 8106: 8049:from the original on 1 September 2021 7826:from the original on 1 September 2021 7484: 7441: 7308: 7157:from the original on 16 December 2021 7058:from the original on 29 February 2020 6914: 6893:from the original on 13 February 2017 6719:from the original on 13 February 2017 6629: 6461:from the original on 28 December 2020 6252: 6016: 6004: 5927: 5925: 5498: 5496: 5473:Zaloga, Steven J. (20 October 2015). 5468: 5466: 5464: 5449:from the original on 1 September 2021 5419:from the original on 4 September 2021 5244: 5177: 5154:from the original on 6 September 2021 5059: 4910: 4895: 4883: 4868: 4773: 4723: 4588: 4451:from the original on 15 December 2022 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4303: 4301: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4216: 4070:from the original on 30 November 2022 3980: 3949:. Oxford: Casemate. pp. 270–71. 3791: 3789: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3701:from the original on 1 September 2021 3680: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3574: 2210: 2153:In 1885, a Russian force annexed the 2134:In 1881, Russian forces however took 1306:and which claimed that Dost Mohammad: 1298:In October 1838, Auckland issued the 1063: 919:, funding had been freely furnished. 717:Russian invasion of Iran in 1826-1828 342:its military conquest of Central Asia 82:, and British and Russian territories 11412:Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations 9175:from the original on 24 January 2023 9117: 8959:(Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2013). 8668:from the original on 24 January 2023 8443:Part I – Great Games and Small Games 8205:from the original on 24 January 2023 8088:from the original on 24 January 2023 7990:from the original on 24 January 2023 7716: 7704: 7329: 7299: 7242:from the original on 24 January 2023 7202:Campbell, Heather A. (3 July 2021). 7127:from the original on 24 January 2023 7028:from the original on 24 January 2023 6985:from the original on 24 January 2023 6953: 6764: 6689:from the original on 24 January 2023 6650:from the original on 24 January 2023 6618: 6328:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 6187:from the original on 24 January 2023 5943:from the original on 2 November 2021 5872: 5723: 5644:from the original on 24 January 2023 5614: 5602:from the original on 24 January 2023 5502: 5431: 5340: 5288: 5273:from the original on 24 January 2023 5238: 5206:from the original on 24 January 2023 5112:from the original on 24 October 2021 4844: 4802:from the original on 24 January 2023 4629:from the original on 24 January 2023 4594: 4188: 4143: 4128: 4040:from the original on 24 January 2023 3963: 3944: 3938: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3824:from the original on 24 January 2023 3759:from the original on 24 January 2023 2827: 1997:- lithograph by James Rattray (1848) 1941:would be a staunch supporter of the 1695:, Tibet, in 1866. He and his cousin 1509: 1456: 1035:. According to diplomatic historian 684:. When France allied with Russia at 137:Historiography of the British Empire 9289:International relations (1814–1919) 9207:1833. (London: John Murray). 1834. 8378: 8230:. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 8147:from the original on 20 August 2022 7951:from the original on 20 August 2021 7851:. SUNY Press. pp. XVIII, 244. 7845:Johnson, K. Paul (1 January 1994). 7769:Goodwin, Jason (20 February 2009). 7722: 6558:from the original on 14 August 2020 6491: 6416:Bureau of Intelligence and Research 6152: 6139: 5908:. London: Cassell. pp. 66–67. 5550: 5533:Mannerheim: President, Soldier, Spy 5389: 5218: 5166: 4755:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 4001:from the original on 18 August 2022 3580: 3351:Other uses of the term "Great Game" 3035:Once the British realized that the 2803:(1828–59) and intensified with the 2495:Charles Murray, 7th Earl of Dunmore 2398: 2170:in the face of Russian aggression. 24: 11342:19th century in the Russian Empire 9148: 8545: 7970:Andreyev, Alexandre (8 May 2014). 7920:from the original on 27 April 2022 7512:. Yale University Press, 1968. p33 7473:Cambridge shorter history of India 6512:from the original on 29 April 2011 6502:"ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION OF 1907" 6362:from the original on 12 March 2022 6050:Yate, Lieutenant Arthur Campbell. 5922: 5493: 5461: 5399:Komatsu, Hisao (13 October 2017). 4427: 4406:from the original on 17 April 2021 4298: 4264: 3786: 3713: 3665: 3653:from the original on 10 April 2022 3620: 2569:, Pamirs, by British Army officer 2452:This left the border east of Lake 2314: 2226: 1413: 513:The Great Game in Asia (1800–1844) 25: 11443: 11392:Military history of British India 10817:United Provinces of British India 10812:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 9223: 9189:The Indian Empire, Administrative 8963:Share, Michael (1 October 2004). 8467:from the original on 1 March 2018 7336:Kissin, S. F. (23 January 2020). 7088:from the original on 19 July 2022 6965:Znamenski, Andrei (1 July 2011). 6915:Noack, David (14 December 2020). 6433:Mountain Research and Development 5503:Tamm, Eric Enno (10 April 2011). 4336:Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde 3981:Meyer, Karl E. (10 August 1987). 3850: 3383:Shanghai Cooperation Organization 3262:the British and Russian Empires. 2995:, the Viceroy of India, wrote to 2669:Persian Constitutional Revolution 2242: 1951:Persian Constitutional Revolution 1449:and what subsequently became the 750:president of the Board of Control 562:was ruled in part by independent 373:president of the Board of Control 11372:Foreign relations of Afghanistan 11347:Political history of Afghanistan 8799:Mehra, Parshotam (1 July 2004). 8745:Canadian-American Slavic Studies 8717:The International History Review 8532: 8523: 8488: 8479: 8448: 8366:from the original on 20 May 2022 8349: 8273: 8248: 8217: 8187: 8100: 8061: 8031: 8002: 7963: 7932: 7865: 7838: 7800: 7762: 7655:Salyer, Matt (29 October 2019). 7648: 7600: 7571: 7515: 7410: 7385: 7360: 7254: 7195: 7178: 7139: 7100: 7070: 7040: 7001: 6939: 6908: 6874: 6662: 6588: 6524: 6420: 6398: 6377: 6258: 5854:from the original on 22 May 2022 5787:from the original on 19 May 2022 5711:from the original on 19 May 2022 4372:The International History Review 3482:Russian conquest of Central Asia 3438: 3424: 3410: 3391:strategic partnership since 2001 3140:Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg 3048:that Winston Churchill directed 3023:, in 1948 describes in his book 2650:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 2632:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 2438: 2432: 2412: 2411: 2397: 2383: 2370: 2369: 2355: 2341: 2328: 2327: 2313: 2299: 2285: 2271: 2257: 2241: 2225: 2209: 2202: 105: 11427:Russia–United Kingdom relations 11387:Military history of Afghanistan 10423:Opium production in Afghanistan 8950:The Cambridge History of Russia 8681:The Anglo-Afghan Wars 1839–1919 7578:Sarila, Narendra Singh (2005). 7525:(1971). 5(3), 251–271, note 13. 6883:"When Will the Great Game End?" 6713:"When Will the Great Game End?" 6606:from the original on 6 May 2021 6093:The Journal of Military History 6080: 5885:from the original on 6 May 2021 5866: 5799: 5656: 5523: 5353:. New Delhi. pp. 147–156. 5304:. New Delhi. pp. 146–152. 5136: 5065: 4967:. 31 August 1841. p. 2203. 4951: 4767: 4488: 4475: 4447:. London: W.H. Allan & Co. 4251: 4149: 4052: 4013: 3782:. Vol. 2. pp. 54–574. 3780:The Cambridge History of Russia 3543:Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border 3080:Two authors, Gerald Morgan and 2733:Persian campaign of World War I 2687:condemning Britain and Russia. 2384: 2356: 2300: 2258: 1774:, invaded the country with the 1375: 1100:by ship, and then travelled to 1047:Early explorations and accounts 1004:In 1869, when British diplomat 32:The Great Game (disambiguation) 11322:Politics of the Russian Empire 10689:(associated, in Yemen, Arabia) 10661:Straits Settlements Presidency 9241:The timeline of the Great Game 9120:"The Legend of the Great Game" 8690:58#4 (1980), pp. 936–951. 8683:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014). 7286:– via www.marxists.org. 6843:. I.B.Tauris, London 2002. p18 6266:Tajikistan and the High Pamirs 4501:. London: W.H. Allan & Co. 4259:The Russian Empire, 1801-1917. 3771: 3681:Irwin, Robert (21 June 2001). 3455:Swedish intervention in Persia 2816:three Anglo-Russian agreements 2286: 812:along her northwest frontier. 634:Claude Matthieu, Count Gardane 181:Imperialism, the Highest Stage 13: 1: 11422:Iran–United Kingdom relations 11357:Political history of Pakistan 11332:19th century in British India 11271:Subdivisions of British India 10872:Subdivisions of British India 9659:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 9613:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 9603:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 9161:, RoutledgeCurzon, Oxon. UK, 9118:Yapp, Malcolm (16 May 2000), 8754:11#1 1971, pp. 126–147. 8729:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640210 8654:, RoutledgeCurzon, Oxon. UK, 7315:. W. W. Norton. p. 211. 7220:10.1080/09546545.2021.1978638 6729:web article, no page numbers. 6243:, the Eighth Earl of Dunmore. 6217:"The Earl of Dunmore 1892–93" 4384:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640210 3689:. Vol. 23, no. 12. 3554: 3538:Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border 3533:Afghanistan–Tajikistan border 3150:emerging through the period. 3124:Russian invasion of Manchuria 2784: 2779:anti-Russian fighters in the 2272: 1894:Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907 1284:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 722: 656:undertook an expedition from 166:The Imperialism of Free Trade 11407:Afghanistan–Russia relations 11402:Military history of Pakistan 11109:Upper Sind Frontier District 10867:Residencies of British India 10782:North-West Frontier Province 10343:Current provincial governors 10197:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 9519:Second Industrial Revolution 9393:League of the Three Emperors 9091:2#2 1980, pp. 288–308. 9089:International History Review 9067:2#2 1980, pp. 308–320. 9065:International History Review 9041:Journal of Strategic Studies 9023:Cambridge Historical Journal 8890:2#2 1980, pp. 239–265. 8888:International History Review 8556:2#2 1980, pp. 172–215. 8554:International History Review 8497:Contemporary British History 8195:"The New Great Game in Asia" 8068:Andreyev, Alexandre (2003). 7609:Unravelling the Kashmir Knot 7454:Indo-European Telegraph Line 7275:The Russian Menace to Europe 6222:. Pamirs Org. Archived from 5757:10.1080/00210862.2012.759334 5739:Deutschmann, Moritz (2013). 5681:10.1080/00210862.2012.758499 5072:Volodarsky, Mikhail (1983). 4108:10.1080/03068374.2012.646404 3209:, the mystical imperialist; 3046:Unravelling the Kashmir Knot 3025:The Shadow of the Great Game 2981:Gorchakov Memorandum of 1874 2966:Gorchakov Memorandum of 1874 2950:Indo-European Telegraph Line 2710:in July 1909, and dispelled 2342: 2032: 1741:Piotr Aleksandrovich Badmaev 1584:Russian annexation of Kokand 1570:Under Alexander II of Russia 1541:Government of India Act 1858 1531:(who in 1876 was proclaimed 1451:North-West Frontier Province 1262:to arrange an alliance with 1192:Afghanistan and Central Asia 1076:, Bengal and passed through 765:Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828) 648:In 1810, British Lieutenant 604:, directing him to march to 7: 11382:Foreign relations of Russia 11362:Political history of Russia 11327:19th century in Afghanistan 10750:Central Provinces and Berar 10703:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 9549:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 8981:10.1080/0035853042000300205 8817:10.1080/0306837042000241082 8579:, RoutledgeCurzon, London, 7890:10.1632/pmla.2011.126.3.610 7872:BANERJEE, ANINDITA (2011). 7611:(2nd ed.). New Delhi: 7607:Hingorani, Aman M. (2017). 5904:Barthorp, Michael (2002) . 5347:Phanjoubam, Pradip (2016). 5298:Phanjoubam, Pradip (2016). 4665:Britain and Tibet 1765–1947 4026:. Oxford University Press. 3403: 3014: 2761:Russo-Persian War (1804–13) 2683:, who later wrote the book 1979:Elephant and Mule Battery, 1839:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 1576:Russian conquest of Bukhara 948:Russian expansion 1547–1725 769:Treaty of Adrianople (1829) 122:Western imperialism in Asia 10: 11448: 11377:Foreign relations of India 11352:Political history of India 11276:Divisions of British India 10919:Districts of British India 10857:Divisions of British India 10852:Districts of British India 10608:Presidencies and provinces 10504:Pashtunwali (Pashtun life) 10443:Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline 9598:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 8752:Journal of British Studies 8109:"The Great Game Revisited" 7734:Patrikeeff, Felix (2002). 7422:siemens.com Global Website 6711:Konstantin Penzev (2010). 6215:Middleton, Robert (2005). 6159:Jelavich, Barbara (1974). 6069:Yate, Major Charles Edward 4601:Jelavich, Barbara (1974). 3592:Jelavich, Barbara (1974). 3195:Sir William Hay Macnaghten 3191:Alexander 'Bokhara' Burnes 3157: 3063:The Great Game as a legend 2698:in June 1908 and occupied 2505: 2493:In 1892, the British sent 2193: 2167:Afghan Boundary Commission 2148:Afghan Boundary Commission 2138:and in 1884 they occupied 2015:Neville Bowles Chamberlain 1968: 1701:Royal Geographical Society 1670:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia 1573: 1460: 1417: 1379: 1362:The new Governor-General, 1319: 937: 819:Russians constructing the 713:Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 334:Afghan Boundary Commission 272:empires over influence in 55:, the southern fringes of 29: 11397:Military history of India 11266: 11235: 11122: 11083: 11004: 10925: 10835:Agencies of British India 10830: 10728:Bihar and Orissa Province 10677: 10627: 10618: 10531: 10469: 10460: 10398: 10389: 10298: 10289: 10187: 10135: 10126: 9919:Indus Valley civilisation 9904: 9757: 9621: 9534: 9419:European balance of power 9411: 9346: 9295: 9246:24 September 2015 at the 9058:Historiography and memory 8861:10.1080/03068377308729652 8679:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. 8509:10.1080/03004430601065781 8299:10.1057/s41599-018-0125-5 7771:"Mongolia and the Madman" 7737:Russian Politics in Exile 7272:; Hoselitz, Bert (eds.). 7107:Barfield, Thomas (2010). 6949:, youtube.com 18.11.2022. 6029:Pakistan: A Country Study 5824:10.1080/00210860902907396 5479:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5090:10.1080/00263208308700534 4926:Great British Adventurers 4695:17 September 2021 at the 3213:, the manuscript hunter; 2954:Eastern Telegraph Company 2675:in Iran, with an elected 1872: 1209:In that year, Lieutenant 758:Governor-General of India 670:French invasion of Russia 511:in a presentation titled 411:. As Russian and British 10765:Eastern Bengal and Assam 10140:Administrative divisions 9710:Venezuela Naval Blockade 9381:Anglo-Russian Convention 9032:1 September 2022 at the 9005:Central European History 8761:23 November 2021 at the 8570:Becker, Seymour (2005), 7582:(1st ed.). London: 7393:"Karl Marx: A Life—ch07" 7288:Originally published in 7014:. Routledge. p. 7. 6672:Concise History of Islam 6147:Central European History 6087:Johnson, Robert (2003). 5570:Andreeva, Elena (2007). 4655:1808 R.Faulding, London. 4441:Marvin, Charles (1883). 3864:Gozalova, Nigar (2023). 3387:Globalizing Central Asia 3021:Viceroy of British India 2747:Historiographical dating 2685:The Strangling of Persia 2642:Anglo-Russian Convention 2608:in honor of the Emperor 2090:Treaty of Gandamak, 1879 1555:appointed by the Crown. 1521:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1397:In 1839, acting Captain 771:, Britain expected that 600:Troops, Cavalry General 424:Anglo-Russian Convention 154:The Expansion of England 11286:British Empire in India 11196:North Bareilly District 11045:Khasi and Jaintia Hills 10840:British Empire in India 10787:North-Western Provinces 10004:Second Anglo-Afghan War 9974:Third Battle of Panipat 9715:Alaska boundary dispute 9388:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 9371:Franco-Russian Alliance 8867:Morgan, Gerald (1981), 8747:49.2-3 (2015): 384–390. 8342:24 January 2023 at the 8286:Palgrave Communications 8224:Kleveman, Lutz (2004). 7309:Wheen, Francis (2000). 7082:Encyclopedia Britannica 7008:Ingram, Edward (1984). 6858:24 January 2023 at the 6835:24 January 2023 at the 6749:24 January 2023 at the 6715:. Oriental Review Org. 6352:UCLA Historical Journal 6283:24 January 2023 at the 6268:, Odyssey Books, p. 476 6241:Charles Adolphus Murray 5178:Meyer, Karl E. (2009). 4760:24 January 2023 at the 4495:Dobson, George (1890). 4020:Hopkirk, Peter (2001). 3731:Andreev, A. I. (2003). 3548:China–Tajikistan border 3282:Command of Rigden Djapo 2763:and the signing of the 2712:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 2662:Persian Cossack Brigade 2624:of the United Kingdom. 2586:It was agreed that the 1981:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1971:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1965:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1943:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 1820:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1580:Khivan campaign of 1873 1515:Under the British Crown 1382:Khivan campaign of 1839 1242:with his "friends" the 639:Mountstuart Elphinstone 429: 190:Porter–MacKenzie debate 11417:India–Russia relations 11258:West Dinajpur District 11201:Quetta-Pishin District 10797:Panth-Piploda Province 10074:Second Islamic Emirate 10014:Kingdom of Afghanistan 10009:Third Anglo-Afghan War 9999:First Anglo-Afghan War 9984:Emirate of Afghanistan 9934:Yabghus of Tokharistan 9634:Unification of Germany 9581:Taft–Katsura agreement 9155:Ewans, Martin (2004), 9111:19 August 2022 at the 9098:22 August 2022 at the 9074:19 August 2022 at the 9050:18 August 2022 at the 9043:33.5 (2010): 701–725. 8768:Mahajan, Sneh (2001), 8648:Ewans, Martin (2012), 8611:34.2 (2021): 239-258. 8563:19 August 2022 at the 8421:19 August 2016 at the 8171:27 August 2016 at the 8074:. Brill. p. 294. 8017:. Simon and Schuster. 7976:. BRILL. p. 199. 7641:16 August 2016 at the 6410:17 August 2014 at the 6346:Gebb, Michael (1983). 5580:. pp. 20, 63–76. 5078:Middle Eastern Studies 5034:27 August 2016 at the 4826:26 August 2016 at the 4281:"FATḤ-ʿALĪ SHAH QĀJĀR" 3796:Korbel, Josef (1966). 3687:London Review of Books 3284: 3273: 3060: 3042: 2957: 2941: 2895: 2887: 2756: 2743: 2645: 2574: 2180:Three Emperors' League 1998: 1983: 1957:, would establish the 1919: 1889: 1759: 1680: 1657: 1606:Alexander II of Russia 1597: 1499: 1394: 1373: 1331: 1322:First Anglo-Afghan War 1316:First Anglo-Afghan War 1313: 1251: 1220:Captain Jan Vitkevitch 1207: 1120: 1060: 960: 949: 866: 852: 840: 835:and India, drawing by 793:Emirate of Afghanistan 741: 704: 694:British Foreign Office 682:Treaty of Finckenstein 602:Vasily Petrovich Orlov 576:Emirate of Afghanistan 555: 534: 499: 461: 306:British colonial India 160:Gentlemanly capitalism 83: 67: 11337:19th century in India 11050:Lushai Hills District 10991:Trichinopoly District 10846:British rule in Burma 10054:First Islamic Emirate 9720:First Moroccan Crisis 9434:Spread of nationalism 9398:Eight-Nation Alliance 9025:11#2 (1954): 204–18. 8873:, Routledge, London, 8388:Ajay Patnaik (2016). 8255:Wahlberg, E. (2011). 8113:International Journal 8107:Rezun, Miron (1986). 7746:10.1057/9780230535787 7543:28 March 2019 at the 6630:Afary, Janet (1996). 6600:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6580:) CS1 maint: others ( 6149:48.2 (2015): 151–175. 6105:10.1353/jmh.2003.0230 5245:Scott, David (2008). 4774:Rezun, Miron (1981). 3882:10.1353/tmr.2023.0003 3647:reviews.history.ac.uk 3528:Trans-Caspian railway 3498:Sykes–Picot Agreement 3418:United Kingdom portal 3381:Shanghai states "the 3362:geopolitical interest 3279: 3268: 3173:Some writers such as 3055: 3033: 2947: 2935: 2891: 2883: 2872:Trans-Caspian railway 2837:Soviet Central Asia, 2769:Treaty of Turkmenchay 2754: 2741: 2696:bombarded the Majilis 2639: 2610:Nicholas II of Russia 2560: 2506:Further information: 2194:Further information: 1989: 1978: 1969:Further information: 1924:Treaty of Turkmanchay 1917: 1880: 1863:Trans-Caspian Railway 1757: 1678: 1652: 1591: 1470: 1461:Further information: 1424:Second Anglo-Sikh War 1418:Further information: 1389: 1368: 1329: 1320:Further information: 1308: 1237: 1202: 1118: 1054: 978:expand across Siberia 955: 947: 938:Further information: 858: 846: 837:Charles Thomas Marvin 821:Trans-Caspian Railway 818: 754:Lord William Bentinck 735: 728:Britain's perspective 702: 630:Alexander I of Russia 548:British Indian Empire 545: 525: 483: 73: 42: 11432:19th century in Asia 11317:Geopolitical rivalry 11015:Backergunge District 10996:Vizagapatam District 10971:South Arcot District 10160:Environmental issues 10108:Graveyard of empires 10097:Arabs in Afghanistan 9725:Algeciras Conference 9705:Annexation of Hawaii 9644:Great Eastern Crisis 9639:Unification of Italy 9629:Formation of Romania 9446:French–German enmity 8943:Central Asian Survey 8897:9 April 2022 at the 8609:Revolutionary Russia 8414:David Gosset, 2010. 8360:www.wilsoncenter.org 7740:. pp. 121–124. 7661:Modern War Institute 7523:Modern Asian Studies 7463:Siemens History site 7459:7 March 2012 at the 7208:Revolutionary Russia 6506:Encyclopedia Iranica 5974:12 July 2018 at the 5879:Encyclopædia Iranica 5443:edspace.american.edu 5004:Baten, Jörg (2016). 4257:Seton-Watson, Hugh. 3207:Francis Younghusband 2986:Lord Augustus Loftus 2821:Bolshevik Revolution 2571:Thomas Edward Gordon 2508:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 2470:Francis Younghusband 2427:class=notpageimage| 2068:Hari (Harirud) River 2050:area as well as the 1909:southern Caspian Sea 1772:Francis Younghusband 1645:Tibet and Inner Asia 1420:First Anglo-Sikh War 1343:period of resistance 1272:Nicholas I of Russia 971:sent ambassadors to 934:Russia's perspective 913:Russo-Indian railway 590:Indian March of Paul 413:spheres of influence 357:Indian March of Paul 324:of the two empires. 173:Imperialism: A Study 30:For other uses, see 11181:Montgomery District 11060:Naga Hills District 11030:Garo Hills district 10946:Coimbatore District 10941:Chingleput District 10114:Wars in Afghanistan 10034:Democratic Republic 9790:Philippine–American 9775:First Sino-Japanese 9608:Racconigi agreement 9554:Treaty of Frankfurt 9514:Great Rapprochement 9468:Scramble for Africa 9084:43.1 (2012): 61–80. 9014:15 May 2022 at the 8617:Dean, Riaz (2019). 7814:. 28 January 2009. 7151:Library of Congress 7054:. 5 November 1878. 6303:10 May 2022 at the 6255:, pp. 123–135. 5933:"Second Afghan War" 5536:. Haus Publishing. 4485:58#4 (1980), p. 39. 4064:history.blog.gov.uk 3945:Dean, Riaz (2019). 3304:called Roerichism. 3302:mysticism movements 3203:Nikolai Przhevalsky 3037:Indian nationalists 2720:George Head Barclay 2437:= Hari-Rud river 2076:Alexander Gorchakov 2011:Amir of Afghanistan 1816:Abdurreshid Ibrahim 1705:Nikolay Przhevalsky 1535:). As a state, the 1408:Richmond Shakespear 1355:withdraw from Kabul 1351:Mahmud Shah Durrani 1184:, and the Amirs of 1010:Alexander Gorchakov 868:American historian 677:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 592:). He wrote to the 566:and in part by the 560:Indian subcontinent 302:conquered Turkestan 132:Scramble for Africa 11253:Midnapore district 11243:Bangalore District 11145:Ellichpur District 11070:Singhbhum District 11025:Champaran District 10986:Tinnevely District 10670:(Surat Presidency) 10668:Western Presidency 10433:Telecommunications 10403:Afghani (currency) 10318:Leadership Council 10102:European influence 9979:Dost Mohammad Khan 9914:Pre-Islamic period 9649:Congress of Berlin 9566:Reinsurance Treaty 9544:Congress of Vienna 9524:Industrial warfare 9490:Scramble for China 8955:Sergeev, Evgeniĭ. 8794:on 10 October 2016 8596:on 10 October 2016 8201:. 2 January 1996. 8199:The New York Times 8045:. 7 January 2001. 7775:The New York Times 7615:. pp. 57–58. 7270:Paul W. Blackstock 4964:The London Gazette 4066:. 31 August 2017. 3987:The New York Times 3870:The Maghreb Review 3518:Treaty of Gulistan 3395:Carnegie Endowment 3358:The New Great Game 3285: 3274: 3246:Velimir Khlebnikov 3199:The Arabian Nights 3130:, and part of the 3128:Russo-Japanese War 2958: 2942: 2791:and (for example) 2765:Treaty of Gulistan 2757: 2744: 2646: 2575: 2173:German Chancellor 2102:Ayub Khan outside 2096:Treaty of Gandamak 1999: 1984: 1920: 1890: 1832:Russo-Japanese War 1828:Fukushima Yasumasa 1760: 1722:Tsar Alexander III 1681: 1658: 1628:Mikhail Chernyayev 1620:Konstantin Kaufman 1598: 1500: 1442:East India Company 1395: 1339:Dost Mohammad Khan 1332: 1260:Emirate of Bukhara 1252: 1174:Travels To Bukhara 1121: 1064:East India Company 1061: 961: 950: 853: 841: 789:Khanate of Bukhara 742: 709:Russo-Persian Wars 705: 690:East India Company 675:The shah of Iran, 572:East India Company 556: 535: 391:, and support the 385:Emirate of Bukhara 375:for India, tasked 84: 68: 11294: 11293: 11226:Peshawar District 11171:Lyallpur District 11135:Chanderi District 11104:Khandesh District 11086:Bombay Presidency 11084:Districts in the 11075:Tipperah District 11065:Shahabad district 11007:Bengal Presidency 11005:Districts in the 10951:Godavari District 10928:Madras Presidency 10926:Districts in the 10885: 10884: 10745:Central Provinces 10650:Madras Presidency 10645:Bombay Presidency 10640:Bengal Presidency 10574: 10573: 10527: 10526: 10456: 10455: 10385: 10384: 10348:Foreign relations 10183: 10182: 10122: 10121: 10024:Saqqawist Emirate 9964:Siege of Kandahar 9860: 9859: 9829:Albanian Revolts 9686:German Naval Laws 9670:Naval arms races 9654:Berlin Conference 9586:Hague Conventions 8937:978-1-5272-7047-3 8925:Salisbury, Robert 8917:978-1-315-49087-8 8634:, HarperCollins, 8440:978-0-7656-3504-4 8259:. Clarity Press. 8024:978-1-64411-419-3 7983:978-90-04-27043-5 7858:978-0-7914-2063-8 7755:978-1-349-40636-4 7349:978-1-000-00980-4 7322:978-0-393-04923-7 7312:Karl Marx: A Life 7266:Engels, Frederick 7120:978-0-691-14568-6 6978:978-0-8356-0891-6 6682:978-93-82573-47-0 6643:978-0-231-10351-0 6596:"COSSACK BRIGADE" 6543:978-1-4408-5353-1 5915:978-0-304-36294-3 5873:Andreeva, Elena. 5637:978-1-134-38378-8 5587:978-0-203-96220-6 5543:978-1-908323-18-7 5516:978-1-58243-876-4 5486:978-1-4728-1443-2 5476:Gustaf Mannerheim 5412:978-90-04-27431-0 5360:978-1-317-34003-4 5311:978-1-317-34003-4 5258:978-1-4356-9559-7 5191:978-0-7867-3678-2 4898:, pp. 60–62. 4886:, pp. 61–62. 4859:, pp. 20–24. 4321:978-90-04-44516-1 4285:iranicaonline.org 4179:, pp. 55–65. 4033:978-0-19-280212-5 3956:978-1-61200-814-1 3809:978-1-4008-7523-8 3799:Danger in Kashmir 3513:Armenian question 3309:esoteric Buddhist 3271:Tibet. Himalayas. 3238:Western mysticism 3183:William Moorcroft 3132:Russian Civil War 2828:Soviet Great Game 2787:1836 – involving 2708:Triumph of Tehran 2524:(now part of the 2482:Khanate of Kokand 2175:Otto von Bismarck 2163:Khanates of Khiva 2112:Abdur Rahman Khan 1853:'s expedition at 1801:Xinhai Revolution 1793:Pradip Phanjoubam 1776:Curzon expedition 1729:Alexandre Andreev 1560:Sultan Ahmad Khan 1527:in the person of 1510:Further expansion 1491:that form modern 1463:Anglo-Persian War 1457:Anglo-Persian War 1364:Lord Ellenborough 1254:In 1838, Colonel 1124:William Moorcroft 752:for India tasked 746:Lord Ellenborough 622:Hugh Seton-Watson 454:Soviet–Afghan War 399:, and Bukhara as 369:Lord Ellenborough 314:Eastern Himalayas 258: 257: 57:Russian Turkestan 16:(Redirected from 11439: 11206:Shahpur District 11186:Muhamdi District 11176:Merwara District 11161:Isagarh District 11150:Garhwal District 11099:Kaladgi District 11055:Manbhum District 11020:Bassein District 10981:Tanjore District 10961:Malabar District 10912: 10905: 10898: 10889: 10888: 10822:United Provinces 10601: 10594: 10587: 10578: 10577: 10554: 10547: 10540: 10467: 10466: 10396: 10395: 10296: 10295: 10133: 10132: 10082: 10081: 10069:Islamic Republic 10029:Daoud's Republic 9994:Afghan–Sikh Wars 9989:Battle of Jamrud 9949:Islamic conquest 9929:Greater Khorasan 9887: 9880: 9873: 9864: 9863: 9780:Spanish–American 9700:Fashoda Incident 9576:Treaty of Björkö 9561:Treaty of Berlin 9495:Open Door Policy 9429:Eastern question 9376:Entente Cordiale 9282: 9275: 9268: 9259: 9258: 9192: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9135: 9124: 9007:(2015): 151–175 9000: 8975:(377): 725–737. 8921: 8883: 8863: 8836: 8795: 8793: 8787:, archived from 8776: 8740: 8707:Ingram, Edward. 8700:Ingram, Edward. 8693:Hopkirk, Peter. 8676: 8675: 8673: 8644: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8595: 8589:, archived from 8578: 8539: 8536: 8530: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8452: 8446: 8432: 8426: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8385: 8376: 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Brigade 1922:After the 1828 1875: 1812:Empire of Japan 1768:13th Dalai Lama 1731: 1647: 1586: 1572: 1517: 1512: 1465: 1459: 1447:Punjab Province 1426: 1416: 1414:Anglo-Sikh Wars 1404:Allah Quli Khan 1384: 1378: 1324: 1318: 1300:Simla Manifesto 1194: 1180:, ruler of the 1166:Henry Pottinger 1133:Turkoman horses 1066: 1049: 1033:Andrei Snesarev 942: 936: 862:Lord Palmerston 730: 725: 650:Henry Pottinger 570:of the British 564:princely states 552:princely states 540: 475:Henry Rawlinson 471:Karl Nesselrode 444:Rudyard Kipling 432: 316:were made into 276:, primarily in 254: 218: 186: 182: 99:New Imperialism 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11445: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11312:New Great Game 11309: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11239: 11237: 11233: 11232: 11230: 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10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10088: 10086: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9969:Durrani Empire 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9910: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9890: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9867: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9827: 9822: 9812: 9807: 9805:Russo-Japanese 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9770:Anglo-Egyptian 9767: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9744:Bosnian Crisis 9741: 9740: 9739: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9693:Austro-Italian 9690: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9668: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9625: 9623: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9594: 9593: 9591:Martens Clause 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9546: 9540: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9473:Egyptian Lever 9460: 9458:Pax Britannica 9455: 9454: 9453: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9439:Sovereign debt 9436: 9431: 9421: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9366:Triple Entente 9363: 9362: 9361: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9333:United Kingdom 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9299: 9297: 9293: 9292: 9285: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9250: 9238: 9232: 9225: 9224:External links 9222: 9220: 9219: 9204: 9193: 9184: 9168:978-0415316392 9167: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9145: 9115: 9102: 9085: 9078: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9037: 9019: 9001: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8922: 8916: 8901: 8884: 8880:978-0714631790 8879: 8864: 8844: 8837: 8811:(2): 200–205. 8796: 8783: 8765: 8748: 8741: 8723:(2): 160–171. 8712: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8661:978-0415316392 8660: 8645: 8641:978-0060505080 8640: 8622: 8615: 8605: 8586:978-0415328036 8585: 8567: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8531: 8522: 8487: 8478: 8447: 8427: 8407: 8400: 8377: 8348: 8321: 8272: 8266:978-0983353935 8265: 8247: 8240: 8216: 8186: 8177: 8158: 8119:(2): 324–341. 8099: 8080: 8060: 8030: 8023: 8001: 7982: 7962: 7931: 7884:(3): 610–624. 7864: 7857: 7837: 7799: 7761: 7754: 7721: 7709: 7697: 7685: 7673: 7647: 7628: 7621: 7599: 7593:978147212822-5 7592: 7570: 7558: 7549: 7527: 7514: 7498: 7489: 7487:, p. 154. 7477: 7465: 7446: 7434: 7409: 7384: 7359: 7348: 7328: 7321: 7298: 7294:, 7 April 1853 7253: 7214:(2): 239–258. 7194: 7177: 7168: 7138: 7119: 7099: 7069: 7039: 7021:978-0714632469 7020: 7000: 6977: 6952: 6938: 6907: 6873: 6864: 6845: 6822: 6803: 6786: 6772:Hopkirk, Peter 6763: 6731: 6700: 6681: 6661: 6642: 6617: 6587: 6542: 6523: 6490: 6481: 6472: 6419: 6397: 6385: 6376: 6338: 6309: 6289: 6270: 6257: 6245: 6198: 6171: 6151: 6138: 6126: 6099:(3): 697–743. 6079: 6058: 6040: 6021: 6019:, p. 150. 6009: 6007:, p. 158. 5992: 5980: 5954: 5921: 5914: 5896: 5865: 5818:(3): 445–463. 5798: 5751:(3): 401–413. 5722: 5675:(3): 415–442. 5655: 5636: 5613: 5586: 5549: 5542: 5522: 5515: 5492: 5485: 5460: 5430: 5411: 5388: 5359: 5339: 5310: 5287: 5257: 5237: 5217: 5190: 5165: 5135: 5123: 5064: 5062:, p. 153. 5052: 5040: 5021: 5014: 4996: 4984: 4970: 4950: 4938: 4915: 4900: 4888: 4873: 4861: 4849: 4832: 4813: 4786: 4766: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4640: 4613: 4593: 4576: 4564: 4549: 4547:, p. xvi. 4537: 4516: 4504: 4487: 4474: 4462: 4426: 4417: 4366:(April 1980). 4364:Ingram, Edward 4348: 4327: 4320: 4297: 4263: 4250: 4232:Hopkirk, Peter 4221: 4209: 4193: 4181: 4166: 4148: 4133: 4121: 4081: 4051: 4032: 4012: 3962: 3955: 3937: 3935:, p. 231. 3918: 3903: 3849: 3808: 3785: 3770: 3743: 3712: 3664: 3619: 3604: 3579: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3503:Treaty of Kars 3500: 3495: 3493:Radcliffe Line 3490: 3488:New Great Game 3485: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3446:History portal 3435: 3421: 3405: 3402: 3367:Xiangming Chen 3352: 3349: 3337:Inner Mongolia 3232:, esotericist 3179:Shareen Brysac 3155: 3152: 3144:warlord states 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 2940:and South Asia 2927:David Urquhart 2905:In the 1850s, 2902: 2899: 2877:In that book, 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2829: 2826: 2789:David Urquhart 2748: 2745: 2633: 2630: 2622:Queen Victoria 2605:Nicholas Range 2554: 2551: 2503: 2500: 2443:=Murghab river 2425: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2375: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2263: 2256: 2255: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2239: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2188: 2091: 2088: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 1966: 1963: 1874: 1871: 1824:Nishi Tokujirō 1764:Agvan Dorzhiev 1691:, who reached 1646: 1643: 1571: 1568: 1529:Queen Victoria 1519:Following the 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1458: 1455: 1415: 1412: 1391:Russian Empire 1380:Main article: 1377: 1374: 1359:William Brydon 1317: 1314: 1288:Siege of Herat 1268:Arthur Conolly 1264:Nasrullah Khan 1193: 1190: 1145:Arthur Conolly 1137:Charles Masson 1096:, crossed the 1070:George Forster 1065: 1062: 1048: 1045: 987:Kazakh Khanate 940:Kazakh Khanate 935: 932: 908: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 777:Ottoman Empire 763:Following the 729: 726: 724: 721: 539: 536: 446:'s 1901 novel 442:(1807–1842). 440:Arthur Conolly 431: 428: 393:Ottoman Empire 256: 255: 253: 252: 245: 238: 230: 227: 226: 225: 224: 222:Decolonization 219: 217: 216: 211: 205: 200: 199: 195: 194: 193: 192: 187: 178: 176: 169: 162: 157: 147: 146: 142: 141: 140: 139: 134: 129: 124: 116: 115: 111: 110: 102: 101: 95: 94: 26: 18:The Great Game 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11444: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11265: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11234: 11228:(NW Frontier) 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11216:Thal-Chotiali 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157:(NW Frontier) 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11121: 11115: 11114:West Khandesh 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11094:East Khandesh 11092: 11091: 11089: 11087: 11082: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11035:Jungle Mahals 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11008: 11003: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10924: 10920: 10913: 10908: 10906: 10901: 10899: 10894: 10893: 10890: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10847: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10829: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10807:Sind Province 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10740: 10739:(Upper) Burma 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10698:Ajmer-Merwara 10696: 10694: 10693:Agra Province 10691: 10688: 10687: 10686:Aden Province 10683: 10682: 10680: 10676: 10669: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10617: 10613: 10612:British India 10609: 10602: 10597: 10595: 10590: 10588: 10583: 10582: 10579: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10553: 10549: 10546: 10542: 10539: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10459: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10388: 10376: 10375:Chief Justice 10373: 10372: 10371: 10370:Supreme Court 10368: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10333:Deputy Leader 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10288: 10282: 10279: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10186: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10125: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10059:2001 invasion 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10049:Islamic State 10047: 10046: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9959:Hotak dynasty 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9924:Maurya Empire 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9888: 9883: 9881: 9876: 9874: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9853: 9850: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9810:Italo-Turkish 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9765:Russo-Turkish 9763: 9762: 9760: 9756: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9738: 9737:Treaty of Fes 9735: 9734: 9733: 9732:Agadir Crisis 9730: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9694: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9533: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9478: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9403:Balkan League 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9360: 9359:Dual Alliance 9357: 9356: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9339: 9338:United States 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9283: 9278: 9276: 9271: 9269: 9264: 9263: 9260: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9205: 9203: 9199: 9194: 9190: 9185: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9132: 9128: 9121: 9116: 9114: 9110: 9107: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9082:Asian Affairs 9079: 9077: 9073: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9061: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8961: 8958: 8954: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8940: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8910:. Routledge. 8909: 8908: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8882: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8865: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8849:Asian Affairs 8845: 8842: 8841:History Today 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8805:Asian Affairs 8802: 8797: 8790: 8786: 8784:9780415260107 8780: 8777:, Routledge, 8773: 8772: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8704:(1981) 431pp. 8703: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8626:Ewans, Martin 8623: 8620: 8616: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8592: 8588: 8582: 8575: 8574: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8550: 8535: 8526: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8491: 8482: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8411: 8403: 8401:9781317266402 8397: 8393: 8392: 8384: 8382: 8365: 8361: 8358: 8352: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8334:9781409409854 8331: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8276: 8268: 8262: 8258: 8251: 8243: 8241:9780871139061 8237: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8220: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8181: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8162: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8103: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8064: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8026: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8005: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7975: 7974: 7966: 7950: 7946: 7945:Atlas Obscura 7942: 7935: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7860: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7841: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7796: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7718: 7713: 7706: 7701: 7695:, p. 56. 7694: 7689: 7682: 7677: 7662: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7632: 7624: 7622:9789351509714 7618: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7595: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7553: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7534: 7532: 7524: 7518: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7493: 7486: 7481: 7474: 7469: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7450: 7444:, p. 62. 7443: 7438: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7356: 7351: 7345: 7342:. Routledge. 7341: 7340: 7332: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7305: 7303: 7295: 7293: 7292: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7190: 7189: 7181: 7172: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7073: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7013: 7012: 7004: 6997: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6950: 6948: 6942: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6868: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6849: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6826: 6820: 6819:9781421408095 6816: 6810: 6808: 6800: 6789: 6787:9781848544772 6783: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6767: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6705: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6665: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6527: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6495: 6485: 6476: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6380: 6373: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6316: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6293: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6274: 6267: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6172:0-253-35050-6 6168: 6164: 6163: 6155: 6148: 6142: 6135: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6054: 6047: 6045: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6006: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5942: 5938: 5937:www.nam.ac.uk 5934: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5630:. Routledge. 5629: 5628: 5620: 5618: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5526: 5518: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5499: 5497: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5395: 5393: 5384: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5343: 5335: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5294: 5292: 5284: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5241: 5233: 5232: 5224: 5222: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5025: 5017: 5015:9781107507180 5011: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4980: 4974: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4934:9781844681303 4931: 4927: 4922: 4920: 4913:, p. 70. 4912: 4907: 4905: 4897: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4871:, p. 51. 4870: 4865: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4787:90-286-2621-2 4783: 4779: 4778: 4770: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4737: 4732: 4726:, p. 85. 4725: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4614:0-253-35050-6 4610: 4606: 4605: 4597: 4591:, p. 66. 4590: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4574:, p. 12. 4573: 4568: 4562:, p. 10. 4561: 4556: 4554: 4546: 4541: 4535:, p. 13. 4534: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4508: 4500: 4499: 4491: 4484: 4478: 4472:, p. 37. 4471: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4421: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4304: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4254: 4247: 4246:1-56836-022-3 4243: 4240: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4219:, p. 46. 4218: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 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Retrieved 3646: 3594: 3577:, p. 1. 3523:Duhamel plan 3399: 3386: 3375:David Gosset 3371: 3354: 3306: 3286: 3281: 3270: 3227: 3198: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3120: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3082:Malcolm Yapp 3079: 3075: 3071: 3056: 3045: 3043: 3034: 3024: 3018: 3005: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2936:1912 map of 2929:(1805-1877). 2904: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2831: 2813: 2801:Caucasus War 2794: 2758: 2689: 2684: 2666: 2658: 2647: 2626: 2617: 2603: 2585: 2576: 2515: 2511: 2492: 2478:Little Pamir 2474:Bozai Gumbaz 2451: 2447: 2172: 2152: 2133: 2093: 2056:Lake Sariqol 2041: 2000: 1947:intervention 1937: 1921: 1898: 1891: 1851:Paul Pelliot 1837: 1808:Meiji period 1805: 1791: 1787:Robert Irwin 1784: 1761: 1749:Qing dynasty 1747:against the 1726: 1697:Kishen Singh 1682: 1659: 1632: 1599: 1557: 1545:India Office 1518: 1504:James Outram 1501: 1493:Turkmenistan 1432:annexed the 1427: 1399:James Abbott 1396: 1376:Khiva (1839) 1369: 1336: 1333: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1281: 1253: 1248:British Lion 1244:Russian Bear 1208: 1203: 1195: 1178:Ranjit Singh 1173: 1164:and Colonel 1122: 1067: 1041: 1025:Khrulev plan 1021:Duhamel plan 1014: 1003: 991: 983: 962: 921: 909: 867: 859: 854: 762: 743: 706: 674: 652:and Captain 647: 627: 610: 598:Don Cossacks 580: 568:company rule 557: 512: 509:H.W.C. 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London: 5277:24 October 5116:24 October 5060:Ewans 2012 4911:Ewans 2002 4896:Ewans 2002 4884:Ewans 2002 4869:Ewans 2002 4806:24 October 4724:Ewans 2002 4589:Ewans 2002 4410:4 December 4344:0415316405 4217:Ewans 2004 4005:24 October 3575:Ewans 2004 3555:References 3298:Jan Morris 3215:Sven Hedin 3175:Karl Meyer 3158:See also: 2993:Northbrook 2839:Tannu-Tuva 2777:Circassian 2563:watercolor 2321:PuliKhatun 2048:Badakhshan 1859:Uzbekistan 1857:in modern 1727:Historian 1689:Nain Singh 1666:Inner Asia 1635:Badakhshan 1574:See also: 1551:through a 1497:Uzbekistan 1347:Shah Shuja 1341:. After a 1229:Gorgan Bay 1170:Hindu Kush 1108:, Moscow, 1094:Mazanderan 723:Beginnings 611:Historian 532:Uzbekistan 436:Great Game 395:, Persia, 298:South Asia 288:. The two 262:Great Game 127:Great Game 10678:Provinces 10479:Education 10448:Transport 10269:Languages 10242:Qizilbash 10170:Volcanoes 10128:Geography 9500:Meiji era 9347:Alliances 8997:154849203 8989:0035-8533 8833:162349090 8825:0306-8374 8600:18 August 8517:144025621 8503:: 43–66. 8370:22 August 8308:2055-1045 8151:14 August 8133:0020-7020 7914:153982002 7898:0030-8129 7820:0015-7120 7783:0362-4331 7717:Yapp 2000 7705:Yapp 2000 7584:Constable 7236:242884810 7228:0954-6545 6723:22 August 6572:cite book 6516:22 August 6455:131608320 6121:159703966 6113:1543-7795 5848:143812599 5832:0021-0862 5781:143785614 5765:0021-0862 5705:161242987 5689:0021-0862 5596:166422396 5578:Routledge 5405:. Brill. 5377:cite book 5369:944186170 5328:cite book 5320:944186170 5267:299175689 5200:817868028 5098:0026-3206 4845:Yapp 2000 4651:1798 and 4392:0707-5332 4314:. BRILL. 4248:. 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