1056:. She notes that Polanyi's account of "pre-market" societies are inconsistent with anthropological evidence which suggests these societies were not as equitable, socially stable, and successful as Polanyi makes them appear to be. McCloskey notes that market-based societies are not a nascent invention, as Polanyi claims, but that they extend further back in time. She also criticizes Polanyi's conceptualization of self-regulating markets whereby any and all government intervention in the markets means the markets are no longer markets.
3437:
817:, Polanyi makes the distinction between markets as an auxiliary tool for ease of exchange of goods and market societies. Market societies are those where markets are the paramount institution for the exchange of goods through price mechanisms. Polanyi argues that there are three general types of economic systems that existed before the rise of a market society: reciprocity, redistribution, and householding:
750:
Babylon, Greece, and the various kingdoms of Africa operated on principles of reciprocity and redistribution with a very limited role for markets, especially in settling prices or allocating the factors of production. The book also presented his belief that market society is unsustainable because it is fatally destructive to human nature and the natural contexts it inhabits.
27:
927:" in gift giving was likely the accidental byproduct of state or temple bureaucracy (temple in the case of Sumer). Graeber also notes that the criminalization of debt supplemented the enclosure movements in the destruction of English communities, since credit between community members had originally reinforced communal ties prior to state intervention:
738:
of the basic social order that had reigned throughout pre-modern history. Central to the change was that factors of production, such as land and labor, would now be sold on the market at market-determined prices instead of allocated according to tradition, redistribution, or reciprocity. This was both a change of human institutions and human nature.
730:
away from their grounding in local social relationships and institutions, and into transactions idealized as "rational" and set apart from their previous social context. Prior to the Market
Society, markets had a very limited role in society and were confined almost entirely to long-distance trade. As Polanyi wrote, "the same bias which made
932:
communities, much though they are based on love, in fact, because they are based on love, will always also be full of hatred, rivalry and passion—when it became clear that with sufficiently clever scheming, manipulation, and perhaps a bit of strategic bribery, they could arrange to have almost anyone they hated imprisoned or even hanged.
758:. He argues that the construction of a "self-regulating" market necessitates the separation of society into economic and political realms. Polanyi does not deny that the self-regulating market has brought "unheard of material wealth", but he suggests that this is too narrow a focus. The market, once it considers land, labor and money as
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has been criticized for underplaying power and class relations in its analysis. Polanyi argued, "class interests offer only a limited explanation of long-run movements in society." He argued that while humans are "naturally conditioned by economic factors", human motives are only rarely determined by
729:
Polanyi argued that the development of the modern state went hand in hand with the development of modern market economies and that these two changes were inextricably linked in history. Essential to the change from a premodern economy to a market economy was the altering of human economic mentalities
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found itself faced with a dire dilemma: either reduce social services or let currency exchange rates collapse. Since it could not decide on one alternative or the other, there was a government crisis, and the "traditional parties" decided both to cut social services and to abolish the gold standard.
737:
The modern market economy was forced by the powerful modern state, which was needed to push changes in social structure, and in what aspects of human nature were amplified and encouraged, which allowed for a competitive capitalist economy to emerge. For
Polanyi, these changes implied the destruction
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These three forms were not mutually exclusive, nor were they mutually exclusive of markets for the exchange of goods. The main distinction is that these three forms of economic organization were based around the social aspects of the society they operated in and were explicitly tied to those social
954:
favors
Polanyi's account of market liberalization, arguing that the failures of "Shock Therapy" in Russia and the failures of IMF reform packages echo Polanyi's arguments. Stiglitz also summarizes the difficulties of "market liberalization" in that it requires unrealistic "flexibility" amongst the
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to preserve the traditional system of production and social order but also a self-defensive measure on the part of society that mitigated the disruption of the most violent period of economic change. Polanyi also remarks that the pre-modern economies of China, the Incan Empire, the Indian
Empires,
892:
argue that
Polanyi's analysis could help explain why the resurgence of free market ideas has resulted in "such manifest failures as persistent unemployment, widening inequality, and the severe financial crises that have stressed Western economies over the past forty years." They suggest that "the
1045:
Economic historians (e.g. Douglass North) have criticized
Polanyi's account of the origins of capitalism. Polanyi's account of reciprocity and redistributive systems is inherently changeless and thus cannot explain the emergence of the more specific form of modern capitalism in the 19th century.
683:
mindset not only changed laws but also fundamentally altered humankind's economic relations; prior to this, markets played a very minor role in human affairs and were not even capable of setting prices because of their diminutive size. It was only after industrialization and the onset of greater
678:
A distinguishing characteristic of the "Market
Society" is that humanity's economic mentalities have been changed. Prior to this, people based their economies on reciprocity and redistribution across personal and communal relationships. As a consequence of industrialization and increasing state
907:
offers compliments to
Polanyi's text and theories. Graeber attacks formalists and substantivists alike: "those who start by looking at society as a whole are left, like the Substantivists, trying to explain how people are motivated to reproduce society; those who start by looking at individual
795:
Developments in the global economy, particularly after World War I, made maintaining the gold standard increasingly painful. Diminished international cooperation combined with
Britain’s relative economic decline to exacerbate its difficulties. At the same time, a newly empowered working class
684:
state control over newly created market institutions that the myth of human nature's propensity toward rational free trade became widespread. However, Polanyi asserts instead that "man's economy, as a rule, is submerged in his social relationships," and he therefore proposes an alternative
931:
The criminalization of debt, then, was the criminalization of the very basis of human society. It cannot be overemphasized that in a small community, everyone normally was both lender and borrower. One can only imagine the tensions and temptations that must have existed in a community—and
765:
This, he argues, results in massive social dislocation, and spontaneous moves by society to protect itself. In effect, Polanyi argues that once the free market attempts to separate itself from the fabric of society, social protectionism is society's natural response, which he calls the
791:
Labor opposed the gold standard because maintaining it meant that the
British government had to implement austerity. James Ashley Morrison found many later explanations for the collapse of the gold standard very much resemble the Polanyian argument, which he summarized as follows:
1913:
Polanyi Levitt, K.; Seccareccia, M. (2022). "The Polanyi Moment, Decommodification of Labor and the Struggle for Full Employment: How the COVID-19 Crisis has Opened the Debate Over the Nature of the Fictitious Labor Market in Both the Industrialized and Developing World".
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praised the book, saying it "is a useful corrective to the economic interpretation of the world, and should be read more and more by economists, particularly those of the Chicago school." He did however argue that everything in the book should not be taken as accurate.
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as reliant on several myths (increased poverty, increased population growth and increased unrest, as well as "'the pauperization of the masses,' who 'almost lost their human shape';" "basic income did not introduce a floor, he contended, but a ceiling") and the flawed
699:
argues that markets cannot solely be understood through economic theory. Rather, markets are embedded in social and political logics, which makes it necessary for economic analysts to take into account politics when trying to understand the economy. For this reason,
720:
in England in the late 1930s. He completed the book in the United States during World War II. He set out to explain the economic and social collapse of the 19th century, as well as the transformations that Polanyi had witnessed during the 20th century.
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Polanyi attempted to turn the tables on the orthodox liberal account of the rise of capitalism by arguing that "laissez-faire was planned", whereas social protectionism was a spontaneous reaction to the social dislocation imposed by an unrestrained
1584:
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influence, competitive markets were created that undermined these previous social tendencies, replacing them with formal institutions that aimed to promote a self-regulating market economy. The expansion of capitalist institutions with an
908:
desires, like the formalists, unable to explain why people chose to maximize some things and not others (or otherwise to account for questions of meaning)." While appreciative of Polanyi's attack on
923:
In parallel with Polanyi's account of markets being made internal to society as a result of state intervention, Graeber argues the transition to credit-based markets from societies with separated "
770:." Polanyi did not see economics as a subject closed off from other fields of enquiry, indeed he saw economic and social problems as inherently linked. He ended his work with a prediction of a
734:'s generation view primeval man as bent on barter and truck induced their successors to disavow all interest in early man, as he was now known not to have indulged in those laudable passions."
786:. Polanyi argues that Britain went off the gold standard due to both deteriorating international economic conditions and pressures from labor, which had grown stronger over time. In 1931, the
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1008:
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824:: exchange of goods is based on reciprocal exchanges between social entities. On a macro level, this would include the production of goods to gift to other groups.
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3484:
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ideology that free markets can replace government is just as utopian and dangerous" as the idea that Communism will result in the withering away of the state.
626:
836:: economies where production is centered on individual households. Family units produce food, textile goods, and tools for their own use and consumption.
881:
a "magisterial work", was influenced by the work in coining the term Embedded liberalism for the Bretton Woods system of the post-World War II period.
782:
According to James Ashley Morrison, Polanyi offers a prominent argument in the field of political economy for Britain's decision to depart from the
1839:
Polanyi, K. (2001). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, 2nd ed. Foreword by Joseph E. Stiglitz; pg.vii-xvii
619:
912:, Graeber attempts to move beyond ethnography and towards understanding how individuals find meaning in their actions, synthesizing insights of
830:: trade and production is focused to a central entity such as a tribal leader or feudal lord and then redistributed to members of their society.
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Polanyi's argument is often cited as the "Polanyian moment", "Polanyi Moment" or "Polanyi's moment", which indicates the time when
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1824:
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1063:"material want-satisfaction"; rather, human motives were more social (e.g. desire for security and status) than material.
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845:(self-sufficiency). Markets existed as an auxiliary avenue for the exchange of goods that were otherwise not obtainable.
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relationships. Polanyi argued that these economic forms depended on the social principles of symmetry, centricity, and
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2317:
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should be understood not as discrete elements but as a single human invention, which he calls the "Market Society".
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1991:
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762:, and including them "means to subordinate the substance of society itself to the laws of the market."
26:
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The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time – Karl Polanyi – Google Books
1949:
Gemici, K. (2016). "Beyond the Minsky and Polanyi moments: Social origins of the foreclosure crisis".
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454:
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179:
1696:"International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order"
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Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economies: Essays of Karl Polanyi (The Economy as Instituted Process)
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491:
1585:"Shocking Intellectual Austerity: The Role of Ideas in the Demise of the Gold Standard in Britain"
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Block, F., & Polanyi, K. (2003) Karl Polanyi and the Writing of "The Great Transformation".
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society, noting, "after a century of blind 'improvement', man is restoring his 'habitation.'"
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Chapter 6. The Self-regulating Market and the Fictitious Commodities: Labor, Land, and Money
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Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century
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2146:"Polanyi's "Double Movement": The Belle Époques of British and U.S. Hegemony Compared"
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harnessed evolving “social purpose” to resist the austerity necessary to defend gold.
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Chapter 13. Birth of the Liberal Creed (Continued): Class Interest and Social Change
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2076:"Markets and Other Allocation Systems in History: The Challenge of Karl Polanyi"
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Something That Changed My Perspective: Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation
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Markets and Other Allocation Systems in History: The Challenge of Karl Polanyi
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Block, F. (2003). Karl Polanyi and the Writing of "The Great Transformation".
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692:", in opposition to "formalism", both terms coined by Polanyi in future work.
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Clough, S. B., & Polanyi, K. (1944). Review of The Great Transformation.
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The Politics of Everyday Europe: Constructing Authority in the European Union
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2099:"Dynamics of Conflict and System Change: the Great Transformation Revisited"
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Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value; The False Coin of Our Own Dreams
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1479:"The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time"
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The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time
1265:
The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time
969:
starts to surpass marketization and thus reversing the direction of the
667:
during the rise of the market economy. Polanyi contends that the modern
3413:
3300:
2917:
2498:
1729:
1307:
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system because Polanyi was heavily quoted in a report by Nixon's aide,
731:
663:, it deals with the social and political upheavals that took place in
3314:
3115:
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917:
833:
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1218:
328:
2050:"Karl Polanyi's Battle with Economic History | Libertarianism.org"
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842:
664:
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169:
2312:(Brooklyn, NY: Melville House Publishing, 2011. Pp. 534.
973:. This term has been used to describe the situation after the
3219:
2815:
741:
His empirical case in large part relied upon analysis of the
2277:
The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi's Critique.
2433:
1753:
The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi's Critique
174:
1110:
Chapter 10. Political Economy and the Discovery of Society
3192:
2412:
The Karl Polanyi Archive – Concordia University, Montreal
1912:
1888:
Stephen McBride; Rianne Mahon; Gerard W. Boychuk (2016).
1193:
Disraeli's "Two Nations" and the Problem of Colored Races
1009:
Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832
3269:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
1181:
Selected References to "Evolution of the Market Pattern"
1078:
Chapter 2. Conservative Twenties, Revolutionary Thirties
1890:
After'08: Social Policy and the Global Financial Crisis
1196:
Additional Note: Poor Law and the Organization of Labor
1178:
Selected References to "Societies and Economic Systems"
745:
laws, which he saw not only as the last attempt of the
2294:
The Livelihood of Man: Studies in Social Discontinuity
704:
is a key work in the fields of political economy and
1118:
Chapter 11. Man, Nature, and Productive Organization
1290:, with introduction by Gareth Dale. Penguin Books.
1217:as a paperback in 1957 and as a 2nd edition with a
2351:
1147:Chapter 19. Popular Government and Market Economy
985:, the moment of a sudden collapse in the market.
3466:
1150:Chapter 20. History in the Gear of Social Change
2144:Silver, Beverly J.; Arrighi, Giovanni (2003).
1133:Chapter 16. Market and Productive Organization
3485:Books about the economy of the United Kingdom
2449:
2143:
1809:
1776:
1557:, p. 71 (see also the entirety of Chapter 6).
1413:. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. pp. 139–174.
627:
1851:""The Great Transformation" by Karl Polanyi"
1848:
1352:
1350:
1348:
981:. Gemici compared the Polanyi Moment to the
800:
2362:Karl Polanyi's Battle with Economic History
2103:European Journal of International Relations
2456:
2442:
1982:
1980:
1916:International Journal of Political Economy
1095:Chapter 5. Evolution of the Market Pattern
1089:Chapter 3. "Habitation versus Improvement"
634:
620:
25:
1783:Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value
1711:
1671:
1345:
1248:. Foreword by Robert M. MacIver. Boston:
1205:The book was originally published in the
1092:Chapter 4. Societies and Economic Systems
899:Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value
853:The book has influenced scholars such as
2096:
1582:
1423:
1172:Swings of the Pendulum after World War I
1153:Chapter 21. Freedom in a Complex Society
1083:Part Two Rise and Fall of Market Economy
2371:The free market is an impossible utopia
2275:Block, F., & Somers, M. R. (2014).
2233:
2193:
1986:
1977:
1805:
1803:
1209:in 1944 and then in England in 1945 as
1104:Chapter 8. Antecedents and Consequences
115:Trade and Markets in the Early Empires
3467:
1948:
1693:
1408:
1144:Part Three Transformation in Progress
1121:Chapter 12. Birth of the Liberal Creed
1052:has criticized several aspects of the
1002:, criticized Polanyi's account of the
2437:
2189:
2187:
2073:
2023:"When Richard Nixon Met Karl Polanyi"
2017:
1667:
1665:
1578:
1576:
1450:
2080:Journal of European Economic History
1800:
1136:Chapter 17. Self-Regulation Impaired
1750:Fred Block and Margaret R. Somers.
1075:Chapter 1. The Hundred Years' Peace
724:
13:
2200:. Beacon Press. pp. 152–153.
2184:
1662:
1573:
1072:Part One The International System
901:: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams
14:
3516:
2393:
1849:Kindleberger, Charles P. (1974).
1409:Dalton, George, ed. (1957). "7".
1169:The Snapping of the Golden Thread
3436:
3435:
1161:
777:
695:On a broader theoretical level,
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2214:
2137:
2090:
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2011:
1942:
1906:
1881:
1842:
1833:
1770:
1744:
1687:
1649:
1636:
1623:
1583:Morrison, James Ashley (2016).
1560:
1547:
1534:
1521:
1508:
1115:II. Self-Protection of Society
1107:Chapter 9. Pauperism and Utopia
706:international political economy
3001:Right of way (property access)
2402:Societies and Economic Systems
1674:"Polanyi Was Right, and Wrong"
1495:
1471:
1457:. Cambridge University Press.
1444:
1424:McNamara, Kathleen R. (2015).
1417:
1402:
1389:
1376:
1363:
1333:Formalist–substantivist debate
1184:The Literature of Speenhamland
1139:Chapter 18. Disruptive Strains
460:Formalist–substantivist debate
1:
2339:The Journal of Modern History
2264:
1928:10.1080/08911916.2022.2129467
1313:Capitalist mode of production
1223:Nobel Prize-winning economist
1130:Chapter 15. Market and Nature
1101:Chapter 7. Speenhamland, 1795
1018:credited Polanyi's view with
659:. First published in 1944 by
450:Critique of political economy
3480:Books about economic history
2463:
1892:. UBC Press. pp. 5–11.
1694:Ruggie, John Gerard (1982).
1022:moving away from a proposed
988:
848:
809:'s ethnological work on the
7:
3505:Farrar & Rinehart books
3490:Economic history of England
3307:Two Treatises of Government
2341:, 16, December, 4, 313–314.
1992:"Nixon's Basic Income Plan"
1672:McCloskey, Deirdre (1997).
1430:. OUP Oxford. p. 115.
1301:
1200:
1066:
502:Anthropology of development
390:Colonialism and development
10:
3521:
2309:Debt: The First 5000 Years
2303:, Palgrave, New York, 2001
2296:. New York: Academic Press
1816:Debt: The First 5000 Years
1700:International Organization
1589:International Organization
1127:Chapter 14. Market and Man
943:Debt: The First 5000 Years
711:
688:economic approach called "
3431:
3228:
3030:
2910:
2803:
2796:
2645:
2602:
2547:
2471:
2352:Economic History Services
2097:Halperin, Sandra (2004).
1713:10.1017/S0020818300018993
1601:10.1017/S0020818315000314
1225:Joseph Stiglitz in 2001.
1190:Why Not Whitbread's Bill?
801:Before the market society
455:Original affluent society
400:The Anti-Politics Machine
110:
102:
92:
82:
58:
50:
40:
24:
20:The Great Transformation
16:1944 book by Karl Polanyi
3359:The Great Transformation
2717:Labor theory of property
2419:The Great Transformation
2406:The Great Transformation
2400:Excerpt from Chapter 4,
2347:The Great Transformation
2280:Harvard University Press
2197:The Great Transformation
2162:10.1177/0032329203252274
2115:10.1177/1354066104042939
2074:North, Douglass (1977).
1963:10.1177/0032329215617463
1758:Harvard University Press
1681:Eastern Economic Journal
1657:The Great Transformation
1644:The Great Transformation
1631:The Great Transformation
1568:The Great Transformation
1555:The Great Transformation
1542:The Great Transformation
1529:The Great Transformation
1516:The Great Transformation
1503:The Great Transformation
1397:The Great Transformation
1384:The Great Transformation
1371:The Great Transformation
1358:The Great Transformation
1338:
1275:. Boston: Beacon Press.
1246:The Great Transformation
1231:The Great Transformation
1060:The Great Transformation
718:The Great Transformation
702:The Great Transformation
697:The Great Transformation
648:The Great Transformation
497:Heritage commodification
492:Nutritional anthropology
466:The Great Transformation
31:First UK edition (publ.
2928:Forest-dwelling (India)
2890:restraint on alienation
2670:Common good (economics)
2334:, 32, June, 3, 275–306.
2224:, 32, June, 3, 275-306.
1211:The Origins of Our Time
1187:Speenhamland and Vienna
220:Inalienable possessions
3475:1944 non-fiction books
3367:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
3141:Primitive accumulation
2996:Right of way (transit)
2781:Tragedy of the commons
2663:fictitious commodities
2234:Polanyi, Karl (2001).
2194:Polanyi, Karl (1957).
2150:Politics & Society
2054:www.libertarianism.org
1951:Politics & Society
1267:, 2nd ed. Foreword by
948:
798:
760:fictitious commodities
716:Polanyi began writing
415:People Without History
3420:The Wealth of Nations
3400:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3392:The Ethics of Liberty
1318:Economic anthropology
1239:Farrar & Rinehart
1213:. It was reissued by
929:
793:
661:Farrar & Rinehart
610:cultural anthropology
87:Farrar & Rinehart
3283:Progress and Poverty
2617:Common-pool resource
2292:Polanyi, K. (1977).
2021:(October 10, 2013).
1451:Blyth, Mark (2002).
1286:Polanyi, K. (2024).
1263:Polanyi, K. (2001).
1244:Polanyi, K. (1957).
1229:Polanyi, K. (1944).
1166:Hundred Years' Peace
1054:Great Transformation
967:social protectionism
959:Charles Kindleberger
879:Great Transformation
859:Immanuel Wallerstein
807:Bronislaw Malinowski
681:economically liberal
565:Bronisław Malinowski
276:Shifting cultivation
255:Provisioning systems
3406:The Social Contract
3094:population transfer
3011:prior-appropriation
2690:homestead principle
2376:The Washington Post
1386:, ch. 3,4 & 15.
1004:Speenhamland system
925:spheres of exchange
657:political economist
590:Harold K. Schneider
345:Gifting remittances
271:Nomadic pastoralism
233:Spheres of exchange
227:(commodity pathway)
21:
3386:Murray N. Rothbard
2697:Free-rider problem
2384:(2 January 2015),
2366:Libertarianism.org
2332:Theory and Society
2222:Theory and Society
1819:. Melville House.
1323:Economic sociology
1271:; introduction by
1269:Joseph E. Stiglitz
525:Alexander Chayanov
477:Culture of poverty
379:(hunter-gatherers)
19:
3495:Political economy
3462:
3461:
3373:What Is Property?
3166:human trafficking
3151:Regulatory taking
3026:
3025:
2771:Right to property
2320:Hbk. ÂŁ55/US $ 32)
2207:978-0-8070-5679-0
1826:978-1-933633-86-2
1464:978-0-521-01052-8
1437:978-0-19-102552-5
1328:Political economy
1235:Robert M. MacIver
1175:Finance and Peace
1050:Deirdre McCloskey
1014:Both Bregman and
979:COVID-19 pandemic
903:, anthropologist
884:The sociologists
877:, who called the
815:Trobriand Islands
644:
643:
482:Political economy
472:Peasant economics
423:Political economy
286:Peasant economics
261:Hunting-gathering
124:
123:
103:Publication place
3512:
3439:
3438:
3343:John Stuart Mill
3263:Friedrich Engels
3244:Frédéric Bastiat
3237:
3089:Forced migration
3057:Collectivization
2801:
2800:
2680:First possession
2653:Bundle of rights
2458:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2429:Internet Archive
2387:Naked Capitalism
2373:(18 July 2014),
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2240:. Beacon Press.
2231:
2225:
2218:
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2191:
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2015:
2009:
2008:
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1984:
1975:
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1393:
1387:
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1374:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1163:Balance of Power
1158:Notes on Sources
1086:I. Satanic Mill
946:
855:Marshall Sahlins
813:exchange in the
725:General argument
636:
629:
622:
585:Marshall Sahlins
540:Maurice Godelier
444:Related articles
432:Jim Crow economy
243:Cultural capital
228:
225:Singularization
126:
125:
118:
111:Followed by
94:Publication date
29:
22:
18:
3520:
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3511:
3510:
3509:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3427:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3174:husband-selling
3111:Illegal logging
3106:Illegal fishing
3035:
3022:
2933:Freedom to roam
2906:
2819:(agrarian land)
2792:
2749:Property rights
2641:
2598:
2560:Estate (landed)
2543:
2467:
2462:
2396:
2306:David Graeber,
2299:David Graeber,
2267:
2262:
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2033:
2031:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1990:(May 5, 2016).
1988:Bregman, Rutger
1985:
1978:
1947:
1943:
1911:
1907:
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1377:
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1364:
1355:
1346:
1341:
1304:
1203:
1069:
1028:Martin Anderson
991:
975:Great Recession
971:double movement
952:Joseph Stiglitz
947:
936:
890:Margaret Somers
851:
803:
780:
768:double movement
727:
714:
671:and the modern
640:
600:
599:
530:Stanley Diamond
515:
514:Major theorists
507:
506:
487:State formation
445:
437:
436:
414:
413:Europe and the
299:
291:
290:
256:
248:
247:
226:
165:Commodification
160:
150:
116:
95:
75:Economic theory
36:
33:Victor Gollancz
17:
12:
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5:
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3291:Garrett Hardin
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3069:
3064:
3062:Eminent domain
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3045:Bioprospecting
3041:
3039:
3037:redistribution
3028:
3027:
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2746:
2741:
2739:Natural rights
2736:
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2714:
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2475:
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2461:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2421:(1957 edition)
2417:Karl Polanyi,
2414:
2409:
2395:
2394:External links
2392:
2391:
2390:
2379:
2368:
2359:
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2226:
2213:
2206:
2183:
2156:(2): 325–355.
2136:
2109:(2): 263–306.
2089:
2066:
2041:
2010:
1976:
1941:
1922:(4): 292–306.
1905:
1899:978-0774829663
1898:
1880:
1841:
1832:
1825:
1799:
1792:
1786:. p. 12.
1769:
1743:
1706:(2): 379–415.
1686:
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1648:
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1622:
1595:(1): 175–207.
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1325:
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1310:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1284:
1261:
1242:
1233:. Foreword by
1202:
1199:
1198:
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1194:
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1188:
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1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1068:
1065:
1040:George W. Bush
996:, writing for
994:Rutger Bregman
990:
987:
934:
920:, and others.
871:Douglass North
863:James C. Scott
850:
847:
838:
837:
831:
828:Redistribution
825:
802:
799:
779:
776:
726:
723:
713:
710:
669:market economy
655:, a Hungarian
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195:Redistribution
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159:Basic concepts
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9:
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3440:Categories:
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3407:
3403:
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3393:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:David Ricardo
3379:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Elinor Ostrom
3346:
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3157:
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3149:
3147:
3146:Privatization
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Legal plunder
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
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3090:
3087:
3085:
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3080:
3078:
3077:Expropriation
3075:
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3063:
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2811:(watercourse)
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2754:primogeniture
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2734:Legal plunder
2732:
2728:
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2715:
2713:
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2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:appropriation
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Excludability
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
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1032:Ronald Reagan
1029:
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1021:
1020:Richard Nixon
1017:
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1005:
1001:
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995:
986:
984:
983:Minsky moment
980:
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938:David Graeber
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905:David Graeber
902:
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894:
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886:Fred L. Block
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867:E.P. Thompson
864:
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778:Gold standard
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690:substantivism
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560:Marvin Harris
558:
556:
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550:Jane I. Guyer
548:
546:
545:David Graeber
543:
541:
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535:Raymond Firth
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520:Paul Bohannan
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70:Social theory
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34:
28:
23:
3447:Property law
3418:
3404:
3390:
3371:
3358:
3357:
3353:Karl Polanyi
3333:
3329:Marcel Mauss
3319:
3305:
3296:David Harvey
3281:
3277:Henry George
3267:
3258:Ronald Coase
3248:
3233:
3179:wife selling
3161:bride buying
3099:repatriation
3081:
3032:Disposession
2986:
2875:Property law
2850:
2846:Forest types
2816:
2808:
2797:Applications
2727:rent-seeking
2712:Gift economy
2570:Intellectual
2425:2001 edition
2418:
2405:
2401:
2385:
2374:
2346:
2338:
2331:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2276:
2251:. Retrieved
2236:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2196:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2058:. Retrieved
2056:. 2013-09-12
2053:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2026:
2019:Robin, Corey
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1995:
1957:(1): 15–43.
1954:
1950:
1944:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1889:
1883:
1861:(1): 45–52.
1858:
1854:
1844:
1835:
1814:
1781:
1772:
1751:
1746:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1680:
1659:, pp. 51–52.
1656:
1651:
1646:, pp. 49–50.
1643:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1592:
1588:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1544:, pp. 52-53.
1541:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1473:
1453:
1446:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1287:
1264:
1250:Beacon Press
1245:
1237:. New York:
1230:
1215:Beacon Press
1210:
1204:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1036:Bill Clinton
1024:basic income
1013:
997:
992:
977:in 2008 the
964:
957:
949:
941:
930:
922:
914:Marcel Mauss
897:
895:
883:
878:
852:
839:
834:Householding
804:
794:
788:Labour Party
781:
764:
752:
743:Speenhamland
740:
736:
728:
717:
715:
701:
696:
694:
686:ethnographic
677:
673:nation-state
653:Karl Polanyi
647:
646:
645:
580:Karl Polanyi
575:Sidney Mintz
570:Marcel Mauss
465:
464:
422:
411:
398:
389:
383:Batek people
368:Provisioning
367:
335:
303:
298:Case studies
215:Limited good
210:Gift economy
185:Embeddedness
151:anthropology
149:development
129:
114:
45:Karl Polanyi
3321:Das Kapital
3208:progressive
3198:inheritance
3121:Land reform
2895:real estate
2870:Land tenure
2858:Inheritance
2786:anticommons
2722:Law of rent
2702:Game theory
2632:Information
2612:Common land
2509:Cooperative
2034:January 18,
2003:January 18,
1016:Corey Robin
875:John Ruggie
822:Reciprocity
756:free market
747:squirearchy
377:Aché people
361:Shell money
304:Prestations
266:Pastoralism
190:Reciprocity
3469:Categories
3452:by country
3414:Adam Smith
3301:John Locke
2965:indigenous
2960:aboriginal
2880:alienation
2575:indigenous
2565:Intangible
2479:Collective
2427:), at the
2345:Review of
2288:0674050711
2265:References
2253:2014-02-12
2060:2020-08-28
1766:0674050711
1488:2021-07-26
1373:, ch. 2,3.
1308:Capitalism
1273:Fred Block
950:Economist
732:Adam Smith
555:Keith Hart
3315:Karl Marx
3116:Land Back
3067:Enclosure
3050:biopiracy
2988:Bergregal
2970:squatting
2744:Ownership
2658:Commodity
2637:Knowledge
2548:By nature
2504:Customary
2494:Community
2178:143455819
2170:0032-3292
2123:1354-0661
1971:156366217
1936:256630616
1867:0011-5266
1722:0020-8183
1633:, p. 236.
1617:155189356
1609:0020-8183
1570:, p. 257.
1566:Polanyi,
1553:Polanyi,
1540:Polanyi,
1527:Polanyi,
1514:Polanyi,
1501:Polanyi,
1395:Polanyi,
1382:Polanyi,
1369:Polanyi,
1356:Polanyi,
989:Criticism
918:Karl Marx
910:formalism
849:Reception
811:Kula ring
805:Based on
772:socialist
595:Eric Wolf
313:Kula ring
83:Publisher
3500:Property
3442:Property
3335:The Gift
3234:key work
3229:Scholars
3213:property
3170:spousal
3136:Poaching
3072:Eviction
3016:riparian
2977:Littoral
2885:easement
2863:executor
2834:literary
2759:usufruct
2707:Georgism
2587:Tangible
2582:Personal
2489:Communal
2472:By owner
2465:Property
2325:Articles
2131:53048194
1875:20024185
1855:Daedalus
1813:(2011).
1780:(2001).
1760:, 2014.
1738:36120313
1655:Polanyi
1642:Polanyi
1629:Polanyi
1531:, p. 41.
1518:, p. 45.
1505:, p. 56.
1399:, p. 48.
1360:, ch. 4.
1302:See also
1219:foreword
1201:Editions
1067:Contents
935:—
843:autarchy
329:Potlatch
141:Economic
132:a series
130:Part of
51:Language
3250:The Law
3156:Slavery
2982:Mineral
2950:Hunting
2943:pannage
2938:Grazing
2923:Fishing
2809:Acequia
2776:Rivalry
2764:women's
2622:Digital
2604:Commons
2539:Unowned
2514:Private
2028:Jacobin
1997:Jacobin
1730:2706527
999:Jacobin
712:History
665:England
336:Gifting
180:Finance
145:applied
59:Subject
54:English
35:, 1945)
3131:Piracy
3083:Farhud
2911:Rights
2852:Huerta
2824:Estate
2646:Theory
2627:Global
2529:Social
2519:Public
2484:Common
2316:
2286:
2244:
2204:
2176:
2168:
2129:
2121:
1969:
1934:
1896:
1873:
1865:
1823:
1790:
1764:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1615:
1607:
1483:eh.net
1461:
1434:
1294:
1279:
1256:
955:poor.
869:, and
606:Social
205:Wealth
170:Barter
147:, and
119:
117:(1957)
41:Author
3220:Theft
3006:Water
2900:title
2829:legal
2817:Ejido
2555:Croft
2534:State
2499:Crown
2404:, of
2350:from
2270:Books
2174:S2CID
2127:S2CID
1967:S2CID
1932:S2CID
1871:JSTOR
1734:S2CID
1726:JSTOR
1677:(PDF)
1613:S2CID
1339:Notes
200:Value
3203:poll
3186:wage
2955:Land
2839:real
2592:real
2524:Self
2314:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2166:ISSN
2119:ISSN
2036:2019
2005:2019
1894:ISBN
1863:ISSN
1821:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1718:ISSN
1605:ISSN
1459:ISBN
1432:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1038:and
888:and
608:and
175:Debt
98:1944
3193:Tax
2918:Air
2423:, (
2158:doi
2111:doi
1959:doi
1924:doi
1859:103
1708:doi
1597:doi
1221:by
896:In
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2186:^
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2164:.
2154:31
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2148:.
2125:.
2117:.
2107:10
2105:.
2101:.
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2078:.
2052:.
2025:.
1994:.
1979:^
1965:.
1955:44
1953:.
1930:.
1920:51
1918:.
1869:.
1857:.
1853:.
1802:^
1732:.
1724:.
1716:.
1704:36
1702:.
1698:.
1679:.
1664:^
1611:.
1603:.
1593:70
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1587:.
1575:^
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2038:.
2007:.
1973:.
1961::
1938:.
1926::
1902:.
1877:.
1829:.
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