274:
523:, was relatively isolated and encompassed the trading areas of just a few indigenous tribes, thus it contained only two trading outposts during Gelskerke’s term of office. Demerara, though, showed great potential as a sugar-cultivating area, so the commandeur began shifting focus toward the development of the region, signifying his intentions by transferring the administrative center of the colony from Fort Kijkoveral to Flag Island, on the mouth of the Essequibo River, further east and closer to Demerara. These operations were carried out by Gravesande, acting as the Secretary of the Company under Gelskerke. Upon Gelskerke’s death, Gravesande continued the policy of Demerara expansion and the move to sugar cultivation.
496:
262:, the ebb and flow of power between Arawak and Carib interests throughout the Caribbean resulted in a great deal of intermingling (some forced through capture, some accidental through contact). This ethnic mixing, particularly in the Caribbean margins like the Guianas, produced a hybridised culture. Despite their political rivalry, the ethnic and cultural blending between the two groups had reached such a level that, by the time of the Europeans' arrival, the Carib/Arawak complex in Guiana was so homogeneous that the two groups were almost indistinguishable to outsiders. Through the contact period following Columbus's arrival, the term "Guiana" was used to refer to all areas between the Orinoco, the
1477:
1521:
1448:
1305:
385:
1533:
1489:
1375:
1363:
1387:
1293:
1418:
1281:
1406:
1269:
1245:
1257:
630:
36:
483:
found only a few of the original colonists left alive, living among the aborigines. Later that year, among the combined total of the original surviving settlers, the reinforcement contingent led by de Brétigny, and a subsequent reinforcement later in the year, only two individuals remained alive long
360:
to survey the area in 1597. His clerk, Adriaen
Cabeliau, related the voyage of Cornelisz and his survey of Indian groups and areas of potential trade partnerships in his diary. Throughout the seventeenth century, the Dutch made gains by establishing trading colonies and outposts in the region and in
355:
was signed with the
Spanish, the Dutch cobbled together different ethnicities and tribes and religious faiths into a viable economic entity. When beginning an empire, the Dutch concerned themselves more with trade and establishing viable networks and outposts than with claiming tracts of land to act
118:
The three
Guianas proper have a combined population of 1,718,651; Guyana: 804,567, Suriname: 612,985 and French Guiana: 301,099 Most of the population is along the coast. Due to the jungles to the south, the Guianas are one of the most sparsely populated regions on Earth.
597:
Due to the isolated geography of the
Guianas, the region is one of the most isolated and sparsely populated on Earth. In most of the region, the population is almost entirely concentrated on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of river deltas, in the cities of
515:. Gravesande’s tenure brought significant change to the colonies, though his policy was in many ways an extension of his predecessor, Hermanus Gelskerke. Commandeur Gelskerke had begun pressing for change from a trading focus to one of cultivation, especially of
845:
The
Guianas is also one of the most racially diverse regions on Earth, particularly in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, due to their long histories of migration to the region brought by slavery and indentured labour. The entire region has a large
203:
To the east and up the lower Amazon, there were a number of
English, French and Dutch outposts that either failed or were expelled by the Portuguese. To the west, Spanish Guyana was thinly settled and interacted slightly with Pomeroon.
293:
first spotted the coast of the
Guianas in 1498, but real interest in the exploration and colonisation of the Guianas, which came to be known as the "Wild Coast," did not begin until the end of the sixteenth century. In 1542, when
478:
granted permission to the whole of Guiana to a joint-stock company of Norman merchants. When these merchants made a settlement near the modern city of
Cayenne, failure ensued. Eight years later, a reinforcement contingent led by
806:. French Guianese Creole and Karipuna French Creole are based on French with influences from Brazilian Portuguese and Arawak and Cariban languages. Ndyuka is one of the only creole languages that uses its own script, called
545:
during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. War continued off and on among the three principal powers in the
Guianas (the Netherlands, France, and Britain) until a final peace was signed in 1814 (the
129:
there was a string of mostly Dutch settlements along the coast which changed hands several times. They were mostly several miles upriver to avoid the coastal marshes which were only drained later.
439:, but even a few years prior to the official chartering a fort and trading post had been built at Kijkoveral, under the supervision of Aert Groenewegen, at the confluence of the Essequibo,
492:
is not recognised as having taken place until at least 1637. Cayenne itself, the first permanent settlement of comparable size to the Dutch colonies, experienced instability until 1643.
695:, respectively. Suriname is the only sovereign nation, other than the Netherlands, where Dutch is the sole official language. Languages spoken locally by specific ethnic groups include
488:
in 1645, begging for refuge. Though some trading outposts that could be considered permanent settlements were founded as early as 1624, French “possession” of the land now known as
357:
530:
sealed peace between the
English and the Dutch. The treaty allowed the Dutch to retain control over the valuable sugar plantations and factories on the coast of
894:
are another major group in Suriname, who are descendants of indentured labourers recruited from Dutch colonies in Indonesia, and both Guyana and Suriname have
365:. The company, established in 1621 for such purposes, benefited from a larger investment of capital than the English, primarily through foreign investors like
298:
reached the mouth of the Amazon, he was pushed by winds and currents northwest along the Guiana coast until he reached a Spanish settlement west of Trinidad.
910:
descent. French Guiana has also been a recipient of immigration from surrounding countries, especially Guyana, Suriname, and Brazil, as well as from Haiti.
411:
Rivers were completely destroyed by Spanish troops. The troops had been sent into the Guianas from neighbouring Venezuela under the premise of stamping out
145:(20 miles NW of Georgetown) c 1616 Dutch, 1665 British occupation, (1781 British, 1782 French occupation, 1783 Dutch), 1793 British, 1831 British Guiana
452:
347:
powers developed interest in the Guianas. The Dutch joined in the exploration of the Guianas before the end of the century. Between the start of the
66:, formerly British, Dutch and French Guiana. Broadly it refers to the South American coast from the mouth of the Orinoco to the mouth of the Amazon.
507:
took over the region. He held the position for three decades, coordinating the development and expansion of the Dutch colonies from his plantation
1525:
273:
474:
conversion — were not easily reconciled with the difficulties of initial settlement-building on the Wild Coast. Even as late as 1635, the
399:
English and Dutch settlers were regularly harassed by the Spanish and Portuguese, who viewed settlement of the area as a violation of the
882:
brought to the region during colonial times. Africans are further divided into Creoles, who are located along the coastal regions, and
570:, Essequibo, and Demerara; these colonies were consolidated under a central British administration and would be known after 1831 as
1396:
886:, who are descendants of people who escaped slavery into the interior regions of the country. Multiracial people, who are largely
1511:
1337:
1228:
139:(70 miles NW of Georgetown) 165?: Dutch, 1689:abandoned after French destruction, Dutch later return, 1831 to British Guyana.
302:
began the exploration of the Guianas in earnest in 1594. He was in search of a great golden city at the headwaters of the
1108:
Goslinga, Cornelis. The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1971.
459:
847:
504:
248:
1568:
1496:
436:
307:
197:, 1664 French, 1667 English capture and return, French, 1676? Dutch, 1763? French, 1809 Anglo-Portuguese, 1817 French
944:
447:. British settlers also succeeded in establishing a small settlement in 1606 and a much larger one in modern-day
1481:
969:
954:
934:
550:), heavily favouring the British. By this time France had sold off most of its North American territory in the
495:
270:, and was seen so much as a unified, isolated entity that it was often referred to as the “Island of Guiana.”
964:
949:
939:
774:
in Amapa. These creole languages are based on English in Suriname and Guyana with significant influence from
381:
also organised an expedition to the Guianas, but this was cut short by the untimely death of the Grand Duke.
480:
435:(now more commonly known as the Oyapock) and one on the upper Amazon. By 1621, a charter was granted by the
1183:
959:
890:, of African and Indian descent, make up a growing proportion of the population in Guyana and Suriname.
29:
1235:
1071:
547:
374:
862:
in the region due to the region's isolation. The two largest ethnic groups in Guyana and Suriname are
244:
in Venezuela and Guiana into the northern islands, and were then supplanted by more warlike tribes of
1391:
1330:
906:. French Guiana's population is largely African; there are also minorities of European, Chinese, and
795:
676:
771:
1542:
1187:
362:
169:
217:
Before the arrival of European colonials, the Guianas were populated by scattered bands of native
187:: (100 miles NW of Cayenne) 1624 French, captured by Dutch and English several times, 1763: French
531:
331:
823:
526:
Conflict among the British, Dutch, and French continued throughout the seventeenth century. The
1573:
1506:
767:
586:
527:
467:
466:. The settlement collapsed within a summer, and initial attempts at settlement near modern-day
378:
356:
as a buffer against neighbouring states. With this goal in mind, the Dutch dispatched explorer
194:
173:
98:
470:, beginning in 1613, were met with similar setbacks. French priorities — land acquisition and
54:, is a region in north-eastern South America. Strictly, the term refers to the three Guianas:
875:
734:
The diverse population and isolation of the region has led to the development of a number of
416:
400:
295:
1563:
1323:
1309:
1179:
924:
839:
811:
704:
290:
176:, 1799 English during French wars, 1814 restored to Dutch but England keeps British Guiana
8:
891:
859:
803:
791:
751:
672:
420:
352:
1467:
895:
835:
779:
696:
649:
599:
551:
263:
142:
831:
1583:
1501:
1224:
919:
899:
855:
787:
783:
712:
700:
535:
471:
281:(1625). Situated at the west coast of the lake, the so-called city Manoa or El Dorado
259:
136:
503:
The Dutch appointed a new governor of the Guiana settlements in 1742. In this year,
423:. Nonetheless, the Dutch returned in 1615, founding a new settlement at present-day
1537:
1297:
1021:"Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020"
994:
903:
819:
799:
759:
716:
660:
656:
614:. However, in Venezuela, major cities are inland: the largest city in the Guianas,
542:
408:
370:
1141:
384:
1578:
1285:
867:
863:
827:
815:
807:
763:
755:
743:
735:
668:
645:
623:
618:
in Venezuela, is one that is inland, with a population of over 1 million people,
463:
404:
278:
238:
303:
1452:
1020:
775:
724:
720:
664:
619:
615:
578:
571:
485:
475:
444:
392:
366:
315:
299:
88:
78:
1557:
1379:
1374:
1273:
1261:
1249:
929:
887:
688:
641:
582:
563:
489:
432:
327:
245:
104:
74:
63:
1218:
907:
747:
440:
412:
348:
267:
252:
226:
1043:
A Brief History of the Caribbean, from the Arawak and Carib to the Present
1488:
879:
871:
323:
241:
826:, a pidgin spoken in Suriname until the 1960s formed between the creole
1427:
1078:(1613; repr., London Hakluyt Society Press, 1928), p. 4; Joshua Hyles,
603:
559:
555:
1386:
1097:
The Discovery of Guiana, and the Journal of the Second Voyage Thereto
541:
All the colonies along the Guiana coast were converted to profitable
388:
338:
The Discovery of Guiana, and the Journal of the Second Voyage Thereto
319:
230:
184:
611:
1462:
1422:
1417:
684:
637:
520:
512:
508:
451:
in 1650, under the leadership of former Barbadian governor Francis
448:
428:
148:
94:
59:
1367:
1362:
692:
157:(114 miles SE of Georgetown) 1627 Dutch, 1781-1831: like Essequebo
111:
1457:
883:
708:
607:
567:
424:
234:
190:
154:
151:(Georgetown) 1745 Dutch from Essequibo, 1781-1831: like Essequibo
22:
1093:
The Discoverie of the Large, Rich, and Bewtiful Empyre of Guiana
629:
333:
The Discoverie of the Large, Rich, and Bewtiful Empyre of Guiana
1410:
1405:
1049:(New York: Greenwood Press Publishers, 1942); and J. H. Parry,
866:, who are largely descended from indentured labourers from the
851:
739:
728:
680:
633:
344:
311:
218:
84:
55:
1315:
577:
After 1814, the Guianas came to be recognised individually as
330:
in Guyana. Much of his exploration is documented in his books
322:. Raleigh described the city of El Dorado as being located on
318:
in search of "Manoa", the legendary city of the king known as
233:; most evidence suggests that the Arawaks immigrated from the
516:
369:, a Portuguese Jew. The area was also cursorily explored by
222:
21:"Guiana" redirects here. For the former French province, see
1095:(1596; repr., Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1968) and
622:
with a population of 410,000 as well as another major city,
519:. The area east of the existing Essequibo colony, known as
361:
the neighbouring Caribbean islands under the banner of the
343:
After the publication of Raleigh's accounts, several other
35:
1178:
415:
and with the support of a cédula passed by the Spanish
165:
Nickerie (200 miles SE of Georgetown)(small) 1718 Dutch
1167:
Greater France: a History of French Overseas Expansion
458:
The French had also made less significant attempts at
1233:
1188:"Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 7"
1169:, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1996; Hyles, p. 36.
1045:(New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1999); Paul Radin,
395:(Guyana) in 1775, according to Spanish cartography.
133:British Guiana (before 1793 part of Dutch Guyana):
110:So called Portuguese or Brazilian Guiana, now the
1142:"Political and Economic History of French Guiana"
810:. Pidgin languages spoken in the Guianas include
1555:
73:So-called Spanish or Venezuelan Guiana, now the
1053:(New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1979).
644:are the only South American nations outside of
229:are most closely related to the natives of the
834:. Extinct creole languages in the Guianas are
1331:
842:, both based on Dutch and spoken in Guyana.
484:enough to reach the Dutch settlement on the
1338:
1324:
1146:San Jose State University Faculty Research
902:communities, as well as a small number of
1121:. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.
628:
566:in the Caribbean region. The Dutch lost
494:
383:
285:
272:
34:
858:language groups. There are a number of
193:1604,1643 French fail,1615 Dutch fail,
1556:
403:. In 1613, Dutch trading posts on the
212:
1319:
1099:(1606; repr., London: Cassell, 1887).
18:Region in north-central South America
1192:Digital Library for Dutch Literature
870:of India, with smaller numbers from
1223:. The University of Chicago (2014)
1139:
107:, an overseas department of France.
13:
1210:
14:
1595:
1082:, Baylor University, 2010, p. 17.
1531:
1519:
1487:
1475:
1446:
1416:
1404:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1080:Guiana and the Shadows of Empire
1076:A Relation of a Voyage to Guiana
69:Politically it is divided into:
1345:
1172:
1159:
1133:
626:, with a population of 41,000.
592:
574:. The Dutch retained Suriname.
505:Laurens Storm van 's Gravesande
336:, published first in 1596, and
251:, who departed from these same
1124:
1111:
1102:
1085:
1065:
1056:
1051:The Discovery of South America
1035:
1013:
987:
675:are spoken in the Guianas: in
499:Map of the Guianas dated 1888.
427:(later abandoned in favour of
1:
980:
123:
945:Suriname–Venezuela relations
39:Political map of The Guianas
7:
913:
351:in 1568 and 1648, when the
10:
1600:
1221:: The Odyssey of Indenture
970:Brazil–Venezuela relations
955:France–Venezuela relations
935:Guyana–Venezuela relations
878:, descendants of enslaved
534:which had been secured by
481:Charles Poncet de Brétigny
462:, first in 1604 along the
258:Over the centuries of the
207:
27:
20:
1438:
1353:
965:Brazil–Suriname relations
950:France–Suriname relations
940:Guyana–Suriname relations
742:languages; these include
277:Parime Lacus on a map by
101:, independent since 1975.
91:, independent since 1966.
1569:Regions of South America
1543:Surinam (English colony)
1047:Indians of South America
975:
363:Dutch West India Company
28:Not to be confused with
960:Brazil–Guyana relations
814:, a pidgin between the
453:Willoughby, Lord Parham
255:a few centuries later.
796:West African languages
772:KaripĂşna French Creole
770:in French Guiana, and
768:French Guianese Creole
653:
528:Treaty of Breda (1667)
500:
396:
379:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
282:
40:
632:
554:and had lost all but
498:
417:Council of the Indies
401:Treaty of Tordesillas
387:
375:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
340:, published in 1606.
296:Francisco de Orellana
286:European colonisation
276:
38:
1091:Sir Walter Raleigh,
925:Borders of Venezuela
840:Berbice Creole Dutch
824:Ndyuka-TiriyĂł Pidgin
812:Panare Trade Spanish
705:Caribbean Hindustani
548:Convention of London
437:Dutch States-General
291:Christopher Columbus
995:"Population, total"
892:Javanese Surinamese
860:uncontacted peoples
830:and the Amerindian
260:pre-colonial period
221:people. The native
213:Pre-colonial period
1216:Bahadur, Gaiutra.
1117:Smith, Raymond T.
850:population of the
836:Skepi Creole Dutch
654:
552:Louisiana Purchase
501:
397:
377:, and in 1608 the
283:
143:Essequibo (colony)
41:
1551:
1550:
1229:978-0-226-21138-1
1140:Watkins, Thayer.
1062:Radin, pp. 11-13.
920:Borders of Brazil
766:in Suriname, and
543:sugar plantations
538:earlier in 1667.
536:Abraham Crijnssen
353:Treaty of MĂĽnster
316:eastern Venezuela
137:Pomeroon (colony)
1591:
1538:Trinidad-Guayana
1536:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1492:
1491:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1408:
1390:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1137:
1131:
1130:Goslinga, p. 76.
1128:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1041:Ian Rogoziński,
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
991:
904:Jews in Suriname
868:Bhojpuri regions
709:Maroon languages
371:Amerigo Vespucci
225:of the Northern
128:
125:
114:state of Brazil.
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1532:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1415:
1403:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1349:
1344:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1213:
1211:Further reading
1208:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1186:, eds. (1927).
1177:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1090:
1086:
1072:Robert Harcourt
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
993:
992:
988:
983:
978:
916:
832:TiriyĂł language
828:Ndyuka language
816:Panare language
808:Afaka syllabary
744:Guyanese Creole
624:Puerto Ayacucho
595:
464:Sinnamary River
445:Mazaruni Rivers
421:King Philip III
393:British Guayana
358:Jacob Cornelisz
306:. A year later
288:
279:Hessel Gerritsz
215:
210:
126:
46:, also spelled
33:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1597:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1453:British Guiana
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1382:
1370:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1232:
1231:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1184:P.C. Molhuysen
1171:
1158:
1132:
1123:
1119:British Guiana
1110:
1101:
1084:
1064:
1055:
1034:
1012:
985:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
915:
912:
725:Haitian Creole
620:Ciudad Bolivar
616:Ciudad Guayana
594:
591:
579:British Guiana
572:British Guiana
486:Pomeroon River
476:King of France
431:), one on the
367:Isaac de Pinto
300:Walter Raleigh
287:
284:
227:amazon forests
214:
211:
209:
206:
201:
200:
199:
198:
188:
181:French Guiana
179:
178:
177:
166:
160:
159:
158:
152:
146:
140:
116:
115:
108:
102:
92:
89:British Guiana
82:
79:Guayana Region
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1596:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:French Guiana
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:Dutch Guiana
1490:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1395:
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1380:French Guiana
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1310:South America
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930:Guiana Shield
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888:Dougla people
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880:West Africans
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583:French Guiana
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433:Wiapoco River
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162:Dutch Guiana
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105:French Guiana
103:
100:
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93:
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83:
81:of Venezuela.
80:
76:
75:Delta Amacuro
72:
71:
70:
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64:French Guiana
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
31:
24:
16:
1526:Free Counani
1346:
1219:Coolie Woman
1217:
1196:. Retrieved
1191:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1151:November 30,
1149:. Retrieved
1145:
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1050:
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1042:
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
998:
989:
844:
748:Sranan Tongo
733:
655:
596:
593:Demographics
587:Dutch Guiana
576:
540:
525:
502:
460:colonisation
457:
413:privateering
398:
349:Dutch Revolt
342:
337:
332:
310:what is now
304:CaronĂ River
289:
257:
242:River Basins
216:
202:
170:1651 English
121:
117:
99:Dutch Guiana
68:
51:
47:
43:
42:
15:
1564:The Guianas
1347:The Guianas
1023:(in French)
872:South India
746:in Guyana,
703:languages,
326:far up the
324:Lake Parime
308:he explored
127: 1815
97:, formerly
87:, formerly
44:The Guianas
1558:Categories
1428:Tigri Area
1194:(in Dutch)
999:World Bank
981:References
900:Portuguese
848:Amerindian
804:Portuguese
792:Hindustani
752:Saramaccan
673:Portuguese
650:Portuguese
604:Paramaribo
600:Georgetown
560:Martinique
556:Guadeloupe
266:, and the
195:1635 Dutch
174:1667 Dutch
1468:Essequibo
1298:Venezuela
1198:14 August
1180:P.J. Blok
1165:Aldrich,
409:Corantijn
405:Essequibo
389:Venezuela
320:El Dorado
264:Rio Negro
239:Essequibo
231:Caribbean
185:Sinnamary
122:Prior to
1584:Suriname
1512:Suriname
1502:Pomeroon
1497:Pre-1667
1463:Demerara
1423:Suriname
1397:Esequiba
1286:Suriname
1027:13 March
1005:13 March
914:See also
876:Africans
788:Javanese
713:Javanese
697:Arawakan
685:Suriname
638:Suriname
532:Suriname
521:Demerara
513:Demerara
509:Soesdyke
472:Catholic
449:Suriname
429:Suriname
345:European
168:Surinam
149:Demerara
95:Suriname
60:Suriname
52:Guayanas
1507:Surinam
1482:Counani
1458:Berbice
1392:Guayana
1354:Current
1236:Portals
896:Chinese
884:Maroons
864:Indians
820:Spanish
800:Chinese
784:Cariban
760:Matawai
717:Chinese
701:Cariban
677:Guayana
661:English
657:Spanish
646:Spanish
608:Cayenne
568:Berbice
468:Cayenne
425:Cayenne
249:Indians
235:Orinoco
208:History
191:Cayenne
155:Berbice
48:Guyanas
30:GuainĂa
23:Guyenne
1579:Guyana
1439:Former
1411:Guyana
1274:Guyana
1262:France
1250:Brazil
1227:
1001:. 2021
874:; and
852:Arawak
822:; and
802:, and
780:Arawak
764:Kwinti
762:, and
756:Ndyuka
740:pidgin
736:creole
729:Arabic
727:, and
691:, and
681:Guyana
671:, and
669:French
640:, and
634:Guyana
612:Macapá
610:, and
585:, and
562:, and
443:, and
441:Cuyuni
312:Guyana
268:Amazon
223:tribes
219:Arawak
85:Guyana
56:Guyana
1368:Amapá
976:Notes
908:Hmong
856:Carib
776:Dutch
721:Hmong
693:Amapá
665:Dutch
652:area.
517:sugar
246:Carib
112:Amapá
1225:ISBN
1200:2020
1153:2009
1029:2023
1007:2023
898:and
854:and
838:and
818:and
738:and
699:and
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