Holy Roman Empire - Knowledge

6330:(Turkish aid), designed to protect the Empire against the Ottomans or France. But as Hungary, unlike Bohemia, was not part of the Empire, the imperial aid for Hungary depended on political factors. The obligation was only in effect if Vienna or the Empire were threatened. Wilson notes that, "In the early 1520s the Reichstag hesitated to vote aid for Hungary's King Louis II, because it regarded him as a foreign prince. This changed once Hungary passed to the Habsburgs on Louis' death in battle in 1526 and the main objective of imperial taxation across the next 90 years was to subsidize the cost of defending the Hungarian frontier against the Ottomans. The bulk of the weaponry and other military materiel was supplied by firms based in the Empire and financed by German banks. The same is true of the troops who eventually evicted the Ottomans from Hungary between 1683 and 1699. The imperial law code of 1532 was used in parts of Hungary until the mid-17th century, but otherwise Hungary had its own legal system and did not import Austrian ones. Hungarian nobles resisted the use of Germanic titles like Graf for count until 1606, and very few acquired the personal status of imperial prince." 3767:, in these cities, the communication system and the news market started to converge. As the Fuggers as well as other trading companies based their most important branches in these cities, these traders gained access to these systems as well. The 1557, 1575 and 1607 bankruptcies of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs though damaged the Fuggers substantially. Moreover, "Discovery of water routes to India and the New World shifted the focus of European economic development from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic – emphasis shifted from Venice and Genoa to Lisbon and Antwerp. Eventually American mineral developments reduced the importance of Hungarian and Tyrolean mineral wealth. The nexus of the European continent remained landlocked until the time of expedient land conveyances in the form of primarily rail and canal systems, which were limited in growth potential; in the new continent, on the other hand, there were ports in abundance to release the plentiful goods obtained from those new lands." The economic pinnacles achieved in Germany in the period between 1450 and 1550 would not be seen again until the end of the 19th century. 2478: 5243:(later the Elector of Hanover) had a territory around the same size. These were the largest of the German realms. The Elector of the Palatinate had significantly less at 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi), and the ecclesiastical Electorates of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier were much smaller, with around 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi). Just larger than them, with roughly 7,000–10,000 km (2,700–3,900 sq mi), were the Duchy of Württemberg, the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel, and the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. They were roughly matched in size by the prince-bishoprics of Salzburg and Münster. The majority of the other German territories, including the other prince-bishoprics, were under 5,000 km (1,900 sq mi), the smallest being those of the Imperial Knights; around 1790 the Knights consisted of 350 families ruling a total of only 5,000 km (1,900 sq mi) collectively. Imperial Italy was less fragmented politically, most of it 3107:. The decision by Charles IV is the subject of debates: on one hand, it helped to restore peace in the lands of the Empire, that had been engulfed in civil conflicts after the end of the Hohenstaufen era; on the other hand, the "blow to central authority was unmistakable". Thomas Brady Jr. opines that Charles IV's intention was to end contested royal elections (from the Luxembourghs' perspective, they also had the advantage that the King of Bohemia had a permanent and preeminent status as one of the Electors himself). At the same time, he built up Bohemia as the Luxembourghs' core land of the Empire and their dynastic base. His reign in Bohemia is often considered the land's Golden Age. According to Brady Jr. though, under all the glitter, one problem arose: the government showed an inability to deal with the German immigrant waves into Bohemia, thus leading to religious tensions and persecutions. The imperial project of the Luxembourgh halted under Charles's son 6323:

dynastic-territorial empire and which gave them an overwhelming superiority of resources, in turn allowing them to retain an almost unbroken grip on the imperial title over the next three centuries." Ferdinand had an interest in keeping Bohemia separate from imperial jurisdiction and making the connection between Bohemia and the Empire looser (Bohemia did not have to pay taxes to the Empire). As he refused the rights of an Imperial Elector as King of Bohemia (which provided him with half of his revenue), he was able to give Bohemia (as well as associated territories such as Upper and Lower Alsatia, Silesia and Moravia) the same privileged status as Austria, therefore affirming his superior position in the Empire. The Habsburgs also tried to mobilize imperial aid for Hungary (which, throughout the 16th century, cost the dynasty more money in defence expenditure than the total revenue it yielded).

6217: 5833: 2400: 194: 6228:, inheriting both German aspirations for imperial sovereignty and the Norman Sicilian kings' dream of hegemony in the Mediterranean, had ambitious design for a world empire. Boettcher remarks that marriage policy also played an important role here, "The marital policy of the Staufer ranged from Iberia to Russia, from Scandinavia to Sicily, from England to Byzantium and to the crusader states in the East. Henry was already casting his eyes beyond Africa and Greece, to Asia Minor and Syria and of course on Jerusalem." His annexation of Sicily changed the strategic balance in the Italian peninsula. The emperor, who wanted to make all his lands hereditary, also asserted that papal fiefs were imperial fiefs. On his death at the age of 31 though, he was unable to pass his powerful position to his son, 3800: 889: 157: 2165: 14651: 134: 3719:

1500, but they managed to spread to the maritime periphery in Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and England, where they "provoked emulation in grander, oceanic scale". William Thompson agrees with M.N. Pearson that this distinctively European phenomenon happened because in the Italian and Hanseatic cities which lacked resources and were "small in size and population", the rulers (whose social status was not much higher than the merchants) had to pay attention to trade. Thus the warrior-merchants gained the state's coercive powers, which they could not gain in Mughal or other Asian realms – whose rulers had few incentives to help the merchant class, as they controlled considerable resources and their revenue was land-bound.

3517:

strengthened monarchy and not an oligarchy of princes. Benjamin Curtis opines that while Maximilian was not able to fully create a common government for his lands (although the chancellery and court council were able to coordinate affairs across the realms), he strengthened key administrative functions in Austria and created central offices to deal with financial, political and judicial matters – these offices replaced the feudal system and became representative of a more modern system that was administered by professionalized officials. After two decades of reforms, the emperor retained his position as first among equals, while the empire gained common institutions through which the emperor shared power with the estates.

6358:

strengthening the interconnections (and chances of mutual interference) between the Kingdom of Germany and the Empire in general with other kingdoms such as Denmark and Sweden, who accepted the status of imperial vassals on behalf of their German possessions (which were subjected to imperial laws). The two Scandinanvian monarchies honoured the obligations to come to the aid of the Empire in the wars of 17th and early 18th centuries. They also imported German princely families as rulers, although in both cases, this did not produce direct unions. Denmark consistently tried to take advantage of its influence in imperial institutions to gain new imperial fiefs along the

3364: 2742:, who feared the threat posed by a union of the empire and Sicily, was now supported by Frederick II, who marched to Germany and defeated Otto. After his victory, Frederick did not act upon his promise to keep the two realms separate. Though he had made his son Henry king of Sicily before marching on Germany, he still reserved real political power for himself. This continued after Frederick was crowned emperor in 1220. Fearing Frederick's concentration of power, the pope finally excommunicated him. Another point of contention was the Crusade, which Frederick had promised but repeatedly postponed. Now, although excommunicated, Frederick led the 6248: 861: 833: 3815: 14557: 3869:, it was the polycentric character of the European civilization that made it hard to maintain "a dynasty whose territories bestrode the continent from the Low Countries to Sicily and from Spain to Hungary – not to mention Spain's overseas possessions". Others point out the religious tensions, fiscal problems and obstruction from external forces including France and the Ottomans. On a more personal level, Charles failed to persuade the German princes to support his son Philip, whose "awkward and withdrawn character and lack of German language skills doomed this enterprise to failure". 3675: 3064: 2953: 6711: 3271: 5687: 2190: 931: 5389: 2827: 2492: 2303:, who focused on Germany. Otto III's (and his mentor Pope Sylvester's) diplomatic activities coincided with and facilitated the Christianization and the spread of Latin culture in different parts of Europe. They coopted a new group of nations (Slavic) into the framework of Europe, with their empire functioning, as some remark, as a "Byzantine-like presidency over a family of nations, centred on pope and emperor in Rome". This has proved a lasting achievement. Otto's early death though made his reign "the tale of largely unrealized potential". 3262:. Thus, in his last years, he presided over the initial phase of Imperial Reform, which would mainly unfold under his Maximilian. Maximilian himself was more open to reform, although naturally he also wanted to preserve and enhance imperial prerogatives. After Frederick retired to Linz in 1488, as a compromise, Maximilian acted as mediator between the princes and his father. When he attained sole rule after Frederick's death, he would continue this policy of brokerage, acting as the impartial judge between options suggested by the princes. 3502: 2179: 847: 4166: 3431: 4943: 3399:

although Germanic law was still operative at the lower courts. Other than the desire to achieve legal unity and other factors, the adoption also highlighted the continuity between the Ancient Roman empire and the Holy Roman Empire. To realize his resolve to reform and unify the legal system, the emperor frequently intervened personally in matters of local legal matters, overriding local charters and customs. This practice was often met with irony and scorn from local councils, who wanted to protect local codes.

3189: 5617: 6310: 5544: 2726: 6402: 19834: 14952: 6388: 1350: 3706: 6244:

security against invading forces, a fact that even warlike princes such as Maximilian I appreciated. In the Early Modern age, the association with the Church (the Church Universal for the Luxemburgs, and the Catholic Church for the Habsburgs) as well as the emperor's responsibility for the defence of Central Europe remained a reality though. Even the trigger for the conception of the Imperial Reform under Sigismund was the idea of helping the Church to put its house in order.

3961: 17620: 15500: 4242: 875: 4100: 17610: 6301:, so that they could get more resources and coordinated help from the German territories to defend their realms and counter hostile powers such as France. Ever since he became King of the Romans in 1486, the Empire provided essential help for his activities in Burgundian Netherlands as well as dealings with Bohemia, Hungary and other eastern polities. In the reigns of his grandsons, Croatia and the remaining rump of the Hungarian kingdom chose 19783: 184: 18515: 19817: 903: 1811: 17630: 5632: 1886: 6374: 917: 19800: 3091:), which were no longer considered identical. The Golden Bull also set forth the system for election of the Holy Roman Emperor. The emperor now was to be elected by a majority rather than by consent of all seven electors. For electors the title became hereditary, and they were given the right to mint coins and to exercise jurisdiction. Also it was recommended that their sons learn the imperial languages – 1825: 3051: 2701:. Bohemia and Poland were under feudal dependence, while Cyprus and Lesser Armenia also paid homage. The Iberian-Moroccan caliph accepted his claims over the suzerainty over Tunis and Tripolitania and paid tribute. Fearing the power of Henry, the most powerful monarch in Europe since Charlemagne, the other European kings formed an alliance. But Henry broke this coalition by blackmailing English king 3972: 2618:). Henry gave only lackluster support to Frederick's policies, and, in a critical situation during the Italian wars, Henry refused the emperor's plea for military support. After returning to Germany, an embittered Frederick opened proceedings against the duke, resulting in a public ban and the confiscation of all Henry's territories. In 1190, Frederick participated in the 1265:

hardly an archaic kingdom of primitive Germans, maintained by personal relationships only and driven by the desire of the magnates to plunder and divide the rewards among themselves but instead, notable for their abilities to amass sophisticated economic, administrative, educational and cultural resources that they used to serve their enormous war machine.

3247:(reigned 1433–1437, King of the Romans since 1411), who, according to historian Thomas Brady Jr., "possessed a breadth of vision and a sense of grandeur unseen in a German monarch since the thirteenth century". But external difficulties, self-inflicted mistakes and the extinction of the Luxembourg male line made this vision unfulfilled. 2435:. The political power of the Empire was maintained, but the conflict had demonstrated the limits of the ruler's power, especially in regard to the Church, and it robbed the king of the sacral status he had previously enjoyed. The pope and the German princes had surfaced as major players in the political system of the Holy Roman Empire. 5506:(colloquially, Hanover) was granted a ninth electorate; additionally, the Napoleonic Wars resulted in several electorates being reallocated, but these new electors never voted before the Empire's dissolution. A candidate for election would be expected to offer concessions of land or money to the electors in order to secure their vote. 5595:. The Council of Imperial Cities was not fully equal with the others; it could not vote on several matters such as the admission of new territories. The representation of the Free Cities at the Diet had become common since the late Middle Ages. Nevertheless, their participation was formally acknowledged only as late as 1648 with the 4425:

of Germany in 1870 gives a population of some 15–17 million around 1600, declined to 10–13 million around 1650 (following the Thirty Years' War). Other historians who work on estimates of the population of the early modern Empire suggest the population declined from 20 million to some 16–17 million by 1650.

2918:, was elected as Henry VII with six votes at Frankfurt on 27 November 1308. Though a vassal of King Philip, Henry was bound by few national ties, and thus suitable as a compromise candidate. Henry VII was crowned king at Aachen on 6 January 1309, and emperor by Pope Clement V on 29 June 1312 in Rome, ending the interregnum. 1017:'s successor, and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. From 962 until the 12th century, the empire was one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. The functioning of government depended on the harmonious cooperation between emperor and vassals; this harmony was disturbed during the 2559:". Another new concept of the time was the systematic founding of new cities by the emperor and by the local dukes. These were partly a result of the explosion in population; they also concentrated economic power at strategic locations. Before this, cities had only existed in the form of old Roman foundations or older 6280:, that the emperor's personal empire expanded to a kingdom outside the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire: Hungary. This last monarch of the Luxemburg dynasty (who wore four royal crowns) had managed to gain an empire almost comparable in scale to the later Habsburg empire, although at the same time they lost the 9565: 5098:, the emperors were unable to gain much control over the lands that they formally owned. Instead, to secure their own position from the threat of being deposed, emperors were forced to grant more and more autonomy to local rulers, both nobles and bishops. This process began in the 11th century with the 5022:

according to which a ruler's religion determined that of his subjects. The Peace of Westphalia abrogated that principle by stipulating that the official religion of a territory was to be what it had been on 1 January 1624, considered to have been a "normal year". Henceforth, the conversion of a ruler

4424:

German demographic historians have traditionally worked on estimates of the population of the Holy Roman Empire based on assumed population within the frontiers of Germany in 1871 or 1914. More recent estimates use less outdated criteria, but they remain guesswork. One estimate based on the frontiers

4327:

to be broken, that we have expired the office and dignity of the head of the Reich through the unification of the confederated Rhenish estates and that we are thereby relieved of all the duties we have assumed towards the German Reich Consider counted, and lay down the imperial crown worn by the same

3469:

was reinvented by the emperor as the virtuous pacific Mother of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Whaley further suggests that, despite the later religious divide, "patriotic motifs developed during Maximilian's reign, both by Maximilian himself and by the humanist writers who responded to him,

2415:

Henry IV repudiated the pope's interference and persuaded his bishops to excommunicate the pope, whom he famously addressed by his birth name "Hildebrand" rather than his papal name "Gregory". The pope, in turn, excommunicated the king, declared him deposed, and dissolved the oaths of loyalty made to

6305:

as their ruler after he managed to rescue Silesia and Bohemia from Hungary's fate against the Ottoman. Simms notes that their choice was a contractual one, tying Ferdinand's rulership in these kingdoms and territories to his election as King of the Romans and his ability to defend Central Europe. In

5250:

being divided between Savoy (Savoy, Piedmont, Nice, Aosta), the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Tuscany, bar Lucca), the Republic of Genoa (Liguria, Corisca), the duchies of Modena-Reggio and Parma-Piacenza (Emilia), and the Spanish Duchy of Milan (most of Lombardy), each with between half a million and one

3516:

Maximilian was "the first Holy Roman Emperor in 250 years who ruled as well as reigned". In the early 1500s, he was true master of the Empire, although his power weakened during the last decade before his death. Whaley notes that, despite struggles, what emerged at the end of Maximilian's rule was a

2155:

in 936. He overcame a series of revolts from a younger brother and from several dukes. After that, the king managed to control the appointment of dukes and often also employed bishops in administrative affairs. He replaced leaders of most of the major East Frankish duchies with his own relatives. At

6267:

Traditionally, German dynasties had exploited the potential of the imperial title to bring Eastern Europe into the fold, in addition to their lands north and south of the Alps. Marriage and inheritance strategies, following by (usually defensive) warfare, played a great role both for the Luxemburgs

6243:

In its earlier days, the Empire provided the principal medium for Christianity to infiltrate the pagans' realms in the North and the East (Scandinavians, Magyars, Slavic people etc.). By the Reform era, the Empire, in its nature, was defensive and not aggressive, desiring of both internal peace and

5665:

of 1495 by Maximilian I. The Reichskammergericht and the Aulic Council were the two highest judicial instances in the Old Empire. The Imperial Chamber court's composition was determined by both the Holy Roman Emperor and the subject states of the Empire. Within this court, the Emperor appointed the

5524:

The Emperor had to be male and of noble blood. No law required him to be a Catholic, but as the majority of the Electors adhered to this faith, no Protestant was ever elected. Whether and to what degree he had to be German was disputed among the Electors, contemporary experts in constitutional law,

5238:

The most powerful lords of the later empire were the Austrian Habsburgs, who ruled 240,000 km (93,000 sq mi) of land within the Empire in the first half of the 17th century, mostly in modern-day Austria and Czechia. At the same time the lands ruled by the electors of Saxony, Bavaria,

5026:

In addition, all Protestant subjects of a Catholic ruler and vice versa were guaranteed the rights that they had enjoyed on that date. While the adherents of a territory's official religion enjoyed the right of public worship, the others were allowed the right of private worship (in chapels without

3983:

Germany would enjoy relative peace for the next six decades. On the eastern front, the Turks continued to loom large as a threat, although war would mean further compromises with the Protestant princes, and so the Emperor sought to avoid it. In the west, the Rhineland increasingly fell under French

6533:

Regensburg, seat of the 'Eternal Diet' after 1663, came to be viewed as the unofficial capital of the Empire by several European powers with a stake in the Empire – France, England, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Denmark – and they kept more or less permanent envoys there because it was the only

5669:

The Aulic Council held standing over many judicial disputes of state, both in concurrence with the Imperial Chamber court and exclusively on their own. The provinces Imperial Chamber Court extended to breaches of the public peace, cases of arbitrary distraint or imprisonment, pleas which concerned

3750:

in the late 15th and early 16th century. Even when the Habsburg empire began to extend to other parts of Europe, Maximilian's loyalty to Augsburg, where he conducted a lot of his endeavours, meant that the imperial city became "the dominant centre of early capitalism" of the 16th century, and "the

6197:

served as the site of the Diet, France and, in the late 1700s, Russia, had diplomatic representatives there. The kings of Denmark, Great Britain, and Sweden had land holdings in Germany and so had representation in the Diet itself. The Netherlands also had envoys in Regensburg. Regensburg was the

4361:

Overall population figures for the Holy Roman Empire are extremely vague and vary widely. The empire of Charlemagne may have had as many as 20 million people. Given the political fragmentation of the later Empire, there were no central agencies that could compile such figures. Nevertheless, it is

3718:

While particularism prevented the centralization of the Empire, it gave rise to early developments of capitalism. In Italian and Hanseatic cities like Genoa and Pisa, Hamburg and Lübeck, warrior-merchants appeared and pioneered raiding-and-trading maritime empires. These practices declined before

2991:

began to replace more ancient forms of jurisdiction, although they were still very much tied together. In the territories (not at the level of the Empire), power became increasingly bundled: whoever owned the land had jurisdiction, from which other powers derived. Jurisdiction at the time did not

2775:

mostly extended these privileges to secular territories. Although many of these privileges had existed earlier, they were now granted globally, and once and for all, to allow the German princes to maintain order north of the Alps while Frederick concentrated on Italy. The 1232 document marked the

6903:) parts. This is evident in how the territories of the electors and "other German rulers" adds up to the stated total of the Reich, and in how the Reich's area does not change from the given 687,338 km (265,383 sq mi) total from 1648 to 1792, despite many French territories of the 6796:

Quapropter statuimus, ut illustrium principum, puta regis Boemie, comitis palatini Reni, ducis Saxonie et marchionis Brandemburgensis electorum filii vel heredes et successores, cum verisimiliter Theutonicum ydioma sibi naturaliter inditum scire presumantur et ab infancia didicisse, incipiendo a

6357:

Other than the imperial families, other German princes possessed foreign lands as well, and foreign rulers could also acquire imperial fiefs and thus become imperial princes. This phenomenon contributed to the fragmentation of sovereignty, in which imperial vassals remained semi-sovereign, while

3458:

Maximilian and Charles V (despite the fact both emperors were internationalists personally) were the first who mobilized the rhetoric of the Nation, firmly identified with the Reich by the contemporary humanists. With encouragement from Maximilian and his humanists, iconic spiritual figures were

1264:

David S. Bachrach opines that the Ottonian kings actually built their empire on the back of military and bureaucratic apparatuses as well as the cultural legacy they inherited from the Carolingians, who ultimately inherited these from the Late Roman Empire. He argues that the Ottonian empire was

1054:

in the late 15th and early 16th centuries transformed the empire, creating a set of institutions which endured until its final demise in the 19th century. According to historian Thomas Brady Jr., the empire after the Imperial Reform was a political body of remarkable longevity and stability, and

5698:

were established in 1500; four more were established in 1512. These were regional groupings of most (though not all) of the various states of the Empire for the purposes of defense, imperial taxation, supervision of coining, peace-keeping functions, and public security. Each circle had its own

3398:

At the 1495 Diet of Worms, the Reception of Roman Law was accelerated and formalized. The Roman Law was made binding in German courts, except in the case it was contrary to local statutes. In practice, it became the basic law throughout Germany, displacing Germanic local law to a large extent,

3331:

The most important governmental changes targeted the heart of the regime: the chancery. Early in Maximilian's reign, the Court Chancery at Innsbruck competed with the Imperial Chancery (which was under the elector-archbishop of Mainz, the senior Imperial chancellor). By referring the political

3253:

was the first Habsburg to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor, in 1452. He had been very careful regarding the reform movement in the empire. For most of his reign, he considered reform as a threat to his imperial prerogatives. He avoided direct confrontations, which might lead to humiliation if the

2753:

Despite his imperial claims, Frederick's rule was a major turning point toward the disintegration of central rule in the Empire. While concentrating on establishing a more centralized state in Sicily, he was mostly absent from Germany and issued far-reaching privileges to Germany's secular and

6322:

mostly served German lands and, although the Habsburg monarchy "remained closely entwined with the Empire", the Habsburgs deliberately refrained from including their other territories in its framework. "Instead, they developed their own institutions to manage what was, effectively, a parallel

2574:

Frederick Barbarossa was crowned emperor in 1155. He emphasized the "Romanness" of the empire, partly in an attempt to justify the power of the emperor independent of the (now strengthened) pope. An imperial assembly at the fields of Roncaglia in 1158 reclaimed imperial rights in reference to

2226:

Otto created the imperial church system, often called "Ottonian church system of the Reich", which tied the great imperial churches and their representatives to imperial service, thus providing "a stable and long-lasting framework for Germany". During the Ottonian era, imperial women played a

1028:

Scholars generally describe an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, and a gradual development of the imperial role. While the office of emperor had been reestablished, the exact term for his realm as the "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century,

6284:

and control over Italian territories. The Luxemburgs' focus on the East, especially Hungary, allowed the new Burgundian rulers from the Valois dynasty to foster discontent among German princes. Thus, the Habsburgs were forced to refocus their attention on the West. Frederick III's cousin and

5513:. In many cases, this took several years while the King was held up by other tasks: frequently he first had to resolve conflicts in rebellious northern Italy or was quarreling with the Pope himself. Later Emperors dispensed with the papal coronation altogether, being content with the styling 4019:(1618–1648), which devastated the empire. Foreign powers, including France and Sweden, intervened in the conflict and strengthened those fighting the Imperial power, but also seized considerable territory for themselves. Accordingly, the empire could never return to its former glory, leading 6333:

Responding to the opinion that the Habsburg's dynastic concerns were damaging to the Holy Roman Empire, Whaley writes that, "There was no fundamental incompatibility between dynasticism and participation in the empire, either for the Habsburgs or for the Saxons or others." Imperial marriage

5584:, consisted of the other princes. The Council of Princes was divided into two "benches", one for secular rulers and one for ecclesiastical ones. Higher-ranking princes had individual votes, while lower-ranking princes were grouped into "colleges" by geography. Each college had one vote. 5576:) was not a legislative body as is understood today, as its members envisioned it to be more like a central forum, where it was more important to negotiate than to decide. The Diet was theoretically superior to the emperor himself. It was divided into three classes. The first class, the 3488:

Terence McIntosh comments that the expansionist, aggressive policy pursued by Maximilian I and Charles V at the inception of the early modern German nation (although not to further the aims specific to the German nation per se), relying on German manpower as well as utilizing fearsome

1196:

By the end of the 18th century, the term "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" fell out of official use. Contradicting the traditional view concerning that designation, Hermann Weisert has argued in a study on imperial titulature that, despite the claims of many textbooks, the name

3775:, it became the leading seaport city in Northern Europe and served as "the conduit for a remarkable 40% of world trade". Conflicts with the Habsburg-Spanish government in 1576 and 1585 though made merchants relocate to Amsterdam, which eventually replaced it as the leading port city. 5027:

either spires or bells). In theory, no one was to be discriminated against or excluded from commerce, trade, craft or public burial on grounds of religion. For the first time, the permanent nature of the division between the Christian churches of the empire was more or less assumed.

3571:. If they wanted to control the empire and its rebellious regional rulers, they could not limit themselves to their home region and their private palaces. As a result, kings and emperors continued to travel around the empire well into modern times, using their temporary residences 2709:

to prepare against the expected invasion. Henry also had plans for turning the Empire into a hereditary monarchy, although this met with opposition from some of the princes and the pope. The emperor suddenly died in 1197, leading to the partial collapse of his empire. As his son,

5855:(Imperial palaces), usually resided for several weeks or months and furnished local legal matters, law and administration. Most rulers maintained one or a number of favourites Imperial palace sites, where they would advance development and spent most of their time: Charlemagne ( 1055:"resembled in some respects the monarchical polities of Europe's western tier, and in others the loosely integrated, elective polities of East Central Europe." The new corporate German Nation, instead of simply obeying the emperor, negotiated with him. On 6 August 1806, Emperor 4399:

Peter Wilson estimates the Empire's population at 20 million in 1700, of whom 5 million lived in Imperial Italy. By 1800 he estimates the Empire's population at 29 million (excluding Italy), with another 12.6 million held by the Austrians and Prussians outside of the Empire.

4403:

According to a contemporary estimate of the Austrian War Archives for the first decade of the 18th century, the Empire – including Bohemia and the Spanish Netherlands – had a population of close to 28 million with a breakdown as follows:

1942:

In 768, Pepin's son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm. He eventually incorporated the territories of present-day France, Germany, northern Italy, the Low Countries and beyond, linking the Frankish kingdom with Papal lands.

6185:

The Habsburg royal family had its own diplomats to represent its interests. The larger principalities in the Holy Roman Empire, beginning around 1648, also did the same. The Holy Roman Empire did not have its own dedicated ministry of foreign affairs and therefore the

5902:

as their permanent residences (Maximilian I's "true home" was still "the stirrup, the overnight rest and the saddle", although Innsbruck was probably his most important base; Charles V was also a nomadic emperor). Vienna became Imperial capital during the 1550s under

2899:(established at Avignon in 1309), and that his prospects of bringing the empire into the orbit of the French royal house were good. He lavishly spread French money in the hope of bribing the German electors. Although Charles of Valois had the backing of pro-French 6825:

Populations of 1.6 million and 1.5 million given for the areas within the borders of modern Belgium and the Netherlands, respectively, around 1600; the Spanish holdings in the Burgundian Circle also included Franche-Comte, Luxembourg, and other small territories.

1312:– which acknowledged the exclusion of Switzerland and the Northern Netherlands, and the French protectorate over Alsace – to the dissolution of the Empire. At the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, most of the Holy Roman Empire was included in the 5450:

The imperial throne was transferred by election, but Emperors often ensured their own sons were elected during their lifetimes, enabling them to keep the crown for their families. This only changed after the end of the Salian dynasty in the 12th century.

3173:

of Luxembourg, the grandson of Henry VII, drew strength from his own lands in Bohemia. It was thus increasingly in the king's own interest to strengthen the power of the territories, since the king profited from such a benefit in his own lands as well.

2995:

During this time, territories began to transform into the predecessors of modern states. The process varied greatly among the various lands and was most advanced in those territories that were almost identical to the lands of the old Germanic tribes,

3907:

was set up again (1522), although Charles declared that he would only tolerate it in his absence and its chairman had to be a representative of his. Charles V was absent in Germany from 1521 to 1530. Similar to the one set up in the early 1500s, the

1985:

made him the ideal candidate. On Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the West for the first time in over three centuries. This can be seen as symbolic of the papacy turning away from the declining

3254:

princes refused to give way. After 1440, the reform of the Empire and Church was sustained and led by local and regional powers, particularly the territorial princes. In his last years, he felt more pressure on taking action from a higher level.

6712: 6296:

During his rule, Maximilian I had a double focus on both the East and the West. The successful expansion (with the notable role of marriage policy) under Maximilian bolstered his position in the Empire, and also created more pressure for an

3528:) with his Austrian lands to form a powerful core (while also extending toward the east). After the unexpected addition of Spain to the Habsburg Empire, at one point he intended to leave Austria (raised to a kingdom) to his younger grandson 2554:

This was an attempt to abolish private feuds, between the many dukes and other people, and to tie the emperor's subordinates to a legal system of jurisdiction and public prosecution of criminal acts – a predecessor of the modern concept of

3770:

In the Netherlands part of the empire, financial centres evolved together with markets of commodities. Topographical development in the 15th century made Antwerp a port city. Boosted by the privileges it received as a loyal city after the

2804:(a formal edict) from Emperor Frederick II, confirming the royal title for Ottokar and his descendants, and the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a kingdom. Bohemia's political and financial obligations to the Empire were gradually reduced. 6847:, p. 87 gives early 17th century Piedmont's population as 700,000, and Savoy proper's as 400,000, with no numbers given for Aosta or Nice; indicating that Smith's use of "Savoy of Italy" does indeed only refer to Piedmont and Aosta. 5911:(reigned 1570–1612) who moved to Prague, Vienna kept its primacy under his successors. Before that, certain sites served only as the individual residence for a particular sovereign. A number of cities held official status, where the 3114:

The shift in power away from the emperor is also revealed in the way the post-Hohenstaufen kings attempted to sustain their power. Earlier, the Empire's strength (and finances) greatly relied on the Empire's own lands, the so-called

3258:, the Archbishop of Mainz, who spoke on behalf of reform-minded princes (who wanted to reform the Empire without strengthening the imperial hand), capitalized on Frederick's desire to secure the imperial election for his son 2523:

family, the grandson of Emperor Henry IV and nephew of Emperor Henry V. This led to over a century of strife between the two houses. Conrad ousted the Welfs from their possessions, but after his death in 1152, his nephew

3332:

matters in Tyrol, Austria as well as Imperial problems to the Court Chancery, Maximilian gradually centralized its authority. The two chanceries became combined in 1502. In 1496, the emperor created a general treasury (

10784: 5525:

and the public. During the Middle Ages, some Kings and Emperors were not of German origin, but since the Renaissance, German heritage was regarded as vital for a candidate in order to be eligible for imperial office.

4042:

and other Protestant communities would still lack any support and continue to be persecuted well until the end of the empire. The Habsburg emperors focused on consolidating their own estates in Austria and elsewhere.

4011:

to Christianity and lived an isolated existence in Bohemia. He became afraid to act when the Catholic Church was forcibly reasserting control in Austria and Hungary, and the Protestant princes became upset over this.

6317:

The later Austrian Habsburgs from Ferdinand I were careful to maintain a distinction between their dynastic empire and the Holy Roman Empire. Peter Wilson argues that the institutions and structures developed by the

2213:, thus intertwining the affairs of the German kingdom with those of Italy and the Papacy. Otto's coronation as emperor marked the German kings as successors to the empire of Charlemagne, which through the concept of 5034:

existed in the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Emperors claimed the right of protection and taxation of all the Jews of the empire, but there were also large-scale massacres of Jews, especially at the time of the

193: 6334:

strategies had double-edged effects for the Holy Roman Empire though. The Spanish connection was an example: while it provided a powerful partner in the defence of Christendom against the Ottomans, it allowed

3129:

was increasingly pawned to local dukes, sometimes to raise money for the Empire, but more frequently to reward faithful duty or as an attempt to establish control over the dukes. The direct governance of the

5812:

that was always at the ready to fight for the Empire. When there was danger, an Army of the Empire was mustered from among the elements constituting it, in order to conduct an imperial military campaign or

3235:

With these drastic changes, much discussion emerged in the 15th century about the Empire itself. Rules from the past no longer adequately described the structure of the time, and a reinforcement of earlier

6534:

place in the Empire where the delegates of all the major and mid-size German states congregated and could be reached for lobbying, etc. The Habsburg emperors themselves used Regensburg in the same way. (

2277:, came to the throne only three years old, and was subjected to a power struggle and series of regencies until his age of majority in 994. Up to that time, he remained in Germany, while a deposed duke, 4366:

meant that the population of the Empire in the early 17th century was similar to what it was in the early 18th century; by one estimate, the Empire did not exceed 1618 levels of population until 1750.

6689: 5815: 5796: 5769: 5758: 5745: 5222: 5151: 5136: 2675: 1154: 3520:

By the early 16th century, the Habsburg rulers had become the most powerful in Europe, but their strength relied on their composite monarchy as a whole, and not only the Holy Roman Empire (see also:

2856:, during which no king could achieve universal recognition, allowing the princes to consolidate their holdings and become even more independent as rulers. After 1257, the crown was contested between 2507:, the moderately powerful but already old duke of Saxony. When he died in 1137, the princes again aimed to check royal power; accordingly they did not elect Lothair's favoured heir, his son-in-law, 2449:

As the result of Ostsiedlung, less populated regions of Central Europe (i.e. sparsely populated border areas in present-day Poland and Czechia) received a significant number of German speakers.

5674:

or the subjects of different rulers, and finally suits against immediate tenants of the Empire, with the exception of criminal charges and matters relating to imperial fiefs, which went to the

3601:

in the middle of the 16th century, where most of the following Habsburg emperors subsequently resided. Vienna did not become the capital of the empire, just of a Habsburg hereditary state (the

11321: 2714:, though already elected king, was still a small child and living in Sicily, German princes chose to elect an adult king, resulting in the dual election of Frederick Barbarossa's youngest son 2254:

as the new pope (although John XII and Leo VIII both claimed the papacy until 964, when John XII died). This also renewed the conflict with the Byzantine emperor, especially after Otto's son

2610:

before finally making peace with Alexander in 1177. In Germany, the emperor had repeatedly protected Henry the Lion against complaints by rival princes or cities (especially in the cases of

3920:, Charles V, through his brother Ferdinand, officially recognized the right of rulers to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism (Zwinglians, Calvinists and radicals were not included). In 1555, 3912:

failed to create a federal authority independent of the emperor, due to the unsteady participation and differences between princes. Charles V defeated the Protestant princes in 1547 in the

2539:", formerly non-free servicemen, who Frederick hoped would be more reliable than dukes. Initially used mainly for war services, this new class of people would form the basis for the later 3555:

became the respective main residences. This was not possible in the Holy Roman Empire because no real hereditary monarchy emerged, but rather the tradition of elective monarchy prevailed

3485:, led to a revolution in communication and allowed ideas to spread. Unlike the situation in more centralized countries, the decentralized nature of the Empire made censorship difficult. 2058:. Some, like Mortimer Chambers, opine that the Carolingian Renaissance made possible the subsequent renaissances (even though by the early 10th century, the revival already diminished). 1296:

became increasingly independent, while others became more dependent due to the extinction of their ruling noble houses causing these territories to often fall under the dominions of the

6956: 4392:

While not electors, the Spanish Habsburgs had the second highest number of subjects within the Empire after the Austrian Habsburgs, with over 3 million in the early 17th century in the

14613: 4015:

Imperial power sharply deteriorated by the time of Rudolf's death in 1612. When Bohemians rebelled against the Emperor, the immediate result was the series of conflicts known as the

3442:, 1512. The "German woman", wearing her hair loose and a crown, sitting on the Imperial throne, corresponds both to the self-image of Maximilian I as King of Germany and the formula 14602: 6797:

septimo etatis sue anno in gramatica, Italica ac Sclavica lingwis instruantur, ita quod infra quartum decimum etatis annum existant in talibus iuxta datam sibi a Deo graciam eruditi

6232:, who had only been elected King of the Romans. The union between Sicily and the Empire thus remained personal union. Frederick II became King of Sicily in 1225 through marriage to 5703:("Circle Diet"), and one or more directors, who coordinated the affairs of the circle. Not all imperial territories were included within the imperial circles, even after 1512; the 6224:

Some constituencies of the Holy Roman Empire had additional royal or imperial territories that were, sometimes from the outset, outside the jurisdiction of the Holy Roman Empire.

3751:

location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire". From Maximilian's time, as the "terminuses of the first transcontinental post lines" began to shift from

2427:

Henry managed to defeat Rudolf, but was subsequently confronted with more uprisings, renewed excommunication, and even the rebellion of his sons. After his death, his second son,

6667:

German "Roman" Empire: Due to feudal organization the realm controlled by the emperor is hard to define, much less measure. It is estimated to peak around 1050 at about 1.0 Mm. (

2477: 3446:(omitting other nations). While usually depicted during the Middle Age as subordinate to both imperial power and Italia or Gallia, she now takes central stage in Maximilian's 3315:, which had its seat in Vienna. During Maximilian's reign, this council was not popular though. In the long run, the two Courts functioned in parallel, sometimes overlapping. 3087:(reigned 1355–1378, King of the Romans since 1346), which remained valid until 1806. This development probably best symbolizes the emerging duality between emperor and realm ( 10803: 3473:

Maximilian's reign also witnessed the gradual emergence of the German common language, with the notable roles of the imperial chancery and the chancery of the Wettin Elector

3023:, had only a limited degree of political autonomy. By the late 14th century, the powerful league enforced its interests with military means, if necessary. This culminated in 3566: 3328:. But Maximilian resented the new organization, while the Estates failed to support it. The new organ proved politically weak, and its power returned to Maximilian in 1502. 2992:

include legislation, which was virtually nonexistent until well into the 15th century. Court practice heavily relied on traditional customs or rules described as customary.

10916: 10643:

Events That Formed the Modern World: From the European Renaissance through the War on Terror [5 volumes]: From the European Renaissance through the War on Terror

6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 156: 3145:, which was mostly scattered and difficult to administer, these territories were relatively compact and thus easier to control. In 1282, Rudolf I thus lent Austria and 14490: 7057: 3324:(central imperial government, consisting of twenty members including the Electors, with the Emperor or his representative as its chairman), first organized in 1501 in 808: 794: 780: 3451: 11782: 19879: 4428:

A credible estimate for 1800 gives 27–28 million inhabitants for the Empire (which at this point had already lost the remaining Low Countries, Italy, and the

3341: 2543:, another basis of imperial power. A further important constitutional move at Roncaglia was the establishment of a new peace mechanism for the entire empire, the 19693: 5171:

Territories in which secular authority was held by an ecclesiastical dignitary, such as an archbishop, bishop, or abbot. Such an ecclesiastic or Churchman was a

11520: 4003:

became Emperor, and like his father accepted the existence of Protestantism and the need for occasional compromise with it. Maximilian was succeeded in 1576 by

19934: 17073: 3212:

Simultaneously, the Catholic Church experienced crises of its own, with wide-reaching effects in the Empire. The conflict between several papal claimants (two

2910:

But the electors, the great territorial magnates who had lived without a crowned emperor for decades, were unhappy with both Charles and Rudolf. Instead Count

19864: 17439: 12663: 10231: 6865:

Referred to in the source as "Austrian Lombardy." A large portion of the former duchy had been annexed by the Venetian Republic earlier in the 18th century.

2054:), who briefly reunited the Empire, attaining the prize. In the 9th century, Charlemagne and his successors promoted the intellectual revival, known as the 19683: 1856: 6907:

being lost in this time. The figures also exclude lands held outside of the Empire (including German ones), such as the Hohenzollern Prussian territories.

17575: 14643: 10504: 3201:

The "constitution" of the Empire still remained largely unsettled at the beginning of the 15th century. Feuds often happened between local rulers. The "

2722:, who competed for the crown. After Philip was murdered in a private squabble in 1208, Otto prevailed for a while, until he began to also claim Sicily. 19944: 19939: 19558: 8370:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

4127:, which possessed territories inside the Empire. Throughout the 18th century, the Habsburgs were embroiled in various European conflicts, such as the 3746:

and Baumgartner families, is considered the capital city of early capitalism. Augsburg benefitted majorly from the establishment and expansion of the

3278:(Court Treasury) and the Court Chancery, which functioned as "the most influential body in Maximilian's government". Painting of Albrecht Dürer (1496) 18239: 3384: 2960:

depicting the structure of the Reich: The Holy Roman Emperor is sitting; on his right are three ecclesiastics; on his left are four secular electors.

2637:. German-speaking farmers, traders, and craftsmen from the western part of the Empire, both Christians and Jews, moved into these areas. The gradual 1208:

remarked sardonically: "This body which was called and which still calls itself the Holy Roman Empire was in no way holy, nor Roman, nor an empire."

2420:

in 1077, by which he achieved a lifting of the excommunication at the price of humiliation. Meanwhile, the German princes had elected another king,

13407:. Vol. Band 1: Hof und Dynastie, Kaiser und Reich, Zentralverwaltungen, Kriegswesen und landesfürstliches Finanzwesen. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag. 10542: 2227:

prominent role in political and ecclesiastic affairs, often combining their functions as religious leader and advisor, regent or co-ruler, notably

3019:

and along the connected navigable rivers. Each of the affiliated cities retained the legal system of its sovereign and, with the exception of the

2373:

Kings often employed bishops in administrative affairs and often determined who would be appointed to ecclesiastical offices. In the wake of the

1735: 1149: 10560: 3418:

but this theory is now considered unlikely), although it would not be abolished completely until 1811 (when it was abolished under the order of

2219:, also made them consider themselves as successors to Ancient Rome. The flowering of arts beginning with Otto the Great's reign is known as the 19698: 18498: 17088: 14635: 14483: 2903:, many were not keen to see an expansion of French power, least of all Clement V. The principal rival to Charles appeared to be Count Palatine 2587:

since the Investiture Controversy but were enumerated for the first time at Roncaglia. This comprehensive list included public roads, tariffs,

2038:), and over the course of the later 9th century the title of emperor was disputed by the Carolingian rulers of the Western Frankish Kingdom or 15900: 6306:

turn, the Habsburgs' imperial rule also "depended on holding these additional extensive lands as independent sources of wealth and prestige."

19723: 15245: 6770: 4312:

which united the German-speaking territories outside of Austria and Switzerland under Prussian leadership in 1871. This state developed into

3772: 133: 19068: 17165: 6475: 4332:

The only princely member states of the Holy Roman Empire that have preserved their status as monarchies until today are the Grand Duchy of

3685: 3379:. Satire against Maximilian's legal reform, associated with imperial tyranny. Created on behalf of the councilors of Augsburg. Plate 89 of 2756: 6887:

Going by the given areas, Wilson's figures only include the German and Czech speaking parts of the Reich, thus excluding the French (e.g.

3157:

was crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor since Frederick II. After him all kings and emperors relied on the lands of their own family (

2964:

During the 13th century, a general structural change in how land was administered prepared the shift of political power toward the rising

17666: 13776: 12895: 9668: 6216: 5086:

onwards, the Holy Roman Empire was marked by an uneasy coexistence with the princes of the local territories who were struggling to take

3117: 12841: 10570: 10362: 9001: 5031: 3493:

and mercenaries, would affect the way neighbours viewed the German polity, although in the longue durée, Germany tended to be at peace.

1939:

became King of the Franks, and later gained the sanction of the Pope. The Carolingians would maintain a close alliance with the Papacy.

1292:

independent territorial entities. The status of Italy in particular varied throughout the 16th to 18th centuries. Some territories like

10273: 5134:("little states") covered no more than a few square miles, or included several non-contiguous pieces, so the Empire was often called a 1173:), a form first used in a document in 1474. The adoption of this new name coincided with the loss of imperial territories in Italy and 14075:

Ce corps qui s'appelait, & qui s'appelle encore, le Saint-Empire Romain, n'était en aucune manière, ni saint, ni romain, ni empire

13422:

Holleger, Manfred (2012). "Personality and reign The biography of Emperor Maximilian I". In Michel, Eva; Sternat, Maria Luise (eds.).

7171:

Hof, Regierung, Stadtverwaltung: Wien als Sitz der österreichischen Zentralverwaltung von den Anfängen bis zum Untergang der Monarchie

6965:, p. 810; "Otto can be considered the first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, though that term was used until the twelfth century". 5832: 19919: 19874: 19638: 14476: 11366: 5232: 3536:, the founder of the Spanish branch, and the Habsburg hereditary lands to his brother Ferdinand, the founder of the Austrian branch. 3111:(reigned 1378–1419 as King of Bohemia, 1376–1400 as King of the Romans), who also faced opposition from 150 local baronial families. 7399: 4348:. All other historic member states of the Holy Roman Empire were either dissolved or have adopted republican systems of government. 3924:

was elected pope and took the side of France, whereupon an exhausted Charles finally gave up his hopes of a world Christian empire.

2697:, the Hohenstaufen dynasty reached its apex, with the addition of the Norman kingdom of Sicily through the marriage of Henry VI and 18912: 6878:(after 1556 usually the Emperor himself). Some other princes were kings by virtue of kingdoms they controlled outside of the Empire 2065:, the parts of the realm "spewed forth kinglets", and each part elected a kinglet "from its own bowels". The last such emperor was 1849: 11433: 4058:, decisively defeated a large Turkish army, stopping the western Ottoman advance and leading to the eventual dismemberment of the 3722:

In the 1450s, the economic development in Southern Germany gave rise to banking empires, cartels and monopolies in cities such as

1201:

never had an official status and points out that documents were thirty times as likely to omit the national suffix as include it.

18552: 10897: 10505:"H-German Roundtable on Smith, Germany: A Nation in Its Time Before, During, and After Nationalism, 1500–2000 | H-German | H-Net" 10296: 6735: 6420: 5393: 1408: 4319:

The abdication indicated that the Kaiser no longer felt capable of fulfilling his duties as head of the Reich, and so declared:

19000: 6916:

In 1648: Saxony, Bavaria, and the Electoral Palatinate. At later dates: Saxony, Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, and Hanover.

6843:

or just its Italian territories of Piedmont and the Aosta Valley (thus excluding Savoy proper and the County of Nice). However

4420:

Imperial knights' territories, numbering into the several hundreds, with 2 percent of the land and 1 percent of the population.

3121:, which always belonged to the king of the day and included many Imperial Cities. After the 13th century, the relevance of the 2904: 2670: 162: 14257:[The languages of the king. The role of language in dynastic propaganda communication during the time of Charles IV]. 7034: 19578: 18232: 17043: 16853: 16235: 14349: 14294: 14232: 14166: 14142: 14121: 14093: 14034: 13894: 13820: 13770: 13722: 13690: 13642: 13619: 13597: 13576: 13555: 13515: 13494: 13473: 13436: 13412: 13360: 13278: 13247: 13221: 13195: 13142: 13059: 13014: 12978: 12957: 12922: 12889: 12859: 12810: 12783: 12733: 12699: 12628: 12594: 12560: 12474: 12440: 12369: 12316: 12179: 12145: 12111: 12077: 11908: 11874: 11840: 11747: 11297: 11263: 11217: 11171: 11137: 11091: 11057: 11013: 10979: 10910: 10873: 10839: 10760: 10697: 10651: 10616: 10466: 10432: 10398: 10356: 10267: 10195: 10161: 10127: 10093: 10000: 9966: 9932: 9886: 9852: 9818: 9784: 9750: 9716: 9662: 9549: 9512: 9463: 9429: 9402: 9317: 9271: 9201: 9155: 9121: 9087: 8901: 8867: 8809: 8775: 8741: 8707: 8673: 8566: 8532: 8498: 8412: 8378: 8317: 8283: 8177: 8143: 7878: 7588: 7559: 7523: 7489: 7358: 7273: 7234: 7182: 7153: 7124: 6996: 5509:

After being elected, the King of the Romans could theoretically claim the title of "Emperor" only after being crowned by the

5419:

had been elected since the 9th century; at that point they were chosen by the leaders of the five most important tribes (the

3937: 3916:, but the momentum was lost and the Protestant estates were able to survive politically despite military defeat. In the 1555 3040: 2598:

Frederick's policies were primarily directed at Italy, where he clashed with the free-minded cities of the north, especially

2147:, would continue to rule the Eastern kingdom or the Kingdom of Germany for roughly a century. Upon Henry the Fowler's death, 1789: 1720: 1653: 1123:

The exact term "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century, before which the empire was referred to variously as

17: 13321:

Reichs Matrikel aller Kreise: nebst Usual-Matrikeln des Kaiserlichen und ReichsKammergerichts, mit beygefügten Veränderungen

3654: 19914: 14531: 13932: 6517: 6086: 5670:

the treasury, violations of the Emperor's decrees or the laws passed by the Imperial Diet, disputes about property between

4160: 3551: 3346: 2334: 2288:

the first German pope. A foreign pope and foreign papal officers were seen with suspicion by Roman nobles, who were led by

1269: 972: 799: 674: 575: 342: 229: 16759: 19771: 18422: 18181: 17499: 17474: 17414: 15212: 11792: 6839:

A figure of 800,000 is given by Smith for "Savoy in Italy", with no clarification as to whether that refers to the whole

4254: 1842: 1616: 1384: 882: 14185:

Wilson, Peter H. (December 2006). "Bolstering the Prestige of the Habsburgs: The End of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806".

3799: 3363: 2602:. He also embroiled himself in another conflict with the Papacy by supporting a candidate elected by a minority against 2591:, collecting punitive fees, and the seating and unseating of office-holders. These rights were now explicitly rooted in 2164: 2156:

the same time, he was careful to prevent members of his own family from making infringements on his royal prerogatives.

19924: 18035: 17590: 16905: 15905: 14628: 11443: 7902: 4063: 3933: 3857:. The Holy Roman Empire would end up going to a more junior branch of the Habsburgs in the person of Charles's brother 2947: 2503:

When the Salian dynasty ended with Henry V's death in 1125, the princes chose not to elect the next of kin, but rather

1755: 1549: 1404: 2399: 2317:, was elected king only after some debate among dukes and nobles. This group eventually developed into the college of 1112:("holy", in the sense of "consecrated") in connection with the medieval Roman Empire was used beginning in 1157 under 19743: 18389: 17633: 17595: 17125: 15549: 15445: 15425: 15405: 15238: 14556: 13169: 11531: 10797: 6187: 5927: 5916: 5791: 5734: 5538: 5239:

and Brandenburg (prior to the acquisition of Prussia) were all close to 40,000 km (15,000 sq mi); the

4000: 3993: 3964: 3614: 3250: 3195: 1907:

declined during the 5th century, local Germanic tribes assumed control. In the late 5th and early 6th centuries, the

541: 373: 14992: 6941: 5124:

The number of territories represented in the Imperial Diet was considerable, numbering about 300 at the time of the

3861:, while the senior branch continued to rule in Spain and the Burgundian inheritance in the person of Charles's son, 2705:. The Byzantine emperor worried that Henry would turn his Crusade plan against his empire, and began to collect the 2061:

After the death of Charles the Fat in 888, the Carolingian Empire broke apart, and was never restored. According to

19573: 18934: 18417: 18225: 18166: 17761: 15440: 15410: 15380: 12526: 6229: 5666:

chief justice, always a highborn aristocrat, several divisional chief judges, and some of the other puisne judges.

5076: 3505: 3474: 3259: 2729: 2711: 2201:, defeating her enemies, marrying her, and taking control over Italy. In 955, Otto won a decisive victory over the 2109:

did not turn to the Carolingian ruler of West Francia to take over the realm but instead elected one of the dukes,

1399: 998: 14255:"Les langues du roi. Le rôle de la langue dans la communication de propagande dynastique à l'époque de Charles IV" 10971:

The Early History of Financial Economics, 1478–1776: From Commercial Arithmetic to Life Annuities and Joint Stocks

6220:

Dominions of Friedrick II around 1200 (Kingdom of Sicily, Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Teutonic Order)

1450: 19806: 19673: 19608: 18653: 18191: 17794: 17659: 17093: 16531: 15465: 15420: 15360: 14832: 14419: 14312: 13994: 12988: 10049: 6302: 5904: 5179:, this temporal territory (called a prince-bishopric) frequently overlapped with his often larger ecclesiastical 4075: 3880:. The empire then became divided along religious lines, with the north, the east, and many of the major cities – 3858: 3638: 3594: 3529: 2868:, who was recognized by the Hohenstaufen party but never set foot on German soil. After Richard's death in 1273, 2821: 2504: 1561: 1426: 1113: 15693: 14134:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648–1806

14085:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648–1806

7012: 6293:) had managed to combine the crowns of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia under his rule, but he died young. 1280:. Later territorially only the Kingdom of Germany and Bohemia remained, with the Burgundian territories lost to 19904: 19894: 18864: 18476: 17978: 17811: 17749: 17459: 17399: 17371: 17130: 15485: 15480: 15460: 15395: 6480: 6415: 5455: 4136: 3170: 3084: 3057: 2805: 2350: 1430: 1389: 1056: 526: 139: 12793:

Arnold, Benjamin (1995). "14 The Western Empire 1125–1197". In Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (eds.).

10297:"Die Entwicklung der deutschen Schriftsprache vom 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert unter dem Einfluss der Konfessionen" 5678:. The Aulic Council even allowed the emperors the means to depose rulers who did not live up to expectations. 5240: 5106:. Several Emperors attempted to reverse this steady dilution of their authority but were thwarted both by the 3232:

into a single political entity, with the Church and the Empire as its leading institutions, began to decline.

2018:, who had been his co-ruler. By this point the territory of Charlemagne was divided into several territories ( 1039:. Nevertheless, in the Holy Roman Empire, the imperial office was traditionally elective by the mostly German 19949: 19017: 18379: 18186: 18095: 17545: 17376: 16969: 15475: 15470: 15450: 15430: 15415: 15400: 15385: 15345: 15340: 14782: 14621: 14468: 14438: 12263: 11900:

Queen's Apprentice: Archduchess Elizabeth, Empress María, the Habsburgs, and the Holy Roman Empire, 1554–1569

11163:

The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe: Religious Conflict, Dynastic Empires, and International Change

6335: 6269: 5908: 5740: 5728: 5518: 4337: 4128: 4051: 4004: 3827: 3803: 3794: 3626: 3244: 3150: 3011:

of towns and cities in the empire and all over northern and central Europe. It dominated marine trade in the

2911: 2771: 1923:

river valley region. By the middle of the 8th century, the Merovingians were reduced to figureheads, and the

514: 9113:

Die deutschen Herrscher des Mittelalters: historische Portraits von Heinrich I. bis Maximilian I. (919–1519)

7448: 5503: 3141:

increasingly relied on the lands of their respective dynasties to support their power. In contrast with the

19899: 19628: 19613: 19508: 18367: 18362: 18302: 16964: 16848: 15503: 15455: 15435: 15390: 15370: 15350: 15335: 15330: 15231: 14677: 6225: 5824:. In practice, the imperial troops often had local allegiances stronger than their loyalty to the Emperor. 4132: 3618: 3539:

In France and England, from the 13th century onward, stationary royal residences had begun to develop into

3162: 2694: 2641:

of these lands was a complex phenomenon that should not be interpreted in the biased terms of 19th-century

2386: 2306: 2300: 1422: 377: 270: 13342:

The Hero of Italy: Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma, his Soldiers, and his Subjects in the Thirty Years' War

12664:"Whaley on Silver, 'Marketing Maximilian: the Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor' | H-German | H-Net" 10232:"Whaley on Silver, 'Marketing Maximilian: the Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor' | H-German | H-Net" 6654:(†1024) ruled the state and died shortly before the Schism, yet is venerated as a Saint by both Catholics 19869: 19034: 18545: 18307: 18145: 18140: 17756: 17555: 16974: 16011: 15375: 15355: 15325: 5704: 5580:, consisted of the electors, or the princes who could vote for King of the Romans. The second class, the 5471: 4369:

In the early 17th century, the electors held under their rule the following number of Imperial subjects:

4313: 3831: 3024: 2849: 2719: 2623: 2428: 1999: 1975: 1970:, who declared herself sole ruler. As the Latin Church only regarded a male Roman emperor as the head of 1442: 1394: 1379: 1374: 1329: 1284:. Although the Italian territories were formally part of the empire, the territories were ignored in the 10896:

Behringer, Wolfgang (2011). "Core and Periphery: The Holy Roman Empire as a Communication(s) Universe".

6976: 3355:

was entrusted with not only hereditary lands' affairs, but Maximilian's affairs as the German king too.

19859: 18905: 18628: 18262: 18201: 18196: 17652: 17550: 17540: 17504: 17346: 17248: 14387: 9651:

Gosman, Martin; Alasdair, A.; MacDonald, A.; Macdonald, Alasdair James; Vanderjagt, Arie Johan (2003).

7794: 5447:). In the Holy Roman Empire, the main dukes and bishops of the kingdom elected the King of the Romans. 4999:, etc. coexisted illegally within the Empire. Anabaptism came in a variety of denominations, including 4305: 4270: 4266: 3466: 3435: 3000:, Bavaria. It was slower in those scattered territories that were founded through imperial privileges. 2148: 2098: 1621: 1591: 1364: 1177:

to the south and west by the late 15th century, but also to emphasize the new importance of the German

1067: 826: 10458:

When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700–1850

7374: 5164:, it had no authority above it except the Holy Roman Emperor himself. The imperial estates comprised: 5018:

Following the Peace of Augsburg, the official religion of a territory was determined by the principle

19889: 19553: 19513: 18954: 18171: 17925: 17886: 17273: 17036: 16932: 16080: 15644: 14897: 10390:

Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519)

6247: 5553: 5091: 5019: 4257:(from 1804, Emperor Francis I of Austria) abdicated, following a military defeat by the French under 4178: 3650: 2877: 1438: 1434: 1369: 1281: 1095: 14453: 12308:

History of european integration in 2500 years: Ancient origins are renewed in the present aeternitas

8801:

Eurasian Transformations, Tenth to Thirteenth Centuries: Crystallizations, Divergences, Renaissances

5183:, giving the bishop both civil and ecclesiastical powers. Examples are the prince-archbishoprics of 19653: 19381: 19143: 19103: 19093: 19041: 18282: 17524: 16890: 16865: 16715: 16374: 16369: 14862: 14581: 13701: 12775:

Die Reichsreform 1410–1555: die Staatsproblematik in Deutschland zwischen Mittelalter und Gegenwart

10543:"Forster on Brady Jr., 'German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650' | H-German | H-Net" 7058:"Federico Ii Di Svevia, Imperatore, Re Di Sicilia E Di Gerusalemme, Re Dei Romani In 'Federiciana'" 6705: 6379: 6233: 4290: 4008: 3951: 3681: 3202: 3108: 2939: 2900: 2895:, to be elected the next king of the Romans. Philip thought he had the backing of the French Pope, 1446: 13109: 10641: 8461: 6774: 19909: 19431: 19339: 18638: 18633: 18352: 18248: 18176: 17834: 17228: 17198: 16957: 16838: 16379: 16332: 16275: 15974: 15918: 15666: 8404:

Medieval Western Civilization and the Byzantine and Islamic Worlds: Interaction of Three Cultures

6628: 6290: 5479: 5416: 5099: 5055:. Instead, it was divided into dozens – eventually hundreds – of individual entities governed by 4408:

65 ecclesiastical states with 14 percent of the total land area and 12 percent of the population;

4104: 4086: 4023:

to make his infamous quip that the Holy Roman Empire was "neither Holy nor Roman nor an Empire."

3866: 3296:, that was to be largely independent from the Emperor. A new tax was launched to finance it, the 2861: 2416:

Henry. The king found himself with almost no political support and was forced to make the famous

2382: 2368: 2055: 1713: 1414: 1091: 832: 14912: 13423: 12831: 10739:(Capitals in European nation states), ed T Schieder & G Brunn, Munich/Vienna, 1983, pp. 1–29 6276:

and later consolidated his power with the marriage to the capable and well-connected noblewoman

4450:

There are also numerous estimates for the Italian states that were formally part of the Empire:

4414:

60 dynastic counties and lordships with 3 percent of the land and 3.5 percent of the population;

3597:, the younger brother of the then Emperor Charles V, who moved his main residence to the Vienna 3336:) in Innsbruck, which became responsible for all the hereditary lands. The chamber of accounts ( 3243:

The vision for a simultaneous reform of the Empire and the Church on a central level began with

1950:

had long persisted within Italy, a political rupture was set in motion in earnest in 726 by the

19603: 19593: 19182: 19113: 19098: 18579: 18538: 18000: 17829: 17585: 17341: 17115: 16979: 16880: 16875: 16563: 16511: 16431: 16364: 16268: 16253: 16146: 15913: 15867: 15708: 15595: 14737: 14113:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

12464: 11037: 10865:

Methods in Premodern Economic History: Case studies from the Holy Roman Empire, c. 1300–c. 1600

6896: 6339: 6273: 5192: 5188: 4433: 4429: 3823: 3747: 3524:). Maximilian had seriously considered combining the Burgundian lands (inherited from his wife 3478: 3255: 3063: 2952: 2404: 2244: 1579: 1473: 394: 19789: 14968: 14802: 14792: 14692: 14057: 14024: 13884: 13760: 13630: 13587: 13566: 13545: 13484: 13463: 13270: 12912: 12879: 12689: 12618: 12550: 12536: 12430: 12135: 12067: 11253: 11161: 11081: 11003: 10863: 10829: 10750: 10687: 10456: 10422: 10151: 9990: 9956: 9842: 9808: 9740: 9652: 9539: 9502: 9392: 9261: 9145: 9111: 9077: 8857: 8799: 8731: 8663: 8590: 8556: 8522: 8488: 8368: 8307: 7580: 7224: 7145: 7116: 6975:

von Aretin, Karl Otmar Freiherr (31 December 1983). Schieder, Theodor; Brunn, Gerhard (eds.).

6856:

Excluding the 500,000 inhabitants of the island of Sardinia, which was not part of the Empire.

3674: 3563:

which, in the High Middle Ages, led to kings of very different regional origins being elected

3270: 2653:, as did the intermarriage of the local, still mostly Slavic, rulers with German spouses. The 1116:("Holy Empire"): the term was added to reflect Frederick's ambition to dominate Italy and the 19840: 19713: 19688: 19618: 19301: 19029: 18802: 18760: 18730: 18437: 18322: 18080: 17945: 17404: 17296: 17253: 16910: 16870: 16683: 16558: 15622: 15612: 15571: 15542: 14872: 14822: 14156: 13986: 13712: 13505: 13187: 13132: 13082: 13052:

The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the Creation of Europe in the Tenth Century

12968: 12943: 12723: 12584: 12359: 12306: 11898: 11830: 11737: 11287: 11207: 11127: 10596: 10388: 10346: 10117: 10083: 10024: 9876: 9774: 9706: 9453: 9419: 9307: 8891: 8834:

German Polish Dialogue: Letters of the Polish and German Bishops and International Statements

8697: 8273: 8167: 7551: 7265: 5920: 5708: 5483: 5397: 5184: 3477:. The development of the printing industry together with the emergence of the postal system ( 3439: 3419: 2801: 2702: 2228: 1776: 1418: 1070:, a confederation of German client states loyal not to the Holy Roman emperor but to France. 1060: 1022: 868: 16798: 13810: 13465:

The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity

12101: 11367:"Erklärung Franz II. zur Niederlegung der Krone des Heiligen Römischen Reiches – Wikisource" 10257: 10185: 10085:

The Origins of Nationalism: An Alternative History from Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany

9191: 9110:

Ehlers, Joachim (2003). "Heinrich VI.". In Schneidmüller, Bernd; Weinfurter, Stefan (eds.).

7350: 6977:"Das Reich ohne Hauptstadt? Die Multizentralitat der Hauptstadtfunktionen im Reich bis 1806" 3814: 3532:. His elder grandson Charles V later gave Spain and most of the Burgundian lands to his son 3125:

faded, even though some parts of it did remain until the Empire's end in 1806. Instead, the

3071:

The difficulties in electing the king eventually led to the emergence of a fixed college of

1268:

Until the end of the 15th century, the empire was in theory composed of three major blocs –

19929: 19884: 19708: 19463: 19376: 19354: 19277: 19273: 19202: 19118: 19063: 19058: 18881: 18725: 18614: 18432: 18272: 18135: 18130: 18070: 18005: 17910: 17623: 17565: 17361: 17268: 17238: 17223: 17029: 17003: 16833: 16803: 16678: 16609: 16580: 16499: 15833: 15671: 15661: 15365: 15097: 14546: 10119:

Germania und ihre Söhne: Repräsentationen von Nation, Geschlecht und Politik in der Moderne

6888: 6643: 6635: 6286: 5808:

Despite appearances to the contrary, the Army of the Empire did not constitute a permanent

5600: 5495: 5172: 5004: 4363: 4297: 4262: 4258: 4246: 4185: 4016: 3955: 3602: 3447: 3367:

Maximilian I paying attention to an execution instead of watching the betrothal of his son

3221: 2865: 2841: 2797: 2747: 2580: 2525: 2481: 2377:, this involvement was increasingly seen as inappropriate by the Papacy. The reform-minded 2220: 1955: 1951: 1900: 1771: 1599: 1586: 1478: 1313: 1305: 1002: 661: 33: 19823: 16783: 15182: 13793: 12620:

German Imperial Knights: Noble Misfits between Princely Authority and the Crown, 1479–1648

3996:

formally accepted Dutch neutrality in 1653, a decision ratified by the Reichstag in 1728.

3545: 2269:. Still, Otto II formed marital ties with the east when he married the Byzantine princess 1059:

abdicated and formally dissolved the empire following the creation – the month before, by

1029:

although the emperor's theoretical legitimacy from the beginning rested on the concept of

8: 19733: 19598: 19468: 19258: 19187: 18944: 18917: 18900: 18888: 18710: 18666: 18394: 18100: 18030: 17973: 17890: 17716: 17509: 17489: 17469: 17434: 17366: 17278: 17145: 16695: 16575: 16541: 16443: 16263: 16258: 16070: 15789: 15725: 15600: 15585: 15315: 15305: 15162: 14937: 14732: 12949: 12407:

Maximilian I and the Holy Roman Empire: The Authority of a King of the Romans (1486–1490)

12069:

Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration

7407: 6595: 6281: 6211: 6170: 6145: 6055: 5895: 5657: 5596: 5587:

The third class was the Council of Imperial Cities, which was divided into two colleges:

5577: 5459: 5424: 5256: 5125: 5103: 4984: 4120: 4027: 3976: 3521: 3368: 3305: 3292: 3154: 3138: 3080: 3027:

with the sovereign Kingdom of Denmark from 1361 to 1370. The league declined after 1450.

2957: 2888: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2698: 2499:. Imperial and directly held Hohenstaufen lands in the Empire are shown in bright yellow. 2110: 2066: 1981:

Charlemagne's good service to the Church in his defense of Papal possessions against the

1924: 1919:

tribes and extended hegemony over others to gain control of northern Gaul and the middle

1908: 1309: 635: 609: 555: 16411: 16401: 14902: 14433: 13612:

The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: The Life and Times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck

13137:. Vol. Band 5: Bayern: Teilband 3: Bayerisch-Schwaben. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 5686: 4411:

45 dynastic principalities with 80 percent of the land and 80 percent of the population;

4123:, the Habsburgs were chiefly dependent on their hereditary lands to counter the rise of 3300:, although this would only be collected under Charles V and Ferdinand I, and not fully. 2840:

After the death of Frederick II in 1250, the German kingdom was divided between his son

2189: 19453: 19369: 19359: 19192: 19155: 19085: 19024: 19007: 18961: 18871: 18785: 18599: 18519: 18340: 18312: 18297: 18206: 18110: 17894: 17846: 17841: 17744: 17734: 17691: 17683: 17613: 17449: 17424: 17326: 17203: 17155: 17150: 17140: 17078: 16808: 16788: 16771: 16722: 16587: 16396: 16347: 16280: 16198: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16085: 16055: 15947: 15845: 15713: 15688: 15295: 15254: 15082: 14970: 14644: 14586: 14536: 14458: 14202: 14011: 13955: 13850: 13526: 10622: 10312: 8995: 6393: 6351: 5943: 5581: 5404: 5383: 5198: 5168:

Territories ruled by a hereditary nobleman, such as a prince, archduke, duke, or count.

5095: 4966: 4282: 4197: 4112: 4090: 3862: 3807: 3788: 3533: 3509: 3389: 3192: 3054: 3020: 2977: 2943: 2876:

to hold a royal title, but he was never crowned emperor. After Rudolf's death in 1291,

2826: 2789: 2733: 2603: 2485: 2458: 2432: 2340: 2328: 2215: 2206: 2082: 2035: 2031: 1974:, Pope Leo III sought a new candidate for the dignity, excluding consultation with the 1880: 1566: 1526: 1498: 1338: 1273: 1186: 1137: 1085: 1044: 1031: 1014: 964: 854: 813: 470: 14877: 12341:"Sehepunkte – Rezension von: Kaiser Sigismund (1368–1437) – Ausgabe 14 (2014), Nr. 11" 10831:

The Political Economic Foundation of Democratic Capitalism: From Genesis to Maturation

10320: 9193:

For the Common Good: The Bohemian Land Law and the Beginning of the Hussite Revolution

6326:

Since 1542, Charles V and Ferdinand had been able to collect the Common Penny tax, or

6240:. The Hohenstaufen dream of world empire ended with Frederick's death in 1250 though. 6019: 3984:

influence. After the Dutch revolt against Spain erupted, the Empire remained neutral,

2987:

Peasants were increasingly required to pay tribute to their landlords. The concept of

2403:

Henry begging Matilda of Tuscany and Hugh of Cluny in Canossa Castle (miniature in an

1962:

saw as the latest in a series of imperial heresies. In 797, the Eastern Roman Emperor

198:

The Holy Roman Empire at its greatest territorial extent imposed over modern borders,

19583: 19485: 19473: 19458: 19438: 19349: 19296: 19268: 19250: 19053: 18929: 18922: 18735: 18683: 18661: 18589: 18469: 18427: 18267: 18085: 18060: 18040: 18020: 18010: 17882: 17851: 17784: 17701: 17675: 17609: 17351: 17321: 17311: 17301: 17218: 17208: 17060: 16917: 16813: 16749: 16744: 16673: 16570: 16213: 16208: 16050: 15979: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15752: 15703: 15280: 14650: 14576: 14526: 14345: 14320: 14290: 14228: 14206: 14162: 14138: 14117: 14089: 14065: 14030: 13959: 13890: 13875: 13854: 13816: 13766: 13718: 13686: 13638: 13615: 13593: 13572: 13551: 13511: 13490: 13469: 13432: 13408: 13356: 13274: 13243: 13217: 13191: 13165: 13161: 13138: 13111:

Journal of the Private Life and Conversations of the Emperor Napoleon at Saint Helena

13055: 13010: 12974: 12953: 12918: 12885: 12855: 12806: 12779: 12729: 12695: 12624: 12590: 12556: 12470: 12436: 12365: 12312: 12175: 12141: 12107: 12073: 11904: 11870: 11836: 11743: 11341: 11293: 11259: 11213: 11167: 11133: 11087: 11053: 11009: 10975: 10906: 10869: 10835: 10793: 10756: 10693: 10647: 10626: 10612: 10462: 10428: 10394: 10352: 10316: 10263: 10191: 10157: 10123: 10089: 9996: 9962: 9928: 9882: 9848: 9814: 9780: 9746: 9712: 9658: 9545: 9508: 9459: 9425: 9398: 9313: 9267: 9197: 9151: 9117: 9083: 8897: 8863: 8805: 8771: 8737: 8703: 8669: 8562: 8528: 8494: 8435: 8408: 8374: 8313: 8279: 8173: 8139: 7922: 7874: 7584: 7555: 7519: 7485: 7354: 7269: 7230: 7178: 7149: 7120: 6992: 6904: 6587: 6575: 6198:

place where envoys met as it was where representatives of the Diet could be reached.

6106: 5999: 5847:

Throughout the first half of its history the Holy Roman Empire was reigned over by a

5716: 5388: 5260: 5087: 4976: 4951: 4947: 4926: 4393: 4278: 4217: 4193: 4108: 4094: 4055: 3917: 3843: 3558: 3372: 2892: 2834: 2739: 2725: 2662: 2496: 2293: 2236: 2198: 2178: 2172: 1454: 1297: 968: 924: 622: 454: 433: 338: 19728: 14772: 6874:

The only prince allowed to call himself "king" of a territory in the Empire was the

6509:

Some historians refer to the beginning of the Empire as 800, with the coronation of

6236:

and regained Bethlehem and Nazareth for the Christian side through negotiation with

2491: 2062: 2027: 19344: 19334: 19160: 19108: 19012: 18876: 18765: 18715: 18693: 18688: 18619: 18384: 18373: 18287: 18075: 17990: 17935: 17905: 17856: 17816: 17799: 17789: 17724: 17696: 17570: 17519: 17514: 17454: 17419: 17331: 17288: 17258: 17180: 17098: 17068: 16766: 16553: 16548: 16504: 16491: 16421: 16389: 16384: 16248: 16243: 16225: 16186: 16119: 16102: 16043: 16033: 16028: 15969: 15925: 15895: 15855: 15838: 15821: 15784: 15535: 15300: 15285: 15206: 14742: 14448: 14262: 14194: 14003: 13947: 13842: 13830: 13745: 13734:"Crisis and catastrophe: The global crisis of the seventeenth century reconsidered" 13038: 12798: 11333: 11083:

Creating A World Economy: Merchant Capital, Colonialism, And World Trade, 1400–1825

11045: 10604: 10304: 10057: 8169:

The Two Latin Cultures and the Foundation of Renaissance Humanism in Medieval Italy

7914: 6984: 6936: 6651: 6611: 6583: 6579: 6555: 6277: 6031: 5912: 5883: 5712: 5428: 5202: 5083: 4208:

to another, often leaving the annexed some rights. For example, the estates of the

4047: 3947: 3913: 3525: 3501: 3482: 3100: 3036: 3004: 2973: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2915: 2715: 2687: 2658: 2654: 2421: 2378: 2344: 2183: 2144: 2118: 2086: 2047: 2023: 1987: 1947: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1277: 1174: 1025:

in the mid-13th century, but overextension of its power led to a partial collapse.

175: 14198: 12802: 11763: 6892: 3430: 3224:(1414–1418); after 1419 the Papacy directed much of its energy to suppressing the 2629:

During the Hohenstaufen period, German princes facilitated a successful, peaceful

19718: 19658: 19543: 19391: 19386: 19364: 19284: 19238: 18995: 18949: 18847: 18824: 18807: 18780: 18565: 18401: 18357: 18317: 18292: 18115: 18090: 17878: 17861: 17706: 17580: 17494: 17464: 17188: 17105: 16984: 16952: 16825: 16793: 16776: 16732: 16727: 16705: 16700: 16658: 16651: 16626: 16486: 16481: 16322: 16203: 16097: 16092: 16060: 15885: 15875: 15769: 15762: 15757: 15742: 15698: 15580: 15566: 15310: 15290: 15270: 14997: 14987: 14712: 14571: 14521: 14507: 14499: 14355: 14328: 14300: 14152: 14132: 14111: 14083: 13680: 13607: 13402: 13350: 13330: 13319: 13253: 13235: 13209: 13065: 12992: 12939: 12773: 12169: 11864: 11698: 11289:

Allies with the Infidel: The Ottoman and French Alliance in the Sixteenth Century

10969: 10752:

The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750

9922: 9394:

The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300–1500: A Biographical Dictionary

8832: 8765: 8490:

The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium

8402: 8133: 7868: 7513: 7479: 7199: 7174: 6875: 6693: 6603: 6599: 6571: 6563: 6547: 6407: 6319: 6298: 5939: 5848: 5841: 5787: 5749: 5695: 5671: 5662: 5499: 5467: 5209: 5119: 4962: 4942: 4301: 4286: 4274: 4209: 4170: 3897: 3590: 3581: 3461: 3183: 3092: 2981: 2679: 2540: 2508: 2417: 2408: 2374: 2137: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2051: 2011: 1967: 1959: 1936: 1663: 1285: 1182: 1178: 1158: 1051: 1021:

period. The empire reached the apex of territorial expansion and power under the

976: 840: 462: 407: 112: 76: 16406: 13963: 13352:

Associative Political Culture in the Holy Roman Empire: Upper Germany, 1346–1521

13131:

Ehlers, Caspar; Flachenecker, Helmut; Päffgen, Bernd; Schieffer, Rudolf (2016).

10061: 7548:

The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100–1350: Essays by German Historians

4165: 3188: 19748: 19668: 19623: 19563: 19528: 19320: 19233: 19138: 19046: 18837: 18671: 18594: 18443: 18346: 18065: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18025: 18015: 17930: 17873: 17766: 17729: 17484: 17429: 17383: 17336: 17316: 17160: 17083: 16927: 16922: 16885: 16860: 16843: 16754: 16739: 16710: 16668: 16516: 16476: 16471: 16426: 16352: 16312: 16302: 16292: 16107: 15986: 15880: 15747: 15629: 15320: 15137: 14932: 14907: 14702: 14541: 13982: 13370:

Härter, Karl. "The Permanent Imperial Diet in European Context, 1663–1806". In

13288: 13231: 13205: 13179: 13035:

The Rebirth of a Communications Network: Europe at the Time of the Carolingians

12432:

Orthodox Christianity and Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Southeastern Europe

11703:

Museum and Research Center for the Imperial Chamber Court (Reichskammergericht)

9504:

Balkan Wars: Habsburg Croatia, Ottoman Bosnia, and Venetian Dalmatia, 1499–1617

8275:

Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, C. 936–1075

6900: 6840: 6771:"Medieval Sourcebook: Privileges Granted to German Merchants at Novgorod, 1229" 6680: 6639: 6615: 6607: 6567: 6559: 6521: 6309: 6150: 5959: 5882:

This practice eventually ended during the 16th century, as the emperors of the

5779: 5548: 5543: 5475: 5463: 5255:

were also more coherent than Germany, being entirely under the dominion of the

5213: 5130: 5048: 4762: 4660: 4417:

60 imperial towns with 1 percent of the land and 3.5 percent of the population;

4227: 4205: 4189: 4140: 4059: 3320: 3287: 3283: 3146: 3104: 3072: 2830: 2766: 2599: 2588: 2529: 2466: 2318: 2314: 2289: 2285: 2278: 1963: 1928: 1829: 1815: 1556: 1293: 1166: 1152:

in 1512, the name was changed to the Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic Nation (

1135:("Roman empire"), but the Emperor's legitimacy always rested on the concept of 1040: 994: 910: 896: 458: 428: 411: 274: 266: 98: 62: 14722: 14498: 14243: 11337: 11049: 6988: 5616: 4373:

Habsburg Monarchy: 5,350,000 (including 3 million in the Bohemian crown lands)

4192:

that occurred between 1795 and 1814, during the latter part of the era of the

19853: 19703: 19588: 19503: 19448: 19308: 19228: 19123: 18973: 18966: 18859: 18812: 18705: 18561: 18161: 17960: 17243: 17008: 16895: 16690: 16663: 16636: 16614: 16592: 16359: 16342: 16327: 16171: 16124: 16112: 16038: 15930: 15804: 15799: 15774: 15656: 14927: 14069: 13486:

State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley, 400–1000

13002: 12845:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 341–342. 12836: 11345: 8990: 7926: 7257: 6642:) was Orthodox Christian, being under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the 6510: 6343: 6207: 6129: 5809: 5675: 5652: 5420: 5252: 5176: 5036: 4950:, which laid the legal groundwork for two co-existing religious confessions ( 4309: 3988:

allowing the Netherlands to depart the empire in 1581. A side effect was the

3893: 3873: 3839: 3690: 3642: 3376: 3311: 2845: 2743: 2666: 2638: 2619: 2536: 2512: 2454: 2210: 2168: 1643: 1254: 1232: 1010: 987: 588: 320: 18530: 16436: 16416: 15514: 15012: 14951: 14892: 14827: 14812: 14463: 14359: 14332: 14007: 13257: 13069: 10608: 10308: 7930: 6190:

had no control over these diplomats; occasionally the Diet criticised them.

4340:. The only Free Imperial Cities still existing as states within Germany are 4253:

The empire was dissolved on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor

3481:), initiated by Maximilian himself with contribution from Frederick III and 2003:("renewal of the Roman Empire"). In 802, Irene was overthrown and exiled by 19738: 19538: 19443: 19289: 19263: 19172: 18854: 18842: 18790: 18750: 18745: 18609: 18604: 18464: 18120: 17950: 17821: 17739: 17409: 17306: 17110: 16900: 16641: 16631: 16597: 16526: 16521: 16448: 16238: 16220: 16181: 16176: 16156: 16151: 16023: 16016: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15890: 15828: 15809: 15794: 15730: 15122: 15117: 15092: 15007: 14324: 14304: 13750: 13733: 12340: 6387: 5052: 4324: 4296:

The Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine was replaced by a new union, the

3921: 3540: 3403: 2520: 2106: 2043: 2039: 2004: 1752: 1748: 1683: 1673: 1634: 1521: 1301: 1258: 1142: 1036: 983: 785: 751: 648: 278: 40: 18217: 14340:

Coy, Jason Philip; Marschke, Benjamin; Sabean, David Warren, eds. (2010).

13987:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 13393: 12945:

Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Tudors but Were Afraid to Ask

8024: 6401: 5790:

came to an end even before the Empire. It should not be confused with the

5216:, immediate subject to the Emperor but unrepresented in the Imperial Diet. 5090:

away from it. To a greater extent than in other medieval kingdoms such as

4758: 4440:

9 million Austrian subjects (including Silesia, Bohemia and Moravia);

3960: 3605:). The emperors continued to travel to their elections and coronations at 3007:

established itself as a commercial and defensive alliance of the merchant

2645:. The eastward settlement expanded the influence of the empire to include 1349: 19678: 19426: 19421: 19413: 19398: 19223: 19128: 18939: 18775: 18740: 18720: 18700: 18678: 18643: 18454: 18105: 17983: 17968: 17940: 17776: 17560: 17263: 17170: 17052: 16619: 16604: 16453: 16166: 16075: 16065: 15991: 15639: 15634: 15265: 15177: 15042: 14922: 14882: 14842: 14375:

German thought and culture: From the Holy Roman Empire to the present day

13119: 9989:

Beccaria, Cesare marchese di; Beccaria, Cesare; Stevenson, Bryan (2008).

6647: 6513: 5979: 5947: 5852: 5837: 4996: 4972: 4955: 4222: 4035: 3989: 3877: 3784: 3641:

in Munich. A German capital in the true sense only existed in the Second

3634: 3574: 3490: 3465:, written by Tacitus. According to Peter H. Wilson, the female figure of 3415: 3274:

Innsbruck, most important political centre under Maximilian, seat of the

3229: 3166: 2965: 2853: 2793: 2642: 2630: 2576: 2556: 2544: 2457:

push for autonomy from the Polish Crown. From the late 12th century, the

2444: 1991: 1971: 1536: 1101: 990: 571: 551: 489: 438: 15200: 15127: 13311:

The Symbolic Language of Authority in the Carolingian World (c. 751–877)

11972: 10050:"Zur Entstehungsgeschichte von Dürers Ehrenpforte für Kaiser Maximilian" 9455:

Reformation and the German Territorial State: Upper Franconia, 1300–1630

6011: 4238:

and the annexation of the secularized territory to a secular territory.

3705: 2746:

in 1228, which ended in negotiations and a temporary restoration of the

1308:, the external borders of the Empire did not change noticeably from the 19209: 19197: 19167: 19133: 19073: 18755: 17868: 17135: 17021: 16646: 16463: 16337: 16297: 16230: 15147: 15112: 15107: 15027: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14777: 14747: 14707: 14015: 13951: 13914: 13267:

Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook

12830: 11129:

Holland Under Habsburg Rule, 1506–1566: The Formation of a Body Politic

7918: 6551: 6194: 6162: 6122: 6079: 6039: 5951: 5220:

A sum total of 1,500 Imperial estates has been reckoned. For a list of

5161: 5008: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4965:

constituted the single official religion of the Empire until 1555; the

4922: 4910: 4840: 4828: 4770: 4726: 4636: 4333: 4323:"That we consider the tie that has bound us to the body politic of the 4201: 3881: 3727: 3622: 3411: 3213: 3012: 2872:, a minor pro-Hohenstaufen count, was elected. He was the first of the 2634: 2516: 2462: 2324:

The Holy Roman Empire eventually came to be composed of four kingdoms:

2223:, centered in Germany but also happening in Northern Italy and France. 2078: 1606: 1242: 365: 15223: 14267: 14254: 14064:(in French). Vol. 3 (nouvelle ed.). Neuchâtel. p. 338. 13302:

Reich and Nation. The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806

12137:

The Mediterranean World: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Napoleon

10026:

The New American Cyclopædia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge

7873:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 3, 5, 12, 60, 73, 103, 180, 254. 4906: 4824: 4241: 4099: 1245:

propaganda would identify the Holy Roman Empire as the "First" Reich (

1241:). Beginning in 1923, early twentieth-century German nationalists and 19643: 19480: 19215: 19177: 18770: 18584: 18277: 17915: 17444: 17213: 16536: 16307: 16191: 16161: 15942: 15816: 15607: 15275: 15157: 15142: 14837: 14807: 14787: 14767: 14697: 13933:"Reflecting the Nation: The Historiography of Hanseatic Institutions" 13157: 12795:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4: c. 1024–c. 1198, Part 2

11787: 8524:

The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe

6725:

While Charlemagne and his successors assumed variations of the title

6158: 6027: 6003: 5963: 5935: 5860: 5432: 5146: 4980: 4902: 4894: 4848: 4808: 4746: 4742: 4706: 4039: 4031: 3889: 3885: 3752: 3606: 3325: 3016: 2969: 2896: 2873: 2646: 2592: 2560: 2547:, with the first imperial one being issued in 1103 under Henry IV at 2310: 2270: 2240: 2015: 2010:

After Charlemagne died in 814, the imperial crown passed to his son,

605: 443: 330: 316: 288: 17644: 13906: 13762:

The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

13042: 7345:

Coy, Jason Philip; Marschke, Benjamin; Sabean, David Warren (2010).

6313:

The empire of Charles V at its peak after the Peace of Crépy in 1544

4914: 4820: 4766: 3459:

reintroduced or became notable. The humanists rediscovered the work

2615: 1141:, that he held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of 1035:, that he held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of 19633: 19329: 19150: 18978: 18893: 18832: 18795: 18514: 18125: 17920: 17479: 17356: 17233: 15937: 15720: 15678: 15617: 15052: 15032: 15017: 14867: 14817: 14727: 14687: 14053: 13846: 13404:

Verwaltungsgeschichte der Habsburgermonarchie in der Frühen Neuzeit

12405: 9541:

The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe

6638:(a gradual process), the Holy Roman Empire (along with the rest of 6289:(who was Sigismund's son-in-law and heir through his marriage with 6237: 6154: 6110: 6071: 6063: 6023: 5983: 5971: 4886: 4832: 4812: 4792: 4690: 4676: 4020: 3760: 3735: 3731: 3225: 2988: 2780:

owners of their lands, a remarkable change in terminology as well.

2607: 2564: 2274: 2251: 2129: 1982: 1912: 1289: 1205: 1063: 747: 183: 15022: 13130: 11769: 11322:"The Holy Roman Empire was Neither Holy, Nor Roman, Nor an Empire" 10393:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 98, 99. 9057: 8922: 8920: 8217: 8205: 8193: 4991:

denominations, while various other Protestant confessions such as

4154: 3543:

that grew rapidly and developed corresponding infrastructure: the

3045: 2984:

class eroded the societal, legal and economic order of feudalism.

2528:

succeeded him and made peace with the Welfs, restoring his cousin

246:

800–888 (as capital) 800–1562 (coronation of the king of Germany)

19548: 19403: 19315: 17995: 17806: 17120: 15850: 15779: 15735: 15590: 15172: 15102: 15087: 15067: 15037: 15002: 14917: 14762: 14752: 14717: 14603:

Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles

11521:"International trade and institutional change: A death in Venice" 6591: 6174: 6118: 6098: 6094: 6067: 6015: 5975: 5864: 5440: 5180: 4898: 4890: 4864: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4702: 4652: 4341: 4226:. "Secularization" was the abolition of the temporal power of an 4148: 4144: 4124: 3943: 3764: 3598: 2650: 2450: 2431:, reached an agreement with the Pope and the bishops in the 1122 2296:

briefly held Rome, until the Holy Roman emperor seized the city.

2255: 2232: 2202: 2133: 1994: 1701: 1503: 1211:

In the modern period, the Empire was often informally called the

743: 568: 386: 253: 15651: 13714:

Historical Dictionary of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation

13663:

Les relations entre la France et le Saint-Empire au XVIIe siècle

13184:

Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Central Europe c. 1683–1867

9650: 7262:

The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938

5023:

to another faith did not entail the conversion of his subjects.

4388:

Electorates of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne: 300–400,000 altogether

4328:

until now and conducted imperial government, as is hereby done."

3872:

Before Charles's reign in the Holy Roman Empire began, in 1517,

2453:

became part of the Holy Roman Empire as the result of the local

19568: 18481: 15683: 15558: 15167: 15057: 15047: 14887: 14797: 14757: 14046:

A history of Germany from the earliest times to the present day

13672:

Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to Benedict XVI

13401:

Hochedlinger, Michael; Mata, Petr; Winkelbauer, Thomas (2019).

12023: 11717: 10424:

The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350–1750

9632: 8971: 8947: 8917: 7751: 6166: 6137: 6059: 6043: 6035: 6007: 5991: 5987: 5967: 5955: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5856: 5631: 5588: 5444: 5436: 5107: 5068: 4930: 4882: 4878: 4852: 4836: 4816: 4788: 4754: 4750: 4738: 4730: 4718: 4710: 4698: 4668: 4648: 4345: 4231: 3835: 3756: 3743: 3739: 3658: 3646: 3630: 3610: 3217: 3169:(king 1314, emperor 1328–1347) relied on his lands in Bavaria; 2809: 2611: 2568: 2152: 2117:. On his deathbed, Conrad yielded the crown to his main rival, 1916: 1117: 1018: 1006: 960: 956: 739: 591: 502: 351: 307: 238: 11621: 11619: 10153:

Renaissance Humanism, Volume 2: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy

8994: 8937: 8935: 7223:

Pihlajamäki, Heikki; Dubber, Markus D.; Godfrey, Mark (2018).

4987:

of 1648. Those two constituted the only officially recognized

3050: 2281:, ruled over Rome and part of Italy, ostensibly in his stead. 1885: 1204:

In a famous assessment of the name, the political philosopher

19765: 19533: 19523: 19518: 18990: 18985: 16317: 15132: 15072: 15062: 14982: 14682: 14382:

Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450–1630

14026:

Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective

13833:(1986). "The Development of the Eternal Diet in Regensburg". 13635:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c. 1300–c.1 415

12385: 11005:

Urban Empires: Cities as Global Rulers in the New Urban World

9578: 9576: 6768:

Translation of the grant of privileges to merchants in 1229:

6650:

broke communion with the other churches. As a prime example,

6347: 6114: 6102: 6075: 5995: 5592: 5491: 5487: 5205:, which were subject only to the jurisdiction of the emperor. 5072: 5064: 5012: 4874: 4856: 4844: 4784: 4780: 4734: 4714: 4694: 4686: 4656: 4644: 4289:

until the Habsburg empire's final dissolution in 1918 in the

4235: 3567:

List of royal and imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire

3134:

no longer matched the needs of either the king or the dukes.

3096: 3067:

The Holy Roman Empire when the Golden Bull of 1356 was signed

3008: 2548: 1920: 1120:. The form "Holy Roman Empire" is attested from 1254 onward. 1079: 1005:

in 476. The title lapsed in 924, but was revived in 962 when

12466:

Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, from 1453 to the Present

11812: 11810: 11500: 9958:

The Collected Historical Works of Sir Francis Palgrave, K.H.

9708:

The Principles of Roman Law and Their Relation to Modern Law

8100: 8098: 8005: 7427: 7425: 6516:("Charles the Great"). Others refer to the beginning as the 5267:

Territorial shares of the Reich after the Thirty Years' War

5079:. There were also some areas ruled directly by the Emperor. 4181:

was at war with various parts of the Empire intermittently.

3318:

In 1500, Maximilian agreed to establish an organ called the

2884:

were two further weak kings who were never crowned emperor.

2072: 1127:("the whole kingdom", as opposed to the regional kingdoms), 1043:. In theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered the 19663: 18459: 15152: 15077: 14464:

The Holy Roman Empire in the 18th century (interactive map)

13400: 11978: 11924: 11667: 11616: 10951: 10949: 9421:

The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History

9005:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 8959: 8932: 8229: 7684: 7682: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7094: 7092: 6471:

List of state leaders in the 19th-century Holy Roman Empire

6466:

List of state leaders in the 18th-century Holy Roman Empire

6461:

List of state leaders in the 17th-century Holy Roman Empire

6456:

List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

6451:

List of state leaders in the 15th-century Holy Roman Empire

6446:

List of state leaders in the 14th-century Holy Roman Empire

6441:

List of state leaders in the 13th-century Holy Roman Empire

6436:

List of state leaders in the 12th-century Holy Roman Empire

6431:

List of state leaders in the 11th-century Holy Roman Empire

6426:

List of state leaders in the 10th-century Holy Roman Empire

6359: 6090: 6051: 6047: 5510: 5502:

was given the right to vote as the eighth elector, and the

5060: 5056: 4722: 4672: 4664: 4640: 4454:

States of Imperial Italy by population, early 17th century

3971: 1904: 217: 15527: 14394:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018. 12749: 12644: 11631: 10522: 10348:

Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security

9742:

Popular Sovereignty in Early Modern Constitutional Thought

9573: 7981: 4543:

States of Imperial Italy by population, late 18th century

4446:

14–15 million inhabitants for the rest of the Empire.

4281:

survived the demise of the empire, continuing to reign as

4026:

Still, its actual end did not come for two centuries. The

3079:), whose composition and procedures were set forth in the 2887:

Albert was assassinated in 1308. Almost immediately, King

2381:

was determined to oppose such practices, which led to the

12286: 12171:

The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Immutator Mundi

12035: 11948: 11807: 11002:

Glaeser, Edward; Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter (2020).

10487: 10485: 10259:

The Habsburg Chancery Language in Perspective, Volume 114

9988: 9610: 9608: 9350: 9348: 9171: 9079:

Europas Weg in die Neuzeit: vom Weltstaat zur Staatenwelt

8643: 8333: 8253: 8115: 8113: 8095: 7848: 7694: 7645: 7643: 7459: 7422: 7282: 7144:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 5711:, the imperial fiefs in northern Italy, the lands of the 5690:

A map of the Empire showing division into Circles in 1512

4918: 4860: 3723: 3585:. From the late Middle Ages onward, the weakly fortified 2567:, possibly the economic model for many later cities, and 2299:

Otto died young in 1002, and was succeeded by his cousin

13812:

Class, Culture, and Race in American Schools: A Handbook

13240:

The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806: A European Perspective

12264:"Mályusz (Elemér). Kaiser Sigismund in Ungarn 1387–1437" 12207: 12047: 12001: 11999: 11936: 11594: 11592: 11409: 10946: 10934: 10576: 9902: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9333: 9217: 9033: 9021: 9009: 8350: 8348: 7957: 7903:"Warfare in Tenth-Century Germany [Book Review]" 7775: 7711: 7709: 7679: 7655: 7609: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7309: 7222: 7173:(in German). Verlag für Geschichte und Politik. p. 7142:

Herrschaft und Politik in Südosteuropa von 1300 bis 1800

7089: 7035:"Enrico Vi, Re Di Sicilia E Imperatore In 'Federiciana'" 4958:) in the German-speaking states of the Holy Roman Empire 3896:

while the southern and western regions largely remained

2633:

of lands that were uninhabited or inhabited sparsely by

2151:, his son and designated successor, was elected king in 2136:, and in 933 he won a first victory against them in the 19648: 13868:

Basic structures of the constitution in the Middle Ages

12219: 11960: 11783:"Seven German cities you never knew were once capitals" 11775: 11691: 11679: 11643: 11541: 11490: 11488: 11473: 11461: 11449: 11397: 11233: 11038:"A troubled marriage. Maximilian and the Low Countries" 10667: 9372: 8059: 7824: 7763: 7741: 7739: 7113:

Beiträge zur bayerischen Geschichte, Sprache und Kultur

6812:

1.35 million population given for the Duchy of Milan. (

4379:

Duchy of Bavaria (later Electorate of Bavaria): 800,000

2563:. Cities that were founded in the 12th century include 1257:

as the "Second" Reich and what would eventually become

12914:

German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650

12490: 12243: 12133: 11984: 11699:"Society for Imperial Chamber Court Research, Wetzlar" 11655: 11577: 11565: 11187: 11107: 11042:"Per Tot Discrimina Rerum" – Maximilian I. (1459–1519) 10689:

German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650

10482: 10211: 9605: 9345: 9045: 8619: 8110: 8071: 8035: 7993: 7836: 7726: 7724: 7640: 7079: 7077: 7075: 12917:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–106, 116. 12502: 12195: 12011: 11996: 11589: 11001: 10905:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 347–358. 10713: 10351:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 31. 10122:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 37. 9844:

The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law

9620: 9588: 9479: 9241: 9082:(in German). Röhrig Universitätsverlag. p. 342. 8607: 8345: 8241: 8047: 7812: 7706: 7667: 7515:

Representations of Power in Medieval Germany 800–1500

7321: 6362:, although these attempts generally did not succeed. 5039:

and during the wars of religion in the 16th century.

3738:

in particular, associated with the reputation of the

3340:) at Vienna was made subordinate to this body. Under 2693:

Under the son and successor of Frederick Barbarossa,

2159: 1316:, with the main exceptions being the Italian states. 14259:

Revue de l'Institut Français d'Histoire en Allemagne

14216:

Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years' War

13682:

The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians 751–987

12514: 12231: 11604: 11485: 11385: 10862:

Kypta, Ulla; Bruch, Julia; Skambraks, Tanja (2019).

10749:

Brady, Thomas A. Jr. (1997). Tracy, James D. (ed.).

10262:. University of California Press. pp. 1, 3, 9. 9287: 9229: 7945: 7736: 7628: 7597: 7299: 7297: 6369: 4269:). Napoleon reorganized much of the Empire into the 2891:

began aggressively seeking support for his brother,

1185:. The Hungarian denomination "German Roman Empire" ( 14225:

Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire

14178:

From Reich To Revolution: German History, 1558–1806

14043: 13092:

A dictionary of military history and the art of war

12586:

Monarchy, Aristocracy and State in Europe 1300–1800

10861: 9961:Cambridge University Press. pp. xiv, 203–204. 9776:

German Political Philosophy: The Metaphysics of Law

8223: 8211: 8199: 7969: 7721: 7072: 6274:

Mary, Queen regnal and the rightful heir of Hungary

4030:in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War allowed 3282:Major measures for the Reform were launched at the 2535:

The Hohenstaufen rulers increasingly lent land to "

1966:was removed from the throne by his mother, Empress 14973:or no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire by 1792 13461: 13371: 13204: 11553: 11426: 11424: 10340: 10338: 9927:. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 133. 9360: 9063: 8631: 8025:"France: History, Map, Flag, Capital, & Facts" 7795:"német-római birodalom – Magyar Katolikus Lexikon" 6201: 3470:formed the core of a national political culture." 2800:(bearing the title "king" since 1198) extracted a 2465:of the Holy Roman Empire and the conquests of the 14339: 12694:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 307. 12103:Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler Between East and West 11832:Maximilian I (1459–1519): An Analytical Biography 10639: 8893:Empire and Order: The Concept of Empire, 800–1800 7344: 7294: 7111:Wissenschaften, Neuhausener Akademie der (2021). 5851:. Kings and emperors toured between the numerous 5517:: the last Emperor to be crowned by the Pope was 3992:, which ravaged much of the upper Rhine. Emperor 2921: 2769:, and the right to build fortification. The 1232 2606:(1159–1181). Frederick supported a succession of 2014:. Upon Louis' death in 840, it passed to his son 971:and lasted for almost a thousand years until its 19851: 13905: 13026:Fighting the Plague in Seventeenth Century Italy 12725:The Renaissance of Empire in Early Modern Europe 12361:The Holy Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction 10755:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–160. 10256:Tennant, Elaine C.; Johnson, Carroll B. (1985). 9263:The Collapse and Recovery of Europe, AD 476–1648 8661: 5396:(2nd half of the 10th century), now held in the 5047:The Holy Roman Empire was neither a centralized 4304:. It lasted until 1866 when Prussia founded the 4066:and two thirds forces of the Holy Roman Empire. 4062:in Europe. The army was one third forces of the 3853:in Spain, Charles took up the imperial title as 3617:at different places and to other occasions. The 3402:The legal reform seriously weakened the ancient 2852:(died 1256). Conrad's death was followed by the 1231:). After its dissolution through the end of the 19880:1806 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire 14459:The Holy Roman Empire in the 17th century (map) 13089: 12877: 12134:O'Connell, Monique; Dursteler, Eric R. (2016). 11723: 11421: 10686:Brady, Thomas A.; Brady, Thomas A. Jr. (2009). 10640:Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (2012). 10335: 10023:Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1869). 9878:Introduction to Public Law: A Comparative Study 9810:John Selden and the Western Political Tradition 9638: 8859:Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia 8797: 6085:Until the 15th century the elected emperor was 5907:(reigned 1556–1564). Except for a period under 5715:, and certain other small territories like the 5661:(Imperial Chamber Court), established with the 4628:Largest cities or towns of the Empire by year: 4155:French Revolutionary Wars and final dissolution 3826:, grandfather of the future Holy Roman Emperor 3046:Rise of the territories after the Hohenstaufens 2132:in 919. Henry reached a truce with the raiding 1889:A map of the Carolingian Empire within Europe, 18499:Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma 14454:The Holy Roman Empire in the 16h century (map) 14048:. New York: D. Appleton & Co. p. 117. 13525:Jorio, Marco; Braun, Bettina (25 April 2016), 11285: 10255: 10184:Quevedo, Francisco de; Britton, R. K. (1989). 10183: 9711:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. pp. 19, 20. 9694:. North Carolina State University. p. 81. 9309:The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia 8665:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 7201:Werke und Briefe: historisch-kritische Ausgabe 7110: 5403:A prospective Emperor first had to be elected 3865:. Many factors contribute to this result. For 3778: 2765:in favour of the bishops, among them tariffs, 2686:) and its later German successor state of the 2007:and henceforth there were two Roman emperors. 1073: 1013:, fashioning himself as Charlemagne's and the 19935:States and territories disestablished in 1806 18560: 18546: 18233: 17660: 17037: 15543: 15519: 15239: 14629: 14484: 14044:Taylor, Bayard; Hansen-Taylor, Marie (1894). 13864:Grundstrukturen der Verfassung im Mittelalter 13759:Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019). 13317: 12168:Van, Cleve; Cleve, Thomas Curtis Van (1972). 11637: 10786:The emergence of the global political economy 9496: 9494: 9143: 8763: 7511: 7226:The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History 6505: 6503: 6501: 5786:) was created in 1422 and as a result of the 5102:and was more or less concluded with the 1648 3903:At the beginning of Charles's reign, another 3818:The Holy Roman Empire during the 16th century 3425: 2776:first time that the German dukes were called 2495:The Hohenstaufen-ruled Holy Roman Empire and 1850: 19865:960s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 17000:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 14406:The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook 14062:Essais sur les mœurs et l'ésprit des nations 13889:. University of Toronto Press. p. 156. 13706:. Vol. 4. Munich & Zürich: Artemis. 13462:Hunyadi, Zsolt; Laszlovszky, József (2001). 13452: 13355:. Oxford Historical Monographs. OUP Oxford. 13124:Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes 13107: 11506: 11209:A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation 9995:. University of Toronto Press. p. 133. 9992:On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings 9259: 8798:Arnason, Johann P.; Wittrock, Björn (2005). 8235: 7512:Weiler, Björn K. U.; MacLean, Simon (2006). 7442: 7440: 7115:(in German). BoD – Books on Demand. p. 6762: 6719: 6476:List of wars involving the Holy Roman Empire 6149:was established, which variously resided in 5819: 5800: 5773: 5762: 5655:) at the court of the King/Emperor, and the 5528: 5226: 5155: 5140: 2792:was a significant regional power during the 2757:Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis 2143:Henry died in 936, but his descendants, the 1718: 1604: 1236: 1226: 1216: 104: 68: 18247: 14287:Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany 13882: 13678: 13637:. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. 13507:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends 13453:Hoyt, Robert S.; Chodorow, Stanley (1976). 13230: 12849: 12532: 11166:. Princeton University Press. p. 135. 10737:Hauptstädte in europäischen Nationalstaaten 10692:. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. 10301:Zeitschrift der Germanisten Rumäniens (ZGR) 10187:Francisco de Quevedo: Dreams and Discourses 9840: 9813:. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. 9568: 8983: 8977: 8965: 8953: 8941: 8926: 8764:Rowland, Christopher; Barton, John (2002). 8702:. Georgetown University Press. p. 83. 8493:. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. 8400: 8104: 8011: 7574: 6981:Hauptstädte in europäischen Nationalstaaten 6789: 6602:were recommended to learn the languages of 4151:dominated the empire's history after 1740. 3265: 1171:Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae 697:1,100,000 km (420,000 sq mi) 92:Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae 90: 54: 18553: 18539: 18240: 18226: 17667: 17653: 17044: 17030: 15550: 15536: 15246: 15232: 14636: 14622: 14491: 14477: 13883:Smail, Daniel Lord; Gibson, Kelly (2009). 13829: 13794:"The Great Depression of the 14th Century" 13758: 13606: 13524: 13383:(in German). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag GmbH. 13308: 12881:A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700 12871:Society and Politics in Germany, 1500–1750 12771: 12728:. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. 11966: 11954: 11816: 11742:(in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 27. 11251: 11212:. Princeton University Press. p. 48. 10834:. Universal-Publishers. pp. 189–191. 10685: 10382: 10380: 10344: 10088:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. 10022: 9582: 9491: 9458:. University Rochester Press. p. 45. 9177: 8278:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. 8172:. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. 7854: 7842: 7649: 7545: 7288: 7264:. University of California Press. p. 7098: 6974: 6527: 6498: 5075:, and other rulers, collectively known as 4515:County of Gorizia and Gradisca (Austrian) 3876:launched what would later be known as the 2914:, with the aid of his brother, Archbishop 2812:to be the seat of the Holy Roman emperor. 2583:. Imperial rights had been referred to as 2532:to his – albeit diminished – possessions. 2362: 2193:The Holy Roman Empire between 972 and 1032 1857: 1843: 1104:, the realm was merely referred to as the 192: 32:"HRE" redirects here. For other uses, see 19945:States and territories established in 962 19940:States and territories established in 800 14266: 13981: 13808: 13749: 13656:. Vol. II. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. 13543: 13425:Emperor Maximilian I and the Age of Durer 13299: 13028:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 12966: 12938: 12822:Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics 12106:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. 12041: 11979:Hochedlinger, Mata & Winkelbauer 2019 11942: 11930: 10895: 10054:Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums 9772: 9507:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 163. 9223: 9116:(in German). C.H.Beck. pp. 258–271. 9075: 8736:. Harvard University Press. p. 138. 8271: 8017: 7661: 7437: 7197: 7013:"UNIO REGNI AD IMPERIUM in 'Federiciana'" 6962: 6668: 5827: 5233:List of Imperial Diet participants (1792) 4362:believed the demographic disaster of the 4212:were formally mediatized in 1806, having 3414:, traditionally held to be instituted by 3358: 2690:was never part of the Holy Roman Empire. 2073:Post-Carolingian Eastern Frankish Kingdom 1946:Although antagonism about the expense of 1163:Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation 106:Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation 17051: 14052: 13924:The Social Background of the Reformation 13904:Sladen, Douglas Brooke Wheelton (1914). 13792:Rothbard, Murray N. (23 November 2009). 13791: 13700:Moraw, Peter (1999) . "Heiliges Reich". 13660: 13589:The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature 13421: 13378: 12854:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Inc. 12721: 12548: 12428: 12167: 11896: 11685: 11132:. Univ of California Press. p. 46. 10782: 10673: 10461:. Oxford University Press. p. 184. 10454: 10427:. Oxford University Press. p. 173. 10345:Meinel, Christoph; Sack, Harald (2014). 10047: 9954: 9745:. Oxford University Press. p. 243. 9533: 9531: 9247: 9015: 8989: 8855: 8662:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2006). 8561:. Oxford University Press. p. 169. 8131: 8088: 8086: 7866: 7830: 7546:Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen (2017). 7256: 7229:. Oxford University Press. p. 762. 7168: 6346:as well as other imperial fiefs such as 6308: 6246: 6215: 5831: 5685: 5542: 5387: 4941: 4436:) with an overall breakdown as follows: 4240: 4164: 4098: 3970: 3959: 3813: 3798: 3680:Map of Augsburg, corresponding with the 3500: 3429: 3362: 3269: 3187: 3062: 3049: 2951: 2825: 2724: 2490: 2476: 2398: 2250:In 963, Otto deposed John XII and chose 2188: 2177: 2163: 2101:) reemerged. After the Carolingian king 1884: 1235:, it was often called "the old Empire" ( 1199:"Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" 993:as Roman emperor, reviving the title in 16824: 15253: 14532:Westphalian (Lower Rhenish-Westphalian) 14241: 14130: 14109: 14022: 13930: 13861: 13710: 13669: 13503: 13387: 13328: 13090:Corvisier, André; Childs, John (1994). 13079:The Habsburgs: The History of a Dynasty 13049: 13023: 12868: 12616: 12391: 12292: 12268:Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 12261: 12249: 12053: 11828: 11735: 11673: 11649: 11625: 11610: 11547: 11518: 11512: 11479: 11467: 11455: 11239: 11205: 11113: 11035: 10967: 10566: 10377: 10081: 9704: 9654:Princes and Princely Culture: 1450–1650 9537: 9417: 9305: 9235: 9027: 8889: 8625: 8554: 8428: 8305: 8119: 8053: 7781: 7715: 7673: 7622: 7204:(in German). W. de Gruyter. p. 999 7139: 6868: 6819: 6800: 6421:List of states in the Holy Roman Empire 3830:, died. Charles initiated his reign in 2472: 2128:), who was elected king at the Diet of 14: 19852: 14399:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780 14392:The Holy Roman Empire: A Short History 14284: 14222: 14213: 14184: 14175: 14151: 14081: 13903: 13886:Vengeance in Medieval Europe: A Reader 13779:from the original on 21 September 2021 13731: 13651: 13628: 13585: 13531:Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS) 13431:. Prestel; Albertina. pp. 32–33. 13369: 13339: 13098: 13076: 13001: 12878:Berenger, Jean; Simpson, C.A. (2014). 12828: 12819: 12792: 12755: 12687: 12650: 12508: 12496: 12357: 12225: 12213: 12201: 12099: 12029: 12017: 12005: 11990: 11661: 11583: 11571: 11439: 11415: 11403: 11193: 10719: 10582: 10491: 10386: 10365:from the original on 26 September 2021 10276:from the original on 27 September 2021 10229: 10217: 10149: 10115: 9920: 9908: 9874: 9806: 9689: 9626: 9485: 9354: 9109: 9051: 8649: 8637: 8613: 8520: 8486: 8459: 8366: 8354: 8339: 8312:. Yale University Press. p. 131. 8259: 8247: 7987: 7818: 7769: 7745: 7730: 7603: 7477: 7465: 7431: 7367: 7332: 7315: 7198:Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (1974). 6844: 6827: 6806: 6594:and other languages. According to the 6535: 5871:1328–1347 and 1744–1745), Habsburger ( 4080: 3999:After Ferdinand died in 1564, his son 3444:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 2209:. In 962, Otto was crowned emperor by 2197:In 951, Otto came to the aid of Queen 2077:Around 900, East Francia's autonomous 953:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 18534: 18221: 17674: 17648: 17025: 15531: 15518: 15227: 14967: 14666: 14617: 14472: 14311: 14252: 13921: 13699: 13482: 13468:. Central European University Press. 13348: 13287: 13264: 13178: 13118: 13032: 12987: 12910: 12582: 12520: 12462: 12304: 12237: 12072:. Universal-Publishers. p. 202. 11862: 11598: 11559: 11494: 11391: 11319: 11292:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 58. 11159: 11125: 11079: 11044:(in German). Böhlau Verlag: 421–432. 10748: 10735:(The empire without a capital?), in: 10528: 10420: 10294: 9599: 9528: 9500: 9451: 9424:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 79. 9390: 9378: 9366: 9339: 9293: 9189: 8837:. Ed. Atlantic-Forum. 1966. p. 9 8729: 8695: 8588: 8083: 8077: 8041: 7999: 7975: 7963: 7951: 7900: 7757: 7700: 7688: 7634: 7446: 7303: 7083: 6813: 6704: 6234:Isabella II (or Yolande) of Jerusalem 5879:1438–1576, 1611–1740 and 1745–1806). 5377: 4200:. "Mediatization" was the process of 4188:was the series of mediatizations and 3938:Pomerania during the Early Modern Age 3041:Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages 2783: 2595:, a far-reaching constitutional act. 2284:In 996 Otto III appointed his cousin 1874: 19772: 14377:(Manchester University Press, 1995). 13870:] (in German). Vol. Bd. 3 ( 13665:(in French). Paris: Honoré Champion. 13564: 13151: 12065: 11739:Geschichte des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt 10955: 10940: 10827: 10594: 10303:(17–18 / 2000 (9th year)): 155–162. 10156:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 9671:from the original on 24 October 2021 9614: 8770:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 173. 8767:Apocalyptic in History and Tradition 8699:Nomads and Crusaders, A.D. 1000–1368 8165: 8065: 7481:Europe: the World of the Middle Ages 6661: 6627:According to the perspective of the 6180: 6105:. Since 1508 (emperor Maximilian I) 5694:As part of the Imperial Reform, six 5647:The Empire also had two courts: the 4161:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 3228:. The medieval idea of unifying all 2754:ecclesiastical princes: in the 1220 2671:monastic state of the Teutonic Order 2292:to revolt. Otto III's former mentor 2042:and the Eastern Frankish Kingdom or 1869: 230:Coronation of the Holy Roman emperor 27:European political entity (800–1806) 18423:Church and state in medieval Europe 18182:History of the Mediterranean region 17629: 17074:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 14342:The Holy Roman Empire, Reconsidered 13809:Rothstein, Stanley William (1995). 13007:The Civilization of the Middle Ages 12898:from the original on 5 October 2021 12435:. Fordham Univ Press. p. 255. 12403: 11036:Haemers, Jelle (5 September 2022). 10922:from the original on 9 October 2022 10595:Asch, Ronald G. (28 October 2021). 10540: 9738: 7347:The Holy Roman Empire, Reconsidered 7169:Buchmann, Bertrand Michael (2002). 6173:before it was moved permanently to 6078:before it was moved permanently to 5681: 5160:(imperial estate) if, according to 5113: 3664: 3309:, in 1497 Maximilian establish the 3030: 2968:at the expense of the aristocratic 2357: 1047:of all Europe's Catholic monarchs. 24: 17166:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 14277: 14253:Žůrek, Václav (31 December 2014). 13372:Evans, Schaich & Wilson (2011) 12338: 11286:Isom-Verhaaren, Christine (2011). 7449:"History of the Holy Roman Empire" 6937:"Charlemagne | Holy Roman emperor" 5606: 5208:The scattered estates of the free 5110:and by the princes of the Empire. 4385:Electorate of Brandenburg: 350,000 4300:in 1815, following the end of the 3934:Germany in the early modern period 3773:Flemish revolts against Maximilian 3290:. A new organ was introduced, the 3177: 2948:Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire 2469:made that region German-speaking. 2160:Formation of the Holy Roman Empire 1997:. Charlemagne adopted the formula 25: 19961: 19744:Western European and Others Group 18390:Norman conquest of southern Italy 17596:Historiography in the Middle Ages 14449:Heraldry of the Holy Roman Empire 14413: 14401:(3rd ed. 2003). pp. 374–426. 13633:. In Jones, Michael C. E. (ed.). 10792:. London: Routledge. p. 67. 9705:Burdick, William Livesey (2004). 7579:. Greenhaven Publishing. p. 7406:. 9 November 2009. Archived from 6706:[ˈhaɪlɪɡəsˈʁøːmɪʃəsˈʁaɪç] 6109:took place in Frankfurt am Main, 5735:Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire) 5539:Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire) 4975:was officially recognized in the 4623: 4443:4 million Prussian subjects; 4169:The Holy Roman Empire before the 3927: 3842:, in conjunction with his mother 3496: 3479:the first modern one in the world 2347:and raised to a kingdom in 1198), 2182:The Holy Roman Empire during the 1915:and his successors, consolidated 1306:the loss of Franche-Comté in 1678 594:is crowned Emperor of the Romans 19920:History of Catholicism in Europe 19875:1806 disestablishments in Europe 19832: 19815: 19798: 19781: 18513: 18167:Bibliography of European history 17762:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 17628: 17619: 17618: 17608: 15499: 15498: 14950: 14649: 14555: 14187:The International History Review 13214:The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 12970:Nuremberg: The imaginary capital 12884:. Routledge. pp. 120, 121. 12824:. Vol. 1. New York: Algora. 12715: 12681: 12656: 12610: 12576: 12552:Lineages of the Absolutist State 12542: 12456: 12422: 12397: 12351: 12332: 12298: 12255: 12174:. Clarendon Press. p. 120. 12161: 12127: 12093: 12059: 11890: 11856: 11822: 11791:. 18 August 2016. Archived from 11729: 11359: 11320:Renna, Thomas (September 2015). 11313: 11279: 11245: 11199: 11153: 11119: 11073: 11029: 10995: 10961: 10899:The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 10889: 10868:. Springer Nature. p. 116. 10855: 10821: 10776: 10742: 10725: 10679: 10633: 10588: 10534: 10497: 10448: 10414: 10288: 10249: 10223: 10177: 10143: 10109: 10075: 10041: 10016: 9982: 9948: 9914: 9868: 9834: 9800: 9766: 9732: 9698: 9692:The Othering of the Landsknechte 9683: 9644: 9452:Smith, William Bradford (2008). 9445: 9411: 9384: 9299: 9253: 9183: 9137: 9103: 9069: 8883: 8849: 8825: 8791: 7870:Warfare in Tenth-Century Germany 7550:. Taylor & Francis. p. 7055: 6910: 6881: 6859: 6850: 6833: 6400: 6386: 6372: 6268:and the Habsburgs. It was under 6255:), including Italy and Bohemia ( 5630: 5615: 4761:(now Strasbourg) 20,000 people. 4069: 3704: 3673: 3434:Personification of the Reich as 2145:Liudolfing (or Ottonian) dynasty 1823: 1809: 1348: 1181:in ruling the Empire due to the 997:more than three centuries after 929: 915: 901: 887: 873: 859: 845: 831: 806: 792: 778: 182: 155: 132: 18192:History of Western civilization 17795:Christianity in the Middle Ages 17094:Christianity in the Middle Ages 17089:Decline of Hellenistic religion 14158:The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806 13995:International Studies Quarterly 13547:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia 13544:Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). 13216:. US: Oxford University Press. 13152:Erbe, Michael (2000). "Urban". 12973:. Rochester, NY: Camden House. 12722:Dandelet, Thomas James (2014). 8757: 8723: 8689: 8655: 8582: 8548: 8514: 8480: 8462:"Otto I. – Deutsche Biographie" 8453: 8401:Geanakoplos, Deno John (1979). 8394: 8360: 8299: 8265: 8224:Taylor & Hansen-Taylor 1894 8212:Taylor & Hansen-Taylor 1894 8200:Taylor & Hansen-Taylor 1894 8159: 8125: 7901:Brown, Warren (February 2015). 7894: 7860: 7787: 7568: 7539: 7505: 7471: 7392: 7338: 7250: 7216: 7191: 7162: 7133: 7104: 6753: 6674: 6621: 6541: 6202:Imperial families and dynasties 5672:immediate tenants of the Empire 5251:and a half million people. The 5149:"). An entity was considered a 5042: 4376:Electorate of Saxony: 1,200,000 4351: 4076:18th-century history of Germany 2822:Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire) 2391: 2331:(part of the empire since 962), 2260: 2123: 2046:, with first the western king ( 1617:German revolutions of 1848–1849 18477:Separation of church and state 18036:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 17979:Christianity in the modern era 17750:Christianity in late antiquity 17372:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 14370:(Gotham Books, New York, 1985) 14289:. Cambridge University Press. 13586:Kurian, George Thomas (2010). 13489:. Cambridge University Press. 13318:Gumpelzhaimer, H.S.G. (1796). 12850:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). 11519:Puga, Diego; Trefler, Daniel, 10048:Strieder, Peter (8 May 2017). 9690:Hodnet, Andrew Arthur (2018). 9260:Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2015). 9076:Boettcher, Carl-Heinz (2005). 9064:Hunyadi & Laszlovszky 2001 8696:Lewis, Archibald Ross (1988). 8029:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 7484:. Prentice-Hall. p. 418. 7379:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 7049: 7027: 7005: 6968: 6942:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 6929: 6740:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 6481:Succession of the Roman Empire 6416:Family tree of German monarchs 5651:(also known in English as the 5394:crown of the Holy Roman Empire 5323:Other secular prince-electors 4137:War of the Austrian Succession 4064:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3682:wooden city model made in 1563 3579:as transit stations for their 2922:Changes in political structure 2815: 2761:Frederick gave up a number of 2438: 13: 1: 18187:History of the European Union 17546:Disability in the Middle Ages 17219:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 17151:Rise of the Venetian Republic 14199:10.1080/07075332.2006.9641109 14137:. Vol. II. Oxford: OUP. 14023:Tellier, Luc-Normand (2009). 13835:The Journal of Modern History 13654:Dictionary of World Biography 13309:Garipzanov, Ildar H. (2008). 13269:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 13108:de Las Cases, E.A.D. (1824). 12911:Brady, Thomas A. Jr. (2009). 12873:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 12852:The Origins of Modern Germany 12820:Avakov, Alexander V. (2015). 12803:10.1017/CHOL9780521414111.016 12469:. Basic Books. p. 1737. 11866:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 11252:MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2005). 10783:Thompson, William R. (2000). 9397:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 9144:Koenigsberger, H. G. (2014). 8856:Emmerson, Richard K. (2013). 8592:Mores Catholici: Books VII–IX 7140:Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2021). 6773:. Fordham.edu. Archived from 6632: 6486: 5875:1355–1437 and 1576–1611; and 5741:Army of the Holy Roman Empire 5729:Army of the Holy Roman Empire 5558: 5244: 5015:, and multiple other groups. 4382:Electoral Palatinate: 600,000 4356: 4338:Principality of Liechtenstein 4129:War of the Spanish Succession 4052:Army of the Holy Roman Empire 3849:In 1519, already reigning as 3838:, a union which evolved into 3795:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 3375:. The top right corner shows 2980:and the emergence of the new 2772:Statutum in favorem principum 1935:rulers. In 751, Martel's son 1890: 1288:and splintered into numerous 1193:) is the shortening of this. 576:crowned Emperor of the Romans 199: 143: 18368:First Council of the Lateran 18303:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 14957:Free Imperial Cities by 1792 14439:Resources in other libraries 14116:. Vol. I. Oxford: OUP. 13670:McBrien, Richard P. (2000). 13629:Legauy, Jean Pierre (1995). 13457:. Harcourt brace Jovanovich. 13332:The Rise and Fall of Prussia 12617:Ninness, Richard J. (2020). 12555:. Verso Books. p. 303. 12429:Leustean, Lucian N. (2014). 11897:Patrouch, Joseph F. (2010). 10974:. Edward Elgar. p. 48. 10455:Headrick, Daniel R. (2000). 9924:An Encyclopedia of Occultism 9841:Mousourakis, George (2017). 8589:Digby, Kenelm Henry (1891). 8436:"Otto I – Legacy Britannica" 8407:. D. C. Heath. p. 207. 6923: 6089:and anointed by the Pope in 4757:(now Gdańsk) 20,000 people. 4133:War of the Polish Succession 3619:Perpetual Diet of Regensburg 3450:, being carried in front of 3381:Von der Arztney bayder Glück 2972:that would characterize the 2901:Henry, Archbishop of Cologne 2396:, crowned emperor in 1084). 277:, it became the seat of the 265:(Connected to the Empire by 7: 19915:Former monarchies of Europe 18363:First Battle of Langensalza 18308:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 18146:Russian invasion of Ukraine 17757:Crisis of the Third Century 15557: 15211:Member or associate of the 14667: 14388:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara 14368:Germany: A Complete History 14242:Zeumern, Karl, ed. (1908), 13510:. Oxford University Press. 13304:. Indiana University Press. 13300:Gagliardo, John H. (1980). 13295:. Harvard University Press. 13134:Die deutschen Königspfalzen 12967:Brockmann, Stephen (2006). 12691:Isabella: The Warrior Queen 12364:. Oxford University Press. 11724:Corvisier & Childs 1994 10190:. Oxford University Press. 10062:10.11588/azgnm.1954.0.38143 9639:Berenger & Simpson 2014 8367:Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). 8272:Bernhardt, John W. (2002). 8132:Chambers, Mortimer (1974). 7867:Bachrach, David S. (2014). 6365: 6093:, among some exceptions in 5867:1220–1254), Wittelsbacher ( 5863:, from 955), Frederick II ( 5705:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 5472:Count Palatine of the Rhine 4937: 3779:Reformation and Renaissance 2860:, who was supported by the 2624:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 2105:died without issue in 911, 2000:Renovatio imperii Romanorum 1976:patriarch of Constantinople 1074:Name and general perception 414:(administrative/liturgical/ 273:of the hereditary title of 10: 19966: 18263:Atto (archbishop of Milan) 18202:Military history of Europe 18197:Maritime history of Europe 17347:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 13940:Waterloo Historical Review 13738:American Historical Review 13527:"Heiliges Römisches Reich" 13379:Herrmann, Joachim (1970). 13114:. Vol. 3. H. Colburn. 13024:Cipolla, Carlo M. (1981). 12772:Angermeier, Heinz (1984). 12764: 12623:. Routledge. p. 106. 12140:. JHU Press. p. 102. 11086:. Routledge. p. 103. 11008:. Routledge. p. 148. 10968:Poitras, Geoffrey (2000). 10733:Das Reich ohne Hauptstadt? 10601:Early Modern Court Culture 10150:Albert, Rabil Jr. (2016). 9955:Palgrave, Francis (2013). 9875:Zoller, Élisabeth (2008). 9847:. Routledge. p. 435. 9418:Wilson, Peter H. (2016b). 9391:Drees, Clayton J. (2000). 9266:. McFarland. p. 116. 9150:. Routledge. p. 105. 8862:. Routledge. p. 497. 8668:. Routledge. p. 119. 8466:www.deutsche-biographie.de 7349:. Berghahn Books. p. 6270:Sigismund of the Luxemburg 6205: 5732: 5726: 5536: 5504:Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 5381: 5306:Brandenburg Hohenzollerns 5241:Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 5175:. In the common case of a 5117: 4564:Duchy of Milan (Austrian) 4306:North German Confederation 4279:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 4271:Confederation of the Rhine 4158: 4084: 4073: 4009:classical Greek philosophy 3941: 3931: 3792: 3782: 3426:National political culture 3303:To create a rival for the 3209:) became a social factor. 3181: 3149:to his own sons. In 1312, 3034: 2925: 2819: 2442: 2366: 2265:) adopted the designation 1878: 1622:North German Confederation 1592:Confederation of the Rhine 1319: 1253:meaning empire), with the 1148:In a decree following the 1077: 1068:Confederation of the Rhine 827:Confederation of the Rhine 429:Various official religions 38: 31: 19925:History of Central Europe 19514:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 19494: 19412: 19249: 19084: 18955:Standard Average European 18823: 18652: 18572: 18508: 18490: 18410: 18380:Saxon revolt of 1077–1088 18331: 18255: 18172:Genetic history of Europe 18154: 17959: 17775: 17715: 17682: 17604: 17533: 17392: 17287: 17274:Mongol invasion of Europe 17179: 17059: 16993: 16945: 16462: 15866: 15565: 15525: 15520:Links to related articles 15494: 15261: 15195: 14978: 14963: 14948: 14673: 14662: 14595: 14564: 14553: 14514: 14434:Resources in your library 14285:Arnold, Benjamin (1991). 14223:Wilson, Peter H. (2016). 14214:Wilson, Peter H. (2009). 14176:Wilson, Peter H. (2004). 14161:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 14131:Whaley, Joachim (2012b). 14110:Whaley, Joachim (2012a). 13922:Smith, Preserved (1920). 13862:Schulze, Hans K. (1998). 13765:. ABC-CLIO. p. 143. 13732:Parker, Geoffrey (2008). 13711:Mullett, Michael (2010). 13455:Europe in the Middle Ages 13381:Die Slawen in Deutschland 13077:Curtis, Benjamin (2013). 12589:. Routledge. p. 50. 12262:Populer, Michèle (1993). 11835:. Routledge. p. 25. 11829:Benecke, Gerhard (2019). 11736:Tullner, Mathias (2013). 11338:10.7245/0026-2005-42.1.60 11160:Nexon, Daniel H. (2009). 11050:10.7767/9783205216032.421 10646:. ABC-CLIO. p. 133. 10421:Scott, Hamish M. (2015). 10029:. D. Appleton. p. 43 9779:. Routledge. p. 12. 9773:Thornhill, Chris (2007). 9306:Mahoney, William (2011). 8527:. Springer. p. 153. 8487:Davids, Adelbert (2002). 8373:. ABC-CLIO. p. 412. 7575:Streissguth, Tom (2009). 6989:10.1515/9783486992878-003 6729:, none termed themselves 5554:Codex Balduini Trevirorum 5482:, and the archbishops of 5020:cuius regio, eius religio 4913:(now Strasbourg) 25,000. 4843:(now Strasbourg) 20,000. 4467:Duchy of Milan (Spanish) 4220:in 1803 in the so-called 4216:been seized by the great 4054:, led by the Polish King 3137:The kings beginning with 2718:and Henry the Lion's son 2115:Rex Francorum Orientalium 1131:("Christian empire"), or 1096:Historiography of Germany 757: 734: 730: 720: 710: 706: 701: 693: 688: 684: 671: 658: 645: 632: 619: 602: 585: 565: 561: 547: 537: 533: 520: 508: 496: 483: 479: 469: 450: 424: 403: 269:after the inheritance by 209: 191: 173: 128: 123: 48: 19654:Lancaster House Treaties 19144:Christian existentialism 19104:Ancient Roman philosophy 19094:Ancient Greek philosophy 18283:Gotofredo da Castiglione 14404:Zophy, Jonathan W., ed. 14082:Whaley, Joachim (2011). 13931:Szepesi, Istvan (2015). 13703:Lexikon des Mittelalters 13685:. Taylor & Francis. 13679:McKitterick, R. (2018). 13661:Malettke, Klaus (2001). 13565:Kohn, George C. (2006). 13504:Johnson, Lonnie (1996). 13388:Hirschi, Caspar (2005). 13340:Hanlon, Gregory (2014). 13154:Die Habsburger 1493–1918 13126:. Yale University Press. 12832:"Imperial Chamber" 12778:(in German). C.H. Beck. 12688:Downey, Kirstin (2014). 12549:Anderson, Perry (2013). 12358:Whaley, Joachim (2018). 12032:, pp. 122–123, 132. 11869:. F. Watts. p. 74. 11258:. Penguin. p. 362. 11126:Tracy, James D. (2018). 10230:Whaley, Joachim (2009). 10116:Brandt, Bettina (2010). 10082:Hirschi, Caspar (2011). 9501:Tracy, James D. (2016). 9312:. ABC-CLIO. p. 51. 9147:Medieval Europe 400–1500 8896:. Springer. p. 35. 8730:Fried, Johannes (2015). 8595:. P. O'Shea. p. 939 8236:Hoyt & Chodorow 1976 8166:Witt, Ronald G. (2012). 6698:Heiliges Römisches Reich 6538:, pp. 122–123, 132) 6491: 6380:Holy Roman Empire portal 5352:217,653 km (31.7%) 5349:226,278 km (32.9%) 5346:235,628 km (34.3%) 5343:302,146 km (44.0%) 5335:121,988 km (17.7%) 5332:123,153 km (17.9%) 5329:122,823 km (17.9%) 5318:131,822 km (19.2%) 5315:124,122 km (18.1%) 5301:215,875 km (31.4%) 5298:213,785 km (31.1%) 5295:251,185 km (36.5%) 5292:225,390 km (32.8%) 4588:Duchy of Parma-Piacenza 4499:Duchy of Parma-Piacenza 4291:aftermath of World War I 3952:Catholic League (German) 3410:, or Secret Tribunal of 3266:Creation of institutions 3003:In the 12th century the 2940:Swabian League of Cities 2050:) and then the eastern ( 1990:toward the new power of 963:, usually headed by the 675:Abdication of Francis II 84:Holy Roman Empire of the 70:Heiliges Römisches Reich 39:Not to be confused with 19432:Equality before the law 18639:Romano-Germanic culture 18353:Donation of Constantine 18249:Investiture Controversy 18177:History of Christianity 17229:Investiture Controversy 17199:Second Bulgarian Empire 14408:(Greenwood Press, 1980) 14008:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 13483:Innes, Matthew (2000). 13099:Davies, Norman (1996). 12842:Encyclopædia Britannica 12829:Barker, Ernest (1911). 12533:Evans & Wilson 2012 12463:Simms, Brendan (2013). 12410:(Thesis). pp. 1–39 12311:. Tektime. p. 85. 12305:Amati, Roberto (2022). 12100:Houben, Hubert (2002). 11080:Smith, Alan K. (2019). 10731:Karl Otmar von Aretin: 10609:10.4324/9780429277986-3 10387:Metzig, Gregor (2016). 10309:10.1515/jbgsg-2018-0014 9538:Ágoston, Gábor (2021). 9040:Smail & Gibson 2009 9002:Encyclopædia Britannica 8555:MacLean, Simon (2017). 8306:Wickham, Chris (2016). 7478:Peters, Edward (1977). 6685:Sacrum Romanum Imperium 6629:Eastern Orthodox Church 6291:Elizabeth of Luxembourg 5934:) resided variously in 5722: 5707:were excluded, as were 5699:parliament, known as a 5480:Margrave of Brandenburg 5326:89,333 km (13.1%) 5312:77,702 km (11.3%) 5309:70,469 km (10.2%) 5100:Investiture Controversy 4596:Duchy of Modena-Reggio 4572:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4507:Duchy of Modena-Reggio 4491:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4105:Austro-Prussian rivalry 4087:Austro-Prussian rivalry 2958:Schedelsche Weltchronik 2383:Investiture Controversy 2369:Investiture Controversy 2363:Investiture Controversy 2056:Carolingian Renaissance 1228:Römisch-Deutsches Reich 1092:Problem of two emperors 1009:was crowned emperor by 959:in Central and Western 310:(1550s–1583, 1612–1806) 300:and the Court Chancery 56:Sacrum Imperium Romanum 19594:Eastern European Group 19183:Continental philosophy 19114:Judeo-Christian ethics 19099:Hellenistic philosophy 18580:Cradle of civilization 18520:Catholicism portal 18001:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 17586:Post-classical history 17342:Fall of Constantinople 17249:Capet–Plantagenet feud 17116:First Bulgarian Empire 13908:How to See the Vatican 13751:10.1086/ahr.113.4.1053 13652:Magill, Frank (1998). 13390:Wettkampf der Nationen 13186:. OUP Oxford. p. 13050:Collins, Paul (2014). 12583:Zmora, Hillay (2002). 12066:Ertl, Alan W. (2008). 11817:Pavlac & Lott 2019 11206:Holborn, Hajo (1982). 9921:Spence, Lewis (1993). 9657:. Brill. p. 298. 9583:Pavlac & Lott 2019 9190:Grant, Jeanne (2014). 9178:Pavlac & Lott 2019 8804:. Brill. p. 100. 8460:Biographie, Deutsche. 8138:. Knopf. p. 204. 8135:The Western Experience 7843:Jorio & Braun 2016 7289:Pavlac & Lott 2019 7099:Pavlac & Lott 2019 6736:"Nature of the empire" 6733:until Otto II in 983. 6697: 6684: 6340:Burgundian Netherlands 6314: 6264: 6253:Német-római Császárság 6221: 5844: 5836:Vienna, circa 1580 by 5828:Administrative centres 5820: 5801: 5783: 5774: 5763: 5753: 5691: 5565: 5400: 5263:, at least nominally. 5227: 5156: 5141: 4959: 4909:(now Wrocław) 40,000. 4827:(now Wrocław) 25,000. 4434:Treaty of Campo Fornio 4430:Left Bank of the Rhine 4308:, a forerunner of the 4250: 4174: 4116: 3980: 3968: 3824:Ferdinand II of Aragon 3819: 3811: 3748:Kaiserliche Reichspost 3513: 3455: 3395: 3359:Reception of Roman law 3342:Paul von Liechtenstein 3279: 3256:Berthold von Henneberg 3220:) ended only with the 3198: 3068: 3060: 2961: 2837: 2736: 2683: 2500: 2488: 2412: 2405:illuminated manuscript 2337:(from 962 until 1801), 2245:Matilda of Quedlinburg 2194: 2186: 2175: 1896: 1719: 1605: 1474:Linear Pottery culture 1261:as the "Third" Reich. 1237: 1227: 1217: 1190: 1170: 1162: 1114:Frederick I Barbarossa 967:. It developed in the 395:Imperial Chamber Court 105: 91: 69: 55: 19905:Former confederations 19895:Christian terminology 19714:Three Seas Initiative 19689:Pacific Islands Forum 19554:British–Irish Council 19302:Greek Orthodox Church 18761:Industrial Revolution 18731:Scientific Revolution 18438:Divine right of kings 18323:Rudolf of Rheinfelden 18081:Industrial Revolution 16970:Medieval great powers 14317:The Holy Roman Empire 12994:The Holy Roman Empire 12394:, pp. 18–19, 69. 11903:. Brill. p. 11. 9881:. Brill. p. 64. 9807:Haivry, Ofir (2017). 7907:Early Medieval Europe 6312: 6250: 6219: 6136:) was established in 6128:In December 1497 the 5921:deliberative assembly 5835: 5733:Further information: 5689: 5546: 5398:Schatzkammer (Vienna) 5391: 4969:was always Catholic. 4945: 4244: 4168: 4135:(1733–1735), and the 4102: 4085:Further information: 3975:The Empire after the 3974: 3965:Emperor Maximilian II 3963: 3942:Further information: 3817: 3802: 3783:Further information: 3552:Palace of Westminster 3504: 3433: 3366: 3273: 3240:was urgently needed. 3216:and the "legitimate" 3191: 3066: 3053: 3035:Further information: 2956:An illustration from 2955: 2926:Further information: 2829: 2802:Golden Bull of Sicily 2728: 2703:Richard the Lionheart 2494: 2480: 2402: 2229:Matilda of Ringelheim 2192: 2181: 2167: 1888: 1400:Territorial evolution 1191:Német-római Birodalom 1078:Further information: 1023:House of Hohenstaufen 869:Old Swiss Confederacy 608:assumes crown of the 404:Common languages 165:(15th-century design) 18:The Holy Roman Empire 19950:Western Christianity 19709:Special Relationship 19119:Christian philosophy 19064:Western Christianity 18726:Age of Enlightenment 18600:Hellenistic Kingdoms 18433:College of Cardinals 18273:Antipope Clement III 18136:European debt crisis 18131:European integration 18071:Age of Enlightenment 17911:Republic of Florence 17566:Medieval reenactment 17362:Renaissance Humanism 17269:Medieval Warm Period 17239:Republic of Florence 17053:European Middle Ages 16980:European colonialism 16965:Ancient great powers 14913:Weißenburg in Bayern 14645:Free imperial cities 14397:Treasure, Geoffrey. 14373:Hahn, Hans Joachim. 13329:Haffner, S. (2019). 13265:Flood, John (2011). 13208:; Schaich, Michael; 13033:Claus, Edda (1997). 13009:. Harper Perennial. 12869:Benecke, G. (1974). 11863:Grant, Neil (1970). 11326:Michigan Academician 10809:on 19 September 2013 10531:, pp. 110, 128. 9739:Lee, Daniel (2016). 9196:. Brill. p. 8. 8890:Muldoon, J. (1999). 8092:Bryce, pp. 44, 50–52 7990:, pp. 232, 234. 7799:lexikon.katolikus.hu 7703:, pp. 128, 129. 7518:. Isd. p. 126. 7258:Johnston, William M. 6895:) and Italian (e.g. 6889:Austrian Netherlands 6644:Patriarchate of Rome 6636:Great Schism of 1054 6287:Albert II of Germany 5462:, which limited the 5340:Other German rulers 5199:Free imperial cities 5173:prince of the Church 5005:Schwarzenau Brethren 4396:and Duchy of Milan. 4298:German Confederation 4263:Battle of Austerlitz 4247:Battle of Austerlitz 4186:German mediatization 4179:revolutionary France 3695:and now kept in the 3645:from 1871, when the 3603:Archduchy of Austria 3448:Triumphal Procession 3222:Council of Constance 3021:Free imperial cities 2866:Alfonso X of Castile 2844:(died 1254) and the 2748:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2665:to Christianize the 2581:Corpus Juris Civilis 2526:Frederick Barbarossa 2482:Frederick Barbarossa 2473:Hohenstaufen dynasty 2353:(from 1032 to 1378). 2221:Ottonian Renaissance 1956:Leo III the Isaurian 1948:Byzantine domination 1736:Expulsion of Germans 1702:Contemporary Germany 1600:German Confederation 1314:German Confederation 1129:imperium christianum 1003:Western Roman Empire 982:On 25 December 800, 951:, also known as the 662:Battle of Austerlitz 34:HRE (disambiguation) 19900:Early modern period 19734:West Nordic Council 19599:Eastern Partnership 19188:Analytic philosophy 18889:Classical tradition 18711:Early modern period 18667:Classical antiquity 18662:European Bronze Age 18101:Revolutions of 1848 18031:Early modern France 17812:Anglo-Saxon England 17717:Classical antiquity 17279:Kingdom of Portugal 17146:Old Church Slavonic 17131:Anglo-Saxon England 16975:Modern great powers 15255:Holy Roman emperors 15178:Weißenburg in Elsaß 14366:Donaldson, George. 13717:. Scarecrow Press. 13592:. Scarecrow Press. 13396:: Wallstein Verlag. 13232:Evans, Robert J. W. 13206:Evans, Robert J. W. 13180:Evans, Robert J. W. 13101:A History of Europe 12950:Amberley Publishing 12758:, pp. ii–IA29. 12653:, pp. ii–IA30. 11676:, pp. 393–399. 11628:, pp. 624–625. 11537:on 3 September 2015 10958:, pp. 188–189. 10943:, pp. 189–191. 10828:Ertl, Alan (2007). 8980:, pp. 123–134. 8956:, pp. 122–124. 8929:, pp. 101–134. 8652:, pp. 215–217. 8521:Jansen, S. (2002). 8342:, pp. 214–215. 8262:, pp. 212–213. 8068:, pp. 113–114. 7966:, pp. 167–170. 7691:, pp. 104–106. 7468:, pp. 316–317. 7447:Gascoigne, Bamber. 7434:, pp. 212–215. 7410:on 6 September 2022 7375:"Holy Roman Empire" 6596:Golden Bull of 1356 6354:'s Spanish Empire. 6282:Kingdom of Burgundy 6251:Holy Roman Empire ( 6212:Empire of Charles V 6146:Reichskammergericht 5859:from 794), Otto I ( 5658:Reichskammergericht 5623:Reichskammergericht 5597:Peace of Westphalia 5578:Council of Electors 5568:The Imperial Diet ( 5289:Austrian Habsburgs 5268: 5257:Spanish Netherlands 5126:Peace of Westphalia 5104:Peace of Westphalia 4985:Peace of Westphalia 4544: 4455: 4283:Emperors of Austria 4267:Treaty of Pressburg 4107:illustrated as the 4081:Prussia and Austria 4028:Peace of Westphalia 3977:Peace of Westphalia 3625:from 1663 to 1806. 3593:. It was only King 3522:Empire of Charles V 3369:Philip the Handsome 3306:Reichskammergericht 3293:Reichskammergericht 3155:House of Luxembourg 3139:Rudolf I of Germany 3081:Golden Bull of 1356 2912:Henry of Luxembourg 2889:Philip IV of France 2870:Rudolf I of Germany 2858:Richard of Cornwall 2730:Caesar Frederick II 2699:Constance of Sicily 2631:eastward settlement 2351:Kingdom of Burgundy 2267:imperator Romanorum 2111:Conrad of Franconia 2069:, who died in 924. 2067:Berengar I of Italy 1550:Early Modern period 1537:Eastward settlement 1310:Peace of Westphalia 1223:Roman-German Empire 973:dissolution in 1806 883:Kingdom of Sardinia 636:Peace of Westphalia 610:Kingdom of Burgundy 556:early modern period 378:perpetual from 1663 19870:962 establishments 19193:Post-structuralism 19156:Christian humanism 18786:Universal suffrage 18341:Concordat of Worms 18313:Matilda of Tuscany 18298:Henry I of England 18207:Crusading movement 18111:Russian Revolution 17946:Hundred Years' War 17842:Maritime republics 17745:Early Christianity 17735:Hellenistic period 17692:Paleolithic Europe 17460:In popular culture 17425:Crusading movement 17297:Hundred Years' War 17156:Civitas Schinesghe 17141:Carolingian Empire 17126:Kingdom of Croatia 17079:Barbarian kingdoms 14971:imperial immediacy 14344:. Berghahn Books. 13985:(September 1997). 13969:on 17 October 2021 13952:10.15353/whr.v7.33 13614:. Stroud: Sutton. 13568:Dictionary of Wars 13349:Hardy, D. (2018). 12668:networks.h-net.org 12404:Wanders, Patrick. 12339:Irgang, Winfried. 11770:Ehlers et al. 2016 11638:Gumpelzhaimer 1796 11528:Venice Seminar MIT 10547:Networks.h-net.org 10509:networks.h-net.org 10323:on 23 January 2008 10295:Wiesinger, Peter. 10236:Networks.h-net.org 10056:: 128–142 Seiten. 9342:, pp. 73, 74. 8558:Ottonian Queenship 8440:www.britannica.com 7919:10.1111/emed.12090 7318:, pp. v–xxvi. 6759:"transfer of rule" 6394:Middle Ages portal 6315: 6265: 6222: 6107:Imperial elections 5944:Ingelheim am Rhein 5845: 5805:) of the Emperor. 5692: 5582:Council of Princes 5566: 5405:King of the Romans 5401: 5384:King of the Romans 5378:King of the Romans 5266: 4967:Holy Roman Emperor 4960: 4946:Front page of the 4604:Republic of Lucca 4580:Republic of Genoa 4542: 4523:Republic of Lucca 4483:Republic of Genoa 4453: 4251: 4218:territorial states 4177:From 1792 onward, 4175: 4117: 4091:Kingdom of Prussia 3981: 3969: 3863:Philip II of Spain 3820: 3812: 3808:Holy Roman Emperor 3789:German Renaissance 3534:Philip II of Spain 3514: 3510:Holy Roman Emperor 3475:Frederick the Wise 3456: 3396: 3280: 3199: 3193:Holy Roman Emperor 3069: 3061: 3055:Holy Roman Emperor 2976:. The rise of the 2962: 2944:Imperial immediacy 2850:William of Holland 2838: 2790:Kingdom of Bohemia 2784:Kingdom of Bohemia 2737: 2734:Holy Roman Emperor 2684:Deutschordensstaat 2604:Pope Alexander III 2600:the Duchy of Milan 2501: 2489: 2486:Holy Roman Emperor 2459:Duchy of Pomerania 2433:Concordat of Worms 2413: 2343:(from 1002 as the 2341:Kingdom of Bohemia 2329:Kingdom of Germany 2216:translatio imperii 2207:Battle of Lechfeld 2195: 2187: 2176: 2036:Treaty of Ribemont 2032:Treaty of Meerssen 1897: 1881:Carolingian Empire 1875:Carolingian Empire 1830:History portal 1816:Germany portal 1567:Kingdom of Prussia 1527:Kingdom of Germany 1499:Barbarian kingdoms 1138:translatio imperii 1087:Translatio imperii 1045:first among equals 1032:translatio imperii 1015:Carolingian Empire 965:Holy Roman Emperor 955:after 1512, was a 855:Kingdom of Prussia 814:Carolingian Empire 19860:Holy Roman Empire 19768:Holy Roman Empire 19763: 19762: 19757: 19756: 19584:Council of Europe 19486:International law 19439:Constitutionalism 19297:Eastern Orthodoxy 18803:Post–Cold War era 18736:Age of Revolution 18590:Greco-Roman world 18528: 18527: 18470:Donation of Pepin 18450:Holy Roman Empire 18428:Clerical celibacy 18268:Pope Callixtus II 18215: 18214: 18141:COVID-19 pandemic 18086:French Revolution 18061:Habsburg monarchy 18041:Cossack Hetmanate 18021:Portuguese Empire 18011:Absolute monarchy 18006:Thirty Years' War 17901:Holy Roman Empire 17826:Bulgarian Empire 17785:Early Middle Ages 17702:Bronze Age Europe 17676:History of Europe 17642: 17641: 17551:Basic topics list 17352:Swiss mercenaries 17302:Wars of the Roses 17209:Kingdom of Poland 17194:Holy Roman Empire 17061:Early Middle Ages 17019: 17018: 16941: 16940: 16906:Polish–Lithuanian 16081:Gurjara-Pratihara 15512: 15511: 15221: 15220: 15213:Swiss Confederacy 15191: 15190: 14958: 14946: 14945: 14656:Holy Roman Empire 14611: 14610: 14582:Electoral Rhenish 14504:Holy Roman Empire 14425:Holy Roman Empire 14420:Library resources 14351:978-1-8454-5992-5 14296:978-0-5215-2148-2 14268:10.4000/ifha.8045 14261:(in French) (6). 14248:, Hermann Böhlaus 14234:978-0-6740-5809-5 14227:. Belknap Press. 14168:978-1-3492-7649-3 14144:978-0-1996-9307-8 14123:978-0-1987-3101-6 14095:978-0-1916-2822-1 14036:978-2-7605-2209-1 13896:978-1-4426-0126-0 13876:Kohlhammer Verlag 13831:Schindling, Anton 13822:978-0-3132-9102-9 13796:. Mises Institute 13772:978-1-4408-4856-8 13724:978-0-8108-7393-3 13692:978-1-3178-7248-1 13644:978-0-5213-6290-0 13621:978-0-7509-1866-4 13599:978-0-8108-7283-7 13578:978-1-4381-2916-7 13557:978-1-1359-4880-1 13517:978-0-1980-2607-5 13496:978-1-1394-2558-2 13475:978-9-6392-4142-8 13438:978-3-7913-5172-8 13414:978-3-2052-3246-9 13362:978-0-1925-6217-3 13324:(in German). Ulm. 13280:978-3-1109-1274-6 13249:978-9-0042-0683-0 13223:978-0-1996-0297-1 13197:978-0-1992-8144-2 13162:Kohlhammer Verlag 13144:978-3-6473-6523-7 13061:978-1-6103-9368-3 13054:. PublicAffairs. 13016:978-0-0609-2553-6 13003:Cantor, Norman F. 12980:978-1-5711-3345-8 12959:978-1-4456-3845-4 12924:978-1-1394-8115-1 12891:978-1-3178-9570-1 12861:978-0-3933-0153-3 12812:978-0-5214-1411-1 12785:978-3-4063-0278-7 12735:978-0-5217-6993-8 12701:978-0-3855-3412-3 12630:978-1-0002-8502-4 12596:978-1-1347-4798-6 12562:978-1-7816-8010-0 12476:978-0-4650-6595-0 12442:978-0-8232-5608-2 12371:978-0-1910-6563-7 12318:978-8-8354-3496-2 12295:, pp. 18–19. 12216:, pp. 52–53. 12181:978-0-1982-2513-3 12147:978-1-4214-1901-5 12113:978-0-5216-5573-6 12079:978-1-5994-2983-0 11933:, pp. 22–23. 11910:978-9-0041-8030-7 11876:978-0-5310-0937-6 11842:978-1-0000-0840-1 11749:978-3-3229-7346-7 11507:de Las Cases 1824 11418:, pp. 18–23. 11371:de.wikisource.org 11299:978-0-8577-3227-9 11265:978-1-1015-6395-3 11219:978-0-6910-0795-3 11173:978-0-6911-3793-3 11139:978-0-5203-0403-1 11093:978-0-4297-1042-1 11059:978-3-2052-1602-5 11015:978-0-4298-9236-3 10981:978-1-8406-4455-5 10912:978-0-1996-0297-1 10875:978-3-0301-4660-3 10841:978-1-5994-2424-8 10762:978-0-5215-7464-8 10699:978-0-5218-8909-4 10653:978-1-5988-4902-8 10618:978-0-4292-7798-6 10585:, pp. 46–52. 10541:Forster, Marc R. 10468:978-0-1980-3108-6 10434:978-0-1995-9725-3 10400:978-3-1104-5673-8 10358:978-3-6425-4331-9 10269:978-0-5200-9694-3 10197:978-1-8003-4588-1 10163:978-1-5128-0576-5 10129:978-3-5253-6710-0 10095:978-1-1395-0230-6 10002:978-0-8020-8990-8 9968:978-1-1076-2636-2 9934:978-0-8065-1401-7 9911:, pp. 79–81. 9888:978-9-0041-6147-4 9854:978-1-3518-8840-0 9820:978-1-1070-1134-2 9786:978-1-1343-8280-4 9752:978-0-1910-6244-5 9718:978-1-5847-7253-8 9664:978-9-0041-3572-7 9617:, pp. 19–30. 9551:978-0-6912-0538-0 9514:978-1-4422-1360-9 9465:978-1-5804-6274-7 9431:978-0-1419-5691-6 9404:978-1-56750-749-2 9381:, pp. 75–81. 9319:978-0-3133-6306-1 9273:978-1-4766-6230-5 9203:978-9-0042-8326-8 9157:978-1-3178-7088-3 9123:978-3-4065-0958-2 9089:978-3-8611-0390-5 8903:978-0-2305-1223-8 8869:978-1-1367-7518-5 8811:978-9-0474-1467-4 8777:978-0-8264-6208-4 8743:978-0-6747-4467-7 8709:978-0-2533-4787-9 8675:978-1-1347-1985-3 8568:978-0-1988-0010-1 8534:978-0-2306-0211-3 8500:978-0-5215-2467-4 8414:978-0-6690-0868-5 8380:978-1-8510-9672-5 8319:978-0-3002-2221-0 8285:978-0-5215-2183-3 8179:978-0-5217-6474-2 8145:978-0-3943-1806-6 8080:, pp. 62–63. 8044:, pp. 38–42. 8014:, pp. 48–50. 8002:, pp. 35–38. 7880:978-1-8438-3927-9 7784:, pp. 52–55. 7772:, pp. 19–20. 7760:, col. 2025–2028. 7625:, pp. 17–21. 7590:978-0-7377-4636-5 7561:978-1-3170-2200-8 7525:978-2-5035-1815-2 7491:978-0-1329-1898-5 7360:978-1-8454-5992-5 7275:978-0-5200-4955-0 7236:978-0-1910-8838-4 7184:978-3-4865-6541-6 7155:978-3-1107-4443-9 7126:978-3-0006-9644-2 6998:978-3-4869-9287-8 6905:Burgundian Circle 6777:on 14 August 2014 6263:) under Sigismund 6181:Foreign relations 6000:Frankfurt am Main 5802:Kaiserliche Armee 5784:exercitus imperii 5717:Lordship of Jever 5601:Thirty Years' War 5574:Reichsversammlung 5496:Thirty Years' War 5454:In 1356, Emperor 5375: 5374: 5261:Burgundian Circle 5203:Imperial villages 4977:Peace of Augsburg 4952:Roman Catholicism 4948:Peace of Augsburg 4927:Frankfurt am Main 4621: 4620: 4540: 4539: 4394:Burgundian Circle 4364:Thirty Years' War 4204:the lands of one 4194:French Revolution 4139:(1740–1748). The 4131:(1701–1714), the 4095:Habsburg monarchy 4056:John III Sobieski 4017:Thirty Years' War 3956:Thirty Years' War 3918:Peace of Augsburg 3844:Joanna of Castile 3589:were replaced by 3559:Imperial election 3546:Palais de la Cité 3373:Joanna of Castile 2893:Charles of Valois 2835:Holy Roman Church 2740:Pope Innocent III 2720:Otto of Brunswick 2663:Konrad of Masovia 2497:Kingdom of Sicily 2309:died in 1024 and 2294:Antipope John XVI 2237:Adelaide of Italy 2199:Adelaide of Italy 2173:Holy Roman Church 1870:Early Middle Ages 1867: 1866: 1798: 1797: 1692: 1691: 1532:Holy Roman Empire 1409:Holy Roman Empire 969:Early Middle Ages 949:Holy Roman Empire 945: 944: 941: 940: 937: 936: 925:Kingdom of France 819: 818: 628:25 September 1555 623:Peace of Augsburg 522:• 1792–1806 510:• 1519–1556 455:Elective monarchy 434:Roman Catholicism 50:Holy Roman Empire 16:(Redirected from 19957: 19890:Christian states 19845: 19837: 19836: 19835: 19828: 19820: 19819: 19818: 19811: 19803: 19802: 19801: 19794: 19786: 19785: 19784: 19774: 19629:EU Customs Union 19161:Secular humanism 19109:Christian ethics 19059:East–West Schism 19042:Physical culture 18766:Great Divergence 18716:Age of Discovery 18555: 18548: 18541: 18532: 18531: 18518: 18517: 18385:Gregorian Reform 18374:In nomine Domini 18288:Pope Gregory VII 18242: 18235: 18228: 18219: 18218: 18076:Great Divergence 17991:Age of Discovery 17936:Late Middle Ages 17906:High Middle Ages 17817:Byzantine Empire 17800:Christianization 17790:Migration Period 17725:Classical Greece 17697:Neolithic Europe 17669: 17662: 17655: 17646: 17645: 17632: 17631: 17622: 17621: 17612: 17571:Medieval studies 17415:Church and State 17289:Late Middle Ages 17181:High Middle Ages 17099:Christianization 17069:Migration Period 17046: 17039: 17032: 17023: 17022: 16822: 16821: 16487:Austro-Hungarian 16187:Chagatai Khanate 15552: 15545: 15538: 15529: 15528: 15516: 15515: 15502: 15501: 15248: 15241: 15234: 15225: 15224: 15207:Hanseatic League 14965: 14964: 14956: 14954: 14873:Schwäbisch Gmünd 14664: 14663: 14654: 14653: 14638: 14631: 14624: 14615: 14614: 14559: 14493: 14486: 14479: 14470: 14469: 14363: 14336: 14308: 14272: 14270: 14249: 14238: 14219: 14210: 14181: 14172: 14153:Wilson, Peter H. 14148: 14127: 14106: 14104: 14102: 14078: 14049: 14040: 14019: 13991: 13978: 13976: 13974: 13968: 13962:. Archived from 13937: 13927: 13918: 13912: 13900: 13879: 13872:Kaiser und Reich 13858: 13826: 13805: 13803: 13801: 13788: 13786: 13784: 13755: 13753: 13744:(4): 1053–1079. 13728: 13707: 13696: 13675: 13674:. HarperCollins. 13666: 13657: 13648: 13625: 13608:Lauryssens, Stan 13603: 13582: 13561: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13521: 13500: 13479: 13458: 13449: 13447: 13445: 13430: 13418: 13397: 13384: 13375: 13366: 13345: 13336: 13335:. Plunkett Lake. 13325: 13314: 13313:. Leiden: Brill. 13305: 13296: 13284: 13261: 13227: 13210:Wilson, Peter H. 13201: 13175: 13148: 13127: 13115: 13104: 13095: 13086: 13073: 13046: 13029: 13020: 12998: 12984: 12963: 12940:Breverton, Terry 12935: 12933: 12931: 12907: 12905: 12903: 12874: 12865: 12846: 12834: 12825: 12816: 12789: 12759: 12753: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12719: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12708: 12685: 12679: 12678: 12676: 12674: 12660: 12654: 12648: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12614: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12569: 12546: 12540: 12530: 12524: 12518: 12512: 12506: 12500: 12494: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12460: 12454: 12453: 12451: 12449: 12426: 12420: 12419: 12417: 12415: 12401: 12395: 12389: 12383: 12382: 12380: 12378: 12355: 12349: 12348: 12336: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12325: 12302: 12296: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12279: 12259: 12253: 12247: 12241: 12235: 12229: 12228:, pp. lxxv. 12223: 12217: 12211: 12205: 12199: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12165: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12131: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12120: 12097: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12063: 12057: 12051: 12045: 12039: 12033: 12027: 12021: 12015: 12009: 12003: 11994: 11988: 11982: 11976: 11970: 11964: 11958: 11952: 11946: 11940: 11934: 11928: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11894: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11883: 11860: 11854: 11853: 11851: 11849: 11826: 11820: 11814: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11800: 11779: 11773: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11733: 11727: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11710: 11695: 11689: 11683: 11677: 11671: 11665: 11659: 11653: 11647: 11641: 11635: 11629: 11623: 11614: 11608: 11602: 11596: 11587: 11581: 11575: 11569: 11563: 11557: 11551: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11530:, archived from 11525: 11516: 11510: 11504: 11498: 11492: 11483: 11477: 11471: 11465: 11459: 11453: 11447: 11437: 11431: 11428: 11419: 11413: 11407: 11401: 11395: 11389: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11283: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11249: 11243: 11237: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11226: 11203: 11197: 11191: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11157: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11123: 11117: 11111: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11077: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11066: 11033: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11022: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10965: 10959: 10953: 10944: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10927: 10921: 10904: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10825: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10808: 10802:. Archived from 10791: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10746: 10740: 10729: 10723: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10706: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10660: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10592: 10586: 10580: 10574: 10564: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10538: 10532: 10526: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10515: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10418: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10384: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10342: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10319:. Archived from 10292: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10227: 10221: 10215: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10181: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 9986: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9918: 9912: 9906: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9895: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9804: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9770: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9702: 9696: 9695: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9648: 9642: 9636: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9612: 9603: 9597: 9586: 9580: 9571: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9535: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9498: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9388: 9382: 9376: 9370: 9364: 9358: 9352: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9257: 9251: 9245: 9239: 9233: 9227: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9031: 9030:, pp. 6–10. 9025: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9006: 8998: 8987: 8981: 8978:Barraclough 1984 8975: 8969: 8966:Barraclough 1984 8963: 8957: 8954:Barraclough 1984 8951: 8945: 8942:Barraclough 1984 8939: 8930: 8927:Barraclough 1984 8924: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8269: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8108: 8105:McKitterick 2018 8102: 8093: 8090: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8021: 8015: 8012:McKitterick 2018 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7929:. Archived from 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7734: 7728: 7719: 7713: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7444: 7435: 7429: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7342: 7336: 7330: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7087: 7081: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6933: 6917: 6914: 6908: 6885: 6879: 6872: 6866: 6863: 6857: 6854: 6848: 6837: 6831: 6823: 6817: 6810: 6804: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6708: 6703: 6692: 6678: 6672: 6665: 6659: 6652:Emperor Henry II 6634: 6625: 6619: 6545: 6539: 6531: 6525: 6507: 6410: 6405: 6404: 6396: 6391: 6390: 6382: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6338:to transfer the 6278:Barbara of Cilli 6259:), and Hungary ( 6032:Quierzy-sur-Oise 5915:would summon at 5913:Imperial Estates 5884:Habsburg dynasty 5849:travelling court 5823: 5818: 5804: 5799: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5761: 5748: 5713:Imperial Knights 5696:Imperial circles 5682:Imperial circles 5634: 5619: 5563: 5560: 5429:Ripuarian Franks 5269: 5265: 5249: 5246: 5230: 5225: 5210:Imperial Knights 5159: 5154: 5147:patchwork carpet 5144: 5139: 5128:. Many of these 5114:Imperial estates 5084:High Middle Ages 4783:100,000 people. 4693:110,000 people. 4689:120,000 people. 4545: 4541: 4456: 4452: 4287:Kings of Hungary 4275:French satellite 4230:ruler such as a 4210:Imperial Knights 4111:elephant vs the 4048:Battle of Vienna 4007:, who preferred 3948:Protestant Union 3914:Schmalkaldic War 3804:Caesar Charles V 3708: 3694: 3677: 3665:Early capitalism 3591:imperial castles 3582:itinerant courts 3526:Mary of Burgundy 3483:Charles the Bold 3420:Jérôme Bonaparte 3393: 3350: 3089:Kaiser und Reich 3037:Late Middle Ages 3031:Late Middle Ages 3005:Hanseatic League 2974:Late Middle Ages 2936:Hanseatic League 2932:League of cities 2928:Medieval commune 2916:Baldwin of Trier 2796:. In 1212, King 2716:Philip of Swabia 2688:Duchy of Prussia 2678: 2657:were invited to 2655:Teutonic Knights 2422:Rudolf of Swabia 2395: 2394: 1056–1106 2393: 2379:Pope Gregory VII 2358:High Middle Ages 2345:Duchy of Bohemia 2335:Kingdom of Italy 2264: 2262: 2184:Ottonian dynasty 2127: 2125: 2119:Henry the Fowler 2048:Charles the Bald 2024:Treaty of Verdun 1988:Byzantine Empire 1895: 1892: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1724: 1707: 1706: 1640: 1639: 1610: 1494:Migration Period 1489:Germanic peoples 1484:Urnfield culture 1352: 1342: 1324: 1323: 1240: 1230: 1220: 1179:Imperial Estates 1157: 1133:Romanum imperium 1125:universum regnum 933: 932: 919: 918: 905: 904: 891: 890: 877: 876: 863: 862: 849: 848: 835: 823: 822: 810: 809: 800:Kingdom of Italy 796: 795: 782: 781: 775: 774: 759: 758: 415: 323:from 1497/1498) 204: 203: 1200–1250 201: 196: 186: 176:Quaternion Eagle 159: 148: 145: 136: 118: 117: 116: 108: 102: 94: 82: 81: 80: 72: 66: 58: 46: 45: 21: 19965: 19964: 19960: 19959: 19958: 19956: 19955: 19954: 19850: 19849: 19848: 19844:from Wikivoyage 19838: 19833: 19831: 19821: 19816: 19814: 19804: 19799: 19797: 19793:from Wiktionary 19787: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19773:sister projects 19770:at Knowledge's 19764: 19759: 19758: 19753: 19719:UKUSA Agreement 19659:Lublin Triangle 19544:Baltic Assembly 19496: 19490: 19408: 19245: 19080: 18950:Eurolinguistics 18819: 18808:Information age 18781:Interwar period 18648: 18568: 18559: 18529: 18524: 18512: 18504: 18486: 18406: 18402:Walk to Canossa 18358:Excommunication 18333: 18327: 18318:Pope Paschal II 18293:Guido da Velate 18251: 18246: 18216: 18211: 18150: 18116:Interwar period 18091:Napoleonic Wars 17955: 17926:Mongol invasion 17879:Crown of Aragon 17771: 17711: 17707:Iron Age Europe 17678: 17673: 17643: 17638: 17600: 17581:Neo-medievalism 17529: 17465:Itinerant court 17388: 17283: 17204:Georgian Empire 17189:Norman Conquest 17175: 17121:Frankish Empire 17055: 17050: 17020: 17015: 17004:American Empire 16989: 16985:African empires 16937: 16820: 16512:Central African 16458: 16276:Romano-Germanic 15862: 15596:Middle Assyrian 15569: 15561: 15556: 15521: 15513: 15508: 15490: 15257: 15252: 15222: 15217: 15187: 14974: 14959: 14955: 14942: 14878:Schwäbisch Hall 14669: 14658: 14648: 14642: 14612: 14607: 14591: 14565:Created in 1512 14560: 14551: 14515:Created in 1500 14510: 14508:Imperial Reform 14497: 14445: 14444: 14443: 14428: 14427: 14423: 14416: 14411: 14380:Scribner, Bob. 14352: 14297: 14280: 14278:Further reading 14275: 14235: 14169: 14145: 14124: 14100: 14098: 14096: 14037: 13989: 13983:Taagepera, Rein 13972: 13970: 13966: 13935: 13897: 13823: 13799: 13797: 13782: 13780: 13773: 13725: 13693: 13645: 13631:"6. Urban Life" 13622: 13600: 13579: 13558: 13535: 13533: 13518: 13497: 13476: 13443: 13441: 13439: 13428: 13415: 13363: 13289:Fried, Johannes 13281: 13250: 13238:, eds. (2012). 13224: 13212:, eds. (2011). 13198: 13172: 13145: 13062: 13037:(M.Sc thesis). 13017: 12981: 12960: 12929: 12927: 12925: 12901: 12899: 12892: 12862: 12813: 12797:. Vol. 4. 12786: 12767: 12762: 12754: 12750: 12740: 12738: 12736: 12720: 12716: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12686: 12682: 12672: 12670: 12662: 12661: 12657: 12649: 12645: 12635: 12633: 12631: 12615: 12611: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12581: 12577: 12567: 12565: 12563: 12547: 12543: 12531: 12527: 12519: 12515: 12507: 12503: 12495: 12491: 12481: 12479: 12477: 12461: 12457: 12447: 12445: 12443: 12427: 12423: 12413: 12411: 12402: 12398: 12390: 12386: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12356: 12352: 12337: 12333: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12303: 12299: 12291: 12287: 12277: 12275: 12260: 12256: 12248: 12244: 12236: 12232: 12224: 12220: 12212: 12208: 12200: 12196: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12166: 12162: 12152: 12150: 12148: 12132: 12128: 12118: 12116: 12114: 12098: 12094: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12064: 12060: 12056:, p. 2028. 12052: 12048: 12040: 12036: 12028: 12024: 12016: 12012: 12004: 11997: 11989: 11985: 11977: 11973: 11967:Angermeier 1984 11965: 11961: 11955:Schindling 1986 11953: 11949: 11941: 11937: 11929: 11925: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11895: 11891: 11881: 11879: 11877: 11861: 11857: 11847: 11845: 11843: 11827: 11823: 11815: 11808: 11798: 11796: 11795:on 20 June 2019 11781: 11780: 11776: 11772:, pp. 31–. 11768: 11764: 11754: 11752: 11750: 11734: 11730: 11722: 11718: 11708: 11706: 11697: 11696: 11692: 11684: 11680: 11672: 11668: 11660: 11656: 11648: 11644: 11636: 11632: 11624: 11617: 11609: 11605: 11597: 11590: 11582: 11578: 11570: 11566: 11558: 11554: 11546: 11542: 11534: 11523: 11517: 11513: 11505: 11501: 11493: 11486: 11478: 11474: 11466: 11462: 11454: 11450: 11438: 11434: 11429: 11422: 11414: 11410: 11406:, p. 1058. 11402: 11398: 11390: 11386: 11376: 11374: 11365: 11364: 11360: 11350: 11348: 11318: 11314: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11284: 11280: 11270: 11268: 11266: 11255:The Reformation 11250: 11246: 11238: 11234: 11224: 11222: 11220: 11204: 11200: 11192: 11188: 11178: 11176: 11174: 11158: 11154: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11124: 11120: 11112: 11108: 11098: 11096: 11094: 11078: 11074: 11064: 11062: 11060: 11034: 11030: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11000: 10996: 10986: 10984: 10982: 10966: 10962: 10954: 10947: 10939: 10935: 10925: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10902: 10894: 10890: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10860: 10856: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10826: 10822: 10812: 10810: 10806: 10800: 10789: 10781: 10777: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10747: 10743: 10730: 10726: 10718: 10714: 10704: 10702: 10700: 10684: 10680: 10672: 10668: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10638: 10634: 10619: 10593: 10589: 10581: 10577: 10565: 10561: 10551: 10549: 10539: 10535: 10527: 10523: 10513: 10511: 10503: 10502: 10498: 10490: 10483: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10453: 10449: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10419: 10415: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10385: 10378: 10368: 10366: 10359: 10343: 10336: 10326: 10324: 10293: 10289: 10279: 10277: 10270: 10254: 10250: 10240: 10238: 10228: 10224: 10216: 10212: 10202: 10200: 10198: 10182: 10178: 10168: 10166: 10164: 10148: 10144: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10114: 10110: 10100: 10098: 10096: 10080: 10076: 10066: 10064: 10046: 10042: 10032: 10030: 10021: 10017: 10007: 10005: 10003: 9987: 9983: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9953: 9949: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9919: 9915: 9907: 9903: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9873: 9869: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9839: 9835: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9805: 9801: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9771: 9767: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9737: 9733: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9703: 9699: 9688: 9684: 9674: 9672: 9665: 9649: 9645: 9637: 9633: 9625: 9621: 9613: 9606: 9598: 9589: 9581: 9574: 9566: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9536: 9529: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9499: 9492: 9484: 9480: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9450: 9446: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9416: 9412: 9405: 9389: 9385: 9377: 9373: 9365: 9361: 9353: 9346: 9338: 9334: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9304: 9300: 9292: 9288: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9258: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9234: 9230: 9222: 9218: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9188: 9184: 9176: 9172: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9142: 9138: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9108: 9104: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9074: 9070: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9046: 9038: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9014: 9010: 8996:"Silesia" 8988: 8984: 8976: 8972: 8964: 8960: 8952: 8948: 8940: 8933: 8925: 8918: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8888: 8884: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8854: 8850: 8840: 8838: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8796: 8792: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8762: 8758: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8733:The Middle Ages 8728: 8724: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8694: 8690: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8660: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8624: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8598: 8596: 8587: 8583: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8553: 8549: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8519: 8515: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8458: 8454: 8444: 8442: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8399: 8395: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8365: 8361: 8353: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8309:Medieval Europe 8304: 8300: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8270: 8266: 8258: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8210: 8206: 8198: 8194: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8164: 8160: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8111: 8103: 8096: 8091: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8052: 8048: 8040: 8036: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7950: 7946: 7936: 7934: 7933:on 31 July 2022 7899: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7865: 7861: 7855:Lauryssens 1999 7853: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7803: 7801: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7744: 7737: 7729: 7722: 7714: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7650:Garipzanov 2008 7648: 7641: 7637:, pp. 2–3. 7633: 7629: 7621: 7610: 7602: 7598: 7591: 7577:The Middle Ages 7573: 7569: 7562: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7445: 7438: 7430: 7423: 7413: 7411: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7383: 7381: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7361: 7343: 7339: 7331: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7302: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7221: 7217: 7207: 7205: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7138: 7134: 7127: 7109: 7105: 7097: 7090: 7082: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7056:Kamp, Norbert. 7054: 7050: 7040: 7038: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7018: 7016: 7011: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6947: 6945: 6935: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6886: 6882: 6876:King of Bohemia 6873: 6869: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6851: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6820: 6811: 6807: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6734: 6724: 6720: 6710: 6709: 6701: 6688: 6679: 6675: 6666: 6662: 6626: 6622: 6600:prince-electors 6546: 6542: 6532: 6528: 6508: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6408:Monarchy portal 6406: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6320:Imperial Reform 6299:imperial reform 6214: 6204: 6183: 6020:Schwäbisch Hall 5940:Bad Lippspringe 5923:of the empire. 5842:Frans Hogenberg 5830: 5821:Reichsheerfahrt 5814: 5795: 5788:Napoleonic Wars 5768: 5757: 5744: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5684: 5663:Imperial Reform 5645: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5635: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5609: 5607:Imperial courts 5561: 5549:Prince-electors 5541: 5535: 5529:Imperial Diet ( 5500:Duke of Bavaria 5468:King of Bohemia 5413:römischer König 5386: 5380: 5259:as part of the 5247: 5221: 5214:Imperial Counts 5150: 5135: 5122: 5120:Imperial Estate 5116: 5045: 5032:Jewish minority 4940: 4859:16,000 people. 4855:18,000 people. 4847:19,000 people. 4835:20,000 people. 4819:28,000 people. 4807:40,000 people. 4803:40,000 people. 4795:50,000 people. 4787:70,000 people. 4769:15,000 people. 4765:20,000 people. 4753:20,000 people. 4749:20,000 people. 4745:20,000 people. 4741:21,000 people. 4737:24,000 people. 4733:25,000 people. 4729:30,000 people. 4725:32,000 people. 4721:32,000 people. 4717:35,000 people. 4713:40,000 people. 4709:40,000 people. 4705:60,000 people. 4701:77,000 people. 4697:90,000 people. 4675:16,000 people. 4639:40,000 people. 4626: 4556:Piedmont-Savoy 4475:Piedmont-Savoy 4359: 4354: 4302:Napoleonic Wars 4206:imperial estate 4190:secularizations 4171:Napoleonic Wars 4163: 4157: 4119:By the rise of 4097: 4083: 4078: 4072: 3967:with his family 3958: 3940: 3932:Main articles: 3930: 3797: 3791: 3781: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3697:Maximilianmusem 3688: 3678: 3667: 3499: 3428: 3387: 3385:Petrarcameister 3361: 3344: 3298:Gemeine Pfennig 3268: 3186: 3184:Imperial Reform 3180: 3178:Imperial Reform 3073:prince-electors 3048: 3043: 3033: 2950: 2924: 2824: 2818: 2786: 2674: 2622:, dying in the 2509:Henry the Proud 2475: 2447: 2441: 2418:Walk to Canossa 2409:Vatican Library 2390: 2375:Cluniac Reforms 2371: 2365: 2360: 2313:, first of the 2259: 2162: 2138:Battle of Riade 2122: 2103:Louis the Child 2075: 2052:Charles the Fat 2012:Louis the Pious 1960:Pope Gregory II 1893: 1883: 1877: 1872: 1863: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1799: 1781: 1760: 1727: 1704: 1694: 1693: 1664:Weimar Republic 1637: 1627: 1626: 1613: 1582: 1572: 1571: 1552: 1542: 1541: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1504:Frankish Empire 1479:Únětice culture 1469: 1461: 1460: 1405:Historic states 1360: 1340: 1333: 1322: 1286:Imperial Reform 1218:Deutsches Reich 1183:Imperial Reform 1153: 1150:Diet of Cologne 1098: 1076: 1052:Imperial Reform 1041:prince-electors 1001:of the ancient 977:Napoleonic Wars 930: 916: 902: 888: 874: 860: 846: 841:Austrian Empire 807: 793: 779: 723: 713: 677: 667:2 December 1805 664: 651: 641:24 October 1648 638: 625: 615:2 February 1033 612: 595: 581:25 December 800 578: 523: 511: 499: 498:• 962–973 486: 485:• 800–814 463:Imperial Reform 457: 442: 437: 432: 417: 399: 391: 390: 382: 370: 369: 361: 356: 355: 347: 335: 334: 326: 312: 311: 303: 293: 292: 284: 262: 261: 249: 243: 242: 234: 226: 225: 205: 202: 187: 180: 169: 168: 167: 164: 160: 152: 151: 146: 141: 140:Imperial Banner 137: 119: 110: 103: 96: 89: 88: 87: 85: 83: 74: 67: 60: 53: 52: 51: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19963: 19953: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19937: 19932: 19927: 19922: 19917: 19912: 19910:Former empires 19907: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19887: 19882: 19877: 19872: 19867: 19862: 19847: 19846: 19829: 19827:from Wikiquote 19812: 19795: 19766: 19761: 19760: 19755: 19754: 19752: 19751: 19749:Westernization 19746: 19741: 19736: 19731: 19729:Visegrád Group 19726: 19721: 19716: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19669:Nordic Council 19666: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19626: 19621: 19616: 19611: 19606: 19601: 19596: 19591: 19586: 19581: 19576: 19571: 19566: 19564:Bucharest Nine 19561: 19556: 19551: 19546: 19541: 19536: 19531: 19529:Arctic Council 19526: 19521: 19516: 19511: 19506: 19500: 19498: 19492: 19491: 19489: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19477: 19476: 19471: 19466: 19461: 19456: 19451: 19441: 19436: 19435: 19434: 19424: 19418: 19416: 19410: 19409: 19407: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19395: 19394: 19389: 19384: 19379: 19374: 19373: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19347: 19342: 19337: 19327: 19326: 19325: 19324: 19323: 19313: 19312: 19311: 19306: 19305: 19304: 19294: 19293: 19292: 19282: 19281: 19280: 19255: 19253: 19247: 19246: 19244: 19243: 19242: 19241: 19231: 19226: 19221: 19220: 19219: 19207: 19206: 19205: 19195: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19164: 19163: 19158: 19148: 19147: 19146: 19139:Existentialism 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19090: 19088: 19082: 19081: 19079: 19078: 19077: 19076: 19071: 19066: 19061: 19051: 19050: 19049: 19039: 19038: 19037: 19032: 19022: 19021: 19020: 19010: 19005: 19004: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18983: 18982: 18981: 18971: 18970: 18969: 18959: 18958: 18957: 18952: 18942: 18937: 18932: 18927: 18926: 18925: 18915: 18910: 18909: 18908: 18898: 18897: 18896: 18886: 18885: 18884: 18874: 18869: 18868: 18867: 18857: 18852: 18851: 18850: 18845: 18840: 18829: 18827: 18821: 18820: 18818: 18817: 18816: 18815: 18810: 18800: 18799: 18798: 18793: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18723: 18718: 18713: 18703: 18698: 18697: 18696: 18691: 18686: 18676: 18675: 18674: 18672:Late antiquity 18664: 18658: 18656: 18650: 18649: 18647: 18646: 18641: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18625: 18624: 18623: 18622: 18617: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18587: 18582: 18576: 18574: 18570: 18569: 18558: 18557: 18550: 18543: 18535: 18526: 18525: 18523: 18522: 18509: 18506: 18505: 18503: 18502: 18494: 18492: 18488: 18487: 18485: 18484: 18479: 18474: 18473: 18472: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18444:Dominium mundi 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18414: 18412: 18408: 18407: 18405: 18404: 18399: 18398: 18397: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18347:Dictatus papae 18343: 18337: 18335: 18329: 18328: 18326: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18259: 18257: 18253: 18252: 18245: 18244: 18237: 18230: 18222: 18213: 18212: 18210: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18158: 18156: 18152: 18151: 18149: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18066:Russian Empire 18063: 18058: 18056:British Empire 18053: 18051:Dutch Republic 18048: 18046:Swedish Empire 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18026:Spanish Empire 18023: 18018: 18016:Ottoman Empire 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17987: 17986: 17976: 17971: 17965: 17963: 17957: 17956: 17954: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17931:Serbian Empire 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17876: 17871: 17866: 17865: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17839: 17838: 17837: 17832: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17803: 17802: 17792: 17787: 17781: 17779: 17773: 17772: 17770: 17769: 17767:Late antiquity 17764: 17759: 17754: 17753: 17752: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17730:Roman Republic 17727: 17721: 17719: 17713: 17712: 17710: 17709: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17688: 17686: 17680: 17679: 17672: 17671: 17664: 17657: 17649: 17640: 17639: 17637: 17636: 17626: 17616: 17605: 17602: 17601: 17599: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17583: 17578: 17576:Misconceptions 17573: 17568: 17563: 17558: 17553: 17548: 17543: 17537: 17535: 17531: 17530: 17528: 17527: 17522: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17396: 17394: 17390: 17389: 17387: 17386: 17384:Little Ice Age 17381: 17380: 17379: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17337:Western Schism 17334: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17293: 17291: 17285: 17284: 17282: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17185: 17183: 17177: 17176: 17174: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17102: 17101: 17091: 17086: 17084:Late antiquity 17081: 17076: 17071: 17065: 17063: 17057: 17056: 17049: 17048: 17041: 17034: 17026: 17017: 17016: 17014: 17013: 17012: 17011: 17006: 16997: 16995: 16991: 16990: 16988: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16961: 16960: 16949: 16947: 16943: 16942: 16939: 16938: 16936: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16915: 16914: 16913: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16857: 16856: 16851: 16841: 16836: 16830: 16828: 16819: 16818: 16817: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16786: 16781: 16780: 16779: 16769: 16764: 16763: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16742: 16737: 16736: 16735: 16730: 16720: 16719: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16688: 16687: 16686: 16681: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16656: 16655: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16624: 16623: 16622: 16617: 16607: 16602: 16601: 16600: 16595: 16585: 16584: 16583: 16578: 16568: 16567: 16566: 16561: 16551: 16546: 16545: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16514: 16509: 16508: 16507: 16502: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16468: 16466: 16460: 16459: 16457: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16440: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16399: 16394: 16393: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16357: 16356: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16289: 16288: 16283: 16273: 16272: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16217: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16196: 16195: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16143: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16117: 16116: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16090: 16089: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16047: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16026: 16021: 16020: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15984: 15983: 15982: 15977: 15967: 15966: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15940: 15935: 15934: 15933: 15923: 15922: 15921: 15916: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15872: 15870: 15868:Post-classical 15864: 15863: 15861: 15860: 15859: 15858: 15848: 15843: 15842: 15841: 15836: 15826: 15825: 15824: 15814: 15813: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15766: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15740: 15739: 15738: 15733: 15723: 15718: 15717: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15675: 15674: 15669: 15667:Middle Kingdom 15664: 15654: 15649: 15648: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15627: 15626: 15625: 15623:Neo-Babylonian 15620: 15615: 15613:Old Babylonian 15605: 15604: 15603: 15598: 15588: 15583: 15577: 15575: 15563: 15562: 15555: 15554: 15547: 15540: 15532: 15526: 15523: 15522: 15510: 15509: 15507: 15506: 15495: 15492: 15491: 15489: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15262: 15259: 15258: 15251: 15250: 15243: 15236: 15228: 15219: 15218: 15216: 15215: 15209: 15205:Member of the 15203: 15199:Member of the 15196: 15193: 15192: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14979: 14976: 14975: 14961: 14960: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14943: 14941: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14674: 14671: 14670: 14660: 14659: 14641: 14640: 14633: 14626: 14618: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14605: 14599: 14597: 14593: 14592: 14590: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14568: 14566: 14562: 14561: 14554: 14552: 14550: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14518: 14516: 14512: 14511: 14496: 14495: 14488: 14481: 14473: 14467: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14442: 14441: 14436: 14430: 14429: 14418: 14417: 14415: 14414:External links 14412: 14410: 14409: 14402: 14395: 14385: 14378: 14371: 14364: 14350: 14337: 14309: 14295: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14273: 14250: 14239: 14233: 14220: 14211: 14193:(4): 709–736. 14182: 14173: 14167: 14149: 14143: 14128: 14122: 14107: 14094: 14088:. OUP Oxford. 14079: 14058:"Chapitre LXX" 14050: 14041: 14035: 14020: 13979: 13928: 13919: 13901: 13895: 13880: 13874:). Stuttgart: 13859: 13847:10.1086/243149 13827: 13821: 13806: 13789: 13771: 13756: 13729: 13723: 13708: 13697: 13691: 13676: 13667: 13658: 13649: 13643: 13626: 13620: 13604: 13598: 13583: 13577: 13562: 13556: 13541: 13522: 13516: 13501: 13495: 13480: 13474: 13459: 13450: 13437: 13419: 13413: 13398: 13385: 13376: 13367: 13361: 13346: 13337: 13326: 13315: 13306: 13297: 13285: 13279: 13262: 13248: 13228: 13222: 13202: 13196: 13176: 13170: 13149: 13143: 13128: 13116: 13105: 13096: 13087: 13074: 13060: 13047: 13030: 13021: 13015: 12999: 12985: 12979: 12964: 12958: 12936: 12923: 12908: 12890: 12875: 12866: 12860: 12847: 12837:Chisholm, Hugh 12826: 12817: 12811: 12790: 12784: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12760: 12748: 12734: 12714: 12700: 12680: 12655: 12643: 12629: 12609: 12595: 12575: 12561: 12541: 12525: 12513: 12501: 12499:, p. 221. 12489: 12475: 12455: 12441: 12421: 12396: 12384: 12370: 12350: 12331: 12317: 12297: 12285: 12254: 12242: 12230: 12218: 12206: 12204:, pp. 69. 12194: 12180: 12160: 12146: 12126: 12112: 12092: 12078: 12058: 12046: 12044:, p. 342. 12042:Boettcher 2005 12034: 12022: 12010: 11995: 11993:, p. 341. 11983: 11971: 11959: 11947: 11943:Brockmann 2006 11935: 11931:Gagliardo 1980 11923: 11909: 11889: 11875: 11855: 11841: 11821: 11806: 11774: 11762: 11748: 11728: 11726:, p. 306. 11716: 11690: 11678: 11666: 11664:, p. 307. 11654: 11652:, p. 188. 11642: 11630: 11615: 11603: 11601:, p. 118. 11588: 11586:, p. 104. 11576: 11574:, p. 587. 11564: 11552: 11550:, p. 290. 11540: 11511: 11509:, p. 197. 11499: 11484: 11482:, p. 351. 11472: 11470:, p. 633. 11460: 11458:, p. 162. 11448: 11432: 11430:Wilson, p. 788 11420: 11408: 11396: 11384: 11358: 11312: 11298: 11278: 11264: 11244: 11242:, p. 334. 11232: 11218: 11198: 11196:, p. 326. 11186: 11172: 11152: 11138: 11118: 11106: 11092: 11072: 11058: 11028: 11014: 10994: 10980: 10960: 10945: 10933: 10911: 10888: 10874: 10854: 10840: 10820: 10798: 10775: 10761: 10741: 10724: 10712: 10698: 10678: 10666: 10652: 10632: 10617: 10587: 10575: 10559: 10533: 10521: 10496: 10494:, p. 370. 10481: 10467: 10447: 10433: 10413: 10399: 10376: 10357: 10334: 10287: 10268: 10248: 10222: 10220:, p. 263. 10210: 10196: 10176: 10162: 10142: 10128: 10108: 10094: 10074: 10040: 10015: 10001: 9981: 9967: 9947: 9933: 9913: 9901: 9887: 9867: 9853: 9833: 9819: 9799: 9785: 9765: 9751: 9731: 9717: 9697: 9682: 9663: 9643: 9641:, p. 132. 9631: 9619: 9604: 9602:, p. 429. 9587: 9585:, p. 143. 9572: 9564: 9550: 9527: 9513: 9490: 9478: 9464: 9444: 9430: 9410: 9403: 9383: 9371: 9359: 9357:, p. 278. 9344: 9332: 9318: 9298: 9286: 9272: 9252: 9240: 9228: 9226:, pp. 9–. 9224:Rothstein 1995 9216: 9202: 9182: 9170: 9156: 9136: 9122: 9102: 9088: 9068: 9066:, p. 129. 9056: 9054:, p. 398. 9044: 9032: 9020: 9018:, p. 530. 9008: 8993:, ed. (1911). 8991:Chisholm, Hugh 8982: 8970: 8968:, p. 123. 8958: 8946: 8944:, p. 109. 8931: 8916: 8902: 8882: 8868: 8848: 8824: 8810: 8790: 8776: 8756: 8742: 8722: 8708: 8688: 8674: 8654: 8642: 8630: 8628:, p. 138. 8618: 8616:, p. 708. 8606: 8581: 8567: 8547: 8533: 8513: 8499: 8479: 8452: 8427: 8413: 8393: 8379: 8359: 8357:, p. 707. 8344: 8332: 8318: 8298: 8284: 8264: 8252: 8250:, p. 706. 8240: 8238:, p. 197. 8228: 8226:, p. 121. 8216: 8214:, p. 118. 8204: 8202:, p. 117. 8192: 8178: 8158: 8144: 8124: 8122:, p. 131. 8109: 8094: 8082: 8070: 8058: 8046: 8034: 8031:. 16 May 2023. 8016: 8004: 7992: 7980: 7978:, pp. 35. 7968: 7956: 7954:, p. 183. 7944: 7913:(1): 117–120. 7893: 7879: 7859: 7857:, p. 102. 7847: 7835: 7833:, p. 338. 7823: 7821:, p. 719. 7811: 7786: 7774: 7762: 7750: 7735: 7720: 7705: 7693: 7678: 7666: 7664:, p. 104. 7662:Breverton 2014 7654: 7639: 7627: 7608: 7596: 7589: 7567: 7560: 7538: 7524: 7504: 7490: 7470: 7458: 7436: 7421: 7391: 7366: 7359: 7337: 7335:, p. 496. 7320: 7308: 7293: 7291:, p. 278. 7281: 7274: 7249: 7235: 7215: 7190: 7183: 7161: 7154: 7132: 7125: 7103: 7101:, p. 249. 7088: 7086:, p. 211. 7071: 7048: 7026: 7004: 6997: 6967: 6963:Kleinhenz 2004 6955: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6909: 6901:Piedmont-Savoy 6880: 6867: 6858: 6849: 6841:Savoyard state 6832: 6818: 6805: 6788: 6761: 6752: 6718: 6673: 6671:, p. 494) 6669:Taagepera 1997 6660: 6640:Western Europe 6620: 6540: 6526: 6522:Otto the Great 6496: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6397: 6383: 6367: 6364: 6272:, who married 6203: 6200: 6182: 6179: 5917:Imperial Diets 5829: 5826: 5727:Main article: 5724: 5721: 5683: 5680: 5636: 5629: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5537:Main article: 5534: 5527: 5476:Duke of Saxony 5466:to seven: the 5382:Main article: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5218: 5217: 5206: 5196: 5169: 5142:Flickenteppich 5118:Main article: 5115: 5112: 5044: 5041: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4868: 4774: 4773:11,000 people. 4680: 4625: 4624:Largest cities 4622: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4314:modern Germany 4228:ecclesiastical 4198:Napoleonic Era 4159:Main article: 4156: 4153: 4141:German dualism 4082: 4079: 4074:Main article: 4071: 4068: 4060:Ottoman Empire 3929: 3928:Baroque period 3926: 3910:Reichsregiment 3905:Reichsregiment 3867:James D. Tracy 3780: 3777: 3710: 3703: 3702: 3679: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3615:Imperial Diets 3541:capital cities 3498: 3497:Imperial power 3495: 3427: 3424: 3360: 3357: 3321:Reichsregiment 3284:1495 Reichstag 3267: 3264: 3182:Main article: 3179: 3176: 3047: 3044: 3032: 3029: 2923: 2920: 2831:Pope Clement V 2820:Main article: 2817: 2814: 2785: 2782: 2530:Henry the Lion 2474: 2471: 2467:Teutonic Order 2461:was under the 2443:Main article: 2440: 2437: 2367:Main article: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2338: 2332: 2315:Salian dynasty 2290:Crescentius II 2279:Crescentius II 2263: 967–983 2161: 2158: 2126: 919–936 2074: 2071: 2063:Regino of Prüm 2028:Treaty of Prüm 1964:Constantine VI 1929:Charles Martel 1879:Main article: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1819: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1790:Modern history 1786: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1730:1945–1949/1952 1728: 1726: 1725: 1716: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1412: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1370:Historiography 1367: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1345: 1344: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1302:cadet branches 1294:Piedmont-Savoy 1238:das alte Reich 1075: 1072: 1061:French emperor 995:Western Europe 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 934: 927: 921: 920: 913: 911:Dutch Republic 907: 906: 899: 897:Duchy of Savoy 893: 892: 885: 879: 878: 871: 865: 864: 857: 851: 850: 843: 837: 836: 829: 820: 817: 816: 811: 803: 802: 797: 789: 788: 783: 771: 770: 765: 755: 754: 736: 732: 731: 728: 727: 724: 721: 718: 717: 714: 711: 708: 707: 704: 703: 699: 698: 695: 691: 690: 686: 685: 682: 681: 678: 672: 669: 668: 665: 659: 656: 655: 652: 646: 643: 642: 639: 633: 630: 629: 626: 620: 617: 616: 613: 603: 600: 599: 598:2 February 962 596: 586: 583: 582: 579: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 549: 548:Historical era 545: 544: 539: 535: 534: 531: 530: 524: 521: 518: 517: 512: 509: 506: 505: 500: 497: 494: 493: 487: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 473: 467: 466: 459:Mixed monarchy 452: 448: 447: 426: 422: 421: 412:Medieval Latin 405: 401: 400: 398: 397: 385: 384: 383: 381: 380: 364: 363: 362: 360: 359: 350: 349: 348: 346: 345: 329: 328: 327: 325: 324: 306: 305: 304: 302: 301: 287: 286: 285: 283: 282: 275:King of Sicily 267:personal union 252: 251: 250: 248: 247: 237: 236: 235: 233: 232: 216: 215: 214: 213:Multicentral 211: 207: 206: 197: 189: 188: 181: 171: 170: 161: 154: 153: 138: 131: 130: 129: 126: 125: 121: 120: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19962: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19873: 19871: 19868: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19858: 19857: 19855: 19843: 19842: 19841:Travel guides 19830: 19826: 19825: 19813: 19809: 19808: 19796: 19792: 19791: 19779: 19778: 19775: 19769: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19694:PROSUR/PROSUL 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19645: 19642: 19640: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19625: 19622: 19620: 19617: 19615: 19612: 19610: 19607: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19589:Craiova Group 19587: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19545: 19542: 19540: 19537: 19535: 19532: 19530: 19527: 19525: 19522: 19520: 19517: 19515: 19512: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19504:ABCANZ Armies 19502: 19501: 19499: 19493: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19465: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19452: 19450: 19447: 19446: 19445: 19442: 19440: 19437: 19433: 19430: 19429: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19419: 19417: 19415: 19411: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19393: 19390: 19388: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19378: 19375: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19352: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19332: 19331: 19328: 19322: 19319: 19318: 19317: 19314: 19310: 19309:Protestantism 19307: 19303: 19300: 19299: 19298: 19295: 19291: 19288: 19287: 19286: 19283: 19279: 19275: 19272: 19271: 19270: 19267: 19266: 19265: 19262: 19261: 19260: 19257: 19256: 19254: 19252: 19248: 19240: 19237: 19236: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19229:Sovereigntism 19227: 19225: 19222: 19218: 19217: 19213: 19212: 19211: 19208: 19204: 19201: 19200: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19153: 19152: 19149: 19145: 19142: 19141: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19124:Scholasticism 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19091: 19089: 19087: 19083: 19075: 19072: 19070: 19067: 19065: 19062: 19060: 19057: 19056: 19055: 19052: 19048: 19045: 19044: 19043: 19040: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19027: 19026: 19023: 19019: 19016: 19015: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18988: 18987: 18984: 18980: 18977: 18976: 18975: 18972: 18968: 18965: 18964: 18963: 18960: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18947: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18924: 18921: 18920: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18907: 18904: 18903: 18902: 18899: 18895: 18892: 18891: 18890: 18887: 18883: 18880: 18879: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18866: 18863: 18862: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18849: 18846: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18835: 18834: 18831: 18830: 18828: 18826: 18822: 18814: 18813:War on terror 18811: 18809: 18806: 18805: 18804: 18801: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18708: 18707: 18706:Modern period 18704: 18702: 18699: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18681: 18680: 18677: 18673: 18670: 18669: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18659: 18657: 18655: 18651: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18612: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18592: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18577: 18575: 18571: 18567: 18563: 18562:Western world 18556: 18551: 18549: 18544: 18542: 18537: 18536: 18533: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18510: 18507: 18501: 18500: 18496: 18495: 18493: 18489: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18471: 18468: 18467: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18445: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18415: 18413: 18409: 18403: 18400: 18396: 18393: 18392: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18375: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18348: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18338: 18336: 18330: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18260: 18258: 18254: 18250: 18243: 18238: 18236: 18231: 18229: 18224: 18223: 18220: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18162:Art of Europe 18160: 18159: 18157: 18153: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17985: 17982: 17981: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17966: 17964: 17962: 17961:Modern period 17958: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17896: 17892: 17888: 17884: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17844: 17843: 17840: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17827: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17801: 17798: 17797: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17782: 17780: 17778: 17774: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17751: 17748: 17747: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17722: 17720: 17718: 17714: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17689: 17687: 17685: 17681: 17677: 17670: 17665: 17663: 17658: 17656: 17651: 17650: 17647: 17635: 17627: 17625: 17617: 17615: 17611: 17607: 17606: 17603: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17538: 17536: 17532: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17397: 17395: 17391: 17385: 17382: 17378: 17375: 17374: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17294: 17292: 17290: 17286: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17244:Scholasticism 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17186: 17184: 17182: 17178: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17106:Rise of Islam 17104: 17100: 17097: 17096: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17066: 17064: 17062: 17058: 17054: 17047: 17042: 17040: 17035: 17033: 17028: 17027: 17024: 17010: 17009:Soviet empire 17007: 17005: 17002: 17001: 16999: 16998: 16996: 16994:Miscellaneous 16992: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16959: 16956: 16955: 16954: 16951: 16950: 16948: 16944: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16912: 16909: 16908: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16846: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16831: 16829: 16827: 16823: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16791: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16775: 16774: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16747: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16725: 16724: 16721: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16693: 16692: 16689: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16676: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16629: 16628: 16625: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16612: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16593:German Empire 16591: 16590: 16589: 16586: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16572: 16569: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16556: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16519: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16497: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16469: 16467: 16465: 16461: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16404: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16362: 16361: 16358: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16335: 16334: 16333:Turco-Persian 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16278: 16277: 16274: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16241: 16240: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16201: 16200: 16197: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16174: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16122: 16121: 16118: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16095: 16094: 16091: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16073: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16031: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15989: 15988: 15985: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15971: 15968: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15945: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15932: 15929: 15928: 15927: 15924: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15911: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15873: 15871: 15869: 15865: 15857: 15854: 15853: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15831: 15830: 15827: 15823: 15820: 15819: 15818: 15815: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15782: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15745: 15744: 15741: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15728: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15691: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15659: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15632: 15631: 15628: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15610: 15609: 15606: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15593: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15568: 15564: 15560: 15553: 15548: 15546: 15541: 15539: 15534: 15533: 15530: 15524: 15517: 15505: 15497: 15496: 15493: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15446:Ferdinand III 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15426:Maximilian II 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15406:Frederick III 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15263: 15260: 15256: 15249: 15244: 15242: 15237: 15235: 15230: 15229: 15226: 15214: 15210: 15208: 15204: 15202: 15198: 15197: 15194: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14980: 14977: 14972: 14966: 14962: 14953: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14675: 14672: 14665: 14661: 14657: 14652: 14646: 14639: 14634: 14632: 14627: 14625: 14620: 14619: 14616: 14604: 14601: 14600: 14598: 14594: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14569: 14567: 14563: 14558: 14548: 14547:Upper Rhenish 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14513: 14509: 14505: 14501: 14494: 14489: 14487: 14482: 14480: 14475: 14474: 14471: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14446: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14407: 14403: 14400: 14396: 14393: 14389: 14386: 14383: 14379: 14376: 14372: 14369: 14365: 14361: 14357: 14353: 14347: 14343: 14338: 14334: 14330: 14326: 14322: 14319:. Macmillan. 14318: 14314: 14310: 14306: 14302: 14298: 14292: 14288: 14283: 14282: 14269: 14264: 14260: 14256: 14251: 14247: 14246: 14245:Goldene Bulle 14240: 14236: 14230: 14226: 14221: 14218:. Allen Lane. 14217: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14188: 14183: 14179: 14174: 14170: 14164: 14160: 14159: 14154: 14150: 14146: 14140: 14136: 14135: 14129: 14125: 14119: 14115: 14114: 14108: 14097: 14091: 14087: 14086: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14051: 14047: 14042: 14038: 14032: 14028: 14027: 14021: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14005: 14001: 13997: 13996: 13988: 13984: 13980: 13965: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13934: 13929: 13925: 13920: 13916: 13911: 13909: 13902: 13898: 13892: 13888: 13887: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13860: 13856: 13852: 13848: 13844: 13840: 13836: 13832: 13828: 13824: 13818: 13815:. Greenwood. 13814: 13813: 13807: 13795: 13790: 13778: 13774: 13768: 13764: 13763: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13743: 13739: 13735: 13730: 13726: 13720: 13716: 13715: 13709: 13705: 13704: 13698: 13694: 13688: 13684: 13683: 13677: 13673: 13668: 13664: 13659: 13655: 13650: 13646: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13627: 13623: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13595: 13591: 13590: 13584: 13580: 13574: 13570: 13569: 13563: 13559: 13553: 13550:. Routledge. 13549: 13548: 13542: 13532: 13528: 13523: 13519: 13513: 13509: 13508: 13502: 13498: 13492: 13488: 13487: 13481: 13477: 13471: 13467: 13466: 13460: 13456: 13451: 13440: 13434: 13427: 13426: 13420: 13416: 13410: 13406: 13405: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13386: 13382: 13377: 13373: 13368: 13364: 13358: 13354: 13353: 13347: 13343: 13338: 13334: 13333: 13327: 13323: 13322: 13316: 13312: 13307: 13303: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13282: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13236:Wilson, Peter 13233: 13229: 13225: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13171:3-1701-1866-8 13167: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13150: 13146: 13140: 13136: 13135: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13112: 13106: 13102: 13097: 13093: 13088: 13085:. p. 36. 13084: 13080: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13057: 13053: 13048: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13031: 13027: 13022: 13018: 13012: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12995: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12976: 12972: 12971: 12965: 12961: 12955: 12951: 12947: 12946: 12941: 12937: 12926: 12920: 12916: 12915: 12909: 12897: 12893: 12887: 12883: 12882: 12876: 12872: 12867: 12863: 12857: 12853: 12848: 12844: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12827: 12823: 12818: 12814: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12791: 12787: 12781: 12777: 12776: 12770: 12769: 12757: 12752: 12737: 12731: 12727: 12726: 12718: 12703: 12697: 12693: 12692: 12684: 12669: 12665: 12659: 12652: 12647: 12632: 12626: 12622: 12621: 12613: 12598: 12592: 12588: 12587: 12579: 12564: 12558: 12554: 12553: 12545: 12538: 12534: 12529: 12523:, p. 82. 12522: 12517: 12511:, p. ii. 12510: 12505: 12498: 12493: 12478: 12472: 12468: 12467: 12459: 12444: 12438: 12434: 12433: 12425: 12409: 12408: 12400: 12393: 12388: 12373: 12367: 12363: 12362: 12354: 12346: 12345:sehepunkte.de 12342: 12335: 12320: 12314: 12310: 12309: 12301: 12294: 12289: 12273: 12269: 12265: 12258: 12252:, p. 52. 12251: 12246: 12240:, p. 72. 12239: 12234: 12227: 12222: 12215: 12210: 12203: 12198: 12183: 12177: 12173: 12172: 12164: 12149: 12143: 12139: 12138: 12130: 12115: 12109: 12105: 12104: 12096: 12081: 12075: 12071: 12070: 12062: 12055: 12050: 12043: 12038: 12031: 12026: 12020:, p. 69. 12019: 12014: 12008:, p. 70. 12007: 12002: 12000: 11992: 11987: 11980: 11975: 11968: 11963: 11957:, p. 64. 11956: 11951: 11945:, p. 15. 11944: 11939: 11932: 11927: 11912: 11906: 11902: 11901: 11893: 11878: 11872: 11868: 11867: 11859: 11844: 11838: 11834: 11833: 11825: 11819:, p. 27. 11818: 11813: 11811: 11794: 11790: 11789: 11784: 11778: 11771: 11766: 11751: 11745: 11741: 11740: 11732: 11725: 11720: 11705:. 4 July 2015 11704: 11700: 11694: 11688:, p. 22. 11687: 11686:Malettke 2001 11682: 11675: 11670: 11663: 11658: 11651: 11646: 11639: 11634: 11627: 11622: 11620: 11612: 11607: 11600: 11595: 11593: 11585: 11580: 11573: 11568: 11561: 11556: 11549: 11544: 11533: 11529: 11522: 11515: 11508: 11503: 11497:, p. 19. 11496: 11491: 11489: 11481: 11476: 11469: 11464: 11457: 11452: 11445: 11441: 11436: 11427: 11425: 11417: 11412: 11405: 11400: 11394:, p. 56. 11393: 11388: 11372: 11368: 11362: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11316: 11301: 11295: 11291: 11290: 11282: 11267: 11261: 11257: 11256: 11248: 11241: 11236: 11221: 11215: 11211: 11210: 11202: 11195: 11190: 11175: 11169: 11165: 11164: 11156: 11141: 11135: 11131: 11130: 11122: 11116:, p. 81. 11115: 11110: 11095: 11089: 11085: 11084: 11076: 11061: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11032: 11017: 11011: 11007: 11006: 10998: 10983: 10977: 10973: 10972: 10964: 10957: 10952: 10950: 10942: 10937: 10918: 10914: 10908: 10901: 10900: 10892: 10877: 10871: 10867: 10866: 10858: 10843: 10837: 10833: 10832: 10824: 10805: 10801: 10799:0-4152-1452-1 10795: 10788: 10787: 10779: 10764: 10758: 10754: 10753: 10745: 10738: 10734: 10728: 10722:, p. 27. 10721: 10716: 10701: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10682: 10676:, p. 34. 10675: 10674:Holleger 2012 10670: 10655: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10636: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10591: 10584: 10579: 10572: 10568: 10563: 10548: 10544: 10537: 10530: 10525: 10510: 10506: 10500: 10493: 10488: 10486: 10470: 10464: 10460: 10459: 10451: 10436: 10430: 10426: 10425: 10417: 10402: 10396: 10392: 10391: 10383: 10381: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10350: 10349: 10341: 10339: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10291: 10275: 10271: 10265: 10261: 10260: 10252: 10237: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10214: 10199: 10193: 10189: 10188: 10180: 10165: 10159: 10155: 10154: 10146: 10131: 10125: 10121: 10120: 10112: 10097: 10091: 10087: 10086: 10078: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10044: 10028: 10027: 10019: 10004: 9998: 9994: 9993: 9985: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9959: 9951: 9936: 9930: 9926: 9925: 9917: 9910: 9905: 9890: 9884: 9880: 9879: 9871: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9845: 9837: 9822: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9803: 9788: 9782: 9778: 9777: 9769: 9754: 9748: 9744: 9743: 9735: 9720: 9714: 9710: 9709: 9701: 9693: 9686: 9670: 9666: 9660: 9656: 9655: 9647: 9640: 9635: 9629:, p. 61. 9628: 9623: 9616: 9611: 9609: 9601: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9584: 9579: 9577: 9569: 9553: 9547: 9543: 9542: 9534: 9532: 9516: 9510: 9506: 9505: 9497: 9495: 9488:, p. 79. 9487: 9482: 9467: 9461: 9457: 9456: 9448: 9433: 9427: 9423: 9422: 9414: 9406: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9387: 9380: 9375: 9368: 9363: 9356: 9351: 9349: 9341: 9336: 9321: 9315: 9311: 9310: 9302: 9296:, p. 73. 9295: 9290: 9275: 9269: 9265: 9264: 9256: 9249: 9248:Rothbard 2009 9244: 9237: 9232: 9225: 9220: 9205: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9186: 9180:, p. 17. 9179: 9174: 9159: 9153: 9149: 9148: 9140: 9125: 9119: 9115: 9114: 9106: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9080: 9072: 9065: 9060: 9053: 9048: 9041: 9036: 9029: 9024: 9017: 9016:Herrmann 1970 9012: 9004: 9003: 8997: 8992: 8986: 8979: 8974: 8967: 8962: 8955: 8950: 8943: 8938: 8936: 8928: 8923: 8921: 8905: 8899: 8895: 8894: 8886: 8871: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8852: 8836: 8835: 8828: 8813: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8794: 8779: 8773: 8769: 8768: 8760: 8745: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8726: 8711: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8692: 8677: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8658: 8651: 8646: 8639: 8634: 8627: 8622: 8615: 8610: 8594: 8593: 8585: 8570: 8564: 8560: 8559: 8551: 8536: 8530: 8526: 8525: 8517: 8502: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8483: 8467: 8463: 8456: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8416: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8397: 8382: 8376: 8372: 8371: 8363: 8356: 8351: 8349: 8341: 8336: 8321: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8302: 8287: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8268: 8261: 8256: 8249: 8244: 8237: 8232: 8225: 8220: 8213: 8208: 8201: 8196: 8181: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8162: 8147: 8141: 8137: 8136: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8114: 8107:, p. 70. 8106: 8101: 8099: 8089: 8087: 8079: 8074: 8067: 8062: 8056:, p. 22. 8055: 8050: 8043: 8038: 8030: 8026: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7989: 7984: 7977: 7972: 7965: 7960: 7953: 7948: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7897: 7882: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7863: 7856: 7851: 7844: 7839: 7832: 7831:Voltaire 1773 7827: 7820: 7815: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7748:, p. 17. 7747: 7742: 7740: 7732: 7727: 7725: 7718:, p. 23. 7717: 7712: 7710: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7685: 7683: 7676:, p. 79. 7675: 7670: 7663: 7658: 7651: 7646: 7644: 7636: 7631: 7624: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7606:, p. 18. 7605: 7600: 7592: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7527: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7508: 7493: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7474: 7467: 7462: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7441: 7433: 7428: 7426: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7400:"Charlemagne" 7395: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7362: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7317: 7312: 7305: 7300: 7298: 7290: 7285: 7277: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7238: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7219: 7203: 7202: 7194: 7186: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7128: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7093: 7085: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7060:. Treccani.it 7059: 7052: 7037:. Treccani.it 7036: 7030: 7015:. Treccani.it 7014: 7008: 7000: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6928: 6913: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6893:Franche-Comté 6890: 6884: 6877: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6816:, p. 19) 6815: 6809: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6756: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6731:Roman emperor 6728: 6722: 6713: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6677: 6670: 6664: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6631:, before the 6630: 6624: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6511:Frankish king 6506: 6504: 6502: 6497: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6398: 6395: 6389: 6384: 6381: 6370: 6363: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6344:Franche-Comte 6341: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6324: 6321: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6285:predecessor, 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6208:Erbreichsplan 6199: 6196: 6191: 6189: 6188:Imperial Diet 6178: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6130:Aulic Council 6126: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5928:Imperial Diet 5924: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5898:rulers chose 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5853:Kaiserpfalzes 5850: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5825: 5822: 5817: 5811: 5810:standing army 5806: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5792:Imperial Army 5789: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5775:Reichsarmatur 5771: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5677: 5676:Aulic Council 5673: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5653:Aulic Council 5650: 5640:, around 1700 5639: 5633: 5625:, around 1750 5624: 5618: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5515:Emperor-Elect 5512: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5494:. During the 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5421:Salian Franks 5418: 5414: 5410: 5409:Rex Romanorum 5406: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253:Low Countries 5242: 5236: 5234: 5231:in 1792, see 5229: 5224: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5177:prince-bishop 5174: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5037:First Crusade 5033: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4979:of 1555, and 4978: 4974: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4617:c. 6,000,000 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4536:c. 4,600,000 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4395: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4310:German Empire 4307: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4265:in 1805 (see 4264: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4196:and then the 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4077: 4070:Modern period 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001:Maximilian II 3997: 3995: 3994:Ferdinand III 3991: 3987: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3874:Martin Luther 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3816: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3711:Antwerp, 1572 3707: 3698: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3655:Reichskanzler 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643:German Empire 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3621:was based in 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3494: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3440:Jörg Kölderer 3437: 3432: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3377:Cain and Abel 3374: 3370: 3365: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3272: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3251:Frederick III 3248: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2778:domini terræ, 2774: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2758: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2744:Sixth Crusade 2741: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2669:in 1226. The 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2639:Germanization 2636: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2620:Third Crusade 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537:ministeriales 2533: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2493: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2273:. Their son, 2272: 2268: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2211:Pope John XII 2208: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2169:Pope Leo VIII 2166: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1931:, became the 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1894: 814 AD 1887: 1882: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1820: 1817: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1772:Reunification 1770: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1644:German Empire 1642: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1587:Mediatisation 1585: 1584: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468:Early history 1465: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1255:German Empire 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1233:German Empire 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1213:German Empire 1209: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1050:A process of 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011:Pope John XII 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 989: 988:Frankish king 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 928: 926: 923: 922: 914: 912: 909: 908: 900: 898: 895: 894: 886: 884: 881: 880: 872: 870: 867: 866: 858: 856: 853: 852: 844: 842: 839: 838: 834: 830: 828: 825: 824: 821: 815: 812: 805: 804: 801: 798: 791: 790: 787: 784: 777: 776: 773: 772: 769: 766: 764: 761: 760: 756: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 719: 715: 709: 705: 700: 696: 692: 687: 683: 680:6 August 1806 679: 676: 670: 666: 663: 657: 653: 650: 644: 640: 637: 631: 627: 624: 618: 614: 611: 607: 601: 597: 593: 590: 589:East Frankish 584: 580: 577: 573: 570: 564: 560: 557: 553: 550: 546: 543: 542:Imperial Diet 540: 536: 532: 528: 525: 519: 516: 513: 507: 504: 501: 495: 491: 488: 482: 478: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 453: 449: 445: 440: 435: 430: 427: 423: 420: 413: 409: 406: 402: 396: 393: 392: 388: 379: 375: 374:Imperial Diet 372: 371: 367: 358: 357: 353: 344: 340: 337: 336: 332: 322: 321:Aulic Council 319:(seat of the 318: 314: 313: 309: 299: 295: 294: 290: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 263: 260:) (1194–1254) 259: 255: 245: 244: 240: 231: 228: 227: 223: 219: 212: 208: 195: 190: 185: 179: 177: 172: 166: 158: 150: 135: 127: 122: 114: 107: 100: 93: 86:German Nation 78: 71: 64: 57: 47: 42: 35: 30: 19: 19839: 19822: 19810:from Commons 19805: 19788: 19767: 19739:Western Bloc 19539:AUSCANNZUKUS 19495:Contemporary 19444:Human rights 19290:Latin Church 19264:Christianity 19214: 19173:Conservatism 19018:contemporary 18855:Architecture 18791:World War II 18751:Emancipation 18746:Abolitionism 18634:Romanization 18629:Roman legacy 18610:Roman Empire 18497: 18465:Papal States 18449: 18442: 18395:Sack of Rome 18372: 18345: 18121:World War II 17974:Early modern 17951:Kalmar Union 17900: 17822:Papal States 17740:Roman Empire 17405:Architecture 17377:Great Famine 17367:Universities 17307:Hussite Wars 17224:Great Schism 17193: 17111:Papal States 16760:Contemporary 16610:Indo-Persian 16598:Nazi Germany 16542:Contemporary 16444:Vijayanagara 16343:Great Seljuk 16285: 16254:Thessalonica 16182:Golden Horde 15822:Carthaginian 15601:Neo-Assyrian 15586:Neo-Sumerian 15441:Ferdinand II 15411:Maximilian I 15381:Frederick II 15128:Schlettstadt 15123:Schmalkalden 15118:Schaffhausen 15093:Pfeddersheim 15008:Diessenhofen 14655: 14503: 14424: 14405: 14398: 14391: 14381: 14374: 14367: 14341: 14316: 14313:Bryce, James 14286: 14258: 14244: 14224: 14215: 14190: 14186: 14177: 14157: 14133: 14112: 14099:. Retrieved 14084: 14074: 14073: 14061: 14045: 14025: 13999: 13993: 13971:. Retrieved 13964:the original 13943: 13939: 13923: 13913:– via 13907: 13885: 13871: 13867: 13863: 13838: 13834: 13811: 13798:. Retrieved 13783:21 September 13781:. Retrieved 13761: 13741: 13737: 13713: 13702: 13681: 13671: 13662: 13653: 13634: 13611: 13588: 13571:. Infobase. 13567: 13546: 13534:, retrieved 13530: 13506: 13485: 13464: 13454: 13442:. Retrieved 13424: 13403: 13389: 13380: 13351: 13344:. Routledge. 13341: 13331: 13320: 13310: 13301: 13292: 13266: 13239: 13213: 13183: 13153: 13133: 13123: 13120:Duffy, Eamon 13110: 13100: 13091: 13078: 13051: 13034: 13025: 13006: 12997:. Macmillan. 12993: 12989:Bryce, James 12969: 12944: 12928:. Retrieved 12913: 12900:. Retrieved 12880: 12870: 12851: 12840: 12821: 12794: 12774: 12751: 12739:. Retrieved 12724: 12717: 12705:. Retrieved 12690: 12683: 12671:. Retrieved 12667: 12658: 12646: 12634:. Retrieved 12619: 12612: 12600:. Retrieved 12585: 12578: 12566:. Retrieved 12551: 12544: 12528: 12516: 12504: 12492: 12480:. Retrieved 12465: 12458: 12446:. Retrieved 12431: 12424: 12412:. Retrieved 12406: 12399: 12392:Whaley 2012a 12387: 12375:. Retrieved 12360: 12353: 12344: 12334: 12322:. Retrieved 12307: 12300: 12293:Whaley 2012a 12288: 12276:. Retrieved 12274:(4): 953–957 12271: 12267: 12257: 12250:Johnson 1996 12245: 12233: 12221: 12209: 12197: 12185:. Retrieved 12170: 12163: 12151:. Retrieved 12136: 12129: 12117:. Retrieved 12102: 12095: 12083:. Retrieved 12068: 12061: 12054:Wilson 2016b 12049: 12037: 12025: 12013: 11986: 11974: 11962: 11950: 11938: 11926: 11914:. Retrieved 11899: 11892: 11880:. Retrieved 11865: 11858: 11846:. Retrieved 11831: 11824: 11797:. Retrieved 11793:the original 11786: 11777: 11765: 11753:. Retrieved 11738: 11731: 11719: 11707:. Retrieved 11702: 11693: 11681: 11674:Hirschi 2005 11669: 11657: 11650:Whaley 2012b 11645: 11633: 11626:Whaley 2012a 11611:Cipolla 1981 11606: 11579: 11567: 11555: 11548:Tellier 2009 11543: 11532:the original 11527: 11514: 11502: 11480:Whaley 2012b 11475: 11468:Whaley 2012a 11463: 11456:Benecke 1974 11451: 11435: 11411: 11399: 11387: 11375:. Retrieved 11370: 11361: 11349:. Retrieved 11332:(1): 60–75. 11329: 11325: 11315: 11303:. Retrieved 11288: 11281: 11269:. Retrieved 11254: 11247: 11240:Whaley 2012a 11235: 11223:. Retrieved 11208: 11201: 11189: 11177:. Retrieved 11162: 11155: 11143:. Retrieved 11128: 11121: 11114:Mullett 2010 11109: 11097:. Retrieved 11082: 11075: 11063:. Retrieved 11041: 11031: 11019:. Retrieved 11004: 10997: 10985:. Retrieved 10970: 10963: 10936: 10924:. Retrieved 10898: 10891: 10879:. Retrieved 10864: 10857: 10845:. Retrieved 10830: 10823: 10811:. Retrieved 10804:the original 10785: 10778: 10766:. Retrieved 10751: 10744: 10736: 10732: 10727: 10715: 10703:. Retrieved 10688: 10681: 10669: 10657:. Retrieved 10642: 10635: 10600: 10590: 10578: 10567:Whaley 2012a 10562: 10550:. Retrieved 10546: 10536: 10524: 10512:. Retrieved 10508: 10499: 10472:. Retrieved 10457: 10450: 10438:. Retrieved 10423: 10416: 10404:. Retrieved 10389: 10369:20 September 10367:. Retrieved 10347: 10325:. Retrieved 10321:the original 10300: 10290: 10280:21 September 10278:. Retrieved 10258: 10251: 10239:. Retrieved 10235: 10225: 10213: 10201:. Retrieved 10186: 10179: 10167:. Retrieved 10152: 10145: 10133:. Retrieved 10118: 10111: 10099:. Retrieved 10084: 10077: 10065:. Retrieved 10053: 10043: 10031:. Retrieved 10025: 10018: 10006:. Retrieved 9991: 9984: 9972:. Retrieved 9957: 9950: 9938:. Retrieved 9923: 9916: 9904: 9892:. Retrieved 9877: 9870: 9858:. Retrieved 9843: 9836: 9824:. Retrieved 9809: 9802: 9790:. Retrieved 9775: 9768: 9756:. Retrieved 9741: 9734: 9722:. Retrieved 9707: 9700: 9691: 9685: 9673:. Retrieved 9653: 9646: 9634: 9622: 9567: 9555:. Retrieved 9540: 9518:. Retrieved 9503: 9481: 9469:. Retrieved 9454: 9447: 9435:. Retrieved 9420: 9413: 9393: 9386: 9374: 9362: 9335: 9323:. Retrieved 9308: 9301: 9289: 9277:. Retrieved 9262: 9255: 9243: 9236:Szepesi 2015 9231: 9219: 9207:. Retrieved 9192: 9185: 9173: 9161:. Retrieved 9146: 9139: 9127:. Retrieved 9112: 9105: 9093:. Retrieved 9078: 9071: 9059: 9047: 9035: 9028:Haffner 2019 9023: 9011: 9000: 8985: 8973: 8961: 8949: 8907:. Retrieved 8892: 8885: 8873:. Retrieved 8858: 8851: 8839:. Retrieved 8833: 8827: 8815:. Retrieved 8800: 8793: 8781:. Retrieved 8766: 8759: 8747:. Retrieved 8732: 8725: 8713:. Retrieved 8698: 8691: 8679:. Retrieved 8664: 8657: 8645: 8633: 8626:McBrien 2000 8621: 8609: 8597:. Retrieved 8591: 8584: 8572:. Retrieved 8557: 8550: 8538:. Retrieved 8523: 8516: 8504:. Retrieved 8489: 8482: 8470:. Retrieved 8465: 8455: 8443:. Retrieved 8439: 8430: 8418:. Retrieved 8403: 8396: 8384:. Retrieved 8369: 8362: 8335: 8323:. Retrieved 8308: 8301: 8289:. Retrieved 8274: 8267: 8255: 8243: 8231: 8219: 8207: 8195: 8183:. Retrieved 8168: 8161: 8149:. Retrieved 8134: 8127: 8120:Collins 2014 8073: 8061: 8054:Johnson 1996 8049: 8037: 8028: 8019: 8007: 7995: 7983: 7971: 7959: 7947: 7935:. Retrieved 7931:the original 7910: 7906: 7896: 7884:. Retrieved 7869: 7862: 7850: 7838: 7826: 7814: 7802:. Retrieved 7798: 7789: 7782:Schulze 1998 7777: 7765: 7753: 7733:, p. 2. 7716:Johnson 1996 7696: 7674:Wilson 2016b 7669: 7657: 7630: 7623:Whaley 2012a 7599: 7576: 7570: 7547: 7541: 7529:. Retrieved 7514: 7507: 7495:. Retrieved 7480: 7473: 7461: 7453:HistoryWorld 7452: 7414:19 September 7412:. Retrieved 7408:the original 7403: 7394: 7382:. Retrieved 7378: 7369: 7346: 7340: 7311: 7284: 7261: 7252: 7240:. Retrieved 7225: 7218: 7206:. Retrieved 7200: 7193: 7170: 7164: 7141: 7135: 7112: 7106: 7062:. Retrieved 7051: 7039:. Retrieved 7029: 7017:. Retrieved 7007: 6980: 6970: 6958: 6946:. Retrieved 6940: 6931: 6912: 6883: 6870: 6861: 6852: 6835: 6821: 6808: 6801:Zeumern 1908 6795: 6791: 6779:. Retrieved 6775:the original 6764: 6755: 6743:. Retrieved 6739: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6676: 6663: 6655: 6623: 6598:the sons of 6543: 6529: 6356: 6332: 6327: 6325: 6316: 6295: 6266: 6261:Magyarország 6260: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6230:Frederick II 6223: 6192: 6184: 6144: 6143:In 1495 the 6142: 6134:Reichshofrat 6133: 6127: 6084: 5931: 5925: 5881: 5846: 5807: 5738: 5700: 5693: 5668: 5656: 5649:Reichshofrat 5648: 5646: 5638:Reichshofrat 5637: 5622: 5586: 5573: 5569: 5567: 5552: 5530: 5523: 5514: 5508: 5453: 5449: 5417:German kings 5412: 5408: 5402: 5357: 5237: 5228:Reichsstände 5219: 5131:Kleinstaaten 5129: 5123: 5081: 5053:nation-state 5046: 5043:Institutions 5029: 5025: 5017: 4971: 4961: 4870: 4776: 4682: 4632: 4627: 4612: 4531: 4449: 4432:in the 1797 4427: 4423: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4368: 4360: 4352:Demographics 4331: 4325:German Reich 4322: 4321: 4318: 4295: 4252: 4221: 4213: 4183: 4176: 4118: 4050:(1683), the 4045: 4025: 4014: 3998: 3985: 3982: 3909: 3904: 3902: 3871: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3821: 3769: 3721: 3717: 3696: 3586: 3580: 3572: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3519: 3515: 3506:Maximilian I 3491:Landsknechte 3487: 3472: 3460: 3457: 3443: 3407: 3404:Vehmic court 3401: 3397: 3380: 3352: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3319: 3317: 3312:Reichshofrat 3310: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3281: 3275: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3211: 3206: 3203:robber baron 3200: 3196:Fredrick III 3158: 3142: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3088: 3083:, issued by 3076: 3070: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2986: 2963: 2909: 2886: 2862:Guelph party 2839: 2787: 2777: 2770: 2762: 2755: 2752: 2738: 2712:Frederick II 2706: 2692: 2628: 2597: 2584: 2573: 2553: 2534: 2521:Hohenstaufen 2515:family, but 2502: 2455:Piast dukes' 2448: 2426: 2414: 2407:kept in the 2372: 2323: 2305: 2298: 2283: 2266: 2249: 2225: 2214: 2196: 2142: 2114: 2107:East Francia 2079:stem duchies 2076: 2060: 2044:East Francia 2040:West Francia 2019: 2009: 2005:Nikephoros I 1998: 1980: 1945: 1941: 1932: 1925:Carolingians 1909:Merovingians 1898: 1684:World War II 1674:Nazi Germany 1635:German Reich 1562:18th century 1557:Sectionalism 1531: 1522:East Francia 1267: 1263: 1259:Nazi Germany 1250: 1247:Erstes Reich 1246: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1147: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1109: 1106:Roman Empire 1105: 1099: 1086: 1080: 1049: 1030: 1027: 984:Pope Leo III 981: 952: 948: 946: 786:East Francia 768:Succeeded by 767: 762: 752:Reichsthaler 722:• 1800 712:• 1700 649:Cabinet wars 418: 315:Seat of the 297: 296:Seat of the 279:Hohenstaufen 257: 221: 174: 163:Coat of arms 124:800/962–1806 41:Roman Empire 29: 19930:Middle Ages 19885:Christendom 19790:Definitions 19679:Open Balkan 19497:integration 19427:Rule of law 19422:Natural law 19399:Agnosticism 19377:Hellenistic 19355:Anglo-Saxon 19285:Catholicism 19224:Atlanticism 19129:Rationalism 18935:Immigration 18918:Esotericism 18776:World War I 18741:Romanticism 18721:Reformation 18701:Renaissance 18679:Middle Ages 18644:Christendom 18573:Foundations 18455:Investiture 18106:World War I 18096:Nationalism 17984:Reformation 17969:Renaissance 17941:Black Death 17874:Kievan Rus' 17777:Middle Ages 17634:WikiProject 17561:Medievalism 17400:Agriculture 17264:Manorialism 17259:Communalism 17254:Monasticism 17171:Reconquista 17161:Kievan Rus' 16348:Khwarezmian 16281:Carolingian 16086:Rashtrakuta 15790:Shaishunaga 15689:Hellenistic 15672:New Kingdom 15662:Old Kingdom 15466:Charles VII 15421:Ferdinand I 15366:Frederick I 15361:Lothair III 15291:Charles III 15266:Charlemagne 15098:Rheinfelden 15043:Kaysersberg 14883:Schweinfurt 14843:Pfullendorf 14723:Dinkelsbühl 14587:Upper Saxon 14537:Lower Saxon 13973:7 September 13536:7 September 13293:Charlemagne 12756:Wilson 2016 12741:6 September 12707:6 September 12673:26 February 12651:Wilson 2016 12568:6 September 12509:Wilson 2016 12497:Wilson 2016 12482:6 September 12448:6 September 12414:6 September 12226:Wilson 2016 12214:Wilson 1999 12202:Wilson 2016 12030:Härter 2011 12018:Wilson 1999 12006:Wilson 1999 11991:Barker 1911 11709:7 September 11662:Wilson 2004 11584:Legauy 1995 11572:Kurian 2010 11440:Wilson 2009 11416:Wilson 2009 11404:Parker 2008 11373:(in German) 11194:Whaley 2011 10720:Wilson 2004 10583:Curtis 2013 10492:Whaley 2011 10474:12 December 10440:12 December 10218:Wilson 2016 10033:12 December 10008:12 December 9974:12 December 9940:12 December 9909:Hodnet 2018 9894:20 November 9860:20 November 9826:20 November 9792:20 November 9758:20 November 9724:19 November 9627:Whaley 2011 9486:Wilson 2016 9355:Whaley 2011 9052:Arnold 1995 8650:Cantor 1993 8638:Sladen 1914 8614:Magill 1998 8468:(in German) 8355:Magill 1998 8340:Cantor 1993 8260:Cantor 1993 8248:Magill 1998 7988:Davies 1996 7819:Wilson 2006 7770:Whaley 2011 7746:Whaley 2011 7731:Wilson 1999 7604:Wilson 1999 7466:Davies 1996 7432:Cantor 1993 7384:15 February 7333:Wilson 2016 7316:Wilson 2016 6845:Hanlon 2014 6828:Avakov 2015 6745:15 February 6648:Pope Leo IX 6536:Härter 2011 6514:Charlemagne 6350:to his son 6328:Türkenhilfe 5980:Quedlinburg 5948:Diedenhofen 5905:Ferdinand I 5896:Wittelsbach 5838:Georg Braun 5754:Reichsarmee 5709:Switzerland 5599:ending the 5562: 1340 5460:Golden Bull 5458:issued the 5248: 1600 5157:Reichsstand 4997:Arminianism 4973:Lutheranism 4963:Catholicism 4956:Lutheranism 4551:Population 4462:Population 4277:. Francis' 4223:Rittersturm 4036:Anabaptists 3990:Cologne War 3892:– becoming 3878:Reformation 3785:Reformation 3689: [ 3657:resided in 3639:Charles VII 3635:Wittelsbach 3629:resided in 3595:Ferdinand I 3575:Kaiserpfalz 3416:Charlemagne 3408:Vehmgericht 3388: [ 3345: [ 3238:Landfrieden 3230:Christendom 3167:Wittelsbach 2966:bourgeoisie 2854:Interregnum 2816:Interregnum 2794:Middle Ages 2643:nationalism 2577:Justinian I 2557:rule of law 2545:Landfrieden 2505:Lothair III 2445:Ostsiedlung 2439:Ostsiedlung 2121:of Saxony ( 2099:Lotharingia 1992:Carolingian 1972:Christendom 1954:of Emperor 1654:World War I 1580:Unification 1516:Middle Ages 1451:Württemberg 1431:Family tree 1339:History of 1108:. The term 1102:Charlemagne 1007:Otto I 991:Charlemagne 975:during the 763:Preceded by 572:Charlemagne 552:Middle Ages 538:Legislature 490:Charlemagne 446:(1648–1806) 441:(1555–1806) 439:Lutheranism 436:(1054–1806) 416:ceremonial) 389:(1689–1806) 376:from 1594, 368:(1594–1806) 354:(1583–1612) 333:(1562–1806) 291:(1508–1519) 147: 1430 19854:Categories 19824:Quotations 19699:Rio Treaty 19210:Relativism 19168:Liberalism 19134:Empiricism 19086:Philosophy 19074:Secularism 19025:Philosophy 18962:Literature 18756:Capitalism 18334:and events 17869:Viking Age 17684:Prehistory 17556:Land terms 17510:Technology 17490:Philosophy 17470:Literature 17435:Demography 17136:Viking Age 16918:Portuguese 16799:Revival Le 16789:Vietnamese 16432:Later Tran 16402:Vietnamese 16298:Singhasari 16286:Holy Roman 15910:Bulgarian 15846:Satavahana 15817:Phoenician 15753:Achaemenid 15714:Indo-Greek 15694:Macedonian 15608:Babylonian 15486:Francis II 15481:Leopold II 15461:Charles VI 15431:Rudolph II 15396:Charles IV 15286:Charles II 15113:Sarrebourg 15108:St. Gallen 15028:Gelnhausen 15013:Donauwörth 14893:Überlingen 14863:Rothenburg 14858:Reutlingen 14853:Regensburg 14848:Ravensburg 14828:Nördlingen 14823:Nordhausen 14813:Mühlhausen 14778:Kaufbeuren 14748:Gengenbach 14577:Burgundian 14527:Franconian 14506:after the 14101:5 February 14002:(3): 494. 13926:. Collier. 13915:Wikisource 13444:2 December 13083:Bloomsbury 12930:5 February 12636:17 January 12602:17 January 12535:, p. 12521:Evans 2006 12238:Brady 2009 12187:15 October 12153:15 October 12119:15 October 12085:15 October 11916:5 February 11882:5 February 11848:5 February 11755:6 February 11599:Flood 2011 11560:Claus 1997 11495:Smith 1920 11442:, p. 11392:Fried 2016 11377:28 October 11305:6 February 11271:6 February 11225:5 February 11179:5 February 11145:5 February 11099:15 October 11065:15 October 11021:15 October 10987:15 October 10881:15 October 10847:15 October 10813:15 October 10768:15 October 10705:6 February 10659:6 February 10597:"Monarchs" 10569:, p. 10552:5 February 10529:Brady 2009 10514:5 February 10406:29 January 10327:8 November 10241:5 February 10203:5 February 10169:5 February 10135:8 February 10101:7 February 10067:7 February 9675:24 October 9600:Brady 2009 9557:17 January 9520:17 January 9471:21 January 9437:21 January 9379:Brady 2009 9367:Hardy 2018 9340:Brady 2009 9325:6 February 9294:Brady 2009 9279:5 February 9209:2 November 9163:15 October 9129:15 October 9095:15 October 8420:6 February 8386:6 February 8325:6 February 8291:6 February 8185:6 February 8151:6 February 8078:Duffy 1997 8042:Bryce 1890 8000:Bryce 1890 7976:Bryce 1890 7964:Innes 2000 7952:Bryce 1890 7758:Moraw 1999 7701:Brady 2009 7689:Brady 2009 7635:Bryce 1890 7497:6 February 7304:Žůrek 2014 7242:6 February 7208:6 February 7084:Brady 2009 6948:16 October 6814:Smith 1920 6702:pronounced 6552:Low German 6518:coronation 6487:References 6257:Csehország 6206:See also: 6195:Regensburg 6163:Regensburg 6123:Regensburg 6080:Regensburg 6040:Gelnhausen 5952:Thionville 5764:Reichsheer 5547:The Seven 5456:Charles IV 5411:; German: 5162:feudal law 5009:Hutterites 5001:Mennonites 4993:Anabaptism 4989:Protestant 4923:Regensburg 4829:Regensburg 4771:Regensburg 4727:Regensburg 4637:Regensburg 4575:1,000,000 4567:1,100,000 4559:2,400,000 4478:1,200,000 4470:1,350,000 4357:Population 4334:Luxembourg 4255:Francis II 3894:Protestant 3882:Strasbourg 3793:See also: 3728:Regensburg 3699:, Augsburg 3686:Hans Rogel 3623:Regensburg 3412:Westphalia 3338:Raitkammer 3260:Maximilian 3214:anti-popes 3207:Raubritter 3171:Charles IV 3109:Wenceslaus 3085:Charles IV 3077:Kurfürsten 3058:Charles IV 3013:Baltic Sea 2806:Charles IV 2707:alamanikon 2635:West Slavs 2561:bishoprics 2517:Conrad III 2463:suzerainty 2385:with King 1958:, in what 1952:iconoclasm 1794:since 1990 1777:New states 1721:Ostgebiete 1714:Occupation 1607:Zollverein 1455:Mediatised 1365:Chronology 1304:. Barring 1300:and their 1243:Nazi Party 1057:Francis II 738:Multiple: 726:29,000,000 716:23,000,000 702:Population 527:Francis II 451:Government 366:Regensburg 343:coronation 281:dynasty) 241:(800–1562) 19644:Five Eyes 19639:EU–UK TCA 19481:Democracy 19370:Old Norse 19259:Abrahamic 19216:Peritrope 19198:Tolerance 19178:Socialism 19008:Mythology 18996:Classical 18945:Languages 18923:Astrology 18771:Modernism 18585:Old World 18418:Canon law 18332:Documents 18278:Erlembald 17916:Feudalism 17887:Catalonia 17541:Dark Ages 17450:Household 17445:Hastilude 17214:Feudalism 16911:Couronian 16549:Ethiopian 16537:Manchukuo 16492:Brazilian 16338:Ghaznavid 16308:Srivijaya 16259:Trebizond 16244:Byzantine 16226:North Sea 16221:Norwegian 16209:Almoravid 16192:Ilkhanate 16162:Majapahit 16135:Muromachi 16044:Solomonic 16029:Ethiopian 15943:Caliphate 15876:Aragonese 15704:Ptolemaic 15476:Joseph II 15471:Francis I 15451:Leopold I 15416:Charles V 15401:Sigismund 15386:Henry VII 15346:Henry III 15341:Conrad II 15311:Louis III 15276:Lothair I 15158:Turckheim 15148:Straßburg 15143:Solothurn 14928:Windsheim 14838:Offenburg 14833:Nuremberg 14818:Mülhausen 14808:Memmingen 14793:Leutkirch 14788:Kessenich 14768:Heilbronn 14743:Friedberg 14738:Frankfurt 14698:Bopfingen 14360:38653949M 14333:17729330M 14207:154316830 14070:797016561 14056:(1773) . 13960:148667574 13855:144471373 13841:: 64–75. 13394:Göttingen 13258:25270288M 13242:. Brill. 13158:Stuttgart 13103:. Oxford. 13070:28037381M 12902:5 October 11788:The Local 11346:0026-2005 10956:Ertl 2007 10941:Ertl 2007 10627:240193601 10603:: 17–36. 10317:186566355 9615:Erbe 2000 8066:Kohn 2006 7927:0963-9462 6924:Citations 6690:‹See Tfd› 6658:Orthodox. 6352:Philip II 6336:Charles V 6303:Ferdinand 6171:Esslingen 6159:Nuremberg 6056:Esslingen 6028:Nuremberg 6004:Merseburg 5964:Forchheim 5936:Paderborn 5932:Reichstag 5909:Rudolf II 5861:Magdeburg 5816:‹See Tfd› 5797:‹See Tfd› 5770:‹See Tfd› 5759:‹See Tfd› 5746:‹See Tfd› 5570:Reichstag 5531:Reichstag 5521:in 1530. 5519:Charles V 5441:Bavarians 5433:Franconia 5223:‹See Tfd› 5152:‹See Tfd› 5137:‹See Tfd› 5082:From the 4981:Calvinism 4911:Straßburg 4903:Magdeburg 4895:Nuremberg 4881:100,000. 4877:150,000. 4849:Magdeburg 4841:Straßburg 4809:Nuremberg 4759:Straßburg 4747:Nuremberg 4743:Magdeburg 4707:Marseille 4683:1300–1350 4121:Louis XIV 4040:Arminians 4032:Calvinism 4005:Rudolf II 3890:Nuremberg 3886:Frankfurt 3859:Ferdinand 3828:Charles V 3822:In 1516, 3759:and from 3753:Innsbruck 3651:Reichstag 3627:Rudolf II 3613:, to the 3607:Frankfurt 3530:Ferdinand 3353:Hofkammer 3334:Hofkammer 3326:Nuremberg 3276:Hofkammer 3245:Sigismund 3159:Hausmacht 3151:Henry VII 3143:Reichsgut 3132:Reichsgut 3127:Reichsgut 3123:Reichsgut 3118:Reichsgut 3017:North Sea 2970:feudalism 2905:Rudolf II 2897:Clement V 2874:Habsburgs 2846:anti-king 2842:Conrad IV 2798:Ottokar I 2676:‹See Tfd› 2667:Prussians 2647:Pomerania 2608:antipopes 2593:Roman law 2311:Conrad II 2286:Gregory V 2271:Theophanu 2241:Theophanu 2083:Franconia 1927:, led by 1903:power in 1763:1949–1990 1740:1944–1950 1688:1939–1945 1678:1933–1945 1668:1918–1933 1658:1914–1918 1648:1871–1918 1423:Empresses 1298:Habsburgs 1187:Hungarian 1155:‹See Tfd› 1066:– of the 654:1648–1789 606:Conrad II 515:Charles V 444:Calvinism 425:Religion 331:Frankfurt 317:Habsburgs 298:Hofkammer 289:Innsbruck 19704:Schengen 19634:Eurozone 19474:Property 19469:Religion 19360:Frankish 19350:Germanic 19330:Paganism 19251:Religion 19239:European 19151:Humanism 19054:Religion 19013:Painting 18979:Internet 18930:Folklore 18901:Clothing 18872:Calendar 18848:Cyrillic 18833:Alphabet 18796:Cold War 18491:See also 18411:Concepts 18155:See also 18126:Cold War 17921:Crusades 17891:Valencia 17624:Category 17591:Timeline 17480:Minstrel 17475:Medicine 17357:Chivalry 17312:Burgundy 17234:Crusades 16891:Japanese 16854:Scottish 16834:American 16826:Colonial 16755:Imperial 16723:Moroccan 16659:Japanese 16637:Afsharid 16496:Burmese 16482:Austrian 16437:Later Le 16412:Early Le 16397:Venetian 16323:Tiwanaku 16236:Hellenic 16199:Moroccan 16130:Kamakura 16120:Japanese 16103:Saffarid 16056:Georgian 15970:Chalukya 15948:Rashidun 15938:Calakmul 15906:Bruneian 15785:Haryanka 15763:Sasanian 15758:Parthian 15709:Bactrian 15699:Seleucid 15679:Goguryeo 15657:Egyptian 15591:Assyrian 15581:Akkadian 15572:Colonies 15504:Category 15456:Joseph I 15436:Matthias 15391:Louis IV 15371:Henry VI 15351:Henry IV 15336:Henry II 15331:Otto III 15316:Berengar 15281:Louis II 15201:Décapole 15053:Konstanz 15018:Duisburg 14993:Besançon 14868:Rottweil 14733:Eßlingen 14728:Dortmund 14713:Buchhorn 14693:Biberach 14688:Augsburg 14572:Austrian 14522:Bavarian 14315:(1864). 14305:7744146M 14155:(1999). 14054:Voltaire 13800:14 March 13777:Archived 13610:(1999). 13291:(2016). 13182:(2006). 13122:(1997). 13043:1866/803 13005:(1993). 12991:(1890). 12942:(2014). 12896:Archived 12377:6 August 12324:6 August 11351:31 March 10926:7 August 10917:Archived 10363:Archived 10274:Archived 9669:Archived 7804:3 August 7260:(1983). 6983:: 5–14. 6781:13 April 6366:See also 6238:Al-Kamil 6226:Henry VI 6155:Augsburg 6111:Augsburg 6072:Konstanz 6064:Freiburg 6024:Augsburg 6012:Würzburg 5984:Dortmund 5972:Fritzlar 5894:and the 5701:Kreistag 5591:and the 5464:electors 5445:Swabians 5425:Lorraine 5407:(Latin: 5371:687,338 5368:687,338 5365:687,338 5362:687,338 4938:Religion 4929:20,000. 4925:20,000. 4921:21,000. 4917:23,000. 4905:40,000. 4901:40,000. 4897:40,000. 4893:40,000. 4889:45,000. 4887:Augsburg 4885:50,000. 4863:16,000. 4851:18,000. 4839:20,000. 4833:Augsburg 4831:22,000. 4823:25,000. 4815:30,000. 4813:Augsburg 4811:38,000. 4799:45,000. 4793:Florence 4691:Florence 4677:Florence 4671:20,000. 4667:20,000. 4663:20,000. 4659:20,000. 4655:21,000. 4651:25,000. 4647:30,000. 4643:35,000. 4607:100,000 4599:350,000 4591:500,000 4583:500,000 4526:110,000 4518:130,000 4510:250,000 4502:250,000 4494:649,000 4486:650,000 4336:and the 4259:Napoleon 4214:de facto 4202:annexing 4143:between 4113:Prussian 4109:Austrian 4021:Voltaire 3986:de facto 3898:Catholic 3851:Carlos I 3761:Brussels 3736:Augsburg 3732:Augsburg 3637:emperor 3549:and the 3467:Germania 3462:Germania 3436:Germania 3226:Hussites 3163:Louis IV 2989:property 2695:Henry VI 2661:by Duke 2565:Freiburg 2387:Henry IV 2319:electors 2307:Henry II 2301:Henry II 2275:Otto III 2252:Leo VIII 2130:Fritzlar 1983:Lombards 1933:de facto 1917:Frankish 1913:Clovis I 1911:, under 1756:division 1415:Monarchs 1375:Military 1330:a series 1328:Part of 1290:de facto 1278:Burgundy 1206:Voltaire 1175:Burgundy 1064:Napoleon 999:the fall 986:crowned 748:groschen 735:Currency 569:Frankish 339:Election 271:Henry VI 258:de facto 19549:Benelux 19454:Thought 19404:Atheism 19345:Finnish 19321:Culture 19316:Judaism 19278:Eastern 19274:Western 19269:Culture 19203:Paradox 19069:Decline 19030:Science 18906:History 18894:Studies 18877:Cuisine 18865:Periods 18825:Culture 18654:History 18620:Eastern 18615:Western 18566:culture 17996:Baroque 17895:Majorca 17807:Francia 17534:Related 17520:Warfare 17515:Theatre 17505:Slavery 17500:Science 17455:Hunting 17420:Cuisine 17393:Culture 17332:Castile 17327:England 16958:largest 16953:Empires 16933:Swedish 16928:Spanish 16923:Russian 16886:Italian 16861:Chinese 16849:English 16844:British 16839:Belgian 16814:Vietnam 16804:Tay son 16750:Tsarist 16745:Russian 16740:Ottoman 16706:Dzungar 16701:Khoshut 16674:Mexican 16669:Maratha 16652:Pahlavi 16632:Safavid 16627:Iranian 16554:Haitian 16517:Chinese 16477:Ashanti 16449:Wagadou 16375:Eastern 16370:Western 16353:Timurid 16313:Tibetan 16303:Songhai 16293:Serbian 16214:Almohad 16204:Idrisid 16108:Samanid 16098:Tahirid 16093:Iranian 16071:Kannauj 16051:Genoese 15987:Chinese 15980:Eastern 15975:Western 15963:Fatimid 15958:Abbasid 15953:Umayyad 15926:Burmese 15886:Ayyubid 15881:Angevin 15851:Xianbei 15839:Eastern 15834:Western 15780:Magadha 15743:Iranian 15736:Xiongnu 15721:Hittite 15630:Chinese 15618:Kassite 15567:Ancient 15559:Empires 15376:Otto IV 15356:Henry V 15326:Otto II 15301:Lambert 15271:Louis I 15173:Warburg 15103:Rosheim 15088:Obernai 15083:Munster 15068:Lucerne 15038:Herford 15033:Hagenau 15003:Cambrai 14923:Wimpfen 14918:Wetzlar 14783:Kempten 14763:Hamburg 14753:Giengen 14718:Cologne 14668:By 1792 14647:of the 14542:Swabian 14502:of the 14500:Circles 14325:1347435 14016:2600793 12839:(ed.). 12765:Sources 11799:20 June 8599:9 March 8574:9 March 8540:9 March 8506:9 March 8472:5 March 8445:2 March 7937:31 July 7886:31 July 7531:9 March 7404:History 6897:Tuscany 6727:emperor 6646:before 6612:Italian 6592:Yiddish 6588:Sorbian 6584:Slovene 6580:Romansh 6576:Frisian 6556:Italian 6524:in 962. 6175:Wetzlar 6119:Cologne 6099:Bologna 6095:Ravenna 6087:crowned 6068:Cologne 6016:Bamberg 5976:Ravenna 5865:Palermo 5484:Cologne 5185:Cologne 5181:diocese 5096:England 5077:princes 5069:bishops 4983:in the 4933:20,000. 4907:Breslau 4899:Hamburg 4891:Cologne 4867:15,000. 4865:Hamburg 4825:Breslau 4805:Cremona 4801:Antwerp 4797:Cologne 4791:70,000. 4703:Cologne 4679:15,000. 4653:Cologne 4342:Hamburg 4261:at the 4149:Prussia 4145:Austria 4125:Prussia 4046:At the 3944:Baroque 3922:Paul IV 3832:Castile 3765:Antwerp 3599:Hofburg 3587:pfalzen 3383:by the 3153:of the 3101:Italian 2982:burgher 2833:of the 2767:coining 2763:regalia 2659:Prussia 2651:Silesia 2589:coining 2585:regalia 2541:knights 2519:of the 2511:of the 2451:Silesia 2429:Henry V 2411:, 1115) 2256:Otto II 2233:Eadgyth 2205:in the 2203:Magyars 2171:of the 2134:Magyars 2087:Bavaria 2016:Lothair 1995:Francia 1443:Prussia 1439:Bavaria 1435:Austria 1390:Judaism 1380:Economy 1341:Germany 1320:History 1274:Germany 744:guilder 673:• 660:• 647:• 634:• 621:• 604:• 587:• 567:• 492:(first) 471:Emperor 461:(after 419:Various 387:Wetzlar 254:Palermo 222:de jure 210:Capital 19569:CANZUK 19459:Speech 19387:Slavic 19365:Gothic 19340:Celtic 19335:Baltic 19234:Values 19035:Values 18595:Greece 18482:Simony 18460:Papacy 18256:People 17883:Aragon 17862:Amalfi 17847:Venice 17835:Second 17614:Portal 17495:Poetry 17322:France 16896:Mongol 16881:German 16876:French 16866:Danish 16809:Dainam 16784:Tongan 16772:Somali 16767:Sokoto 16733:'Alawi 16711:Kalmyk 16691:Mongol 16684:Second 16664:Korean 16615:Mughal 16605:Indian 16588:German 16581:Second 16571:French 16564:Second 16500:Second 16472:Afghan 16464:Modern 16390:Kyrgyz 16385:Uighur 16380:Second 16360:Turkic 16328:Toltec 16264:Epirus 16249:Nicaea 16172:Mongol 16125:Yamato 16061:Huetar 15919:Second 15856:Rouran 15805:Shunga 15800:Maurya 15775:Kushan 15748:Median 15726:Hunnic 15684:Harsha 15321:Otto I 15306:Arnulf 15183:Zürich 15168:Verdun 15163:Verden 15058:Landau 15048:Kolmar 14998:Brakel 14903:Wangen 14888:Speyer 14803:Lübeck 14798:Lindau 14758:Goslar 14708:Buchau 14703:Bremen 14678:Aachen 14422:about 14384:(1995) 14358: 14348: 14331: 14323: 14303: 14293: 14231: 14205: 14165: 14141: 14120: 14092: 14068: 14033: 14014: 13958: 13910: 13893: 13853: 13819: 13769: 13721: 13689: 13641: 13618: 13596: 13575: 13554: 13514: 13493: 13472: 13435: 13411: 13359: 13277: 13256: 13246: 13220: 13194: 13168: 13141: 13068: 13058: 13013: 12977: 12956: 12921: 12888: 12858: 12809: 12782: 12732: 12698: 12627: 12593: 12559: 12473: 12439: 12368: 12315: 12278:5 July 12178: 12144: 12110: 12076: 11907: 11873: 11839: 11746: 11344: 11296: 11262: 11216: 11170: 11136: 11090: 11056: 11012: 10978: 10909: 10872: 10838: 10796: 10759: 10696: 10650: 10625: 10615: 10465: 10431: 10397: 10355: 10315: 10266: 10194: 10160: 10126: 10092: 9999: 9965: 9931: 9885: 9851: 9817: 9783: 9749: 9715: 9661: 9548: 9511: 9462: 9428: 9401: 9316: 9270: 9200: 9154: 9120: 9086: 8909:30 May 8900: 8875:30 May 8866: 8841:30 May 8817:30 May 8808: 8783:30 May 8774: 8749:30 May 8740: 8715:30 May 8706: 8681:30 May 8672: 8565: 8531: 8497: 8411: 8377: 8316: 8282: 8176: 8142: 7925: 7877: 7587: 7558: 7522: 7488: 7357: 7272: 7233: 7181: 7152: 7123: 6995: 6694:German 6604:German 6572:French 6564:Polish 6548:German 6167:Speyer 6138:Vienna 6060:Lindau 6044:Erfurt 6036:Speyer 6008:Goslar 5992:Minden 5988:Verona 5968:Trebur 5956:Aachen 5919:, the 5900:Munich 5892:Prague 5888:Vienna 5886:chose 5877:Vienna 5873:Prague 5869:Munich 5857:Aachen 5750:German 5589:Swabia 5498:, the 5490:, and 5478:, the 5474:, the 5470:, the 5443:, and 5437:Saxons 5272:Ruler 5191:, and 5108:papacy 5092:France 5073:abbots 5065:counts 5051:nor a 5011:, the 4931:Munich 4915:Lübeck 4883:Vienna 4879:Prague 4853:Modena 4837:Vienna 4821:Lübeck 4817:Mantua 4789:Prague 4767:Lübeck 4755:Danzig 4751:Vienna 4739:Aachen 4731:Speyer 4719:Erfurt 4711:Verona 4699:Prague 4669:Verona 4649:Speyer 4548:State 4459:State 4346:Bremen 4249:, 1805 4234:or an 4232:bishop 4173:, 1789 4093:, and 4034:, but 3979:, 1648 3954:, and 3888:, and 3855:Karl V 3836:Aragon 3757:Venice 3744:Welser 3740:Fugger 3730:, and 3659:Berlin 3647:Kaiser 3633:, the 3631:Prague 3611:Aachen 3557:(see: 3351:, the 3147:Styria 3103:, and 3093:German 3015:, the 3009:guilds 2978:cities 2946:, and 2882:Albert 2864:, and 2810:Prague 2680:German 2616:Lübeck 2612:Munich 2569:Munich 2243:, and 2153:Aachen 2097:, and 2095:Saxony 2091:Swabia 1447:Saxony 1419:Queens 1359:Topics 1332:on the 1282:France 1159:German 1118:Papacy 1110:sacrum 1100:Since 1094:, and 1019:Salian 961:Europe 957:polity 740:thaler 592:Otto I 529:(last) 503:Otto I 475: 408:German 352:Prague 308:Vienna 239:Aachen 178:(1510) 149:–1806) 113:German 109: 95: 77:German 73: 59: 19807:Media 19724:USMCA 19579:CEFTA 19534:AUKUS 19524:ANZUS 19519:ANZUK 19464:Press 19382:Roman 19047:Sport 18991:Chant 18986:Music 18974:Media 18967:Canon 18913:Dance 18843:Latin 18838:Greek 18684:early 17852:Genoa 17830:First 17525:Women 17485:Music 17440:Domes 17430:Dance 17317:Milan 16946:Lists 16901:Omani 16871:Dutch 16777:Isaaq 16728:Saadi 16696:Oirat 16679:First 16647:Qajar 16576:First 16559:First 16532:China 16505:Third 16365:First 16318:Tikal 16269:Morea 16239:Roman 16157:Latin 16152:Khmer 16147:Kanem 16113:Buyid 16039:Zagwe 16034:Aksum 16024:Chola 15931:First 15914:First 15901:Bornu 15896:Benin 15891:Aztec 15829:Roman 15810:Gupta 15795:Nanda 15731:White 15138:Soest 15133:Seltz 15073:Mainz 15063:Lemgo 15023:Düren 14983:Basel 14969:Lost 14933:Worms 14683:Aalen 14203:S2CID 14012:JSTOR 13990:(PDF) 13967:(PDF) 13956:S2CID 13936:(PDF) 13866:[ 13851:S2CID 13429:(PDF) 13271:cxvii 12835:. In 11535:(PDF) 11524:(PDF) 10920:(PDF) 10903:(PDF) 10807:(PDF) 10790:(PDF) 10623:S2CID 10313:S2CID 7064:4 May 7041:4 May 7019:4 May 6681:Latin 6616:Czech 6608:Latin 6568:Dutch 6560:Czech 6492:Notes 6348:Milan 6193:When 6151:Worms 6115:Rhens 6103:Reims 6076:Trier 6050:(now 5996:Mainz 5960:Worms 5950:(now 5780:Latin 5593:Rhine 5572:, or 5492:Trier 5488:Mainz 5358:Total 5284:1792 5281:1748 5278:1714 5275:1648 5193:Mainz 5189:Trier 5088:power 5061:dukes 5057:kings 5049:state 5013:Amish 4875:Milan 4857:Pavia 4845:Parma 4785:Genoa 4781:Milan 4763:Worms 4735:Mainz 4715:Padua 4695:Genoa 4687:Milan 4661:Worms 4657:Trier 4645:Mainz 4613:Total 4532:Total 4236:abbot 3840:Spain 3693:] 3392:] 3349:] 3288:Worms 3105:Czech 3097:Latin 3025:a war 2878:Adolf 2549:Mainz 2113:, as 1968:Irene 1937:Pepin 1921:Rhine 1901:Roman 1395:Women 1270:Italy 1251:Reich 1221:) or 1167:Latin 1081:Reich 99:Latin 63:Latin 19684:OSCE 19664:NATO 19609:EFTA 19574:CBSS 19559:BSEC 19449:Life 19001:Folk 18882:Diet 18694:late 18689:high 18605:Rome 18564:and 17857:Pisa 16716:Bogd 16642:Zand 16620:Sikh 16527:Qing 16522:Ming 16454:Wari 16422:Tran 16407:Dinh 16177:Yuan 16167:Mali 16076:Pala 16066:Inca 16017:Yuan 16007:Song 16002:Liao 15997:Tang 15770:Kush 15652:Dʿmt 15153:Toul 15078:Metz 14988:Bern 14938:Zell 14908:Weil 14773:Isny 14346:ISBN 14321:OCLC 14291:ISBN 14229:ISBN 14163:ISBN 14139:ISBN 14118:ISBN 14103:2022 14090:ISBN 14066:OCLC 14031:ISBN 13975:2021 13891:ISBN 13817:ISBN 13802:2019 13785:2021 13767:ISBN 13719:ISBN 13687:ISBN 13639:ISBN 13616:ISBN 13594:ISBN 13573:ISBN 13552:ISBN 13538:2021 13512:ISBN 13491:ISBN 13470:ISBN 13446:2021 13433:ISBN 13409:ISBN 13357:ISBN 13275:ISBN 13244:ISBN 13218:ISBN 13192:ISBN 13166:ISBN 13139:ISBN 13056:ISBN 13011:ISBN 12975:ISBN 12954:ISBN 12932:2022 12919:ISBN 12904:2021 12886:ISBN 12856:ISBN 12807:ISBN 12780:ISBN 12743:2022 12730:ISBN 12709:2022 12696:ISBN 12675:2022 12638:2022 12625:ISBN 12604:2022 12591:ISBN 12570:2022 12557:ISBN 12484:2022 12471:ISBN 12450:2022 12437:ISBN 12416:2022 12379:2022 12366:ISBN 12326:2022 12313:ISBN 12280:2022 12189:2022 12176:ISBN 12155:2022 12142:ISBN 12121:2022 12108:ISBN 12087:2022 12074:ISBN 11918:2022 11905:ISBN 11884:2022 11871:ISBN 11850:2022 11837:ISBN 11801:2019 11757:2022 11744:ISBN 11711:2021 11379:2022 11353:2023 11342:ISSN 11307:2022 11294:ISBN 11273:2022 11260:ISBN 11227:2022 11214:ISBN 11181:2022 11168:ISBN 11147:2022 11134:ISBN 11101:2022 11088:ISBN 11067:2022 11054:ISBN 11023:2022 11010:ISBN 10989:2022 10976:ISBN 10928:2022 10907:ISBN 10883:2022 10870:ISBN 10849:2022 10836:ISBN 10815:2022 10794:ISBN 10770:2022 10757:ISBN 10707:2022 10694:ISBN 10661:2022 10648:ISBN 10613:ISBN 10554:2022 10516:2022 10476:2021 10463:ISBN 10442:2021 10429:ISBN 10408:2022 10395:ISBN 10371:2021 10353:ISBN 10329:2021 10282:2021 10264:ISBN 10243:2022 10205:2022 10192:ISBN 10171:2022 10158:ISBN 10137:2022 10124:ISBN 10103:2022 10090:ISBN 10069:2022 10035:2021 10010:2021 9997:ISBN 9976:2021 9963:ISBN 9942:2021 9929:ISBN 9896:2021 9883:ISBN 9862:2021 9849:ISBN 9828:2021 9815:ISBN 9794:2021 9781:ISBN 9760:2021 9747:ISBN 9726:2021 9713:ISBN 9677:2021 9659:ISBN 9559:2022 9546:ISBN 9522:2022 9509:ISBN 9473:2022 9460:ISBN 9439:2022 9426:ISBN 9399:ISBN 9327:2022 9314:ISBN 9281:2022 9268:ISBN 9211:2022 9198:ISBN 9165:2022 9152:ISBN 9131:2022 9118:ISBN 9097:2022 9084:ISBN 8911:2022 8898:ISBN 8877:2022 8864:ISBN 8843:2022 8819:2022 8806:ISBN 8785:2022 8772:ISBN 8751:2022 8738:ISBN 8717:2022 8704:ISBN 8683:2022 8670:ISBN 8601:2022 8576:2022 8563:ISBN 8542:2022 8529:ISBN 8508:2022 8495:ISBN 8474:2022 8447:2022 8422:2022 8409:ISBN 8388:2022 8375:ISBN 8327:2022 8314:ISBN 8293:2022 8280:ISBN 8187:2022 8174:ISBN 8153:2022 8140:ISBN 7939:2022 7923:ISSN 7888:2022 7875:ISBN 7806:2022 7585:ISBN 7556:ISBN 7533:2022 7520:ISBN 7499:2022 7486:ISBN 7416:2022 7386:2014 7355:ISBN 7270:ISBN 7244:2022 7231:ISBN 7210:2022 7179:ISBN 7150:ISBN 7121:ISBN 7066:2022 7043:2022 7021:2022 6993:ISBN 6950:2023 6783:2020 6747:2014 6614:and 6360:Elbe 6210:and 6169:and 6101:and 6091:Rome 6074:and 6052:Cheb 6048:Eger 5926:The 5890:and 5840:and 5739:The 5723:Army 5511:Pope 5392:The 5212:and 5201:and 5094:and 4954:and 4871:1600 4777:1500 4723:Metz 4673:Metz 4665:Lyon 4641:Rome 4633:1050 4344:and 4285:and 4273:, a 4245:The 4184:The 4147:and 4115:lion 4103:The 3936:and 3834:and 3787:and 3653:and 3609:and 3452:Roma 3371:and 3218:Pope 3039:and 2998:e.g. 2880:and 2808:set 2788:The 2649:and 2614:and 2513:Welf 2149:Otto 2034:and 1905:Gaul 1784:1990 1753:East 1749:West 1427:1918 1385:LGBT 1276:and 1143:Rome 1037:Rome 947:The 694:1150 689:Area 341:and 218:Rome 19674:OAS 19619:ESA 19614:EPC 19604:EEA 19509:AER 19414:Law 19392:Neo 18940:Law 18860:Art 17410:Art 16794:Mac 16231:Oyo 16140:Edo 16012:Jīn 15992:Sui 15645:Jin 15640:Han 15635:Qin 15296:Guy 14898:Ulm 14596:and 14263:doi 14195:doi 14004:doi 13948:doi 13843:doi 13746:doi 13742:113 13039:hdl 12799:doi 12537:126 11334:doi 11046:doi 10605:doi 10305:doi 10058:doi 7915:doi 7581:154 7146:659 7117:106 6985:doi 6799:. ( 6656:and 6520:of 6121:or 6054:), 5954:), 5767:or 5431:of 5423:of 5415:). 4919:Ulm 4861:Ulm 3763:to 3755:to 3724:Ulm 3684:by 3438:by 3422:). 3286:at 3205:" ( 3165:of 3161:): 2579:'s 1899:As 574:is 554:to 19856:: 19649:G7 19624:EU 17893:, 17889:, 17885:, 16427:Ho 16417:Ly 14390:. 14356:OL 14354:. 14329:OL 14327:. 14301:OL 14299:. 14201:. 14191:28 14189:. 14072:. 14060:. 14029:. 14010:. 14000:41 13998:. 13992:. 13954:. 13946:. 13942:. 13938:. 13849:. 13839:58 13837:. 13775:. 13740:. 13736:. 13529:, 13392:. 13273:. 13254:OL 13252:. 13234:; 13190:. 13188:82 13164:. 13160:: 13156:. 13081:. 13066:OL 13064:. 12952:. 12948:. 12894:. 12805:. 12666:. 12343:. 12272:71 12270:. 12266:. 11998:^ 11809:^ 11785:. 11701:. 11618:^ 11591:^ 11526:, 11487:^ 11444:17 11423:^ 11369:. 11340:. 11330:42 11328:. 11324:. 11052:. 11040:. 10948:^ 10915:. 10621:. 10611:. 10599:. 10571:75 10545:. 10507:. 10484:^ 10379:^ 10361:. 10337:^ 10311:. 10299:. 10272:. 10234:. 10052:. 9667:. 9607:^ 9590:^ 9575:^ 9530:^ 9493:^ 9347:^ 8999:. 8934:^ 8919:^ 8464:. 8438:. 8347:^ 8112:^ 8097:^ 8085:^ 8027:. 7921:. 7911:23 7909:. 7905:. 7797:. 7738:^ 7723:^ 7708:^ 7681:^ 7642:^ 7611:^ 7583:. 7554:. 7552:49 7451:. 7439:^ 7424:^ 7402:. 7377:. 7353:. 7323:^ 7296:^ 7268:. 7266:13 7177:. 7175:37 7148:. 7119:. 7091:^ 7074:^ 6991:. 6979:. 6939:. 6899:, 6891:, 6738:. 6700:, 6696:: 6687:; 6683:: 6633:c. 6610:, 6606:, 6590:, 6586:, 6582:, 6578:, 6574:, 6570:, 6566:, 6562:, 6558:, 6554:, 6550:, 6500:^ 6342:, 6177:. 6165:, 6161:, 6157:, 6153:, 6140:. 6125:. 6117:, 6113:, 6097:, 6082:. 6070:, 6066:, 6062:, 6058:, 6046:, 6042:, 6038:, 6034:, 6030:, 6026:, 6022:, 6018:, 6014:, 6010:, 6006:, 6002:, 5998:, 5994:, 5990:, 5986:, 5982:, 5978:, 5974:, 5970:, 5966:, 5962:, 5958:, 5946:, 5942:, 5938:, 5782:: 5778:; 5756:, 5752:: 5719:. 5603:. 5559:c. 5557:, 5486:, 5439:, 5435:, 5427:, 5245:c. 5235:. 5187:, 5145:(" 5071:, 5067:, 5063:, 5059:, 5030:A 5007:, 5003:, 4995:, 4873:: 4779:: 4685:: 4635:: 4316:. 4293:. 4089:, 4038:, 3950:, 3946:, 3900:. 3884:, 3846:. 3806:, 3742:, 3734:. 3726:, 3691:de 3661:. 3649:, 3508:, 3390:de 3347:de 3099:, 3095:, 2942:, 2938:, 2934:, 2930:, 2907:. 2848:, 2750:. 2732:, 2682:: 2626:. 2571:. 2551:. 2484:, 2424:. 2392:r. 2321:. 2261:r. 2247:. 2239:, 2235:, 2231:, 2140:. 2124:r. 2093:, 2089:, 2085:, 2030:, 2026:, 2022:. 2020:cf 1978:. 1891:c. 1453:, 1449:, 1445:, 1441:, 1437:, 1433:, 1429:, 1425:, 1421:, 1272:, 1249:, 1189:: 1169:: 1165:, 1161:: 1145:. 1090:, 1084:, 979:. 750:, 746:, 742:, 410:, 200:c. 144:c. 19776:: 19276:/ 18554:e 18547:t 18540:v 18241:e 18234:t 18227:v 17897:) 17881:( 17668:e 17661:t 17654:v 17045:e 17038:t 17031:v 15574:) 15570:( 15551:e 15544:t 15537:v 15247:e 15240:t 15233:v 14637:e 14630:t 14623:v 14492:e 14485:t 14478:v 14362:. 14335:. 14307:. 14271:. 14265:: 14237:. 14209:. 14197:: 14180:. 14171:. 14147:. 14126:. 14105:. 14039:. 14018:. 14006:: 13977:. 13950:: 13944:7 13917:. 13899:. 13878:. 13857:. 13845:: 13825:. 13804:. 13787:. 13754:. 13748:: 13727:. 13695:. 13647:. 13624:. 13602:. 13581:. 13560:. 13520:. 13499:. 13478:. 13448:. 13417:. 13374:. 13365:. 13283:. 13260:. 13226:. 13200:. 13174:. 13147:. 13094:. 13072:. 13045:. 13041:: 13019:. 12983:. 12962:. 12934:. 12906:. 12864:. 12815:. 12801:: 12788:. 12745:. 12711:. 12677:. 12640:. 12606:. 12572:. 12539:. 12486:. 12452:. 12418:. 12381:. 12347:. 12328:. 12282:. 12191:. 12157:. 12123:. 12089:. 11981:. 11969:. 11920:. 11886:. 11852:. 11803:. 11759:. 11713:. 11640:. 11613:. 11562:. 11446:. 11381:. 11355:. 11336:: 11309:. 11275:. 11229:. 11183:. 11149:. 11103:. 11069:. 11048:: 11025:. 10991:. 10930:. 10885:. 10851:. 10817:. 10772:. 10709:. 10663:. 10629:. 10607:: 10573:. 10556:. 10518:. 10478:. 10444:. 10410:. 10373:. 10331:. 10307:: 10284:. 10245:. 10207:. 10173:. 10139:. 10105:. 10071:. 10060:: 10037:. 10012:. 9978:. 9944:. 9898:. 9864:. 9830:. 9796:. 9762:. 9728:. 9679:. 9570:. 9561:. 9524:. 9475:. 9441:. 9407:. 9369:. 9329:. 9283:. 9250:. 9238:. 9213:. 9167:. 9133:. 9099:. 9042:. 8913:. 8879:. 8845:. 8821:. 8787:. 8753:. 8719:. 8685:. 8640:. 8603:. 8578:. 8544:. 8510:. 8476:. 8449:. 8424:. 8390:. 8329:. 8295:. 8189:. 8155:. 7941:. 7917:: 7890:. 7845:. 7808:. 7652:. 7593:. 7564:. 7535:. 7501:. 7455:. 7418:. 7388:. 7363:. 7351:2 7306:. 7278:. 7246:. 7212:. 7187:. 7158:. 7129:. 7068:. 7045:. 7023:. 7001:. 6987:: 6952:. 6830:) 6826:( 6803:) 6785:. 6749:. 6618:. 6132:( 5930:( 5794:( 5743:( 5564:) 5551:( 5533:) 5195:. 3810:. 3577:) 3573:( 3569:) 3565:( 3561:) 3512:. 3454:. 3406:( 3394:. 3075:( 2759:, 2673:( 2555:" 2389:( 2258:( 2081:( 1858:e 1851:t 1844:v 1751:– 1457:) 1417:( 1411:) 1407:( 1225:( 1215:( 465:) 431:: 256:( 224:) 220:( 142:( 115:) 111:( 101:) 97:( 79:) 75:( 65:) 61:( 43:. 36:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index