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2874:"—the ceremony by which the widow of a brother who has died childless released her brother-in-law from the obligation of marrying her—one would have to know that they have transliterated this as "Ḥaliẓah". The alphabetic index ignores diacriticals so it can be more useful when searching for an article whose title is known.
2616:
English words. If the article was written in a foreign language, payment would be only $ 3.50 per page. Singer's compensation was forty dollars a week (thirty-five plus five for a life insurance premium). His salary was considered an advance, since Singer alone was to share with the company in the profits.
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Members of the local executive committee, exclusive of Singer and, of course, Funk, would receive one thousand dollars per annum, while the rest of the department editors would receive five hundred. All collaborators, editors included, would be paid five dollars per printed page of about one thousand
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The board naturally faced many difficult editorial questions and disagreements. Singer wanted specific entries for every Jewish community in the world, with detailed information about, for example, the name and dates of the first Jewish settler in Prague. Conflict also arose over what types of Bible
2877:
The scholarly apparatus of citation is thorough, but can be a bit daunting to contemporary users. Books that might have been widely known among scholars of
Judaism at the time the encyclopedia was written (but which are quite obscure to a lay reader today) are referred to by author and title, but
2719:, an approach to Jewish scholarship and religion that flourished in 19th-century Germany. The encyclopedia may be regarded as the culmination of this movement, which sought to modernize scholarly methods in Jewish research. In the 20th century, the movement's members dispersed to
2822:, the undertaking seemed then like an effort wasted on half-clad Zulus in South Africa and Jewish tailors in New York. Those who were then really in need of such a work and could benefit thereby would have been better served if it were put out in Hebrew, German or Russian.
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in 1891. He envisioned 12 volumes, published over 10 to 15 years, at a cost of 50 dollars as a set. They would contain scientific and unbiased articles on ancient and modern Jewish culture. This proposal received good press coverage and interest from the
2530:, a Lutheran minister who also believed in integrating Judaism and Christianity. Funk agreed to publish the encyclopedia on the condition that it remain unbiased on issues which might seem unfavorable for Jews. Singer accepted and was established in an office at
2817:
About twenty-five years ago, there was no greater desert, as far as Jewish life and learning, than the
English-speaking countries, and English of all languages was the least serviceable for such a Jewish work of reference. To contemporary European reviewers of
117:
deemed it "the most monumental Jewish scientific work of modern times", and Rabbi Joshua L. Segal said "for events prior to 1900, it is considered to offer a level of scholarship superior to either of the more recent Jewish encyclopedias written in
English."
2553:, highlighted Singer's factual errors, and accused him of commercialism and irreligiosity. Now considering that the project could not succeed with Singer at the helm, Funk & Wagnalls appointed an editorial board to oversee creation of the encyclopedia.
2521:
Initially believing that
American Jews could do little more than provide funding for his project, Singer was impressed by the level of scholarship in the United States. He wrote a new prospectus, changing the title of his planned encyclopedia to
2830:
proved prescient in their choice of language, since within that same span of 25 years, English rose to become the dominant language of academic Jewish scholarship and among Jews worldwide. Wolfson continues that "if a
2770:. Its scholarly style is evident by the encyclopedia's almost obsessive attention to manuscript discovery, editing, publication, comparison, and dating. These endeavors were among the foremost interests of
2667:
The editors plunged into their enormous task and soon identified and solved some inefficiencies with the project. Article assignments were shuffled around and communication practices were streamlined.
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assembled an editorial board between
October 1898 and March 1899. Singer toned down his ideological rhetoric, indicated his desire to collaborate, and changed the work's proposed title to
1152:
2780:
is an
English-language work, but the vast majority of the encyclopedia's contemporary sources are German-language sources, since this was the mother tongue of the
33:
The Jewish
Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
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The Jewish
Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
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244:
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of
Biblical scholarship in general in that period. Of all works cited not in German—usually the more classical works—the largest part are either in
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from the 1901–1906 text, which used a large number of diacriticals not in common use today. Thus, for example, to successfully search for "
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with volumes VIII through XII. William Popper served as assistant revision editor and chief of translation for volumes IV through XII.
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2510:, offered to back the project with only eight percent of the minimum funds requested by Brockaus, the project was abandoned. Following the
2603:, which had been contemplating a competing project, agreed to discuss collaborating with Funk & Wagnalls—thus securing the position of the
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Publication of the prospectus in 1898 created a severe backlash, including accusations of poor scholarship and of subservience to
Christians.
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The search capability is somewhat handicapped by the fact that the search mechanism fails to take into account the decision to maintain all
2526:. His radical ecumenism and opposition to orthodoxy upset many of his Jewish readers; nevertheless he attracted the interest of publisher
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was hired as a coordinator. He also wrote four hundred articles and procured many of the encyclopedia's illustrations.
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and Frederick de Sola Mendes assisted with volumes I to II; Marcus Jastrow with volumes I, II, and III;
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was added to the board for balance. Soon after work started, Moore withdrew and was replaced by Baptist minister
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is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of
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in a modern language were planned for the first time, the choice would undoubtedly have fallen upon English."
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with no publication information and often without indication of the language in which they were written.
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The significance of the work's publication in English rather than German or Hebrew is captured by
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interpretation should be included, as some editors feared that Morris Jastrow's involvement in "
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The Emergence of Jewish Scholarship in America: The Publication of the Jewish Encyclopedia
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The scholarly authorities cited in the encyclopedia—besides the classical and medieval
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3126:(Speech). Ninetieth Ordination Exercises of the Hebrew Union College. Cincinnati:
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joined the project and later became head of the rabbinical literature department.
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Singer conceived of a Jewish encyclopedia in Europe and proposed creating an
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3135:
Schwarz, L. W. (1965). "A Bibliographical Essay". In Lieberman, S. (ed.).
98:
up to the early 20th century. The encyclopedia's managing editor was
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It was originally published in 12 volumes between 1901 and 1906 by
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Allgemeine Encyklopädia für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums
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1023:
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543:
303:
3484:
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991:
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4249:
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3206:
2731:
2524:
Encyclopedia of the History and Mental Evolution of the Jewish Race
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2017:
1949:
780:
288:
239:
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describes the payment scheme arranged at this time as follows:
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1998:
1983:
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Other editors participating in all 12 volumes were
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113:
The work's scholarship is still highly regarded. The
2989:
2987:
2903:
2687:" would lead to unfavorable treatment of scripture.
2022:
2003:
426:
3083:
2514:and associated unpleasantness, Singer emigrated to
3139:. Jerusalem: American Academy for Jewish Research.
2843:The unedited text of the original can be found at
2675:, an authority on Russia, was added as an editor.
2984:
2568:. Despite their reservations about Singer, rabbi
4888:
2884:was heavily used as a source by the 16-volume
3222:
2474:
2781:
2735:
2712:
21:Not to be confused with a similar work, the
4711:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
718:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
125:of New York, and reprinted in the 1960s by
3229:
3215:
3190:
2481:
2467:
38:
2699:The first edition's first illustration: "
3258:Index of Jewish history-related articles
3143:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2851:facsimiles of the original articles and
2694:
4757:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3394:
3134:
3092:
2607:as the only major project of its kind.
102:and the editorial board was chaired by
4889:
3121:
2993:
2660:with volumes IV through XII; and
2576:agreed to join the board, followed by
3210:
2723:departments in the United States and
2601:Central Conference of American Rabbis
2587:Theologian and Presbyterian minister
4927:Reference works in the public domain
3236:
3137:Harry Austryn Wolfson Jubilee Volume
13:
4704:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
4684:American Jewish Historical Society
2656:with volumes IV through VII;
2556:
14:
4938:
3167:
509:Historical population comparisons
4868:
4855:
4854:
2920:
2906:
1153:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1067:Historical population by country
4776:Relations with other religions
2847:website. The site offers both
2690:
44:Cover page of the 1901 edition
1:
4912:American online encyclopedias
4763:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
2957:
2855:transcriptions of all texts.
2652:with the first four volumes;
2595:. Last was added the elderly
724:Christianity and Judaism
141:
4694:Leo Baeck Institute New York
4689:American Sephardi Federation
3151:. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union.
2962:
2504:House of Rothschild in Paris
2500:Brockhaus publishing company
7:
3517:Constantinopolitan Karaites
2951:The New Jewish Encyclopedia
2944:Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia
2899:
2838:
2826:The editors and authors of
2803:The Jewish Quarterly Review
2760:Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport
2023:
2004:
1731:Latin America and Caribbean
427:
10:
4943:
4907:20th-century encyclopedias
4745:National Library of Israel
3386:Zionism, race and genetics
3188:HathiTrust Digital Library
3102:
2715:Wissenschaft des Judentums
2336:Jewish political movements
2033:Conversion to Judaism
136:
20:
16:Jewish-themed encyclopedia
4917:Funk & Wagnalls books
4843:
4699:Yeshiva University Museum
4679:Center for Jewish History
4669:
4534:
4406:
4280:
4174:
3705:
3324:
3266:
3248:
3111:"The Jewish Encyclopedia"
2888:in Russian, published by
739:Hinduism and Judaism
77:
67:
59:
49:
37:
3291:Ancient Israel and Judah
3128:American Jewish Archives
2582:Frederick de Sola Mendes
565:Temple in Jerusalem
258:Bar and bat mitzvah
115:American Jewish Archives
3667:North African Sephardim
3640:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3198:The Jewish Encyclopedia
3183:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2896:between 1906 and 1913.
2882:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2845:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2828:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2820:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2778:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2711:aligns directly to the
2709:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2707:The scholarly style of
2566:The Jewish Encyclopedia
527:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4902:1906 non-fiction books
4897:1901 non-fiction books
4770:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4740:Jewish Virtual Library
3122:Marcus, J. R. (1974).
2862:in the transliterated
2824:
2782:
2736:
2734:—are almost uniformly
2713:
2704:
2618:
4717:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4499:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
3684:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
3434:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
2937:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2815:
2748:Moritz Steinschneider
2698:
2613:
1273:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1268:Republic of the Congo
662:Second Temple Judaism
533:Kingdom of Judah
504:Modern historiography
127:KTAV Publishing House
83:between 1901 and 1906
24:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4922:Jewish encyclopedias
3296:Second Temple period
2609:Shuly Rubin Schwartz
2375:World Agudath Israel
1516:United Arab Emirates
603:Second Temple period
593:Babylonian captivity
4734:Jewish Encyclopedia
4479:Hekhalot literature
4290:Religious movements
3825:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3175:Jewish Encyclopedia
2890:Brockhaus and Efron
2886:Jewish Encyclopedia
2833:Jewish Encyclopedia
2813:, writing in 1926:
2646:Morris Jastrow, Jr.
2642:Crawford Howell Toy
2605:Jewish Encyclopedia
2562:Funk & Wagnalls
2532:Funk & Wagnalls
668:Hellenistic Judaism
246:Land of Israel
205:Principles of faith
129:. It is now in the
123:Funk & Wagnalls
72:Funk & Wagnalls
34:
4875:Judaism portal
4811:Jews and Halloween
4806:Jews and Christmas
4196:Rabbinic authority
3948:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3381:Xueta Christianity
3286:Origins of Judaism
3253:Outline of Judaism
3115:The New York Times
2977:The New York Times
2764:David Zvi Hoffmann
2705:
2229:Jewish Koine Greek
1771:Dominican Republic
1052:Judaism by country
731:Jews and Christmas
586:Assyrian captivity
108:Frank H. Vizetelly
32:
4884:
4883:
4850:extinct languages
4751:YIVO Encyclopedia
4526:Hebrew literature
4494:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4334:Reconstructionist
4012:Judaeo-Portuguese
3701:
3700:
3657:Eastern Sephardim
3301:Synagogal Judaism
3117:. 16 August 1902.
3068:, pp. 57–59.
3056:, pp. 51–56.
3044:, pp. 37–51.
3032:, pp. 33–36.
3020:, pp. 28–31.
3008:, pp. 25–27.
2860:diacritical marks
2786:scholars and the
2752:Solomon Schechter
2742:figures, such as
2654:Solomon Schechter
2589:George Foot Moore
2491:
2490:
2440:
2439:
2188:
2187:
1935:Reconstructionist
1879:
1878:
1031:
1030:
838:
837:
675:Jewish–Roman wars
623:Hasmonean dynasty
539:Kingdom of Israel
443:
442:
87:
86:
4934:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4858:
4857:
3990:Judeo-Golpaygani
3591:Palestinian Jews
3566:Alexandrian Jews
3522:Crimean Karaites
3439:Unterlander Jews
3392:
3391:
3306:Rabbinic Judaism
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4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Judeo-Shirazi
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3975:Judeo-Persian
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:Judeo-Marathi
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3943:Judeo-Italian
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Judeo-Amazigh
3796:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Hadhrami Jews
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:Mountain Jews
3584:
3582:
3581:Egyptian Jews
3579:
3577:
3576:Bukharan Jews
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Lists of Jews
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3203:
3200: at the
3199:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3079:
3078:Schwartz 1991
3074:
3067:
3066:Schwartz 1991
3062:
3055:
3054:Schwartz 1991
3050:
3043:
3042:Schwartz 1991
3038:
3031:
3030:Schwartz 1991
3026:
3019:
3018:Schwartz 1991
3014:
3007:
3006:Schwartz 1991
3002:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2814:
2812:
2811:Harry Wolfson
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2789:lingua franca
2784:
2779:
2775:
2774:scholarship.
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2669:Joseph Jacobs
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:Joseph Jacobs
2627:
2623:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2549:, writing in
2548:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2528:Isaac K. Funk
2525:
2519:
2517:
2516:New York City
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Judeo-Aramaic
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Judeo-Italian
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:Denominations
1885:
1884:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:United States
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:Guinea-Bissau
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:Lists of Jews
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
943:
942:
938:
937:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
857:
856:
855:
854:
849:
844:
843:
832:
824:
822:
819:
817:
816:The Holocaust
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
777:
776:
772:
771:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
743:
741:
736:
732:
726:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
708:
704:
701:
700:
693:
687:
681:
676:
673:
669:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
608:
607:
604:
601:
600:
595:
590:
588:
583:
579:
575:
572:
567:
562:
558:
554:
551:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
530:
528:
525:
524:
523:
522:
519:
516:
515:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
464:
460:
459:
454:
449:
448:
437:
434:
431:
430:
425:
423:
420:
418:
417:Mishneh Torah
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
403:
402:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
386:
383:
380:
379:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
363:
360:
357:
356:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
336:
335:
332:
329:
328:
323:
318:
317:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
255:
253:
250:
248:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
215:
211:
208:
206:
203:
200:
196:
193:
192:
189:
184:
183:
178:
177:Who is a Jew?
175:
173:
170:
169:
168:
167:
164:
160:
157:
156:
152:
148:
147:
134:
132:
131:public domain
128:
124:
119:
116:
111:
109:
105:
104:Isaac K. Funk
101:
97:
93:
92:
82:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
26:
25:
19:
4866:
4859:
4845:
4768:
4761:
4749:
4733:
4732:
4715:
4549:perspectives
4383:Samaritanism
4344:Neo-Hasidism
4324:Conservative
4238:Names of God
4147:
4128:
3938:Judaeo-Greek
3933:Judeo-Gascon
3872:Lishán Didán
3867:Lishana Deni
3835:Judeo-Yemeni
3803:Judeo-Arabic
3677:Meshuchrarim
3596:Persian Jews
3529:Kurdish Jews
3507:Kaifeng Jews
3456:Beta Abraham
3419:Galitzianers
3374:Antisemitism
3349:Israeli Jews
3334:Assimilation
3174:
3148:
3136:
3123:
3114:
3093:Schwarz 1965
3073:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2976:
2971:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2914:Books portal
2885:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2857:
2844:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2808:
2801:
2787:
2783:Wissenschaft
2777:
2776:
2772:Wissenschaft
2771:
2744:Leopold Zunz
2738:Wissenschaft
2729:
2708:
2706:
2681:
2666:
2619:
2614:
2604:
2593:Crawford Toy
2586:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2523:
2520:
2502:. After the
2494:
2492:
2433:Post-Zionism
2304:Judeo-Berber
2299:Judeo-Arabic
2259:Judeo-Gascon
2006:Pidyon haben
1925:Conservative
1471:Saudi Arabia
1289:South Africa
1278:Sierra Leone
1100:Israeli Jews
1014:Mosaic Arabs
967:Kaifeng Jews
828:Arab–Israeli
801:Emancipation
680:Great Revolt
489:Anti-Judaism
484:Antisemitism
479:Name "Judea"
274:Baal teshuva
120:
112:
90:
89:
88:
29:
22:
18:
4791:Catholicism
4373:Hellenistic
4211:Eschatology
4149:Lachoudisch
4074:Lotegorisch
4052:Lachoudisch
4042:Koiné Greek
3955:Judeo-Latin
3892:Palestinian
3786:Palestinian
3635:MustaĘżravim
3561:Afghan Jews
3549:Berber Jews
3473:Bene Israel
3461:Falash Mura
3451:Beta Israel
3369:Persecution
3311:Middle Ages
2994:Marcus 1974
2691:Scholarship
2574:Cyrus Adler
2428:Revisionist
2418:Neo-Zionism
2025:Zeved habat
1818:Puerto Rico
1644:Netherlands
1476:South Korea
1461:Philippines
1341:Afghanistan
1208:Ivory Coast
982:Crypto-Jews
947:Bnei Anusim
926:Bene Israel
891:Beta Israel
848:Communities
755:Middle Ages
494:Persecution
269:Bereavement
4891:Categories
4786:Anabaptism
4728:Jew (word)
4595:Leadership
4408:Literature
4393:Secularism
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4206:Conversion
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4017:Judeo-Urdu
3781:Babylonian
3626:Saada Jews
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3404:Ashkenazim
3359:Samaritans
3326:Population
3281:Israelites
3158:0878204121
2958:References
2536:2 May 1898
2508:Zadoc Kahn
2413:Maximalism
2365:Secularism
2345:Autonomism
2162:Literature
1955:Humanistic
1559:Azerbaijan
1521:Uzbekistan
1496:Tajikistan
1416:Kyrgyzstan
1401:Kazakhstan
1248:Mozambique
1223:Madagascar
1143:Cape Verde
1095:New Yishuv
1090:Old Yishuv
1041:Population
1019:Subbotniks
977:Samaritans
916:Romanyotim
859:Ashkenazim
806:Old Yishuv
786:Sabbateans
773:Modern era
765:Golden Age
692:Bar Kokhba
412:Beit Yosef
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142:Conception
4848:indicate
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3731:Ashkenazi
3712:Diasporic
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3652:Sephardim
3647:Romaniote
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3468:Desi Jews
3344:Buddhists
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2423:Religious
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2269:Bukharian
2239:Judeo-Tat
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1852:Australia
1834:Venezuela
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1634:Lithuania
1486:Sri Lanka
1481:Singapore
1406:Kurdistan
1371:Indonesia
1361:Hong Kong
1314:Abayudaya
1238:Mauritius
972:Igbo Jews
962:Krymchaks
881:Sephardim
749:relations
643:Sadducees
639:Pharisees
629:Sanhedrin
544:Jerusalem
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4423:/Hebrew
4368:Haymanot
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4250:Haskalah
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3921:Yinglish
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3776:Biblical
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3766:Medieval
3751:Tiberian
3746:Yemenite
3736:Sephardi
3672:Paradesi
3616:Ḥabbanim
3606:Teimanim
3571:Baghdadi
3544:Maghrebi
3512:Karaites
3490:GruzĂnim
3478:Kochinim
3396:Diaspora
3354:Karaites
3339:Atheists
3276:Timeline
3147:(1991).
2900:See also
2839:Editions
2732:exegetes
2450:Category
2408:Kahanism
2355:Feminism
2327:Politics
2211:Biblical
2181:American
2128:Bukharan
2118:American
2018:Shidduch
1994:Clothing
1950:Haymanot
1896:Orthodox
1824:Suriname
1807:Paraguay
1760:Colombia
1659:Portugal
1569:Bulgaria
1506:Thailand
1456:Pakistan
1436:Mongolia
1431:Malaysia
1351:Cambodia
1325:Zimbabwe
1300:Tanzania
1178:Eswatini
1168:Ethiopia
1158:Djibouti
1138:Cameroon
1133:Botswana
1062:Diaspora
1024:Noahides
997:Marranos
921:Cochinim
906:Bukharim
896:Gruzinim
886:Teimanim
876:Mizrahim
864:Galician
830:conflict
791:Hasidism
781:Haskalah
686:Diaspora
557:timeline
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289:Kabbalah
264:Marriage
240:Tzedakah
230:Holidays
188:Religion
151:a series
149:Part of
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4671:Studies
4617:Divorce
4583:Kashrut
4578:Cuisine
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4467:Midrash
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4452:Mishnah
4440:Ketuvim
4435:Nevi'im
4398:Schisms
4388:Science
4378:Karaite
4349:Renewal
4310:Litvaks
4305:Hasidic
4260:Sefirot
4245:Halakha
4216:Messiah
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4184:Beliefs
4138:Western
4124:Poylish
4119:Litvish
4109:Eastern
4099:Yiddish
4094:Shuadit
4079:Qwareña
4067:Tetuani
4062:Haketia
4037:Knaanic
4032:Kivruli
3980:Bukhori
3926:Heblish
3862:Hulaulá
3852:Barzani
3808:Yahudic
3741:Mizrahi
3601:Urfalim
3556:Mizrahi
3500:Neofiti
3495:Italkim
3424:Lita'im
3316:Zionism
3268:History
3242:Judaism
3186:at the
3103:Sources
2872:Halizah
2868:Aramaic
2853:Unicode
2393:General
2384:Zionism
2360:Leftism
2350:Bundism
2274:Knaanic
2234:Yevanic
2219:Yiddish
2176:Yiddish
2171:Israeli
2148:Mizrahi
2138:Israeli
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2085:Ancient
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2013:Kashrut
1989:Wedding
1976:Customs
1968:Culture
1945:Science
1940:Renewal
1930:Karaite
1911:Hasidic
1843:Oceania
1829:Uruguay
1797:Jamaica
1777:Ecuador
1745:Bolivia
1689:Ukraine
1664:Romania
1639:Moldova
1619:Hungary
1609:Germany
1604:Georgia
1594:Finland
1589:Estonia
1584:Denmark
1579:Czechia
1564:Belarus
1554:Austria
1549:Armenia
1526:Vietnam
1441:Myanmar
1426:Lebanon
1346:Bahrain
1305:Tunisia
1283:Somalia
1258:Nigeria
1253:Namibia
1243:Morocco
1173:Eritrea
1118:Algeria
1002:Neofiti
911:Italkim
901:Juhurim
811:Zionism
760:Khazars
655:Sicarii
651:Zealots
647:Essenes
634:Schisms
499:Leaders
461:General
453:History
396:Tosefta
391:Midrash
368:Mishnah
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4421:Tanakh
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4300:Haredi
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4089:Shassi
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3847:Targum
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3485:Dönmeh
3444:Yekkes
3177:Online
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2798:Arabic
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2205:Hebrew
2100:Humour
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1999:Niddah
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1396:Jordan
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3085:^
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2806:.
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