6529:
4617:
3856:
5210:
2063:
5986:
5325:
106:
4956:
88:
4247:
6492:
5230:
5275:
2535:
4484:
16515:
5572:
3780:
16199:
4663:
4504:
6504:
6871:
6311:
6175:
4465:
4383:
4679:
million North
Caucasian Muslims arrived in the Ottoman Empire as refugees. Some migrations left indelible marks such as political tension between parts of the empire (e.g., Turkey and Bulgaria), whereas centrifugal effects were noticed in other territories, simpler demographics emerging from diverse populations. Economies were also impacted by the loss of artisans, merchants, manufacturers, and agriculturists. Since the 19th century, a large proportion of Muslim peoples from the Balkans emigrated to present-day Turkey. These people are called
5968:
5715:
5226:(r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts were abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.
3945:, was composed of the elders of the tribe. Its composition was later modified to include military officers and local elites (such as religious and political advisors). Later still, beginning in 1320, a Grand Vizier was appointed to assume certain of the sultan's responsibilities. The Grand Vizier had considerable independence from the sultan with almost unlimited powers of appointment, dismissal, and supervision. Beginning with the late 16th century, sultans withdrew from politics and the Grand Vizier became the
6476:
4806:
6781:
6451:
4148:
5073:
4186:
4329:
4700:
18689:
3953:
18713:
4496:
prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact. The
Ottoman economy greatly expanded during the early modern period, with particularly high growth rates during the first half of the eighteenth century. The empire's annual income quadrupled between 1523 and 1748, adjusted for inflation.
5123:, which granted non-Muslim communities a large degree of political, legal, and religious autonomy; in essence, members of a millet were subjects of the empire but not subject to the Muslim faith or Islamic law. A millet could govern its own affairs, such as raising taxes and resolving internal legal disputes, with little or no interference from Ottoman authorities, so long as its members were loyal to the sultan and adhered to the rules concerning
18677:
3769:
17567:
18725:
299:
289:
279:
269:
259:
6991:
3600:
5503:
13343:
4598:
3829:
the
Ottoman dynasty, who were either the former sultan's brother, son or nephew) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state. There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty, both failures, which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability. As such, the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI (
6543:), and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients. The creations of the Ottoman Palace's kitchens filtered to the population, for instance through
18701:
4067:. The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups. The Ottoman system had three court systems: one for Muslims, one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities, and the "trade court". The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative
4271:
4725:, though lower registries spoken by the common people had fewer influences from other languages compared to higher varieties used by upper classes and governmental authorities. Turkish, in its Ottoman variation, was a language of military and administration since the nascent days of the Ottomans. The Ottoman constitution of 1876 did officially cement the official imperial status of Turkish.
5528:, slaves under Islamic law were not regarded as movable property, and the children of female slaves were born legally free. Female slaves were still sold in the Empire as late as 1908. During the 19th century the Empire came under pressure from Western European countries to outlaw the practice. Policies developed by various sultans throughout the 19th century attempted to curtail the
5242:
their privileges were being threatened, or outsiders wanted to modernize them, or they might be superseded by the cavalrymen, they rose in rebellion. The rebellions were highly violent on both sides, but by the time the
Janissaries were suppressed, it was far too late for Ottoman military power to catch up with the West. The political system was transformed by the destruction of the
6703:
5297:
as the force of nationalism pushed against imperialism. The French took over
Algeria and Tunisia. The Europeans all thought that the empire was a sick man in rapid decline. Only the Germans seemed helpful, and their support led to the Ottoman Empire joining the central powers in 1915, with the result that they came out as one of the heaviest losers of the First World War in 1918.
7958:
period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in
Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers...
4010:
4243:, such as pretending to retreat while surrounding the enemy forces inside a crescent-shaped formation and then making the real attack. The Ottoman army continued to be an effective fighting force throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, falling behind the empire's European rivals only during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768.
5218:
religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, and also the Empire's judicial system, giving them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (but not including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan
5009:, were either established, or saw significant growth, throughout the empire's history. However, some heterodox Muslim groups were viewed as heretical and even ranked below Jews and Christians in terms of legal protection; Druze were frequent targets of persecution, with Ottoman authorities often citing the controversial rulings of
242:
4171:, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of personal status. In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences, an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts, and statute matters were to be handled by the Nizamiye courts.
5591:) operated by religious clergy primarily served Christians, although some Muslim students attended. Garnett described the schools for Christians and Jews as "organised upon European models", with "voluntary contributions" supporting their operation and most of them "well attended" and with "a high standard of education".
4787:) with their own languages, though many non-Muslim minorities such as Greeks and Armenians only spoke Turkish. In villages where two or more populations lived together, the inhabitants often spoke each other's language. In cosmopolitan cities, people often spoke their family languages; many of those who were not ethnic
4476:
successor
Bayezid, also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of Europe, who were settled in Istanbul and other port cities like Salonica. In many places in Europe, Jews were suffering persecution at the hands of their Christian counterparts, such as in Spain, after the conclusion of the
12832:
6400:), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas, two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire: Ottoman classical music and folk music. In the provinces, several different kinds of
12147:, p. 35 "The mosques of the classical period are more elaborate than those of earlier times. They derive from a fusion of a native Turkish tradition with certain elements of the plan of Haghia Sophia, the former cathedral of Constantinople, converted into a mosque in 1453 by Mehmet the Conqueror."
10453:
There was the ruling
Ottoman group, now largely concentrated in the bureaucracy centered on the Sublime Porte, and the mass of the people, mostly peasants. The efendi looked down on "the Turk," which was a term of opprobrium indicating boorishness, and preferred to think of himself as an Osmanli. His
4869:
Non-Muslims, particularly
Christians and Jews, were present throughout the empire's history. The Ottoman imperial system was charactised by an intricate combination of official Muslim hegemony over non-Muslims and a wide degree of religious tolerance. While religious minorities were never equal under
4499:
The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the
Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organisation developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as
3664:
posit that the early Ottoman state was a predatory confederacy open to both Byzantine Christians and Turkish Muslims whose primary goal was attaining booty and slaves, rather than spreading Islam, and that Islam only later became the empire's primary characteristic. Other historians have followed the
12129:
Throughout their history the Ottomans remained supporters of art and artists. Under their patronage a distinctive architectural style developed that combined the Islamic traditions of Anatolia, Iran and Syria with those of the Classical world and Byzantium. The result was a rationalist monumentality
7815:
As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish,
6286:
was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the
5296:
After the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire was shrinking, as Russia put on heavy pressure and expanded to its south; Egypt became effectively independent in 1805, and the British later took it over, along with Cyprus. Greece became independent, and Serbia and other Balkan areas became highly restive
4658:
The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in
3986:
were calligraphic monograms, or signatures, of the Ottoman Sultans, of which there were 35. Carved on the Sultan's seal, they bore the names of the Sultan and his father. The statement and prayer, "ever victorious", was also present in most. The earliest belonged to Orhan Gazi. The ornately stylized
10591:
5267:. In each locality, they governed themselves, spoke their own language, ran their own schools, cultural and religious institutions, and paid somewhat higher taxes. They had no power outside the millet. The Imperial government protected them and prevented major violent clashes between ethnic groups.
4678:
and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees—200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees arrived into the Ottoman Empire. Between the 1850s and World War I, about a
4654:
Towards the end of the empire's existence life expectancy was 49 years, compared to the mid-twenties in Serbia at the beginning of the 19th century. Epidemic diseases and famine caused major disruption and demographic changes. In 1785 around one-sixth of the Egyptian population died from the plague
4608:
A population estimate for the empire of 11,692,480 for the 1520–1535 period was obtained by counting the households in Ottoman tithe registers, and multiplying this number by 5. For unclear reasons, the population in the 18th century was lower than that in the 16th century. An estimate of 7,230,660
4523:
Modern Ottoman studies indicate that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the
4200:
The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system
4143:
s throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered. However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from
5270:
Ethnic nationalism, based on distinctive religion and language, provided a centripetal force that eventually destroyed the Ottoman Empire. In addition, Muslim ethnic groups, which were not part of the millet system, especially the Arabs and the Kurds, were outside the Turkish culture and developed
4646:
However, it began to rise to reach 25–32 million by 1800, with around 10 million in the European provinces (primarily in the Balkans), 11 million in the Asiatic provinces, and around 3 million in the African provinces. Population densities were higher in the European provinces,
3828:
had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin. On eleven occasions, the sultan was deposed (replaced by another sultan of
2463:
among its multiethnic subjects. In any case, the need to modernise was evident to the empire's leaders by the early 19th century, and numerous administrative reforms were implemented in an attempt to forestall the decline of the empire, with varying degrees of success. The gradual weakening of the
8004:
Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis 'Gulistan', one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these titles would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the
5517:
The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art, and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure, and government) were adopted by the
5241:
The Janissaries were a highly formidable military unit in the early years, but as Western Europe modernized its military organization technology, the Janissaries became a reactionary force that resisted all change. Steadily the Ottoman military power became outdated, but when the Janissaries felt
3967:
Throughout Ottoman history, there were many instances in which local governors acted independently, and even in opposition to the ruler. After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the Ottoman state became a constitutional monarchy. The sultan no longer had executive powers. A parliament was formed,
4535:
By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this, the financial and political interests of the state were
4351:
on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of the Aviation School quickened advancement in the military aviation program, increased the number of enlisted persons within it, and gave the new pilots an active role in the Ottoman Army and Navy. In May 1913, the
1710:
after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, modern academic consensus posits that the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military into much of the 18th century. However, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind
7957:
On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman
1998:
was also used to refer to Turkish speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond. As applied to Ottoman Turkish speakers, this term began to fall out of use at the end of the seventeenth century, and instead the word increasingly became associated with the Greek population of the
8076:
Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim, 2 vols.
4495:
The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes
4086:
These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive; for instance, the Islamic courts, which were the Empire's primary courts, could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more
5254:
The Janissaries had been recruited from Christians and other minorities; their abolition enabled the emergence of a Turkish elite to control the Ottoman Empire. A large number of ethnic and religious minorities were tolerated in their own separate segregated domains called millets. They were
5250:
of 1826. Sultan Mahmud II crushed the revolt executed the leaders and disbanded the large organization. That set the stage for a slow process of modernization of government functions, as the government sought, with mixed success, to adopt the main elements of Western bureaucracy and military
5217:
Beginning in the early 19th century, society, government, and religion were interrelated in a complex, overlapping way that was deemed inefficient by Atatürk, who systematically dismantled it after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the
4612:
Censuses of Ottoman territories only began in the early 19th century. Figures from 1831 onwards are available as official census results, but the censuses did not cover the whole population. For example, the 1831 census only counted men and did not cover the whole empire. For earlier periods
4475:
Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his
4159:
of 1839. These reforms included the "fair and public trial of all accused regardless of religion", the creation of a system of "separate competences, religious and civil", and the validation of testimony on non-Muslims. Specific land codes (1858), civil codes (1869–1876), and a code of civil
5583:
established a schooling system serving its members. Education was therefore largely divided on ethnic and religious lines: few non-Muslims attended schools for Muslim students, and vice versa. Most institutions that served all ethnic and religious groups taught in French or other languages.
3811:
was a system with two main dimensions: the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The state had control over the clergy. Certain
8287:
Bey in 1326. These earliest coins carried inscriptions such as "the great Sultan, Orhan son of Osman" Ottoman historiography has adopted 1299 as the date for the foundation of the state. 1299 might represent the date at which the Ottomans finally obtained their independence from the
5557:. Hence the ruling classes of all three polities were bilingual in varieties of Persian and Turkic. But in the century's final quarter, linguistic adjustments occurred in the Ottoman and Safavid realms defined by a new rigidity that favoured Ottoman Turkish and Persian, respectively.
11956:
It is interesting that the first Ottoman novel in Turkish, Akabi Hikayesi (1851, Akabi's Story), was written and published in Armenian letters (for Armenian communities who read in Turkish) by Hovsep Vartanyan (1813–1879), known as Vartan Paşa, a leading Ottoman man of letters and
5791:
constituted the major Western influence on Ottoman literature in the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period had Ottoman equivalents; in the developing Ottoman prose tradition, for instance, the influence of
8859:
The scholarly community specializing in Ottoman studies has of late virtually banned the use of "Turkey", "Turks", and "Turkish" from acceptable vocabulary, declaring "Ottoman" and its expanded use mandatory and permitting its "Turkish" rival only in linguistic and philological
4659:
Greece, saw its population rise from 55,000 in 1800 to 160,000 in 1912 and İzmir which had a population of 150,000 in 1800 grew to 300,000 by 1914. Some regions conversely had population falls—Belgrade saw its population drop from 25,000 to 8,000 mainly due to political strife.
6792:
Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th century.
4267:(New Order). The Ottoman army was also the first institution to hire foreign experts and send its officers for training in western European countries. Consequently, the Young Turks movement began when these relatively young and newly trained men returned with their education.
4063:. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority. Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land, which gave a space for the local authority to develop the needs of the local
4878:. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% in the 1820s, gradually increasing to 69% in the 1870s and 76% in the 1890s. By 1914, less than a fifth of the empire's population (19%) was non-Muslim, mostly made up of Jews and Christian Greeks, Assyrians, and Armenians.
5518:
Ottoman Turks, who developed them into new forms, resulting in a new and distinctively Ottoman cultural identity. Although the predominant literary language of the Ottoman Empire was Turkish, Persian was the preferred vehicle for the projection of an imperial image.
3877:
or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the
5755:
that prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme. Nevertheless, there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time, though it was exclusively nonfictional. One apparent exception was
2002:
In Western Europe, the names Ottoman Empire, Turkish Empire and Turkey were often used interchangeably, with Turkey being increasingly favoured both in formal and informal situations. This dichotomy was officially ended in 1920–1923, when the newly established
5271:
their own separate nationalism. The British sponsored Arab nationalism in the First World War, promising an independent Arab state in return for Arab support. Most Arabs supported the Sultan, but those near Mecca believed in and supported the British promise.
3816:
remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders in the overarching context of
10561:
3742:
system were not hereditary at first. Even after they became inheritable, land ownership in the Ottoman Empire remained highly insecure, and the sultan revoked land grants whenever he wished. Stone argued this insecurity in land tenure strongly discouraged
6978:
is credited with introducing the then current Western scientific ideas and developments to the Ottoman and wider Muslim world, as well as the invention of a suitable Turkish and Arabic scientific terminology, through his translations of Western works.
13323:
5188:. As the largest group of non-Muslim subjects, the Rum Millet enjoyed several special privileges in politics and commerce; however, Jews and Armenians were also well represented among the wealthy merchant class, as well as in public administration.
11838:
Those words could have been readily adopted by Hovsep Vartanyan (1813–1879), the author, who preferred to remain anonymous, of The Story of Akabi (Akabi Hikyayesi), the first novel in Turkish, published with Armenian characters in the same year as
5042:, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the reign of Murad I (1362–1389). The caliphate was officially transferred from the Mamluks to the Ottoman sultanate in 1517, whose members were recognized as caliphs until the
4873:
Until the second half of the 15th century, the majority of Ottoman subjects were Christian. Non-Muslims remained a significant and economically influential minority, albeit declining significantly by the 19th century, due largely to migration and
10654:, p. 62It was true also that there was a partial linguistic amalgam of the peoples in the empire. Many Greeks and Armenians did not know their national languages and spoke Turkish alone, though they wrote it in Greek and Armenian characters.
4925:, who were the ancestors of both the Seljuks and the Ottomans—gradually converted to Islam and brought religion to Anatolia through their migrations beginning in the 11th century. From its founding, the Ottoman Empire officially supported the
5109:) were subject to various legal restrictions, including being forbidden to carry weapons, ride on horseback, or have their homes overlook those of Muslims; likewise, they were required to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects, including the
11927:
In fact, one of the first Turkish works of fiction in Western-type novel form, Akabi Hikayesi (Akabi's Story), was written in Turkish by Vartan Pasha (born Osep/Hovsep Vartanian/Vartanyan, 1813–1879) and published in Armenian characters in
13333:
6435:
was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire and featured characters representing all of the major ethnic and social groups in that culture. It was performed by a single puppet master, who voiced all of the characters, and accompanied by
3890:
was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which also educated the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the
241:
5671:) were more or less prescribed. Divan poetry was composed through the constant juxtaposition of many such images within a strict metrical framework, allowing numerous potential meanings to emerge. The vast majority of Divan poetry was
6114:. It was in these centres that most important developments in Ottoman architecture occurred and that the most monumental Ottoman architecture can be found. Major religious monuments were typically architectural complexes, known as a
243:
4536:
dominant. Within the social and political system they were living in, Ottoman administrators could not see the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe.
12380:
4352:
world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started by the Aviation School, and the first separate reconnaissance division was established. In June 1914 a new military academy, the Naval Aviation School (
1731:; over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became vastly more powerful and organized internally, despite suffering further territorial losses, especially in the Balkans, where a number of new states emerged.
9903:
3649:, have argued that after the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman state took over the machinery of the Byzantine (Roman) state and that the Ottoman Empire was in essence a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire under a
177:
224:
196:
6917:, Sabuncuoğlu introduced many innovations of his own. Female surgeons were also illustrated for the first time. Since, the Ottoman Empire is credited with the invention of several surgical instruments in use such as
6829:—who became a professor in two madrasas and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years in Constantinople before his death.
2449:, Suleiman's reign was the zenith of the Ottoman classical period, during which Ottoman culture, arts, and political influence flourished. The empire reached its maximum territorial extent in 1683, on the eve of the
11433:
5292:
or local notables. The ayan collected taxes, formed local armies to compete with other notables, took a reactionary attitude toward political or economic change, and often defied policies handed down by the Sultan.
18861:
6295:
not just on the floors of a room but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to mosques, which often amassed large collections of them.
11064:
5538:
remained a major scourge in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. "Between 1701 and 1750, 37 larger and smaller plague epidemics were recorded in Istanbul, and 31 between 1751 and 1801."
14191:
13321:
11241:
The millet system in the Muslim world provided the pre-modern paradigm of a religiously pluralistic society by granting each religious community an official status and a substantial measure of self-government.
4297:
and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan
1954:) originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century. The word subsequently came to be used to refer to the empire's military-administrative elite. In contrast, the term "Turk" (
3934:
Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as
4262:
The modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century started with the military. In 1826 Sultan Mahmud II abolished the Janissary corps and established the modern Ottoman army. He named them as the
13331:
12916:
Additionally, some of the greatest advances in medicine were made by the Ottomans. They invented several surgical instruments that are still used today, such as forceps, catheters, scalpels, pincers and
8191:
reforms. It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic
4500:
a distinct group, partly highly trained ulama, which developed into a professional body. The effectiveness of this professional financial body stands behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen.
4579:(1834), but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as "an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition" in the 1846
11286:
6890:
3738:, which in return for accepting that control became the Ottoman Empire's largest land-holder. Despite the similarities, Stone argues that a crucial difference is that the land grants under the
13322:
5116:
which was a key source of state revenue. Many Christians and Jews converted to Islam to secure full social and legal status, though most continued to practice their faith without restriction.
9178:
8054:
Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.
5891:). This diversity was, in part, due to Tanzimat writers' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible, in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman
3689:
who had come from East Asia to Anatolia via Central Asia and the Middle East on a much larger scale. They argued that the most important cultural influences on the Ottoman state came from
6106:
Ottoman dynastic patronage was concentrated in the historic capitals of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul (Constantinople), as well as in several other important administrative centres such as
4655:
and Aleppo saw its population reduced by twenty percent in the 18th century. Six famines hit Egypt alone between 1687 and 1731 and the last famine to hit Anatolia was four decades later.
4087:
forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Islamic
13332:
9702:
4321:, where the ships decayed for the next 30 years. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force. The
2394:) in 1453, transforming it into the new Ottoman capital, the state grew into a substantial empire, expanding deep into Europe, northern Africa and the Middle East. With most of the
222:
194:
175:
11598:
4728:
The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except some regions such as
7043:
4302:(reigned 1861–1876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first
11102:
10218:
The Ottomans developed an efficient system for counting the empire's population in 1826, a quarter of a century after such methods were introduced in Britain, France and America.
5213:
Ethnic map of the Ottoman Empire in 1917. Black = Bulgars and Turks, Red = Greeks, Light yellow = Armenians, Blue = Kurds, Orange = Lazes, Dark Yellow = Arabs, Green = Nestorians
5489:
3392:
176:
11625:
Translation Located in Tajikistan and Manuscript Production during the Abuʾl-Khayrid Annexation of Khurasan (1588–1598)". In Paskaleva, Elena; van den Berg, Gabrielle (eds.).
6291:
cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets, rugs, and
223:
195:
3749:
from seeking long-term development of their land, and instead led them to adopt a strategy of short-term exploitation, which had deleterious effects on the Ottoman economy.
8797:
By the seventeenth century, literate circles in Istanbul would not call themselves Turks, and often, in phrases such as 'senseless Turks', used the word as a term of abuse.
3824:
The Ottoman Empire, or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman, was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the
3402:
2459:
onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to lose territory over the course of the next two centuries due to internal stagnation, costly defensive wars, European colonialism, and
18872:
7720:
With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, all previous names were abandoned and Istanbul came to designate the entire city.
3852:
was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal power of the Ottoman sultans in the future generations.
3848:
1323/4), which was unparalleled in both Europe (e.g., the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740) and in the Islamic world. The primary purpose of the
9166:
6071:
is one of the most important examples from this period. The last Ottoman period saw more influences from Western Europe, brought in by architects such as those from the
4775:
Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of the 19th century), ordinary people had to hire
18852:
18848:
17521:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
8470:
8159:
3660:
writes that the Ottoman state centred on "a Byzantine-Balkan base with a veneer of the Turkish language and the Islamic religion". Kitsikis and the American historian
1574:
1560:
1546:
1532:
1518:
1504:
1490:
1476:
1462:
1448:
1434:
1420:
1406:
1392:
1378:
1364:
1350:
1336:
1322:
1308:
1294:
1280:
1255:
1241:
1227:
1213:
1199:
1185:
1171:
1157:
1143:
1129:
1115:
1101:
1087:
1073:
1059:
1045:
1031:
1017:
1003:
989:
975:
4764:
in North Africa. In the last two centuries, usage of these became limited, though, and specific: Persian served mainly as a literary language for the educated, while
12247:
7684:
5524:
was part of Ottoman society, with most slaves employed as domestic servants. Agricultural slavery, like that in the Americas, was relatively rare. Unlike systems of
2015:, most scholarly historians at present avoid the terms "Turkey", "Turks", and "Turkish" when referring to the Ottomans, due to the empire's multinational character.
12777:
6851:
rather than astronomical, leading to its destruction in 1580 due to the rise of a clerical faction that opposed its use for that purpose. He also experimented with
6528:
5131:, which was permitted to retain its autonomy and was never subject to occupation or forced conversion; even special laws were enacted to protect it from outsiders.
4217:. The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world, being one of the first to use muskets and cannons. The Ottoman Turks began using
11460:
4390:
The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces, in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan, in the late 14th century.
18569:
16079:
10730:İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey".
9528:
3901:) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by
2324:
18875:
10454:
country was not Turkey, but the Ottoman State. His language was also "Ottoman"; though he might also call it "Turkish," in such a case he distinguished it from
8911:
Dariusz Kołodziejczyk, "Khan, caliph, tsar and imperator: the multiple identities of the Ottoman sultan" in Peter Fibiger Bang, and Dariusz Kolodziejczyk, eds.
6152:). Ottoman constructions were still abundant in Anatolia and in the Balkans (Rumelia), but in the more distant Middle Eastern and North African provinces older
3882:. On occasion, the valide sultan became involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the "
21294:
21289:
18846:
7255:(GNAT) abolished the sultanate and declared that all the deeds of the Ottoman regime in Constantinople were null and void as of 16 March 1920, the date of the
7183:
Court, diplomacy, poetry, historiographical works, literary works, taught in state schools, and offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some
4343:
dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (
166:
11361:
6450:
20399:
14198:
13554:
10890:
3917:, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in
8096:
6475:
18763:
12930:
7782:
6325:
was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite. A number of the Ottoman sultans have accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as
6091:. The last decades of the Ottoman Empire also saw the development of a new architectural style called neo-Ottoman or Ottoman revivalism, also known as the
4293:
vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of
1675:(1520–1566), the empire reached the peak of its power, prosperity, and political development. By the start of the 17th century, the Ottomans presided over
204:
13197:
12008:
4426:) in 1864, as part of the Tanzimat reforms. Unlike the previous eyalet system, the 1864 law established a hierarchy of administrative units: the vilayet,
1960:) was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population and was seen as a disparaging term when applied to urban, educated individuals. In the
21284:
14128:
11283:
10815:
6937:
5482:
5729:
did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of
5679:(which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kasîdes. But there were other common genres, especially the mesnevî, a kind of
5542:
Ottomans adopted Persian bureaucratic traditions and culture. The sultans also made an important contribution in the development of Persian literature.
14208:
4317:
and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet inside the
1964:, an educated, urban-dwelling Turkish speaker who was not a member of the military-administrative class typically referred to themselves neither as an
5619:(1334–1413). Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction: there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European
1719:. The Ottomans consequently suffered severe military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, culminating in the loss of both territory and
13998:
8750:
1680:
8982:
2062:
21314:
11538:
10870:
10667:
7676:
7162:, including historians, believe using "Constantinople" to refer to the Ottoman-era city is "politically incorrect" despite any historical accuracy.
6967:
mills moving towards steam power. Economic historian Jean Batou argues that the necessary economic conditions existed in Egypt for the adoption of
4117:, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in
18871:
11508:
7147:
in 1923, and after Turkey's transition to Latin script in 1928, the Turkish government in 1930 requested that foreign embassies and companies use
17695:
13517:
13424:
8487:
8176:
6944:
5768:, a collection of stories of the fantastic written in 1796, though not published until 1867. The first novel published in the Ottoman Empire was
4532:
that opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors, can be seen as one of the staging posts along with this development.
2193:
1385:
11353:
Oleg Benesch, "Comparing Warrior Traditions: How the Janissaries and Samurai Maintained Their Status and Privileges During Centuries of Peace."
10946:
7609:
6261:
were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court. In Topkapi Palace, these manuscripts were created by the artists working in
4685:. By the time the Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1922, half of the urban population of Turkey was descended from Muslim refugees from Russia.
4079:
2534:
10440:
9710:
7048:
5475:
4377:
3855:
1676:
19256:
8728:
7267:
on 24 July 1923. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey promulgated the Republic on 29 October 1923, which ended the Ottoman Empire in history.
6491:
6265:, the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists. Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also, sheets for albums
18232:
17105:
11885:
Written in Turkish using the Armenian alphabet, the Akabi History (1851) by Vartan Pasha is considered by some to be the first Ottoman novel.
8657:
Szabó, János B. (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest in Hungary: Decisive Events (Belgrade 1521, Mohács 1526, Vienna 1529, Buda 1541) and Results".
21329:
18827:
18395:
17774:
17490:
15127:
14955:
14870:
14609:
14240:
13581:
7038:
6775:
3470:
2418:, among other territories. Within the next few decades, much of the North African coast (except Morocco) became part of the Ottoman realm.
9321:
8402:
20692:
18866:
18784:
14327:
14028:
12042:
11717:
11682:
11671:
11319:
10985:
10846:
10630:
9826:
9261:
9217:
9104:
9012:
8041:
3628:
2317:
2030:
18793:
12074:
11189:
11155:
10535:
9942:
9785:
8270:
7991:
7944:
7902:
7863:
6408:) Türküs, Aegean Türküs, Central Anatolian Türküs, Eastern Anatolian Türküs, and Caucasian Türküs. Some of the distinctive styles were:
4616:
2364:, cutting off Asia Minor from Byzantine control. The Ottomans first crossed into Europe in 1352, establishing a permanent settlement at
18873:
18859:
18858:
18835:
18834:
18368:
17769:
16472:
14133:
13591:
13037:
12903:
11094:
9416:
4164:
3553:
3458:
778:
18867:
18830:
18802:
18789:
8580:
6044:. The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences, such as mixing traditional
21274:
20392:
18808:
14431:
13928:
13601:
12801:"The Heavens of the Sky and the Heavens of the Heart: the Ottoman Cultural Context for the Introduction of Post-Copernican Astronomy"
10773:
7260:
7053:
6836:
6818:
6785:
5264:
5162:
5067:
4609:
for the first census held in 1831 is considered a serious undercount, as this census was meant only to register possible conscripts.
3975:
This eclectic administration was apparent even in the diplomatic correspondence of the Empire, which was initially undertaken in the
3969:
3448:
2484:
2460:
2219:
1273:
765:
697:
18855:
18832:
21304:
18820:
18813:
18809:
18756:
18166:
15024:
14396:
13665:
11485:
10562:"The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The Village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in Present-Day Turkey"
5234:
3808:
3758:
10916:
10458:, or coarse Turkish, the common speech. His writing included a minimum of Turkish words, except for particles and auxiliary verbs.
7809:
Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World". In Green, Nile (ed.).
4703:
1911 Ottoman calendar shown in several different languages such as: Ottoman Turkish, Greek, Armenian, Hebrew, Bulgarian and French
21269:
17555:
17523:
16187:
15342:
13737:
13576:
10129:
6814:
4783:
s) to be able to communicate with the government. Some ethnic groups continued to speak within their families and neighborhoods (
1441:
18870:
18869:
18865:
18814:
18800:
18795:
18787:
18786:
8121:) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language.
8113:
was a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (
87:
21309:
18658:
17800:
17747:
14614:
14480:
14272:
14260:
14177:
13859:
13732:
13596:
7144:
6904:
5150:
5035:
4459:
4163:
These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as
3922:
2310:
2040:
665:
18853:
18847:
18842:
9758:
5545:
Language was not an obvious sign of group connection and identity in the 16th century among the rulers of the Ottoman Empire,
4155:
In the late 19th century, the Ottoman legal system saw substantial reform. This process of legal modernisation began with the
4129:
The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts was a
20209:
19591:
18868:
15394:
14949:
14391:
13685:
13224:
13191:
13170:
13136:
13116:
13095:
13064:
13031:
13010:
12980:
12734:
12709:
12633:
12538:
12513:
12374:
12282:
12230:
12193:
12166:
12122:
12067:
11978:
11949:
11908:
11866:
11819:
11792:
11767:
11634:
11427:
11313:
11234:
11138:
11078:
11040:
11031:
Peri, Oded (1990). "The Muslim waqf and the collection of jizya in late eighteenth-century Jerusalem". In Gilbar, Gad (ed.).
11016:
10979:
10840:
10695:
10624:
10529:
10434:
10374:
10345:
10085:
10029:
10004:
9976:
9936:
9897:
9863:
9820:
9732:
9686:
9631:
9606:
9496:
9449:
9410:
9298:
9255:
9211:
9143:
9098:
9064:
8852:
8722:
8678:
8621:
8450:
8433:
8225:
8139:
8035:
7985:
7938:
7896:
7857:
7713:
7640:
6822:
6503:
6092:
3837:
3793:
529:
15359:
13230:
13070:
12199:
11914:
11872:
11825:
10701:
10380:
9561:
8231:
8187:) // Cited: p. 26 (pdf p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the
6217:(Imperial Festival Books) were albums that commemorated celebrations in the Ottoman Empire in pictorial and textual detail.
5859:), dates from the beginning of the 19th century, but there is doubt about its authenticity. In a similar vein, the novelist
1774:. While the empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it struggled with internal dissent, especially the
21324:
21264:
20385:
18817:
17678:
17533:
14579:
13869:
13844:
13813:
13488:
12581:
7830:
The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800 The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800
7028:
6404:
were created. The most dominant regions with their distinguished musical styles are Balkan-Thracian Türküs, North-Eastern (
3372:
2291:
2141:
1301:
20115:
18862:
18860:
18799:
12251:
21299:
21207:
18749:
18125:
17840:
17666:
15847:
13655:
13476:
13417:
10971:
Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]
7670:"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance."
6120:, that had multiple components providing different services or amenities. In addition to a mosque, these could include a
6020:
experimented with multiple building types over the course of the 13th to 15th centuries, progressively evolving into the
5034:
During Selim's reign, the Ottoman Empire saw an unprecedented and rapid expansion into the Middle East, particularly the
4560:
3511:
3362:
2115:
12769:
2491:. Throughout its more than 600 years of existence, the Ottoman Empire has left a profound legacy in the Middle East and
21061:
20261:
19261:
18783:
18616:
18156:
18146:
17213:
15852:
14525:
14485:
14459:
14413:
14154:
13901:
13549:
13253:
12558:
12060:
Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule
11700:
Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule
11654:
Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule
10402:
9463:
8359:
7011:
6832:
5063:
4592:
4227:. The Ottoman cavalry depended on high speed and mobility rather than heavy armor, using bows and short swords on fast
2476:
2269:
1826:
804:
111:
17:
18812:
18801:
16165:
12606:
Bert Fragner, "From the Caucasus to the Roof of the World: a culinary adventure", in Sami Zubaida and Richard Tapper,
11377:
Karen Barkey, and George Gavrilis, "The Ottoman millet system: non-territorial autonomy and its contemporary legacy."
9521:
9351:
8635:
18905:
18854:
18161:
18108:
18046:
17734:
17717:
15117:
13783:
13700:
13690:
13534:
11707:
11661:
8264:
7749:
7252:
7238:
1 November 1922 marks the formal ending of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed VI departed Constantinople on 17 November 1922.
5946:
5638:
that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (
5047:
4516:
3734:. Stone also argues that although Sunni Islam was the state religion, the Ottoman state supported and controlled the
3536:
3428:
2253:
2235:
2008:
1766:
hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation that had contributed to its recent territorial losses; it thus joined
18788:
5815:
Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously; for instance, the poet
3716:
land-holding system that linked the amount of land one owned with one's ability to raise cavalry became the Ottoman
21192:
20787:
20408:
18594:
18279:
18078:
18002:
17790:
15662:
14123:
11358:
8945:
8090:
7539:
The empire also temporarily gained authority over distant overseas lands through declarations of allegiance to the
5380:
4870:
the law, they were granted recognition, protection, and limited freedoms under both Islamic and Ottoman tradition.
3563:
1683:, which over time were either absorbed into the Empire or granted various degrees of autonomy. With its capital at
18839:
12968:
Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800–1870
12482:
11156:"The Divinely-Protected, Well-Flourishing Domain: The Establishment of the Ottoman System in the Balkan Peninsula"
10886:
8545:
7736:. Vol. 2: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Cambridge University Press.
2380:
in Asia Minor were assimilated into the budding Ottoman sultanate through conquest or declarations of allegiance.
21217:
20820:
20685:
19887:
18794:
18274:
17722:
16814:
15060:
14604:
14421:
14386:
14292:
14250:
13544:
13260:
12727:
Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb
8326:
7366:
7318:
6444:). Its origins are obscure, deriving perhaps from an older Egyptian tradition, or possibly from an Asian source.
6329:, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of
6052:. The second half of the 16th century also saw the apogee of certain decorative arts, most notably in the use of
5566:
5260:
4694:
3812:
pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic
3621:
2495:, as can be seen in the customs, culture, and cuisine of the various countries that were once part of its realm.
2261:
2177:
1806:
1751:
1743:
432:
20463:
19049:
18823:
12940:
11595:
5209:
21004:
20837:
20775:
18849:
18833:
18416:
18113:
18068:
17982:
17960:
17873:
17266:
15639:
15142:
14245:
14071:
14012:
13618:
13410:
12000:
8066:
Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In
7515:
6558:
Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially
6021:
5993:
5979:
4914:
4512:
4251:
4224:
4180:
3096:
2070:
1553:
1497:
577:
18818:
18807:
18790:
10868:
Change And Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Intellectual Traditions
10807:
10665:
Change And Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Intellectual Traditions
7786:
4469:
3907:
s, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free
1759:
21212:
21121:
20325:
18822:
18792:
18505:
18222:
17943:
17485:
17100:
16514:
15476:
14518:
14464:
14314:
14304:
13798:
13586:
13441:
12899:
7033:
6005:
5985:
5521:
5314:
5306:
4955:
4895:
3886:". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the
3590:
3541:
3342:
2049:
2024:
1176:
619:
18845:
12058:
Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).
11698:
Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).
11652:
Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the Late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).
11561:
4921:
facilitated the spread of Islam into the Turkic heartland of Central Asia. Many Turkic tribes—including the
20320:
20204:
18863:
18717:
18589:
18284:
17915:
17895:
17148:
16130:
15112:
15100:
14619:
14082:
13864:
13613:
7256:
6064:
5909:
The media of the Ottoman Empire was diverse, with newspapers and journals published in languages including
4246:
3558:
2562:
681:
18824:
18798:
13284:
12649:
Ragep, F.J. (2005). "Ali Qushji and Regiomontanus: eccentric transformations and Copernican Revolutions".
10022:
Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560–1660
8754:
8569:"A Study into the Concepts of Turkey and Turkistan which were used for the Ottoman State in XIXth Century"
8296:. Probably, they were forced at the same time, or very soon thereafter, to accept the overlordship of the
2577:
1148:
21171:
21166:
20782:
20629:
20330:
19367:
18843:
18840:
18544:
18171:
18151:
18073:
17997:
17742:
17548:
16180:
15993:
15907:
15802:
15717:
15634:
15132:
15004:
14859:
14490:
14454:
14436:
14403:
14374:
13889:
13375:
11534:
10109:
8972:
7816:
was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities.
6900:
6084:
5904:
5726:
5411:
5324:
5181:
4960:
4952:
school of Islamic jurisprudence, which was comparatively more flexible and discretionary in its rulings.
4929:
4887:
3438:
3226:
2589:
2488:
1814:
105:
93:
18864:
18819:
18803:
18791:
18785:
6726:, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of
4571:
to 3% for imports and exports. The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists, such as
3678:
1684:
21227:
21222:
20678:
20598:
18825:
18267:
18242:
18120:
17970:
17807:
17795:
17661:
17034:
16140:
16055:
15644:
15542:
14149:
13454:
12812:
11512:
7544:
7527:
7151:, and that name became widely accepted internationally. Eldem Edhem, author of an entry on Istanbul in
6017:
5043:
4357:
4332:
3614:
3548:
3352:
2514:
2277:
2079:
1399:
831:
721:
18857:
18850:
18831:
15832:
13274:
8484:
8173:
5609:. Poetry was by far the dominant stream. The earliest work of Ottoman historiography for example, the
5532:
but slavery had centuries of religious backing and sanction and so was never abolished in the Empire.
5229:
21279:
21197:
20951:
20912:
20288:
19436:
19000:
18816:
18815:
18811:
18806:
18797:
18445:
18083:
18063:
17710:
16110:
15797:
15732:
15722:
15707:
15042:
14989:
14899:
13539:
13364:
10938:
8217:
The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west
7431:
7372:
7264:
6342:
6080:
5688:
5185:
4004:
3573:
2245:
1810:
1747:
791:
18826:
15932:
11457:
Arming the Sultan: German Arms Trade and Personal Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire Before World War I
7834:
Persian served as a 'minority' prestige language of culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court.
6578:
cuisines. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisine, include
5274:
20246:
20221:
20071:
19730:
19725:
18841:
18838:
18836:
18643:
18309:
18007:
17936:
17705:
16862:
15552:
15532:
15497:
15450:
15404:
14756:
14572:
14297:
14056:
14045:
13527:
8913:
Universal Empire: A Comparative Approach to Imperial Culture and Representation in Eurasian History
8809:
Kafadar, Cemal (2007). "A Rome of One's Own: Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum".
8702:
8658:
8495:
8466:
8184:
8155:
7977:
7309:
4361:
2422:
2398:
under Ottoman rule by the mid-16th century, Ottoman territory increased exponentially under Sultan
1798:
1672:
1315:
1204:
1050:
18805:
18804:
18796:
12362:
11745:
10153:
Leila Erder and Suraiya Faroqhi (October 1979). "Population Rise and Fall in Anatolia 1550–1620".
5804:
movements in subsequent periods; in the poetic tradition, on the other hand, the influence of the
3685:, according to which the early Ottoman state was a continuation of the way of life of the nomadic
1859:(also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name
1818:
21319:
21259:
21202:
20860:
20313:
20194:
19735:
19688:
19631:
19330:
19274:
19022:
18829:
18705:
17992:
17965:
17910:
17905:
17757:
16890:
16834:
16581:
16577:
16417:
16235:
16230:
15430:
15122:
15105:
15095:
15070:
14914:
14640:
14532:
14038:
13881:
12004:
11562:"Migration into Eighteenth-century 'Greater Istanbul' as Reflected in the Kadi Registers of Eyüp"
11222:
11193:
10785:
9329:
7005:
6041:
5801:
5765:
5757:
5624:
5580:
5278:
5120:
4800:
4613:
estimates of size and distribution of the population are based on observed demographic patterns.
4563:, dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with
4356:) was founded. With the outbreak of World War I, the modernization process stopped abruptly. The
4064:
4026:
3735:
1413:
1287:
1064:
638:
508:
20377:
18837:
17752:
12856:"First illustrations of female Neurosurgeons in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu"
9928:
Governing Property, Making the Modern State: Law, Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria
7671:
4850:
From the early 16th century until the early 20th century, the Ottoman sultan also served as the
4309:
However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for long. Sultan
4236:
21026:
20855:
20335:
20236:
20231:
19919:
19867:
19787:
19720:
19624:
19609:
19502:
19269:
19223:
19064:
18951:
18821:
18810:
18500:
18440:
18428:
18321:
18178:
17671:
17594:
17541:
17127:
16485:
16462:
16277:
16173:
16150:
16065:
15912:
15624:
15557:
15425:
15374:
15306:
15206:
15196:
14994:
14929:
14736:
14665:
14106:
13707:
13493:
13469:
11226:
11216:
8382:
7058:
6575:
6258:
6198:
6189:, painted to illustrate manuscripts or used in dedicated albums, was heavily influenced by the
6009:
5997:
4524:
Middle East and the Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself. The
3883:
3578:
2552:
2446:
2387:
2299:
2102:
1779:
1707:
1664:
1648:
1022:
752:
18828:
18495:
14352:
12966:
12071:
12039:
11714:
11679:
11668:
11303:
10969:
10867:
10830:
10664:
10614:
9810:
9245:
9201:
9135:
9088:
9004:
8025:
7768:
7705:
6482:
6432:
5370:
232:
21106:
20971:
20654:
20266:
20226:
20039:
19914:
18978:
18968:
18927:
18898:
18856:
18844:
18648:
18433:
18423:
18390:
18130:
17953:
17357:
17311:
16919:
16135:
16115:
16095:
15958:
15922:
15877:
15822:
15614:
15609:
15384:
15331:
15156:
15065:
15034:
14974:
14924:
14706:
14696:
14113:
13828:
13623:
13106:
11760:
The sons of Bayezid: empire building and representation in the Ottoman civil war of 1402–1413
11741:
11417:
11254:
The World and the West: The European Challenge and the Overseas Response in the Age of Empire
11167:
10519:
10078:
Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day
10076:(1970). "The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy". In Cook, M.A. (ed.).
9997:
Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day
9995:(1970). "The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy". In Cook, M.A. (ed.).
9969:
Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day
9967:(1970). "The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy". In Cook, M.A. (ed.).
9926:
9887:
9792:
8254:
7971:
7928:
7886:
7847:
7471:
7017:
6956:
6463:
6409:
4572:
4564:
4529:
4503:
4214:
3006:
2480:
1802:
1739:
20154:
17563:
15286:
13348:
These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 29 March 2008
13021:
12895:
10281:
Pamuk, S (August 1991). "The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy: The Nineteenth Century".
9855:
9400:
7574:"Communicating Identity in the Ottoman Empire and Some Implications for Contemporary States"
6870:
6805:, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of
6310:
6037:
5971:
5038:
on the early 16th century. These conquests further solidified the Ottoman claim of being an
4483:
4167:, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the
21161:
21156:
21096:
21031:
20936:
20659:
20359:
20189:
20159:
20034:
19965:
19936:
19855:
19189:
19027:
19017:
18584:
18579:
18564:
18510:
18455:
18339:
18198:
18183:
18031:
17948:
17762:
17510:
16573:
16292:
16247:
16120:
16039:
16003:
15953:
15812:
15737:
15522:
15399:
15191:
14966:
14944:
14939:
14904:
14846:
14337:
14322:
14066:
13360:
12757:
12697:
12658:
11070:
10887:
Middle East Institute: "Salafism Infiltrates Turkish Religious Discourse" by Andrew Hammond
10566:
10470:"The Ottoman Constitution, promulgated the seventh Zilbridge, 1293 (11/23 December 1876)".
9290:
9056:
8568:
7259:
under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. The international recognition of the GNAT and the
7251:(10 August 1920) afforded a small existence to the Ottoman Empire. On 1 November 1922, the
6840:
6727:
6220:
6174:
6165:
6153:
6060:
6013:
5962:
5571:
5339:
5144:
5080:
4525:
4018:
3779:
3700:
suggests many continuities between the Eastern Roman and Ottoman empires, such as that the
3172:
1738:
sought to further liberalize society and politics along European lines, culminating in the
1511:
1371:
1092:
505:
20538:
20139:
8701:
Moačanin, Nenad (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest and Establishment in Croatia and Slavonia".
6936:
An example of a watch that measured time in minutes was created by an Ottoman watchmaker,
6510:
6315:
6214:
6156:
styles continued to hold strong influence and were sometimes blended with Ottoman styles.
6088:
5941:
and used French-language publications, while some provincial newspapers were published in
4382:
3789:
8:
21126:
21056:
20999:
20916:
20742:
20644:
20639:
20503:
20051:
19931:
19897:
19799:
19619:
19614:
19426:
19145:
19081:
18956:
18941:
18772:
18460:
18411:
18344:
18294:
18193:
18103:
18051:
17864:
17845:
17631:
17251:
16870:
16495:
16317:
16145:
16090:
15927:
15917:
15902:
15892:
15857:
15787:
15702:
15672:
15619:
15336:
15090:
15085:
14984:
14979:
14746:
14701:
14660:
14565:
14061:
13823:
13464:
11049:
was one of the main sources of revenue accruing to the Ottoman state treasury as a whole.
8021:
7390:
7334:
7171:
6747:
6743:
6715:
6242:
6209:
in the 15th century, while early in the following century a similar Persian academy, the
6068:
5989:
5828:
5529:
5354:
5247:
5192:
4662:
4647:
double those in Anatolia, which in turn were triple the population densities of Iraq and
4556:
4548:
3531:
3516:
3266:
2996:
2963:
2855:
2768:
2456:
2094:
1961:
1692:
1640:
1539:
1343:
1246:
1106:
1036:
739:
213:
185:
20473:
19767:
19757:
13498:
12701:
12694:
Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology and medicine in non-western cultures
12662:
11477:
10908:
8875:
edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 2004 pp. 92–93
7248:
5141:, which encompassed most Eastern Orthodox Christians, was governed by the Byzantine-era
4156:
2151:
21232:
21136:
20920:
20872:
20867:
20770:
20760:
20717:
20709:
20518:
20488:
20458:
20164:
20144:
20127:
20078:
19943:
19752:
19703:
19636:
19554:
19495:
19490:
19485:
19441:
19411:
19303:
19201:
19069:
19044:
18851:
18631:
18574:
18554:
18467:
18356:
18299:
18095:
18017:
17683:
17604:
17599:
17246:
17095:
17068:
16302:
16195:
16044:
15867:
15862:
15827:
15807:
15782:
15777:
15772:
15767:
15762:
15747:
15742:
15687:
15594:
15440:
15311:
15201:
15181:
15137:
15080:
15075:
15052:
15019:
15009:
14999:
14881:
14369:
13628:
13505:
13481:
12935:
12824:
12674:
12474:
11840:
11591:
10755:
10583:
10495:
10487:
10209:
10073:
9992:
9964:
8977:
8627:
8537:
8351:
7601:
7523:
7422:
6731:
6730:
matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to timeline, were
6707:
6421:
6393:
6369:
5635:
5600:
5096:", such as the right to worship, own property, and be exempt from the obligatory alms (
5093:
5092:
system, the Ottoman Empire guaranteed limited freedoms to Christians, Jews, and other "
4941:
4729:
4464:
3526:
3382:
3186:
2971:
2167:
2125:
1720:
1567:
1357:
1260:
1162:
650:
13894:
10136:
6739:
5696:
2976:
1190:
21334:
21111:
21086:
21066:
21046:
21036:
20926:
20908:
20877:
20810:
20727:
20701:
20593:
20563:
20273:
20169:
20105:
20100:
20029:
19926:
19641:
19569:
19564:
19406:
19335:
19318:
19313:
19308:
19108:
19059:
18729:
18676:
18638:
18601:
18487:
18472:
18289:
18227:
18214:
18188:
18056:
17987:
17931:
17850:
17643:
17618:
17579:
17387:
17306:
17059:
16806:
16480:
16392:
16367:
16357:
16352:
16322:
16262:
16070:
16060:
16023:
15897:
15882:
15757:
15727:
15697:
15692:
15667:
15604:
15599:
15589:
15460:
15409:
15296:
15291:
15014:
14650:
14635:
14500:
14342:
13695:
13279:
13220:
13187:
13166:
13132:
13112:
13091:
13060:
13027:
13006:
12976:
12972:
12877:
12828:
12730:
12705:
12678:
12629:
12534:
12509:
12466:
12370:
12278:
12226:
12189:
12162:
12118:
12063:
11974:
11945:
11904:
11862:
11815:
11788:
11763:
11703:
11657:
11630:
11423:
11309:
11230:
11134:
11074:
11036:
11012:
10975:
10836:
10793:
10759:
10691:
10620:
10587:
10525:
10499:
10430:
10370:
10341:
10213:
10081:
10025:
10000:
9972:
9932:
9893:
9859:
9816:
9682:
9627:
9602:
9502:
9492:
9455:
9445:
9406:
9294:
9251:
9207:
9167:"The Ottoman Palace School Enderun and the Man with Multiple Talents, Matrakçı Nasuh"
9139:
9128:
9094:
9060:
8848:
8718:
8674:
8617:
8529:
8429:
8394:
8343:
8260:
8221:
8031:
7981:
7934:
7892:
7853:
7745:
7709:
7636:
7605:
7593:
7140:
7023:
6798:
6746:(1910) in Constantinople. Football clubs were formed in other provinces too, such as
6230:
6190:
6186:
6178:
6169:
5918:
5910:
5788:
5781:
5620:
5344:
4918:
4891:
4753:
4749:
4737:
4733:
4674:
Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the
4340:
4219:
4100:
3825:
3568:
3521:
3236:
3162:
3046:
3036:
3016:
2986:
2523:
2377:
1787:
1783:
1712:
1626:
1525:
1134:
1120:
994:
490:
422:
31:
12872:
12855:
11762:. The Ottoman empire and its heritage. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. pp. 33–37.
6206:
6033:
5967:
3785:
21101:
21016:
20961:
20931:
20882:
20842:
20825:
20815:
20750:
20722:
20634:
20624:
20573:
20553:
20453:
20122:
19909:
19904:
19860:
19847:
19777:
19745:
19740:
19604:
19599:
19581:
19542:
19475:
19458:
19399:
19389:
19384:
19325:
19281:
19251:
19211:
19194:
19177:
19140:
18891:
18559:
18527:
18349:
18304:
18247:
17900:
17823:
17638:
17352:
17332:
17110:
16886:
16874:
16866:
16854:
16830:
16822:
16810:
16791:
16744:
16646:
16609:
16500:
16437:
16432:
16397:
16347:
16272:
16252:
16212:
16086:
16050:
15968:
15792:
15562:
15507:
15470:
15445:
15435:
15369:
15321:
15251:
15246:
15241:
15236:
15231:
15221:
15216:
14909:
14655:
14359:
14118:
13916:
13449:
12867:
12816:
12666:
11573:
11267:
Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change
10789:
10747:
10739:
10575:
10479:
10422:
10201:
10162:
9762:
8708:
8664:
8609:
8521:
8335:
8300:
Numismatic evidence thus suggest that independence did not really occur until 1326.
7737:
7585:
7519:
7342:
7278:
6735:
6571:
6458:
6334:
6133:
6096:
5914:
5892:
5805:
5684:
5535:
5463:
4718:
4714:
4568:
4144:
one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favour.
4034:
3960:
3956:
3646:
3494:
3246:
3216:
3178:
2678:
2492:
2465:
2450:
1989:
1660:
1607:
1427:
1078:
1008:
980:
412:
17342:
16242:
13722:
9849:
9736:
9664:
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
9284:
9050:
7589:
6279:, religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings.
5708:
4310:
4264:
21141:
21116:
20904:
20887:
20732:
20528:
20483:
20340:
20308:
20181:
20149:
20132:
20088:
20083:
20061:
20056:
20014:
20007:
19982:
19842:
19837:
19678:
19559:
19453:
19448:
19416:
19241:
19231:
19125:
19118:
19113:
19098:
19054:
18936:
18922:
18693:
18626:
18606:
18537:
18532:
18477:
18450:
18361:
18334:
18012:
17977:
17506:
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
17188:
17165:
17138:
16878:
16850:
16846:
16818:
16787:
16724:
16681:
16664:
16490:
16452:
16387:
16372:
16342:
16337:
16332:
16327:
16312:
16307:
16297:
16287:
16267:
16257:
16225:
15963:
15712:
15682:
15677:
15537:
15527:
15492:
15482:
15465:
15301:
15256:
15171:
14889:
14864:
14711:
14364:
14218:
14159:
13921:
13680:
13379:
13214:
13181:
13158:
13146:
13054:
12183:
12078:
12046:
11898:
11856:
11809:
11721:
11686:
11675:
11602:
11464:
11455:
11365:
11290:
10894:
10874:
10685:
10671:
10362:
9572:
8949:
8491:
8215:
8180:
8017:
7680:
7540:
7511:
7495:
7357:
6882:
6719:
6559:
6536:
6523:
6330:
5700:
5680:
5616:
5453:
5432:
5401:
4901:
4817:
4761:
4711:
4707:
3908:
3136:
3086:
3066:
3026:
2885:
2638:
2089:
1874:
1856:
1723:. This prompted a comprehensive process of reform and modernization known as the
1329:
917:
427:
394:
19762:
12585:
11066:
A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility
10877:
Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIA, Islam, V. 18, pp. 104–105
10674:
Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIA, Islam, V. 18, pp. 104–105
8776:Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Introduction". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
7700:
Edhem, Eldem (2010). "Istanbul". In Gábor, Ágoston; Masters, Bruce Alan (eds.).
7573:
4805:
4194:
2365:
1618:
from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern
21091:
21081:
21076:
21071:
21051:
20956:
20899:
20792:
20755:
20603:
20448:
20283:
20278:
20241:
20216:
20199:
20110:
20066:
20024:
19872:
19832:
19827:
19782:
19708:
19668:
19658:
19648:
19463:
19342:
19236:
19103:
18985:
18549:
18329:
18252:
17885:
17614:
17500:
17397:
17377:
17271:
17256:
17221:
17122:
16894:
16882:
16858:
16838:
16799:
16748:
16709:
16614:
16604:
16523:
16457:
16442:
16422:
16407:
16402:
16377:
16362:
16282:
16220:
16203:
16105:
15887:
15872:
15577:
15572:
15455:
15389:
15261:
14919:
14894:
14799:
14716:
14670:
14426:
14379:
12749:
12670:
8321:
8317:
8289:
7849:
The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c. 1760–c. 1870
7462:
7063:
6930:
6780:
6667:
6567:
6250:
6223:
covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in
5922:
5797:
5714:
5628:
5406:
5256:
5195:, as it accorded minority religious groups official recognition and tolerance.
5002:
4906:
4788:
4757:
4675:
4228:
3976:
3968:
with representatives chosen from the provinces. The representatives formed the
3849:
3686:
3657:
3650:
3106:
2357:
2203:
1791:
1771:
1735:
1716:
1619:
1483:
1469:
1455:
1218:
477:
452:
417:
373:
12820:
11577:
11060:
10743:
10579:
10205:
10166:
9506:
9459:
8713:
8669:
8089:
Ayşe Gül Sertkaya (2002). "Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı". In György Hazai (ed.).
7915:
Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools...
6971:
as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century.
6233:. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (
5816:
5704:
4948:). The Ottomans were among the earliest and most enthusiastic adopters of the
4833:(customs, legal traditions, and religion) of the Ottoman Empire; the official
4147:
3706:
3669:, who emphasizes the early Ottoman state's Islamic character, seeing it as a "
21253:
21187:
20986:
20468:
20364:
20251:
20046:
20019:
19992:
19970:
19948:
19715:
19698:
19683:
19527:
19480:
19468:
19394:
19286:
19160:
19155:
19130:
19012:
18681:
18621:
18522:
18262:
18257:
17890:
17835:
17626:
17433:
17423:
17226:
17115:
17014:
16969:
16842:
16764:
16760:
16730:
16674:
16659:
16624:
16531:
16447:
16427:
16412:
15752:
15517:
15512:
14934:
14792:
14751:
14731:
14347:
14287:
14101:
13772:
13759:
13727:
13717:
13712:
12470:
10616:
Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays
8533:
8510:"Review of The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire"
8398:
8347:
8211:
7741:
7597:
6996:
6864:
6860:
6759:
6755:
6563:
6358:
6350:
6322:
6305:
6194:
6072:
6053:
6045:
5938:
5809:
5692:
5634:
Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the
5458:
5427:
5385:
5349:
5072:
5051:
5010:
5006:
4976:
4840:
4809:
4629:
4552:
4435:
4427:
4348:
4255:
4240:
4232:
4060:
4042:
3887:
3879:
3642:
3604:
3506:
3196:
1862:
1848:
1763:
1656:
608:
502:
19792:
19772:
15281:
14544:
13984:
13390:
13151:
Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire 1881–1908
12554:
11305:
Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition
9355:
8339:
6894:
4744:; Persian, only spoken by the educated; Arabic, spoken mainly in Egypt, the
327:
21146:
20976:
20847:
20765:
20649:
20578:
20558:
20256:
19997:
19987:
19953:
19882:
19877:
19804:
19594:
19576:
19537:
19532:
19512:
19507:
19379:
19372:
19362:
19357:
19352:
19246:
19184:
19165:
19150:
19086:
18653:
18611:
18237:
17688:
17412:
17198:
16826:
16768:
16752:
16714:
16566:
16536:
15842:
15364:
15326:
15226:
14809:
14233:
14203:
14093:
13933:
13911:
13818:
13510:
13459:
12881:
11733:
11711:
11665:
10416:
10101:
9486:
9439:
8631:
8613:
7364:, the common Western language among the educated in the late Ottoman Empire
6975:
6948:
6856:
6852:
6683:
6659:
6413:
6362:
6346:
6338:
6137:
6076:
6025:
5860:
5832:
5769:
5748:
5672:
5610:
5554:
5546:
5289:
5288:
At the local level, power was held beyond the control of the Sultan by the
5167:
5028:
5024:
5017:. In 1514, Sultan Selim I ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (
4855:
4829:
4540:
4508:
4443:
4314:
4290:
4275:
4202:
4185:
3697:
3682:
3674:
3306:
3276:
3126:
2504:
2426:
2295:
1632:
1615:
929:
516:
13384:
11702:(Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 2016.
11656:(Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 2016.
11033:
Ottoman Palestine, 1800–1914 : Studies in economic and social history
10426:
10192:
Shaw, S.J. (1978). "The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914".
8603:
8322:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
7888:
Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic
7828:
Tezcan, Baki (2012). "Ottoman Historical Writing". In Rabasa, José (ed.).
7087:
In Ottoman Turkish, the city was known by various names, among which were
6144:, or others. These complexes were governed and managed with the help of a
6059:
Beginning in the 18th century, Ottoman architecture was influenced by the
6024:
of the 16th and 17th centuries, which was also strongly influenced by the
5191:
Some modern scholars consider the millet system to be an early example of
4299:
21131:
21009:
20994:
20966:
20802:
20588:
20568:
20498:
20478:
19975:
19960:
19809:
19522:
19431:
19421:
19347:
18995:
18990:
18517:
17828:
17402:
17054:
16999:
16704:
16634:
16074:
15583:
15379:
15271:
15266:
15186:
14777:
14761:
14033:
13742:
13608:
9247:
The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present
9090:
The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present
8207:
7088:
6839:
in 1577, where he carried out observations until 1580. He calculated the
6583:
6428:
6417:
6049:
6029:
5975:
5882:
5872:
5850:
5836:
5793:
5742:
5730:
5666:
5655:
5644:
5173:
5128:
4937:
4922:
4863:
4824:
4633:
4477:
4328:
4318:
4047:
3992:
3666:
3661:
3499:
3206:
3154:
2728:
2472:
2411:
2369:
2012:
1860:
1775:
1767:
1755:
1724:
1696:
448:
138:
57:
9378:
Law in the Ottoman Empire: Shari'a Law, Dynastic Law, Legal Institutions
8942:
8462:
8151:
4699:
4386:
Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire in 1899 (year 1317 Hijri)
1671:, which marked the Ottomans' emergence as a major regional power. Under
20894:
20523:
20428:
20002:
19819:
19693:
19653:
19586:
17382:
17347:
17203:
17183:
17178:
17173:
17044:
16382:
15629:
15567:
15486:
14726:
14691:
14282:
13906:
12478:
12454:
11278:
Kemal H. Karpat, "The transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789–1908."
10557:
10491:
9889:
Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period 1864–1914: A Muslim Town in Transition
8541:
8509:
8355:
8067:
6960:
6908:
6810:
6751:
6623:
6437:
6405:
6401:
5550:
5246:, a powerful military/governmental/police force, which revolted in the
5135:
4667:
4544:
4511:
was founded in 1856 in Constantinople. On 26 August 1896, the bank was
4480:. The tolerance displayed by the Turks was welcomed by the immigrants.
3952:
3724:
3316:
3286:
2688:
2609:
2544:
2353:
1232:
360:
18741:
17009:
13749:
13216:
Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State
12367:
Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set
12090:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 25 (PDF p. 27)
12029:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 32 (PDF p. 34)
9203:
Social Change and Politics in Turkey: A Structural-Historical Analysis
6377:
6373:
6116:
4625:
4283:
3913:
3871:, which was established as the Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan,
1838:
20941:
20583:
20493:
19892:
19663:
19547:
19517:
19298:
19172:
18963:
17428:
17407:
17372:
17367:
17316:
17276:
17261:
17231:
17134:
17085:
16994:
16756:
16669:
16629:
16550:
16546:
15988:
15978:
15547:
14854:
14741:
14277:
14050:
13977:
13960:
13754:
10751:
8297:
7548:
6952:
6913:
6848:
6826:
6794:
6647:
6467:
6326:
6100:
5605:
The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and
5243:
5223:
5219:
5177:
5076:
5039:
5019:
4995:, found fertile ground in Ottoman lands; many Sufi religious orders (
4992:
4910:
4875:
4851:
4813:
4772:
period French became the common Western language among the educated.
4580:
4488:
4406:
4303:
4092:
3864:
3296:
3116:
2403:
2384:
1762:
in 1913 that established a one-party regime. The CUP allied with the
1668:
1611:
566:
20670:
17417:
13633:
13163:
Consumption Studies and the History of the Ottoman Empire, 1550–1922
12531:
Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire
12506:
Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire
11415:
10483:
9402:
Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900
8525:
8381:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).
6679:
6016:
architecture and other architectural traditions in the Middle East.
5863:
wrote important novels in each of the major movements: Romanticism (
3768:
1988:), or "Roman", meaning an inhabitant of the territory of the former
298:
288:
278:
268:
258:
30:
This article is about the empire. For the associated caliphate, see
21151:
20946:
20543:
20533:
20508:
20443:
20438:
19293:
19076:
19034:
18973:
18373:
17700:
17459:
17392:
17337:
17286:
17241:
17090:
17064:
17039:
16989:
16964:
16781:
16594:
16558:
16542:
16125:
16008:
15998:
15817:
15316:
14588:
14076:
13808:
13522:
13396:
12800:
11998:
10687:
Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought
10338:
Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922
7217:
6922:
6643:
6619:
6615:
6595:
6591:
6540:
6381:
6372:
used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the
5930:
5502:
5282:
5158:
5119:
The Ottomans developed a unique sociopolitical system known as the
4984:
4964:
4926:
4769:
4417:
4325:
was established in 1910 to buy new ships through public donations.
4279:
4118:
4059:. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local
3873:
3797:
3745:
3256:
3056:
2836:
2698:
2628:
2391:
2211:
1754:
under a constitutional monarchy. However, following the disastrous
1726:
1695:, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the
1688:
1636:
377:
18383:
14228:
13833:
10367:
Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson
6885:, whose works often showed women engaged in educational activities
6847:. However, the observatory's primary purpose was almost certainly
6763:
6631:
5831:
is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the
5718:
5623:, short story, or novel. Analog genres did exist, though, in both
4971:
The Ottoman Empire had a wide variety of Islamic sects, including
4741:
921:
343:
21021:
20832:
20608:
20513:
20407:
19206:
19135:
19091:
18946:
17469:
17449:
17362:
16979:
16974:
16954:
16907:
16776:
16694:
16639:
16619:
16599:
16589:
16554:
16018:
15973:
15948:
15502:
15211:
14829:
14782:
14721:
14645:
14599:
14223:
13993:
13967:
13648:
13643:
13402:
10223:
7185:
7118:
7108:
7094:
6926:
6918:
6806:
6802:
6611:
6544:
6283:
6225:
6121:
5752:
5736:
5661:
5650:
5639:
5525:
5511:
5104:
5014:
4980:
4835:
4784:
4681:
4597:
4294:
4239:
racing horse), and often applied tactics similar to those of the
4168:
4135:
4022:
3926:
3918:
3896:
3892:
3868:
3841:
3730:
3712:
3653:
3076:
2865:
2845:
2778:
2758:
2718:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2399:
2395:
2345:
1983:
1922:
1888:
1868:
1852:
1652:
1644:
925:
913:
596:
554:
472:
131:
49:
19007:
14213:
11621:
Comstock-Skipp, Jaimee (2023). "Turk amongst Tajiks: The Turkic
10264:
10262:
9171:
Journal of the Korea Society of Mathematical Education, Series D
8602:
Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011).
7044:
List of foreigners who were in the service of the Ottoman Empire
6635:
6548:
6345:. Compositionally, it is organized around rhythmic units called
2498:
909:
20433:
19039:
18914:
18378:
17571:
17566:
17495:
17454:
17236:
17193:
17143:
17004:
16959:
16949:
16933:
16927:
16912:
16902:
16738:
16699:
16689:
16654:
16100:
16013:
15276:
15176:
14819:
14675:
14495:
13972:
13955:
13803:
13001:
Atasoy, Nurhan; Raby, Julian (1989). Petsopoulos, Yanni (ed.).
12611:
12181:
11900:
Imagined identities: identity formation in the age of globalism
11404:
Arab Nationalism: A History: Nation and State in the Arab World
10781:
10152:
10047:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914
9851:
Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age
9286:
Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age
9052:
Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age
8451:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
8140:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
7811:
The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
6723:
6691:
6687:
6579:
6389:
6354:
6275:
6141:
6129:
6125:
6111:
6107:
5950:
5942:
5934:
5926:
5857:
The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed
5507:
5437:
5375:
5088:
4997:
4988:
4949:
4933:
4859:
4845:
4776:
4765:
4745:
4722:
4621:
4601:
4447:
4431:
4410:
4409:("lord of lords" or governor), and was further subdivided into
4394:
4210:
4206:
4190:
4096:
4056:
4030:
3983:
3420:
2925:
2895:
2818:
2748:
2708:
2415:
2407:
2373:
2004:
1822:
1809:
the Ottoman Empire, which lost its southern territories to the
1700:
1603:
817:
462:
458:
407:
364:
339:
314:
18782:
13372:
13108:
The Ottoman Centuries: the Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire
12221:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Ottoman".
12113:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Ottoman".
10317:
10305:
10293:
8871:
Norman Stone, "Turkey in the Russian Mirror", pp. 86–100 from
8072:
The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
7547:
in 1565, or through temporary acquisitions of islands such as
7414:
7402:
7383:
6903:
was the author of the first surgical atlas and the last major
5937:. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities in the empire used French as a
5127:
A quintessential example is the ancient Orthodox community of
4270:
19673:
17464:
17049:
16984:
16719:
14557:
11811:
Neither Shiraz nor Paris: papers on modern Turkish literature
10259:
10247:
10235:
9808:
8293:
8284:
7323:
6844:
6675:
6671:
6663:
6655:
6639:
6627:
6599:
6587:
6552:
6292:
6288:
6181:
lost its function with the Westernization of Ottoman culture.
5925:, but there were also French-language newspapers produced in
5846:
5676:
5606:
5237:
was built in 1725 by the local Italian community of Istanbul.
5204:
5111:
5097:
4972:
4648:
4365:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4073:
3939:. The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still a
3936:
3818:
3718:
3670:
2945:
2935:
2915:
2905:
2875:
2808:
2798:
2788:
2738:
2434:
2361:
1758:, the CUP became increasingly radicalized and nationalistic,
352:
12617:
11903:(First ed.). : Syracuse University Press. p. 329.
11095:"Greek monastery manuscripts tell new story of Ottoman rule"
8426:
Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913
5711:(1611–1682) is an outstanding example of travel literature.
4420:
were introduced with the promulgation of the "Vilayet Law" (
2471:
The empire came to an end in the aftermath of its defeat in
1706:
While the Ottoman Empire was once thought to have entered a
20423:
17505:
17281:
15983:
14824:
14814:
14804:
14787:
13989:
9695:
7296:
7290:
6964:
6897:'s French astronomical work (written in 1637) into Arabic.
6702:
6651:
6607:
6603:
4439:
4105:
4014:
3903:
3813:
3690:
2618:
2485:
Government of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara
18883:
12756:, pp. 34–35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science,
12434:
10513:
10511:
10509:
9847:
9484:
9282:
9048:
7649:
7284:
6555:, and from there on spread to the rest of the population.
6028:. The most important architect of the Classical period is
5153:
designated the highest religious and political authority (
2406:
in 1517 as the Ottomans turned east and conquered western
1821:
against the occupying Allies, led to the emergence of the
12422:
12342:
12332:
12330:
11192:. The American Forum for Global Education. Archived from
9441:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
7685:
Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey
6968:
6397:
6385:
3941:
2349:
12623:
12130:
that favored spatial unity and architectonic expression.
9522:"Review of 'Ottoman Nizamiye Courts. Law and Modernity'"
8937:
Ronald C. Jennings, "Some thoughts on the Gazi-thesis."
8220:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320.
8074:. University of California Press. p. 92 (note 27).
6314:
Musicians and dancers entertaining the crowds, from the
5796:
can be seen during the Tanzimat period, and that of the
4866:, and believed Sufism was the correct way to reach God.
4468:
Coins of the Sultanate of Rûm and the Ottoman Empire at
4091:
law system had been developed from a combination of the
4009:
1778:. During this period, the Ottoman government engaged in
13131:. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club.
12103:, ed. Cyril M. Harris, (Dover Publications, 1977), 485.
11940:
Gürçaglar, Şehnaz; Paker, Saliha; Milton, John (2015).
11616:
11614:
11612:
10909:"Why there is more to Syria conflict than sectarianism"
10506:
9786:"The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power"
9569:
Legal Traditions and Systems: an International Handbook
9027:
8795:(2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 3.
8027:
Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature
7635:. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
7436:
7198:
Among Greek-speaking community; spoken by some sultans.
5198:
3807:
Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the
3677:. Many historians led in 1937 by the Turkish historian
1999:
empire, a meaning that it still bears in Turkey today.
17491:
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
12608:
A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East
12327:
12303:
12223:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
12115:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
11787:. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. p. 389.
10729:
10645:
10173:
9624:
Famous Running Horses: Their Forebears and Descendants
8573:
Journal of Atatürk and the History of Turkish Republic
7408:
7396:
7143:). Kostantiniyye became obsolete in Turkish after the
6951:
for industrial manufacturing, with industries such as
6229:
or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the
6004:
The architecture of the empire developed from earlier
4201:
of recruiting and fief-holding. The main corps of the
12412:
12410:
12395:
12315:
12277:(Second ed.). British Museum Press. p. 75.
12214:
11384:
10130:"Inventory for the Ottoman Empire / Turkish Republic"
8793:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power
8601:
7299:
5945:. The use of French in the media persisted until the
5852:
Vakâyi'-i 'Acibe ve Havâdis-i Garibe-yi Kefşger Ahmed
5687:; the two most notable examples of this form are the
4559:
policy, open to foreign imports. This has origins in
4555:
of China, Japan, and Spain, the Ottoman Empire had a
4313:
distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist
3800:
between 1465 and 1856 and 1856 to 1922, respectively.
2011:
chose Turkey as the sole official name. According to
16942:
12250:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from
12175:
12052:
11939:
11609:
9599:
The Godolphin Arabian: The Story of the Matchem Line
8883:
8881:
7287:
6986:
6087:
was evident in many types of buildings, such as the
12657:(125). Science History Publications Ltd.: 359–371.
12455:"Ottoman Miniature Painting under Sultan Mehmed II"
12360:
9571:. Greenwood Press. pp. 223–224. Archived from
9559:
9130:
Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire
7488:
7476:
7293:
7281:
7216:
Foreign language among educated people in the post-
5869:
Hasan the Sailor, or The Mystery Within the Mystery
4710:was the official language of the Empire. It was an
12624:Ágoston and Alan Masters, Gábor and Bruce (2009).
12533:(New ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. p. 153.
12508:(New ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. p. 152.
12407:
12159:Sinan: Ottoman Architecture & its Values Today
9127:
8283:The Ottomans began to strike coins in the name of
7813:. University of California Press. pp. 88–89.
7447:is an archaic version. The definite article forms
6193:art form, though it also included elements of the
4055:), dynastic law, co-existed with religious law or
4035:can be initiated by either the husband or the wife
3722:system, and that the Ottoman land measurement the
1622:between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
9812:Europe and the historical legacies in the Balkans
8939:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes
8878:
8830:The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1453 to 1768
8455:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages"
8312:
8310:
8308:
8144:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages"
8088:
7155:, stated that the majority of the Turkish people
4651:and five times the population density of Arabia.
21251:
12112:
12084:
12023:
11648:
11646:
10106:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes
9405:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–110.
8997:
8380:
8016:
7572:McDonald, Sean; Moore, Simon (20 October 2015).
6843:of the Sun's orbit and the annual motion of the
5103:) required of Muslims. However, non-Muslims (or
5036:conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
4223:, which were short but wide cannons, during the
2483:. The sultanate was officially abolished by the
2425:in the 16th century, when it stretched from the
1691:) and control over a significant portion of the
13212:
12140:
12138:
12101:Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture
11994:
11992:
11990:
11166:. Loyola University New Orleans. Archived from
11153:
10612:
10354:
10311:
10044:
9925:Mundy, Martha; Smith, Richard Saumarez (2007).
9735:. Turkey in the First World War. Archived from
9666:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–202.
9555:
9553:
9551:
9549:
8915:(Cambridge University Press, 2012) pp. 175–193.
8202:
8200:
8198:
8133:
8131:
8129:
7734:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
7633:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
7454:
7448:
7442:
6539:is the cuisine of the capital, Constantinople (
6201:and painting. A Greek academy of painters, the
5978:in the 16th century and a major example of the
4360:fought on many fronts during World War I, from
4083:, which were developed in the pre-Islamic era.
13157:
12805:The British Journal for the History of Science
12729:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19.
11854:
11620:
10939:"Sufism in the Ottoman Empire Research Papers"
10796:. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017.
10517:
10323:
10299:
10268:
10253:
10241:
10229:
10066:
9985:
9957:
9519:
9394:
9392:
9390:
9388:
9386:
9044:
9042:
8751:"Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri – Turkish Naval Forces"
8316:
8305:
8259:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31.
7049:List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings
6744:MKE Ankaragücü (formerly Turan Sanatkarangücü)
6714:The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were
5949:in 1923 and for a few years thereafter in the
5751:, a type of writing descended from the Arabic
5575:The Beyazıt State Library was founded in 1884.
4670:is one of the best preserved Ottoman villages.
4378:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire
3959:, Ottoman ambassador to the United States, in
3641:Several historians, such as British historian
1855:, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling
21295:States and territories disestablished in 1923
21290:States and territories disestablished in 1922
20686:
20393:
18899:
18757:
17549:
16181:
14573:
14549:
13418:
13123:popular history espouses old "decline" thesis
13020:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
12754:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering
12582:"Karagoz, Traditional Turkish Shadow Theatre"
12361:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair; Sheila S. (2009).
12291:
12220:
11942:Tradition, Tension, and Translation in Turkey
11692:
11643:
11416:Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters (2010).
11124:
11122:
11120:
10835:. Oxford University Press. pp. 112–114.
10725:
10723:
10721:
10719:
9885:
9488:The Ashgate research companion to Islamic law
9239:
9237:
9235:
8457:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
8442:
8383:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
8146:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
7832:. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–211.
7785:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
7732:Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977b).
7571:
7395:'Ottoman Authority/Governance/Rule',
7350:
6485:was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire.
5921:. Many of these publications were centred in
5483:
4421:
4071:, i.e., laws, a system based upon the Turkic
3622:
2499:Historiographical debate on the Ottoman state
2318:
1993:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1955:
1949:
1912:
1878:
1829:in 1922, formally ending the Ottoman Empire.
1598:, historically and colloquially known as the
870:5,200,000 km (2,000,000 sq mi)
862:3,400,000 km (1,300,000 sq mi)
20356:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
17524:State with limited international recognition
12960:
12958:
12691:
12555:"Karagöz and Hacivat, a Turkish shadow play"
12522:
12354:
12135:
12032:
11987:
11627:Memory and Commemoration across Central Asia
11280:International Journal of Middle East Studies
11011:. University of Michigan Press. p. 25.
10365:. In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.).
10283:International Journal of Middle East Studies
10194:International Journal of Middle East Studies
10100:
9560:Epstein, Lee; O'Connor, Karen; Grub, Diana.
9546:
8417:
8206:
8195:
8126:
7039:List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire
6905:medical encyclopaedia from the Islamic world
6881:), an 1880 painting by the Ottoman polymath
6776:Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire
6299:
5787:Due to historically close ties with France,
4364:in the west to the Caucasus in the east and
2376:(Adrianople) in 1369. At the same time, the
1655:by the mid-14th century, transforming their
1606:centred in Anatolia that controlled much of
13219:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
13023:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800
12724:
12106:
11999:Baruh, Lorans Tanatar; Sara Yontan Musnik.
11944:. John Benjamins Publishing Co. p. 5.
11782:
11511:. Michigan State University. Archived from
10135:. Istanbul Bilgi University. Archived from
10123:
10121:
10119:
9681:. Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 130–135.
9679:Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged
9513:
9383:
9039:
8836:
7695:
7693:
7482:
7124:
6083:motifs were introduced and a trend towards
5142:
5057:
4487:A European bronze medal from the period of
4371:
4193:in battle, holding the crescent banner, by
3867:, was claimed by the sultans starting with
3821:Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty.
2031:Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire
1928:
1894:
878:2,550,000 km (980,000 sq mi)
854:1,220,000 km (470,000 sq mi)
21285:States and territories established in 1299
20693:
20679:
20400:
20386:
18906:
18892:
18764:
18750:
17556:
17542:
16188:
16174:
14580:
14566:
13425:
13411:
13019:
13000:
12964:
12770:"Artist Feature: Who Was Osman Hamdi Bey?"
12440:
12182:Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2010).
11757:
11308:. Stanford University Press. p. 141.
11215:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (2001).
11133:. New Delhi: Vij Books India. p. 97.
11117:
10716:
9924:
9232:
8428:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59.
7655:
5721:, one of the most celebrated Ottoman poets
5490:
5476:
4768:was used for Islamic prayers. In the post-
4551:in the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to the
4446:, to which the 1871 Vilayet Law added the
3629:
3615:
2325:
2311:
297:
287:
277:
267:
257:
13085:
12955:
12871:
12798:
12001:"Francophone press in the Ottoman Empire"
11506:
11301:
11218:The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism
11214:
10967:
10472:The American Journal of International Law
10369:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 95.
10045:İnalcık, Halil; Quataert, Donald (1971).
9437:
9033:
8712:
8668:
8459:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
8148:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
8030:. Vol. 10. Bloomsbury. p. 437.
7764:
7731:
7054:List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire
6837:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din
6786:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din
6769:
6384:), other Middle Eastern instruments (the
6361:, which bear some resemblance to Western
5068:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire
4858:. Most of the Ottoman Sultans adhered to
3970:Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire
3838:direct patrilineal (male-line) descendant
16471:
13342:
13145:
12600:
12497:
12369:. Oxford University Press. p. 379.
12272:
12150:
11971:Türk Romanına Eleştirel Bir Bakış Vol. 1
11861:. New York: Facts On File. p. 440.
11478:"Historiography xiv. The Ottoman Empire"
11390:
11069:. New York: Metropolitan Books. p.
11006:
10828:
10524:. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. p. 69.
10335:
10127:
10116:
10080:. Oxford University Press. p. 218.
9999:. Oxford University Press. p. 217.
9971:. Oxford University Press. p. 209.
9809:Raymond Detrez; Barbara Segaert (2008).
9344:
9134:. University of Oklahoma Press. p.
8700:
8423:
8256:A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire
7772:
7690:
7630:
7263:was achieved through the signing of the
6869:
6779:
6701:
6527:
6309:
6173:
5984:
5966:
5713:
5570:
5501:
5273:
5235:Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul
5228:
5208:
5071:
4954:
4804:
4698:
4661:
4615:
4596:
4502:
4482:
4463:
4381:
4327:
4269:
4245:
4184:
4146:
4045:over its subjects. At the same time the
4008:
3951:
3854:
3809:state organisation of the Ottoman Empire
3759:State organisation of the Ottoman Empire
2360:. In 1326, the Ottomans captured nearby
1711:those of its chief European rivals, the
282:
21315:Former countries of the interwar period
20180:
18771:
13104:
12853:
12685:
12579:
12528:
12503:
12156:
11855:Masters, Bruce; Ágoston, Gábor (2009).
11559:
10778:Oxford Bibliographies – Islamic Studies
10657:
10651:
10418:Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876
10414:
10179:
10072:
10019:
9991:
9963:
9670:
9661:
9646:
8964:
8847:. Istanbul: The Isis Press. p. 8.
8808:
8775:
8566:
8448:
8137:
7969:
7780:
6907:. Though his work was largely based on
6547:events, and through the cooking at the
6497:A musical gathering in the 18th century
6259:illuminated and illustrated manuscripts
4854:, or politico-religious leader, of the
4021:, as depicted in an Ottoman miniature.
1651:much of Anatolia and expanded into the
943:Predecessor states and successor states
14:
21252:
18486:
14615:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
13356:, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
13052:
12928:
12557:. All About Turkey. 20 November 2006.
12336:
12309:
12297:
12144:
11896:
11807:
11572:. Louvain: Éditions Klincksieck: 165.
10808:"Turkey's 200-Year War against 'ISIS'"
10683:
10200:(3). Cambridge University Press: 325.
10128:Kabadayı, M. Erdem (28 October 2011).
9596:
9398:
9199:
9173:. Research in Mathematical Education.
8970:
8842:
8827:
7973:Picturing History at the Ottoman Court
7926:
7884:
7827:
7666:
7664:
7624:
7145:proclamation of the Republic of Turkey
6269:consisted of illuminated calligraphy (
5780:). It was written in Turkish but with
4460:Economic history of the Ottoman Empire
4041:The Ottoman legal system accepted the
1992:in the Balkans and Anatolia. The term
20700:
20674:
20381:
18887:
18745:
17537:
16169:
14845:
14561:
14548:
13406:
13385:Ottoman and Turkish Studies Resources
13179:
13126:
12648:
12428:
12416:
12401:
12348:
12321:
11968:
11509:"Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire"
11488:from the original on 17 November 2020
11101:. Associated Press. 21 October 2022.
11059:
11009:The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography
10906:
10849:from the original on 21 November 2023
10818:from the original on 6 February 2018.
10772:Alpyağıl, Recep (28 November 2016). "
10360:
10280:
9848:Naim Kapucu; Hamit Palabiyik (2008).
9783:
9777:
9703:"Petition created for submarine name"
9676:
9485:P.J. Bearman; Rudolph Peters (2016).
9352:"Balancing Sharia: The Ottoman Kanun"
9283:Naim Kapucu; Hamit Palabiyik (2008).
9243:
9125:
9086:
9049:Naim Kapucu; Hamit Palabiyik (2008).
8899:The nature of the early Ottoman state
8896:
8790:
8656:
8638:from the original on 20 December 2023
8362:from the original on 19 November 2018
8252:
7845:
7699:
6891:Ibrahim Efendi al-Zigetvari Tezkireci
6093:First National Architectural Movement
4133:, or judge. Since the closing of the
4109:, or consensus of the members of the
18712:
18700:
13200:from the original on 14 January 2023
13088:Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition
13073:from the original on 14 January 2023
13040:from the original on 14 January 2023
13003:Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey
12906:from the original on 25 January 2019
12692:Sevim Tekeli (1997). "Taqi al-Din".
12651:Journal for the History of Astronomy
12628:. Infobase Publishing. p. 583.
12485:from the original on 1 November 2022
12452:
12383:from the original on 14 January 2023
12245:
12202:from the original on 14 January 2023
11917:from the original on 14 January 2023
11875:from the original on 14 January 2023
11828:from the original on 14 January 2023
11605:, İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları (2011)
11436:from the original on 14 January 2023
11322:from the original on 14 January 2023
11128:
11105:from the original on 24 October 2022
10805:
10704:from the original on 14 January 2023
10633:from the original on 14 January 2023
10556:
10538:from the original on 14 January 2023
10521:Persian Historiography And Geography
10443:from the original on 14 January 2023
10383:from the original on 14 January 2023
10191:
9945:from the original on 14 January 2023
9906:from the original on 14 January 2023
9829:from the original on 14 January 2023
9534:from the original on 12 October 2013
9466:from the original on 14 January 2023
9419:from the original on 14 January 2023
9264:from the original on 14 January 2023
9220:from the original on 14 January 2023
9181:from the original on 11 January 2013
9107:from the original on 14 January 2023
8731:from the original on 15 January 2024
8583:from the original on 26 January 2024
8473:from the original on 11 October 2019
8273:from the original on 14 January 2023
8234:from the original on 14 January 2023
8162:from the original on 11 October 2019
8099:from the original on 24 October 2022
8065:
8044:from the original on 21 October 2022
7994:from the original on 21 October 2022
7947:from the original on 14 January 2023
7933:. Pustaka Nasional Pte. p. 68.
7930:Persian Historiography and Geography
7905:from the original on 21 October 2022
7866:from the original on 14 January 2023
7808:
7612:from the original on 14 January 2023
7518:" from the Ottoman victory over the
7313:
7119:
7109:
7095:
7029:Historiography of the Ottoman Empire
6063:in Western Europe, resulting in the
5865:Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr
5819:also wrote the important 1876 novel
5737:
5662:
5651:
5640:
5199:Social-political-religious structure
4791:spoke Turkish as a second language.
3991:spawned a branch of Ottoman-Turkish
3704:tax of Byzantium became the Ottoman
2372:in 1354 and moving their capital to
2356:just south of the Byzantine capital
1984:
1923:
1889:
1869:
1734:Beginning in the late 19th century,
1659:into a transcontinental empire. The
132:
50:
21330:Historical transcontinental empires
21208:History of the Mediterranean region
13252:For a more comprehensive list, see
12561:from the original on 24 August 2019
12188:. Infobase Publishing. p. 50.
11751:
11535:"Islam and slavery: Sexual slavery"
9918:
9879:
9761:. Turkish Air Force. Archived from
9527:. Sabancı Üniversitesi. p. 2.
7661:
7631:Shaw, Stanford; Shaw, Ezel (1977).
5050:(and the exile of the last caliph,
4561:capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
4405:) was the territory of office of a
4013:An unhappy wife complaining to the
3921:or the Balkans, a process known as
3792:were the primary residences of the
2475:, when its remaining territory was
1825:in the Anatolian heartland and the
24:
14610:List of current sovereign monarchs
13850:(reform and constitutional period)
13432:
13254:Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire
13247:
13213:Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2024).
12626:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
12185:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
12011:from the original on 16 April 2018
11973:. İletişim Yayınları. p. 19.
11858:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
11419:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
10988:from the original on 23 April 2024
10949:from the original on 23 March 2022
10594:from the original on 15 April 2021
10403:Constitution of the Ottoman Empire
9791:. pp. 177–200. Archived from
9491:. London: Routledge. p. 109.
9399:Benton, Lauren (3 December 2001).
9015:from the original on 16 March 2016
8971:Simons, Marlise (22 August 1993).
8778:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
8507:
8095:. Vol. 20. pp. 114–115.
7702:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
7153:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
7012:Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire
6159:
5064:Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
5044:office's abolition on 3 March 1924
4593:Demographics of the Ottoman Empire
3673:state" dedicated to expanding the
2421:The empire reached its apex under
25:
21346:
13738:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
13701:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
13293:
13056:A History of Ottoman Architecture
12929:Horton, Paul (July–August 1977).
12835:from the original on 28 July 2020
12780:from the original on 13 June 2018
9601:. Robert Hale Ltd. pp. 3–6.
9250:. Psychology Press. p. 197.
9093:. Psychology Press. p. 199.
8985:from the original on 12 July 2018
8548:from the original on 10 July 2022
8498:) // Cited: p. 36 (pdf p. 38/338)
8387:Journal of World-Systems Research
7578:Atlantic Journal of Communication
7545:declaration by the Sultan of Aceh
5996:of Ottoman architecture, showing
4517:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
3859:Ambassadors at the Topkapı Palace
3177:(330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as
2487:on 1 November 1922 following the
1827:abolition of the Ottoman monarchy
1752:competitive multi-party elections
1667:in 1453 under the Ottoman sultan
21275:1923 disestablishments in Europe
21193:Bibliography of European history
20788:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
20409:States in late medieval Anatolia
18723:
18711:
18699:
18688:
18687:
18675:
18079:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
17565:
16513:
16197:
15128:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
13733:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
13391:Historians of the Ottoman Empire
13341:
13329:
13319:
13233:from the original on 21 May 2024
12922:
12888:
12847:
12792:
12762:
12743:
12718:
12642:
12573:
12547:
12446:
12266:
12239:
12093:
11962:
11933:
11890:
11848:
11801:
11776:
11758:Kastritsis, Dimitris J. (2007).
11738:Turkish Life in Town and Country
11727:
11584:
11553:
11541:from the original on 21 May 2009
11527:
11500:
11470:
11448:
11409:
11396:
11371:
11355:Comparative Civilizations Review
11347:
11334:
11295:
11272:
11259:
11246:
11208:
11182:
11147:
11087:
11053:
11025:
11000:
10961:
10931:
10919:from the original on 6 June 2013
10900:
10880:
10861:
10822:
10799:
10766:
10677:
10606:
10550:
10463:
10408:
10395:
10329:
10289:(3). Cambridge University Press.
10274:
9621:
9322:"Islamic Perspective on Divorce"
8845:Ottoman Maritime Wars, 1416–1700
8405:from the original on 20 May 2019
8077:(Istanbul: İz, 1997),1: 167–169.
7530:by the Turkish Republic in 1924.
7277:
7174:; among Arabic-speaking citizens
6989:
6756:Turkish Fatherland Football Club
6532:Turkish women baking bread, 1790
6502:
6490:
6474:
6449:
6349:, which are somewhat similar to
6032:, whose major works include the
5323:
5180:were under the authority of the
5165:came under the authority of the
4567:in 1673 and 1740, which lowered
4306:in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire.
3778:
3767:
3598:
3141:224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
2533:
2464:Ottoman Empire gave rise to the
2061:
1948:The Turkish word for "Ottoman" (
1877:, the empire was referred to as
1572:
1558:
1544:
1530:
1516:
1502:
1488:
1474:
1460:
1446:
1432:
1418:
1404:
1390:
1376:
1362:
1348:
1334:
1320:
1306:
1292:
1278:
1253:
1239:
1225:
1211:
1197:
1183:
1169:
1155:
1141:
1127:
1113:
1099:
1085:
1071:
1057:
1043:
1029:
1015:
1001:
987:
973:
499:1299–1876; 1878–1908; 1920–1922)
239:
220:
192:
173:
104:
86:
21305:Former countries in the Balkans
21218:History of Western civilization
20821:Christianity in the Middle Ages
18724:
17496:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
14605:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
13814:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
12873:10.4321/S1130-14732006000200012
10185:
10146:
10094:
10053:
10038:
10013:
9841:
9802:
9751:
9725:
9655:
9640:
9615:
9590:
9478:
9431:
9370:
9314:
9276:
9193:
9159:
9119:
9080:
8955:
8931:
8918:
8905:
8890:
8873:Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy
8865:
8821:
8802:
8784:
8769:
8753:. 29 March 2010. Archived from
8743:
8694:
8650:
8595:
8560:
8501:
8374:
8327:International Studies Quarterly
8246:
8109:As a result, we can claim that
8082:
8059:
8010:
7963:
7920:
7878:
7839:
7821:
7802:
7533:
7504:
7339:'Sublime Ottoman State'
7270:
7241:
7232:
7223:
7210:
7201:
7192:
7177:
5992:in Istanbul, an example of the
5956:
5567:Education in the Ottoman Empire
5013:, a member of the conservative
4695:Languages of the Ottoman Empire
4586:
4139:, or 'Gate of Interpretation',
3863:The highest position in Islam,
3831:
3665:lead of the Austrian historian
2445:in the north. According to the
2337:The Ottoman Empire was founded
1744:Committee of Union and Progress
21270:1923 disestablishments in Asia
21062:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
21005:Christianity in the modern era
20776:Christianity in late antiquity
14587:
13555:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
12931:"Topkapi's Turkish Timepieces"
11814:. Istanbul: ISIS. p. 20.
11160:The Student Historical Journal
11154:Krummerich, Sean (1998–1999).
11129:Syed, Muzaffar Husain (2011).
10974:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–366.
10968:C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019).
10794:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0232
10690:. Princeton University Press.
10363:"Turkey in the Russian Mirror"
9438:Streusand, Douglas E. (2010).
8605:The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718
8567:Baykara, Prof. Tuncer (2017).
7783:"Istanbul, not Constantinople"
7758:
7725:
7565:
7551:in the Atlantic Ocean in 1585.
7407:, 'Ottoman State' and
7165:
7081:
5149:(Code of Justinian), with the
5086:In accordance with the Muslim
4915:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
4779:as "special request-writers" (
4181:Military of the Ottoman Empire
3728:was the same as the Byzantine
3656:guise. The American historian
2997:Kingdom of Alexander the Great
676:• Upper house (unelected)
13:
1:
21310:Former countries in West Asia
21213:History of the European Union
17486:Organization of Turkic States
14446:
12774:How To Talk About Art History
12584:. Karagoz.net. Archived from
12248:"The Ottoman Artistic Legacy"
11785:Osmanlı'da kurumlar ve kültür
8704:The Battle for Central Europe
8660:The Battle for Central Europe
7590:10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439
7229:The sultan from 1512 to 1520.
7156:
7069:
7034:Outline of the Ottoman Empire
6889:In 1660, the Ottoman scholar
6859:in 1551, when he described a
5594:
5307:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
4940:, the pursuit of science and
4896:Ottoman persecution of Alevis
4816:of Islam and a member of the
4637:
4160:procedure also were enacted.
3752:
2567:
2338:
2025:History of the Ottoman Empire
1746:(CUP), which established the
1736:various Ottoman intellectuals
727:
546:
496:
333:
75:
18570:Intangible cultural heritage
17916:Southeastern Anatolia Region
17748:Proclamation of the republic
14620:List of monarchy referendums
13373:Ottoman Text Archive Project
13285:Resources in other libraries
12725:El-Rouayheb, Khaled (2015).
11342:A History of the Middle East
10806:Koru, Selim (24 July 2015).
10415:Davison, Roderic H. (1964).
10061:The Ottoman Empire 1700–1922
9376:Washbrook, D. and Cohn, H.,
8424:Erickson, Edward J. (2003).
7558:
7419:, 'Ottoman Empire'
7415:
7403:
7384:
7324:
7257:occupation of Constantinople
7207:Decrees in the 15th century.
7089:
7074:
5883:
5873:
5851:
5837:
5743:
5731:
5667:
5656:
5645:
5579:In the Ottoman Empire, each
5560:
4991:, a diverse body of Islamic
4423:Teskil-i Vilayet Nizamnamesi
3845:
3840:of the first Ottoman sultan
2378:numerous small Turkic states
1861:
1725:
692:• Lower house (elected)
139:
58:
7:
21325:Former monarchies of Europe
21265:1299 establishments in Asia
21172:Russian invasion of Ukraine
20783:Crisis of the Third Century
20630:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
18913:
17841:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
13999:Vassal and tributary states
13161:; Spivey, Diane M. (2000).
12225:. Oxford University Press.
12117:. Oxford University Press.
10907:Urban, Mark (4 June 2013).
10832:The Oxford History of Islam
10110:University of Chicago Press
10024:. Brill. pp. 238–239.
9931:. I.B. Tauris. p. 50.
9815:. Peter Lang. p. 167.
9733:"Story of Turkish Aviation"
8707:. Brill. pp. 277–286.
8663:. Brill. pp. 263–275.
8608:. Purdue University Press.
7489:
7477:
7437:
6982:
6943:In the early 19th century,
6006:Seljuk Turkish architecture
5905:Media of the Ottoman Empire
5615:, was composed by the poet
5587:Several "foreign schools" (
4913:before adopting Islam. The
4888:Islam in the Ottoman Empire
4794:
4688:
4489:Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror
4470:Aydın Archaeological Museum
4235:horses (progenitors of the
4174:
3512:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
3227:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
2489:Turkish War of Independence
2194:Decline & Modernization
1815:Turkish War of Independence
10:
21351:
21300:Former countries in Africa
21228:Military history of Europe
21223:Maritime history of Europe
17672:Conquest of Constantinople
13251:
13086:Itzkowitz, Norman (1980).
12993:
12813:Cambridge University Press
12671:10.1177/002182860503600401
11596:"Has-bahçede 'Ayş u Tarab"
11131:A Concise History of Islam
10829:Esposito, John L. (1999).
10340:. Darwin Press. p. .
10324:Quataert & Spivey 2000
10300:Quataert & Spivey 2000
10269:Quataert & Spivey 2000
10254:Quataert & Spivey 2000
10242:Quataert & Spivey 2000
10230:Quataert & Spivey 2000
9649:Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700
8005:newly converted young men.
7775:The First Turkish Republic
7528:abolition of the Caliphate
7409:
7397:
7376:
6773:
6521:
6517:
6303:
6257:). In the Ottoman Empire,
6163:
6018:Early Ottoman architecture
5960:
5902:
5598:
5564:
5304:
5300:
5202:
5061:
4899:
4885:
4798:
4692:
4604:under Ottoman rule in 1900
4590:
4457:
4453:
4375:
4358:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons
4178:
4002:
3756:
2502:
2278:Abolition of the Caliphate
2270:Abolition of the Sultanate
2207:(late 18th and early 19th)
2028:
2022:
2018:
1836:
1665:conquest of Constantinople
1635:, founded in northwestern
1625:The empire emerged from a
1400:Principality of Montenegro
753:Conquest of Constantinople
303:The Ottoman Empire in 1914
293:The Ottoman Empire in 1739
283:The Ottoman Empire in 1683
273:The Ottoman Empire in 1566
263:The Ottoman Empire in 1481
29:
27:Turkish empire (1299–1922)
21198:Genetic history of Europe
21180:
20985:
20801:
20741:
20708:
20617:
20416:
20349:
20301:
19818:
19222:
18921:
18779:
18671:
18404:
18320:
18213:
18179:The constitutional system
18139:
18094:
18039:
18030:
17924:
17872:
17863:
17816:
17783:
17733:
17711:Second Constitutional Era
17696:Decline and modernization
17652:
17613:
17587:
17578:
17519:
17478:
17442:
17325:
17299:
17212:
17164:
17157:
17078:
17027:
16522:
16511:
16211:
16032:
15941:
15655:
15418:
15352:
15164:
15155:
15051:
15033:
14965:
14880:
14838:
14770:
14684:
14628:
14595:
14555:
14550:Links to related articles
14513:
14473:
14445:
14412:
14313:
14268:
14259:
14176:
14142:
14092:
14020:
14011:
13948:
13880:
13842:
13781:
13770:
13673:
13664:
13572:
13565:
13518:Decline and modernization
13440:
13280:Resources in your library
13026:. Yale University Press.
12821:10.1017/S0007087403005302
12799:Ben-Zaken, Avner (2004).
12529:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2005).
12504:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2005).
12157:Goodwin, Godfrey (1993).
11578:10.2143/TURC.30.0.2004296
11560:Faroqhi, Suraiya (1998).
11035:. Leiden: Brill. p. 287.
10744:10.1080/01419870701491937
10732:Ethnic and Racial Studies
10580:10.1080/00905990500504871
10336:McCarthy, Justin (1995).
10206:10.1017/S0020743800033602
10167:10.1080/00263207908700415
9597:Milner, Mordaunt (1990).
9200:Karpat, Kemal H. (1973).
8973:"Center of Ottoman Power"
8926:A Bridge Between Cultures
8714:10.1163/9789004396234_014
8670:10.1163/9789004396234_013
8490:20 September 2019 at the
8179:20 September 2019 at the
8111:Şeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşı
7846:Flynn, Thomas O. (2017).
7687:. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
7541:Ottoman Sultan and Caliph
7520:Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo
7483:
7466:
7455:
7449:
7443:
7426:
7103:with the Arabic suffix),
6697:
6300:Music and performing arts
6205:, was established in the
5974:in Istanbul, designed by
5812:movements was paramount.
5741:, also transliterated as
5186:Armenian Apostolic Church
4341:Ottoman military aviation
4252:Ertugrul Cavalry Regiment
4005:Law of the Ottoman Empire
3393:Decline and modernization
3343:Periods of Ottoman Empire
2468:in the mid-19th century.
1811:United Kingdom and France
1748:Second Constitutional Era
952:
948:
941:
937:
905:
901:
891:
887:
882:
874:
866:
858:
850:
845:
841:
828:
814:
801:
788:
775:
762:
749:
736:
718:
714:
706:
690:
674:
660:
656:
644:
634:• 1320–1331 (first)
632:
628:
618:
614:
602:
592:• 1517–1520 (first)
590:
586:
576:
572:
560:
542:
538:
528:
483:
471:
441:
400:
390:
320:
310:
254:
152:
124:
82:
74:
41:
18162:Ministry of the Interior
18147:Administrative divisions
17706:First Constitutional Era
17101:Timeline of the Göktürks
14757:Self-proclaimed monarchy
14046:Six Divisions of Cavalry
13582:Foreign Affairs Ministry
13387:– University of Michigan
11808:Mignon, Laurent (2005).
11422:. Infobase. p. 64.
10684:Yılmaz, Hüseyin (2018).
10613:Kemal H. Karpat (2002).
9677:Aksan, Virginia (2007).
9651:. UCL Press. p. 10.
9647:Murphey, Rhoads (1999).
9177:(1): 19–31. March 2010.
8897:Lowry, Heath W. (2003).
8514:The Geographical Journal
8496:Martin Luther University
8467:Orient-Institut Istanbul
8449:Strauss, Johann (2010).
8185:Martin Luther University
8156:Orient-Institut Istanbul
8138:Strauss, Johann (2010).
7978:Indiana University Press
7927:Spuler, Bertold (2003).
7891:. Springer. p. 50.
7781:Society (4 March 2014).
7742:10.1017/CBO9780511614972
7099:) (replacing the suffix
6945:Egypt under Muhammad Ali
6863:driven by a rudimentary
6732:Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club
6724:equestrian javelin throw
6466:, the music band of the
6095:, by architects such as
5898:
5879:Just Seventeen Years Old
5827:), while the journalist
5725:Until the 19th century,
5394:Languages and literature
5058:Christianity and Judaism
5023:), whom he considered a
4881:
4372:Administrative divisions
3911:for the Christians, the
3645:and the Greek historian
2423:Suleiman the Magnificent
2388:conquered Constantinople
1799:aftermath of World War I
1673:Suleiman the Magnificent
1316:Principality of Bulgaria
1051:Principality of Theodoro
646:• 1920–1922 (last)
604:• 1922–1924 (last)
562:• 1918–1922 (last)
517:Triumvirate dictatorship
21203:History of Christianity
18109:Parliamentary elections
17911:Eastern Anatolia Region
17906:Central Anatolia Region
17588:Ancient and Middle Ages
15025:Vatican City (Holy See)
14039:Agha of the Janissaries
13686:List of Ottoman sultans
13393:– University of Chicago
12939:: 10–13. Archived from
12273:Carswell, John (2006).
12099:"Seljuk architecture",
12077:14 January 2023 at the
12045:14 January 2023 at the
12005:French National Library
11734:Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane
11720:1 November 2022 at the
11685:1 November 2022 at the
11674:1 November 2022 at the
11463:1 November 2022 at the
11364:9 November 2019 at the
11223:Oxford University Press
11007:S. Swayd, Samy (2009).
10873:1 November 2022 at the
10786:Oxford University Press
10670:1 November 2022 at the
10518:Bertold Spuler (2003).
10020:Darling, Linda (1996).
9707:Ellesmere Port Standard
9662:Ágoston, Gábor (2005).
9126:Lewis, Bernard (1963).
8924:Sinan Ed Kuneralp, ed.
8340:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
7970:Fetvacı, Emine (2013).
7499:
7490:Othōmanikē Avtokratoria
7253:Grand National Assembly
7006:16 Great Turkic Empires
6909:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
6875:Girl Reciting the Qurān
6801:, a Greek scholar from
6736:Galatasaray Sports Club
6323:Ottoman classical music
6022:Classical Ottoman style
6008:, with influences from
5980:Classical Ottoman style
5766:Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi
5625:Turkish folk literature
5551:Abu'l-Khayrid Shibanids
5279:Hemdat Israel Synagogue
5222:. His successor Sultan
5105:
4801:Millet (Ottoman Empire)
4354:Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi
4323:Ottoman Navy Foundation
4225:Siege of Constantinople
3927:
3897:
3736:Eastern Orthodox Church
1832:
1065:Second Bulgarian Empire
509:constitutional monarchy
391:Official languages
21027:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
18280:Science and technology
18114:Presidential elections
17595:Prehistory of Anatolia
16815:Bosnia and Herzegovina
15307:Islands of Refreshment
14737:Legitimacy (political)
14241:Science and technology
13691:Roman succession claim
13300:Listen to this article
13180:Rogan, Eugene (2011).
13105:Kinross, Lord (1979).
12441:Blair & Bloom 1995
12161:. London: Saqi Books.
11897:Pultar, Gönül (2013).
11357:55.55 (2006): 6:37–55
10619:. Brill. p. 266.
10361:Stone, Norman (2005).
10155:Middle Eastern Studies
9886:Maḥmūd Yazbak (1998).
9854:. USAK Books. p.
9289:. USAK Books. p.
9244:Black, Antony (2001).
9206:. Brill. p. 204.
9087:Black, Antony (2001).
9055:. USAK Books. p.
8828:Greene, Molly (2015).
8614:10.2307/j.ctt6wq7kw.12
8253:Pamuk, Şevket (2000).
7683:. Official website of
7656:Atasoy & Raby 1989
7484:Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία
7361:
7351:
7346:
7220:/late imperial period.
7059:Ottoman wars in Europe
6901:Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu
6886:
6789:
6770:Science and technology
6740:Fenerbahçe Sports Club
6711:
6533:
6353:in Western music, and
6319:
6182:
6001:
5982:
5845:). An earlier play, a
5722:
5683:and thus a variety of
5576:
5514:
5285:
5238:
5214:
5143:
5083:
4968:
4961:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque
4821:
4752:, Iraq, North Africa,
4704:
4671:
4643:
4605:
4577:Dictionary of Commerce
4520:
4492:
4472:
4422:
4387:
4336:
4286:
4259:
4197:
4152:
4151:An Ottoman trial, 1877
4038:
3998:
3964:
3860:
3696:The British historian
3564:Constitutional history
3449:Provisional government
3403:Defeat and dissolution
2553:Prehistory of Anatolia
2447:Ottoman decline thesis
2433:in the west, and from
2246:2nd Constitutional Era
2220:1st Constitutional Era
2103:Fall of Constantinople
1994:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1956:
1950:
1913:
1879:
1386:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1023:Despotate of the Morea
701:(1876–1878; 1908–1920)
685:(1876–1878; 1908–1920)
669:(1876–1878; 1908–1920)
513:(1876–1878; 1908–1920)
171:(1829–1839, 1918–1922)
21107:Industrial Revolution
20655:Philaretos Brachamios
20326:Medieval great powers
18275:Free trade agreements
18157:Intelligence Services
17954:North Anatolian Fault
17312:Proto-Turkic language
16943:Extinct Turkic groups
15118:Saint Kitts and Nevis
14707:Criticism of monarchy
14697:Abolition of monarchy
14114:Dragoman of the Fleet
13829:Dragoman of the Porte
13619:Armenian Constitution
13506:Stagnation and reform
13127:Kuban, Doğan (2010).
13053:Freely, John (2011).
11969:Moran, Berna (1997).
11629:. Brill. p. 54.
11402:Youssef M. Choueiri,
11289:17 April 2018 at the
11282:3#3 (1972): 243–281.
10893:7 August 2018 at the
10812:The National Interest
10427:10.1515/9781400878765
9892:. Brill. p. 28.
9784:Imber, Colin (2002).
9444:. Milton: Routledge.
9354:. BBC. Archived from
8948:28 March 2020 at the
8843:Soucek, Svat (2015).
8791:Imber, Colin (2009).
7852:. Brill. p. 30.
7765:Shaw & Shaw 1977b
7673:Ottoman Capital Bursa
7514:also held the title "
7478:Othōmanikē Epikrateia
7347:Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
7018:Empire of the Sultans
6974:In the 19th century,
6957:textile manufacturing
6873:
6809:. Another example is
6783:
6748:Karşıyaka Sports Club
6705:
6531:
6313:
6304:Further information:
6177:
6164:Further information:
6154:Islamic architectural
5988:
5970:
5874:Henüz on Yedi Yaşında
5717:
5574:
5505:
5277:
5232:
5212:
5075:
4958:
4808:
4717:highly influenced by
4702:
4665:
4619:
4600:
4573:John Ramsay McCulloch
4530:Treaty of Balta Liman
4506:
4486:
4467:
4385:
4339:The establishment of
4331:
4273:
4249:
4188:
4150:
4012:
3955:
3858:
3007:Kingdom of Cappadocia
2563:Palaeolithic Anatolia
1905:Sublime Ottoman State
1880:Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿO
1819:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
1760:leading a coup d'état
1740:Young Turk Revolution
779:Constitutional Era II
401:Common languages
43:Sublime Ottoman State
21162:European debt crisis
21157:European integration
21097:Age of Enlightenment
20937:Republic of Florence
20336:European colonialism
20321:Ancient great powers
18659:World heritage sites
18184:Turkish Armed Forces
18069:Constitutional Court
17983:Flora and vegetation
17961:Environmental issues
17949:East Anatolian Fault
17896:Mediterranean Region
17511:World Turks Qurultai
14950:United Arab Emirates
13834:Outer Palace Service
13750:Inner Palace Service
13365:More spoken articles
13183:The Arabs: A History
13129:Ottoman Architecture
13005:. Alexandria Press.
12975:. pp. 193–196.
12854:Bademci, G. (2006).
12758:University of Aleppo
12062:. Routledge, 2016. (
11783:Murat Belge (2005).
11601:26 July 2019 at the
11515:on 11 September 2009
11467:(I.B. Tauris, 2014).
11256:(2002), pp. 173–192.
11190:"Turkish Toleration"
10567:Nationalities Papers
10312:Hamed-Troyansky 2024
9520:Selçuk Akşin Somel.
9009:dolmabahcepalace.com
8092:Archivum Ottomanicum
7704:. Infobase. p.
7679:5 March 2016 at the
7467:Оθωμανική Επικράτεια
7438:Otomanskata Imperiya
7416:Osmanean Kaysrut'iwn
7410:Օսմանեան կայսրութիւն
7325:Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿO
7261:Government of Ankara
6927:scalpels and lancets
6722:, horseback riding,
6221:Ottoman illumination
6166:Ottoman illumination
6061:Baroque architecture
5963:Ottoman architecture
5151:Ecumenical Patriarch
5145:Corpus Juris Civilis
5077:Mehmed the Conqueror
4909:practiced a form of
4528:, also known as the
4526:Anglo-Ottoman Treaty
4205:included Janissary,
4017:about her husband's
3173:Eastern Roman Empire
1512:Italian Tripolitania
1372:Revolutionary Serbia
1302:Caucasus Viceroyalty
1093:Despotate of Dobruja
766:Constitutional Era I
140:Devlet-i Ebed-müddet
59:Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿO
21127:Revolutions of 1848
21057:Early modern France
20838:Anglo-Saxon England
20743:Classical antiquity
20645:Knights Hospitaller
20640:Empire of Trebizond
20331:Modern great powers
18773:History of Anatolia
18228:Banking and Finance
17846:History of Anatolia
17743:War of Independence
17735:Republic of Türkiye
17632:Battle of Manzikert
17252:Karachay-Cherkessia
16146:Trinidad and Tobago
16033:Commonwealth realms
15918:United Baltic Duchy
15061:Antigua and Barbuda
15053:Commonwealth realms
14747:Order of succession
14029:Classic period army
13870:Chamber of Deputies
13845:Imperial Government
13378:19 May 2024 at the
12965:Jean Batou (1991).
12943:on 22 November 2008
12902:. 3 November 2017.
12702:2008ehst.book.....S
12663:2005JHA....36..359R
12614:and New York, p. 52
12453:Atil, Esin (1973).
12431:, pp. 571–596.
12351:, pp. 605–606.
12254:on 13 February 2009
11406:(2001), pp. 56–100.
11381:15.1 (2016): 24–42.
10232:, pp. 110–111.
10142:on 28 October 2011.
9005:"Dolmabahce Palace"
8941:76 (1986): 151–161
7885:Fortna, B. (2012).
7172:Liturgical language
6799:Georgios Amiroutzes
6483:Karagöz and Hacivat
6433:Karagöz and Hacivat
6243:Islamic calligraphy
6069:Nuruosmaniye Mosque
5881:), and Naturalism (
5861:Ahmed Midhat Efendi
5843:The Poet's Marriage
5530:Ottoman slave trade
5248:Auspicious Incident
5193:religious pluralism
4932:, which emphasized
4839:(school of Islamic
4827:was the prevailing
4549:deindustrialisation
4539:Economic historian
3679:Mehmet Fuat Köprülü
3517:History of Anatolia
3439:War of Independence
3267:Empire of Trebizond
3131:133 BC-27 BC–330 AD
2578:Mesolithic Anatolia
2461:nationalist revolts
1962:early modern period
1839:Osman I § Name
1770:on the side of the
1742:of 1908 led by the
1703:for six centuries.
1693:Mediterranean Basin
1663:was ended with the
1540:Sheikhdom of Kuwait
1247:Hospitaller Tripoli
1107:Despotate of Lovech
1037:Empire of Trebizond
832:Caliphate abolished
805:Sultanate abolished
792:Ottoman coup d'état
698:Chamber of Deputies
682:Chamber of Notables
549:1299–1323/4 (first)
145:"The Eternal State"
21233:Crusading movement
21137:Russian Revolution
20972:Hundred Years' War
20868:Maritime republics
20771:Early Christianity
20761:Hellenistic period
20718:Paleolithic Europe
20519:Kadi Burhan al-Din
18285:Telecommunications
18074:Court of Cassation
17775:Multi-party period
17684:Ottoman Old Regime
17605:Byzantine Anatolia
17600:Classical Anatolia
17443:Traditional sports
17247:Kabardino-Balkaria
16867:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
13656:Translation Office
13540:2nd Constitutional
13528:1st Constitutional
13482:Sultanate of Women
13111:. Harper Collins.
12936:Saudi Aramco World
12588:on 31 January 2013
11742:G.P. Putnam's Sons
11302:Amit Bein (2011).
11269:(1996) pp. 138–142
11265:Fatma Muge Gocek,
11252:Philip D. Curtin,
10401:Article 18 of the
8978:The New York Times
8508:P., E. A. (1916).
8469:. pp. 21–51.
8320:(September 1997).
8158:. pp. 21–51.
7524:Battle of Ridaniya
7494: •
7461: •
7450:Османската империя
7421: •
7404:Osmanean Petut'iwn
7398:Օսմանեան պետութիւն
7385:Osmanean Têrut'iwn
7377:Օսմանեան տէրութիւն
7371: •
7367:Minority languages
7356: •
7341: •
7308: •
7265:Treaty of Lausanne
6887:
6790:
6712:
6534:
6422:Turkish folk music
6320:
6282:The art of carpet
6211:Nakkashane-i-Irani
6187:Ottoman miniatures
6183:
6148:agreement (Arabic
6038:Süleymaniye Mosque
6002:
5983:
5972:Süleymaniye Mosque
5951:Republic of Turkey
5774:The Story of Akabi
5723:
5719:Ahmet Nedîm Efendi
5675:in nature: either
5660:) and opposition (
5601:Ottoman literature
5589:Frerler mektebleri
5577:
5515:
5286:
5239:
5215:
5094:people of the book
5084:
5048:Republic of Turkey
4969:
4927:Maturidi school of
4822:
4705:
4672:
4644:
4606:
4521:
4515:by members of the
4493:
4473:
4388:
4337:
4287:
4260:
4198:
4153:
4039:
3965:
3884:Sultanate of Women
3861:
3559:Diplomatic history
3471:Multi-party period
3421:Republic of Turkey
3197:Great Seljuk State
3187:Rashidun Caliphate
2972:Classical Anatolia
2590:Neolithic Anatolia
2402:, who assumed the
2126:Sultanate of Women
2009:Turkish government
1976:, but rather as a
1823:Republic of Turkey
1568:Sultanate of Egypt
1358:Kingdom of Romania
1261:Kingdom of Tlemcen
1177:Kingdom of Croatia
1163:Kingdom of Hungary
818:Republic of Turkey
651:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
18:The Ottoman Empire
21247:
21246:
21241:
21240:
21167:COVID-19 pandemic
21112:French Revolution
21087:Habsburg monarchy
21067:Cossack Hetmanate
21047:Portuguese Empire
21037:Absolute monarchy
21032:Thirty Years' War
20927:Holy Roman Empire
20852:Bulgarian Empire
20811:Early Middle Ages
20728:Bronze Age Europe
20702:History of Europe
20668:
20667:
20375:
20374:
20297:
20296:
20262:Polish–Lithuanian
19437:Gurjara-Pratihara
18881:
18880:
18739:
18738:
18667:
18666:
18209:
18208:
18152:Foreign relations
18126:Political parties
18026:
18025:
17859:
17858:
17851:History of Thrace
17753:Atatürk's reforms
17644:Anatolian beyliks
17531:
17530:
17307:Old Turkic script
17295:
17294:
17106:Timeline 500–1300
17023:
17022:
16509:
16508:
16368:Kipchak languages
16323:Karamanli Turkish
16163:
16162:
16159:
16158:
15848:Piedmont-Sardinia
15600:Sip Song Chau Tai
15410:Thirteen Colonies
15151:
15150:
14542:
14541:
14509:
14508:
14501:Star and crescent
14172:
14171:
14168:
14167:
14007:
14006:
13944:
13943:
13696:Ottoman Caliphate
13577:Foreign relations
13334:
13324:
13261:Library resources
13226:978-1-5036-3696-5
13193:978-0-465-03248-8
13172:978-0-7914-4431-3
13138:978-1-85149-604-4
13118:978-0-688-08093-8
13097:978-0-226-38806-9
13066:978-1-84564-506-9
13033:978-0-300-06465-0
13012:978-0-500-97374-5
12982:978-2-600-04293-2
12776:. 27 April 2017.
12736:978-1-107-04296-4
12711:978-0-7923-4066-9
12635:978-1-4381-1025-7
12540:978-1-85043-760-4
12515:978-1-85043-760-4
12376:978-0-19-530991-1
12284:978-0-7141-2441-4
12232:978-0-19-530991-1
12195:978-1-4381-1025-7
12168:978-0-86356-172-6
12124:978-0-19-530991-1
12068:978-1-317-11845-9
11980:978-975-470-054-1
11951:978-90-272-6847-1
11910:978-0-8156-3342-6
11868:978-1-4381-1025-7
11821:978-975-428-303-7
11794:978-975-8998-03-6
11769:978-90-04-15836-8
11636:978-90-04-54099-6
11429:978-1-4381-1025-7
11340:Peter Mansfield,
11315:978-0-8047-7311-9
11236:978-0-19-513991-4
11140:978-93-81411-09-4
11080:978-0-8050-7932-6
11041:978-90-04-07785-0
11018:978-0-9662932-0-3
10981:978-1-4408-5353-1
10842:978-0-19-510799-9
10697:978-1-4008-8804-7
10626:978-90-04-12101-0
10531:978-9971-77-488-2
10436:978-1-4008-7876-5
10376:978-0-297-84913-1
10347:978-0-87850-094-9
10112:. pp. 31–32.
10087:978-0-19-713561-7
10059:Donald Quataert,
10031:978-90-04-10289-7
10006:978-0-19-713561-7
9978:978-0-19-713561-7
9938:978-1-84511-291-2
9899:978-90-04-11051-9
9865:978-605-4030-01-9
9822:978-90-5201-374-9
9765:on 7 October 2011
9688:978-0-582-30807-7
9633:978-1-163-19167-5
9608:978-0-85131-476-1
9498:978-1-315-61309-3
9451:978-0-429-96813-6
9412:978-0-521-00926-3
9358:on 9 October 2013
9300:978-605-4030-01-9
9257:978-0-415-93243-1
9213:978-90-04-03817-2
9145:978-0-8061-1060-8
9100:978-0-415-93243-1
9066:978-605-4030-01-9
8961:Stone, pp. 94–95.
8887:Stone, pp. 86–100
8854:978-975-428-554-3
8724:978-90-04-39623-4
8680:978-90-04-39623-4
8623:978-1-61249-179-0
8485:info page on book
8435:978-0-275-97888-4
8227:978-0-521-22310-2
8174:info page on book
8037:978-0-85773-657-4
8022:Melville, Charles
7987:978-0-253-00678-3
7940:978-9971-77-488-2
7898:978-0-230-30041-5
7859:978-90-04-31354-5
7773:Robinson (1965).
7715:978-1-4381-1025-7
7658:, pp. 19–20.
7642:978-0-521-29166-8
7475:
7459:were synonymous
7444:Отоманска империя
7435:
7394:
7382:
7338:
7322:
7314:دولت عليه عثمانيه
7141:Names of Istanbul
7024:Gunpowder empires
6938:Meshur Sheyh Dede
6752:Altay Sports Club
6716:Turkish wrestling
6511:Surname-i Hümayun
6316:Surname-i Hümayun
6231:Ottoman miniature
6215:Surname-i Hümayun
6185:The tradition of
6179:Ottoman miniature
6170:Ottoman miniature
6048:with elements of
5947:end of the empire
5893:social structures
5789:French literature
5500:
5499:
5040:Islamic caliphate
4892:Ottoman Caliphate
4756:and parts of the
3826:House of Habsburg
3790:Dolmabahçe Palace
3639:
3638:
3605:Turkey portal
3522:History of Thrace
3479:
3478:
3429:Periods of Turkey
3411:
3410:
3325:
3324:
3237:Anatolian beyliks
3163:Medieval Anatolia
3145:
3144:
3047:Kingdom of Pontus
3037:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2987:Achaemenid Empire
2954:
2953:
2827:
2826:
2600:
2599:
2335:
2334:
2265:(1918–1922)
2257:(1914–1918)
2249:(1908–1920)
2239:(1908–1922)
2223:(1876–1878)
2215:(1839–1876)
2197:(1789–1908)
2181:(1718–1730)
2171:(1703–1789)
2155:(1656–1703)
2145:(1566–1703)
2129:(1533–1656)
2119:(1453–1566)
2098:(1402–1413)
2083:(1299–1453)
1890:دولت عليه عثمانیه
1813:. The successful
1801:, the victorious
1708:period of decline
1647:. His successors
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1526:Italian Cyrenaica
1288:Hellenic Republic
1266:
1265:
1135:Kingdom of Bosnia
1121:Serbian Despotate
995:Anatolian beyliks
491:Absolute monarchy
244:
225:
197:
178:
66:
51:دولت عليه عثمانیه
32:Ottoman Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
21342:
21280:Overseas empires
21102:Great Divergence
21017:Age of Discovery
20962:Late Middle Ages
20932:High Middle Ages
20843:Byzantine Empire
20826:Christianization
20816:Migration Period
20751:Classical Greece
20723:Neolithic Europe
20695:
20688:
20681:
20672:
20671:
20635:Empire of Nicaea
20625:Byzantine Empire
20618:Christian states
20574:Sultanate of Rum
20402:
20395:
20388:
20379:
20378:
20178:
20177:
19843:Austro-Hungarian
19543:Chagatai Khanate
18908:
18901:
18894:
18885:
18884:
18766:
18759:
18752:
18743:
18742:
18727:
18726:
18715:
18714:
18703:
18702:
18691:
18690:
18679:
18484:
18483:
18369:Cities and towns
18350:Turkish language
18305:Turkish Airlines
18121:Electoral system
18084:Council of State
18037:
18036:
17971:Waste management
17901:Black Sea Region
17879:
17870:
17869:
17824:Turkic migration
17770:One-party period
17639:Sultanate of Rum
17585:
17584:
17570:
17569:
17558:
17551:
17544:
17535:
17534:
17353:Tibetan Buddhism
17333:Turkic mythology
17214:Autonomous areas
17166:Sovereign states
17162:
17161:
16940:
16939:
16922:
16897:
16794:
16771:
16733:
16684:
16649:
16610:Crimean Karaites
16584:
16561:
16517:
16469:
16468:
16348:Khorasani Turkic
16202:
16201:
16200:
16190:
16183:
16176:
16167:
16166:
16087:Irish Free State
15853:Poland–Lithuania
15162:
15161:
15113:Papua New Guinea
14843:
14842:
14582:
14575:
14568:
14559:
14558:
14546:
14545:
14273:Social structure
14266:
14265:
14119:Imperial Arsenal
14018:
14017:
13852:
13791:
13789:(classic period)
13784:Imperial Council
13779:
13778:
13671:
13670:
13570:
13569:
13427:
13420:
13413:
13404:
13403:
13355:
13353:
13345:
13344:
13336:
13335:
13326:
13325:
13313:
13311:
13307:
13301:
13242:
13240:
13238:
13209:
13207:
13205:
13176:
13159:Quataert, Donald
13154:
13147:Quataert, Donald
13142:
13122:
13101:
13082:
13080:
13078:
13049:
13047:
13045:
13016:
12987:
12986:
12962:
12953:
12952:
12950:
12948:
12926:
12920:
12919:
12913:
12911:
12896:"Ottoman Empire"
12892:
12886:
12885:
12875:
12851:
12845:
12844:
12842:
12840:
12796:
12790:
12789:
12787:
12785:
12766:
12760:
12747:
12741:
12740:
12722:
12716:
12715:
12689:
12683:
12682:
12646:
12640:
12639:
12621:
12615:
12604:
12598:
12597:
12595:
12593:
12577:
12571:
12570:
12568:
12566:
12551:
12545:
12544:
12526:
12520:
12519:
12501:
12495:
12494:
12492:
12490:
12450:
12444:
12438:
12432:
12426:
12420:
12414:
12405:
12399:
12393:
12392:
12390:
12388:
12358:
12352:
12346:
12340:
12334:
12325:
12319:
12313:
12307:
12301:
12295:
12289:
12288:
12270:
12264:
12263:
12261:
12259:
12243:
12237:
12236:
12218:
12212:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12179:
12173:
12172:
12154:
12148:
12142:
12133:
12132:
12110:
12104:
12097:
12091:
12088:
12082:
12056:
12050:
12036:
12030:
12027:
12021:
12020:
12018:
12016:
11996:
11985:
11984:
11966:
11960:
11959:
11937:
11931:
11930:
11924:
11922:
11894:
11888:
11887:
11882:
11880:
11852:
11846:
11845:
11835:
11833:
11805:
11799:
11798:
11780:
11774:
11773:
11755:
11749:
11731:
11725:
11696:
11690:
11650:
11641:
11640:
11618:
11607:
11588:
11582:
11581:
11557:
11551:
11550:
11548:
11546:
11531:
11525:
11524:
11522:
11520:
11504:
11498:
11497:
11495:
11493:
11474:
11468:
11452:
11446:
11445:
11443:
11441:
11413:
11407:
11400:
11394:
11388:
11382:
11375:
11369:
11351:
11345:
11338:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11299:
11293:
11276:
11270:
11263:
11257:
11250:
11244:
11243:
11212:
11206:
11205:
11203:
11201:
11196:on 20 March 2001
11186:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11175:
11151:
11145:
11144:
11126:
11115:
11114:
11112:
11110:
11091:
11085:
11084:
11057:
11051:
11029:
11023:
11022:
11004:
10998:
10997:
10995:
10993:
10965:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10954:
10935:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10924:
10904:
10898:
10889:, 22 July 2015.
10884:
10878:
10865:
10859:
10858:
10856:
10854:
10826:
10820:
10819:
10803:
10797:
10770:
10764:
10763:
10727:
10714:
10713:
10711:
10709:
10681:
10675:
10661:
10655:
10649:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10638:
10610:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10554:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10543:
10515:
10504:
10503:
10478:(4): 376. 1908.
10467:
10461:
10460:
10450:
10448:
10412:
10406:
10399:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10388:
10358:
10352:
10351:
10333:
10327:
10321:
10315:
10309:
10303:
10297:
10291:
10290:
10278:
10272:
10266:
10257:
10251:
10245:
10239:
10233:
10227:
10221:
10220:
10189:
10183:
10177:
10171:
10170:
10150:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10134:
10125:
10114:
10113:
10098:
10092:
10091:
10070:
10064:
10057:
10051:
10050:
10042:
10036:
10035:
10017:
10011:
10010:
9989:
9983:
9982:
9961:
9955:
9954:
9952:
9950:
9922:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9883:
9877:
9876:
9874:
9872:
9845:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9834:
9806:
9800:
9799:
9798:on 26 July 2014.
9797:
9790:
9781:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9770:
9755:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9744:
9729:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9718:
9713:on 23 April 2008
9709:. Archived from
9699:
9693:
9692:
9674:
9668:
9667:
9659:
9653:
9652:
9644:
9638:
9637:
9619:
9613:
9612:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9583:
9577:
9566:
9557:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9533:
9526:
9517:
9511:
9510:
9482:
9476:
9475:
9473:
9471:
9435:
9429:
9428:
9426:
9424:
9396:
9381:
9374:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9348:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9328:. Archived from
9318:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9280:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9269:
9241:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9225:
9197:
9191:
9190:
9188:
9186:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9133:
9123:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9112:
9084:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9073:
9046:
9037:
9031:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9001:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8968:
8962:
8959:
8953:
8935:
8929:
8922:
8916:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8894:
8888:
8885:
8876:
8869:
8863:
8862:
8840:
8834:
8833:
8825:
8819:
8818:
8806:
8800:
8799:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8762:
8757:on 29 March 2010
8747:
8741:
8740:
8738:
8736:
8716:
8698:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8672:
8654:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8643:
8599:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8553:
8505:
8499:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8446:
8440:
8439:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8378:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8367:
8314:
8303:
8302:
8280:
8278:
8250:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8204:
8193:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8135:
8124:
8123:
8106:
8104:
8086:
8080:
8079:
8063:
8057:
8056:
8051:
8049:
8018:Yarshater, Ehsan
8014:
8008:
8007:
8001:
7999:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7954:
7952:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7910:
7882:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7806:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7778:
7762:
7756:
7755:
7729:
7723:
7722:
7697:
7688:
7668:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7646:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7569:
7552:
7537:
7531:
7508:
7502:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7470:
7468:
7458:
7457:
7456:Османска империя
7452:
7451:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7430:
7428:
7427:Османска империя
7418:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7400:
7399:
7389:
7387:
7381:romanized:
7380:
7378:
7373:Western Armenian
7354:
7333:
7331:
7317:
7315:
7306:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7274:
7268:
7249:Treaty of Sèvres
7245:
7239:
7236:
7230:
7227:
7221:
7214:
7208:
7205:
7199:
7196:
7190:
7181:
7175:
7169:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7112:
7111:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7085:
6999:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6879:Kuran Okuyan Kız
6825:originally from
6795:Sultan Mehmet II
6562:, and including
6506:
6494:
6481:The shadow play
6478:
6453:
6427:The traditional
6237:), calligraphy (
6203:Nakkashane-i-Rum
6097:Mimar Kemaleddin
6089:Dolmabaçe Palace
5886:
5876:
5854:
5840:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5689:Leyli and Majnun
5685:narrative poetry
5670:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5327:
5311:
5310:
5148:
5108:
4930:Islamic theology
4738:Megleno-Romanian
4642:
4641: 1880–1893
4639:
4425:
4157:Edict of Gülhane
4111:Muslim community
3957:Yusuf Ziya Pasha
3930:
3900:
3847:
3835:
3834: 1918–1922
3833:
3782:
3771:
3647:Dimitri Kitsikis
3631:
3624:
3617:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3569:Cultural history
3554:Military history
3549:Economic history
3495:Turkic migration
3459:One-party period
3435:
3434:
3349:
3348:
3247:County of Edessa
3217:Sultanate of Rum
3179:Empire of Nicaea
3169:
3168:
2983:
2982:
2977:Classical Thrace
2842:
2841:
2679:Achaeans (Homer)
2615:
2614:
2582:c. 11,000–
2569:
2559:
2558:
2537:
2527:
2509:
2508:
2493:Southeast Europe
2466:Eastern Question
2451:Battle of Vienna
2437:in the south to
2352:in northwestern
2343:
2340:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2240:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2198:
2182:
2172:
2156:
2146:
2130:
2120:
2099:
2084:
2065:
2035:
2034:
1997:
1990:Byzantine Empire
1987:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1959:
1953:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1847:is a historical
1730:
1661:Byzantine Empire
1608:Southeast Europe
1576:
1575:
1562:
1561:
1554:Kingdom of Yemen
1548:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1520:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1464:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1428:Kingdom of Hejaz
1422:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1366:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1310:
1309:
1296:
1295:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1257:
1256:
1243:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1205:Mamluk Sultanate
1201:
1200:
1187:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1159:
1158:
1145:
1144:
1131:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1079:Tsardom of Vidin
1075:
1074:
1061:
1060:
1047:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1019:
1018:
1009:Byzantine Empire
1005:
1004:
991:
990:
981:Sultanate of Rum
977:
976:
970:
969:
954:
953:
939:
938:
732:
729:
702:
686:
670:
666:General Assembly
550:
548:
498:
335:
304:
301:
294:
291:
284:
281:
274:
271:
264:
261:
246:
245:
227:
226:
199:
198:
180:
179:
142:
135:
134:
117:
108:
99:
90:
77:
65:
56:
53:
52:
39:
38:
21:
21350:
21349:
21345:
21344:
21343:
21341:
21340:
21339:
21250:
21249:
21248:
21243:
21242:
21237:
21176:
21142:Interwar period
21117:Napoleonic Wars
20981:
20952:Mongol invasion
20905:Crown of Aragon
20797:
20737:
20733:Iron Age Europe
20704:
20699:
20669:
20664:
20660:Zaccaria family
20613:
20412:
20406:
20376:
20371:
20360:American Empire
20345:
20341:African empires
20293:
20176:
19868:Central African
19814:
19632:Romano-Germanic
19218:
18952:Middle Assyrian
18925:
18917:
18912:
18882:
18877:
18876:
18874:
18775:
18770:
18740:
18735:
18663:
18482:
18478:Women in Turkey
18446:Law enforcement
18400:
18396:Life expectancy
18362:Islam in Turkey
18316:
18205:
18167:National Police
18135:
18090:
18022:
18013:Turkish Riviera
17920:
17877:
17876:
17855:
17812:
17779:
17758:Language reform
17729:
17648:
17609:
17574:
17564:
17562:
17532:
17527:
17522:
17515:
17474:
17438:
17321:
17291:
17208:
17189:Northern Cyprus
17153:
17139:Altai Mountains
17074:
17019:
16938:
16918:
16863:North Macedonia
16805:
16786:
16743:
16729:
16725:Siberian Tatars
16680:
16665:Khorasani Turks
16645:
16572:
16541:
16518:
16505:
16467:
16388:Ottoman Turkish
16308:Karachay-Balkar
16207:
16198:
16196:
16194:
16164:
16155:
16080:princely states
16028:
15964:Kingdom of Fiji
15937:
15683:Austria-Hungary
15651:
15414:
15348:
15147:
15133:Solomon Islands
15047:
15029:
14961:
14876:
14834:
14766:
14712:Democratization
14680:
14624:
14591:
14586:
14551:
14543:
14538:
14505:
14469:
14441:
14408:
14309:
14298:Ottoman Turkish
14255:
14164:
14138:
14088:
14083:Modernized army
14067:Sekban-i Djedid
14003:
13940:
13895:Shaykh al-Islām
13876:
13853:
13848:
13847:
13838:
13792:
13787:
13786:
13766:
13681:Ottoman dynasty
13660:
13561:
13436:
13431:
13380:Wayback Machine
13369:
13368:
13357:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13339:
13330:
13320:
13315:
13309:
13305:
13304:
13303:(2 parts,
13302:
13299:
13296:
13291:
13290:
13289:
13269:
13268:
13264:
13257:
13250:
13248:Further reading
13245:
13236:
13234:
13227:
13203:
13201:
13194:
13173:
13139:
13119:
13098:
13076:
13074:
13067:
13043:
13041:
13034:
13013:
12996:
12991:
12990:
12983:
12963:
12956:
12946:
12944:
12927:
12923:
12909:
12907:
12894:
12893:
12889:
12852:
12848:
12838:
12836:
12797:
12793:
12783:
12781:
12768:
12767:
12763:
12748:
12744:
12737:
12723:
12719:
12712:
12690:
12686:
12647:
12643:
12636:
12622:
12618:
12605:
12601:
12591:
12589:
12578:
12574:
12564:
12562:
12553:
12552:
12548:
12541:
12527:
12523:
12516:
12502:
12498:
12488:
12486:
12451:
12447:
12439:
12435:
12427:
12423:
12415:
12408:
12400:
12396:
12386:
12384:
12377:
12359:
12355:
12347:
12343:
12335:
12328:
12320:
12316:
12308:
12304:
12296:
12292:
12285:
12271:
12267:
12257:
12255:
12244:
12240:
12233:
12219:
12215:
12205:
12203:
12196:
12180:
12176:
12169:
12155:
12151:
12143:
12136:
12125:
12111:
12107:
12098:
12094:
12089:
12085:
12079:Wayback Machine
12057:
12053:
12047:Wayback Machine
12037:
12033:
12028:
12024:
12014:
12012:
11997:
11988:
11981:
11967:
11963:
11952:
11938:
11934:
11920:
11918:
11911:
11895:
11891:
11878:
11876:
11869:
11853:
11849:
11831:
11829:
11822:
11806:
11802:
11795:
11781:
11777:
11770:
11756:
11752:
11732:
11728:
11722:Wayback Machine
11697:
11693:
11687:Wayback Machine
11676:Wayback Machine
11651:
11644:
11637:
11619:
11610:
11603:Wayback Machine
11589:
11585:
11558:
11554:
11544:
11542:
11533:
11532:
11528:
11518:
11516:
11507:Halil Inalcik.
11505:
11501:
11491:
11489:
11476:
11475:
11471:
11465:Wayback Machine
11454:Naci Yorulmaz,
11453:
11449:
11439:
11437:
11430:
11414:
11410:
11401:
11397:
11389:
11385:
11376:
11372:
11366:Wayback Machine
11352:
11348:
11339:
11335:
11325:
11323:
11316:
11300:
11296:
11291:Wayback Machine
11277:
11273:
11264:
11260:
11251:
11247:
11237:
11213:
11209:
11199:
11197:
11188:
11187:
11183:
11173:
11171:
11170:on 10 June 2009
11152:
11148:
11141:
11127:
11118:
11108:
11106:
11093:
11092:
11088:
11081:
11058:
11054:
11030:
11026:
11019:
11005:
11001:
10991:
10989:
10982:
10966:
10962:
10952:
10950:
10937:
10936:
10932:
10922:
10920:
10905:
10901:
10895:Wayback Machine
10885:
10881:
10875:Wayback Machine
10866:
10862:
10852:
10850:
10843:
10827:
10823:
10804:
10800:
10771:
10767:
10728:
10717:
10707:
10705:
10698:
10682:
10678:
10672:Wayback Machine
10663:Gunduz, Sinasi
10662:
10658:
10650:
10646:
10636:
10634:
10627:
10611:
10607:
10597:
10595:
10555:
10551:
10541:
10539:
10532:
10516:
10507:
10484:10.2307/2212668
10469:
10468:
10464:
10446:
10444:
10437:
10413:
10409:
10400:
10396:
10386:
10384:
10377:
10359:
10355:
10348:
10334:
10330:
10322:
10318:
10310:
10306:
10298:
10294:
10279:
10275:
10267:
10260:
10252:
10248:
10240:
10236:
10228:
10224:
10190:
10186:
10178:
10174:
10151:
10147:
10139:
10132:
10126:
10117:
10099:
10095:
10088:
10071:
10067:
10058:
10054:
10043:
10039:
10032:
10018:
10014:
10007:
9990:
9986:
9979:
9962:
9958:
9948:
9946:
9939:
9923:
9919:
9909:
9907:
9900:
9884:
9880:
9870:
9868:
9866:
9846:
9842:
9832:
9830:
9823:
9807:
9803:
9795:
9788:
9782:
9778:
9768:
9766:
9757:
9756:
9752:
9742:
9740:
9731:
9730:
9726:
9716:
9714:
9701:
9700:
9696:
9689:
9675:
9671:
9660:
9656:
9645:
9641:
9634:
9620:
9616:
9609:
9595:
9591:
9581:
9579:
9575:
9564:
9558:
9547:
9537:
9535:
9531:
9524:
9518:
9514:
9499:
9483:
9479:
9469:
9467:
9452:
9436:
9432:
9422:
9420:
9413:
9397:
9384:
9375:
9371:
9361:
9359:
9350:
9349:
9345:
9335:
9333:
9332:on 4 March 2019
9320:
9319:
9315:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9281:
9277:
9267:
9265:
9258:
9242:
9233:
9223:
9221:
9214:
9198:
9194:
9184:
9182:
9165:
9164:
9160:
9150:
9148:
9146:
9124:
9120:
9110:
9108:
9101:
9085:
9081:
9071:
9069:
9067:
9047:
9040:
9032:
9028:
9018:
9016:
9003:
9002:
8998:
8988:
8986:
8969:
8965:
8960:
8956:
8950:Wayback Machine
8936:
8932:
8923:
8919:
8910:
8906:
8895:
8891:
8886:
8879:
8870:
8866:
8855:
8841:
8837:
8826:
8822:
8807:
8803:
8789:
8785:
8774:
8770:
8760:
8758:
8749:
8748:
8744:
8734:
8732:
8725:
8699:
8695:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8655:
8651:
8641:
8639:
8624:
8600:
8596:
8586:
8584:
8565:
8561:
8551:
8549:
8526:10.2307/1779249
8506:
8502:
8492:Wayback Machine
8476:
8474:
8447:
8443:
8436:
8422:
8418:
8408:
8406:
8379:
8375:
8365:
8363:
8315:
8306:
8276:
8274:
8267:
8251:
8247:
8237:
8235:
8228:
8205:
8196:
8181:Wayback Machine
8165:
8163:
8136:
8127:
8117:) and firmans (
8102:
8100:
8087:
8083:
8064:
8060:
8047:
8045:
8038:
8015:
8011:
7997:
7995:
7988:
7968:
7964:
7950:
7948:
7941:
7925:
7921:
7908:
7906:
7899:
7883:
7879:
7869:
7867:
7860:
7844:
7840:
7826:
7822:
7807:
7803:
7792:
7790:
7763:
7759:
7752:
7730:
7726:
7716:
7698:
7691:
7681:Wayback Machine
7669:
7662:
7654:
7650:
7643:
7629:
7625:
7615:
7613:
7570:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7555:
7538:
7534:
7526:in 1517 to the
7512:Ottoman dynasty
7509:
7505:
7500:Imperio otomano
7493:
7460:
7420:
7370:
7365:
7355:
7352:Osmanlı Devleti
7340:
7310:Ottoman Turkish
7307:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7271:
7246:
7242:
7237:
7233:
7228:
7224:
7215:
7211:
7206:
7202:
7197:
7193:
7182:
7178:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7086:
7082:
7077:
7072:
6995:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6883:Osman Hamdi Bey
6778:
6772:
6720:Turkish archery
6700:
6630:/keftés/kofta,
6537:Ottoman cuisine
6526:
6524:Ottoman cuisine
6520:
6513:
6507:
6498:
6495:
6486:
6479:
6470:
6459:Surname-i Vehbi
6456:Miniature from
6454:
6410:Janissary music
6331:Byzantine music
6308:
6302:
6245:, bookbinding (
6172:
6162:
6160:Decorative arts
6065:Ottoman Baroque
6042:Selimiye Mosque
5994:classical style
5965:
5959:
5907:
5901:
5778:Akabi Hikyayesi
5646:mura'ât-i nazîr
5617:Taceddin Ahmedi
5603:
5597:
5569:
5563:
5526:chattel slavery
5506:Depiction of a
5496:
5402:Ottoman Turkish
5363:Performing arts
5316:
5309:
5303:
5207:
5201:
5070:
5062:Main articles:
5060:
5001:), such as the
4904:
4902:Islam in Turkey
4898:
4886:Main articles:
4884:
4818:Ottoman dynasty
4803:
4797:
4715:Turkic language
4708:Ottoman Turkish
4697:
4691:
4640:
4595:
4589:
4547:contributed to
4462:
4456:
4444:village council
4380:
4374:
4345:Tayyare Mektebi
4183:
4177:
4128:
4007:
4001:
3949:head of state.
3909:boarding school
3830:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3794:Ottoman sultans
3783:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3761:
3755:
3681:championed the
3635:
3599:
3597:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3574:Genetic history
3489:
3481:
3480:
3464:
3433:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3347:
3337:
3327:
3326:
3167:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3137:Sasanian Empire
3097:Armenian Empire
3087:Parthian Empire
3067:Attalid kingdom
3027:Seleucid Empire
2981:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2639:Akkadian Empire
2612:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2594:c. 8,000–
2583:
2571:
2557:
2547:
2525:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2429:in the east to
2341:
2331:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2090:Beylik of Osman
2085:
2082:
2053:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2021:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1875:Ottoman Turkish
1851:of the name of
1841:
1835:
1750:and introduced
1721:global prestige
1717:Russian empires
1639:in 1299 by the
1573:
1559:
1545:
1531:
1517:
1503:
1489:
1475:
1461:
1447:
1433:
1419:
1414:Emirate of Asir
1405:
1391:
1377:
1363:
1349:
1335:
1330:Eastern Rumelia
1321:
1307:
1293:
1279:
1274:State of Turkey
1254:
1240:
1226:
1212:
1198:
1191:League of Lezhë
1184:
1170:
1156:
1142:
1128:
1114:
1100:
1086:
1072:
1058:
1044:
1030:
1016:
1002:
988:
974:
944:
894:
834:
824:29 October 1923
821:
810:1 November 1922
807:
797:23 January 1913
794:
781:
768:
755:
742:
730:
724:
700:
696:
693:
684:
680:
677:
668:
664:
647:
635:
605:
593:
563:
551:
545:
524:
467:
437:
395:Ottoman Turkish
386:
306:
305:
302:
295:
292:
285:
275:
272:
265:
262:
250:
247:
240:
236:
228:
221:
217:
208:
200:
193:
189:
181:
174:
170:
167:Mahmudiye Marşı
162:
161:
148:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
101:
100:
97:
96:
91:
70:
69:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
21348:
21338:
21337:
21332:
21327:
21322:
21320:Former empires
21317:
21312:
21307:
21302:
21297:
21292:
21287:
21282:
21277:
21272:
21267:
21262:
21260:Ottoman Empire
21245:
21244:
21239:
21238:
21236:
21235:
21230:
21225:
21220:
21215:
21210:
21205:
21200:
21195:
21190:
21184:
21182:
21178:
21177:
21175:
21174:
21169:
21164:
21159:
21154:
21149:
21144:
21139:
21134:
21129:
21124:
21119:
21114:
21109:
21104:
21099:
21094:
21092:Russian Empire
21089:
21084:
21082:British Empire
21079:
21077:Dutch Republic
21074:
21072:Swedish Empire
21069:
21064:
21059:
21054:
21052:Spanish Empire
21049:
21044:
21042:Ottoman Empire
21039:
21034:
21029:
21024:
21019:
21014:
21013:
21012:
21002:
20997:
20991:
20989:
20983:
20982:
20980:
20979:
20974:
20969:
20964:
20959:
20957:Serbian Empire
20954:
20949:
20944:
20939:
20934:
20929:
20924:
20902:
20897:
20892:
20891:
20890:
20885:
20880:
20875:
20865:
20864:
20863:
20858:
20850:
20845:
20840:
20835:
20830:
20829:
20828:
20818:
20813:
20807:
20805:
20799:
20798:
20796:
20795:
20793:Late antiquity
20790:
20785:
20780:
20779:
20778:
20768:
20763:
20758:
20756:Roman Republic
20753:
20747:
20745:
20739:
20738:
20736:
20735:
20730:
20725:
20720:
20714:
20712:
20706:
20705:
20698:
20697:
20690:
20683:
20675:
20666:
20665:
20663:
20662:
20657:
20652:
20647:
20642:
20637:
20632:
20627:
20621:
20619:
20615:
20614:
20612:
20611:
20606:
20601:
20596:
20591:
20586:
20581:
20576:
20571:
20566:
20561:
20556:
20551:
20549:Ottoman Empire
20546:
20541:
20536:
20531:
20526:
20521:
20516:
20511:
20506:
20501:
20496:
20491:
20486:
20481:
20476:
20471:
20466:
20461:
20456:
20451:
20449:Candaroğulları
20446:
20441:
20436:
20431:
20426:
20420:
20418:
20414:
20413:
20405:
20404:
20397:
20390:
20382:
20373:
20372:
20370:
20369:
20368:
20367:
20362:
20353:
20351:
20347:
20346:
20344:
20343:
20338:
20333:
20328:
20323:
20318:
20317:
20316:
20305:
20303:
20299:
20298:
20295:
20294:
20292:
20291:
20286:
20281:
20276:
20271:
20270:
20269:
20259:
20254:
20249:
20244:
20239:
20234:
20229:
20224:
20219:
20214:
20213:
20212:
20207:
20197:
20192:
20186:
20184:
20175:
20174:
20173:
20172:
20167:
20162:
20157:
20152:
20142:
20137:
20136:
20135:
20125:
20120:
20119:
20118:
20113:
20108:
20098:
20093:
20092:
20091:
20086:
20076:
20075:
20074:
20069:
20064:
20059:
20054:
20044:
20043:
20042:
20037:
20027:
20022:
20017:
20012:
20011:
20010:
20005:
20000:
19995:
19990:
19980:
19979:
19978:
19973:
19963:
19958:
19957:
19956:
19951:
19941:
19940:
19939:
19934:
19924:
19923:
19922:
19917:
19907:
19902:
19901:
19900:
19895:
19890:
19885:
19880:
19870:
19865:
19864:
19863:
19858:
19850:
19845:
19840:
19835:
19830:
19824:
19822:
19816:
19815:
19813:
19812:
19807:
19802:
19797:
19796:
19795:
19790:
19785:
19780:
19775:
19770:
19765:
19755:
19750:
19749:
19748:
19743:
19738:
19733:
19728:
19723:
19713:
19712:
19711:
19706:
19701:
19696:
19686:
19681:
19676:
19671:
19666:
19661:
19656:
19651:
19646:
19645:
19644:
19639:
19629:
19628:
19627:
19622:
19617:
19612:
19607:
19602:
19589:
19584:
19579:
19574:
19573:
19572:
19567:
19562:
19552:
19551:
19550:
19545:
19540:
19535:
19525:
19520:
19515:
19510:
19505:
19500:
19499:
19498:
19493:
19488:
19483:
19473:
19472:
19471:
19466:
19461:
19456:
19446:
19445:
19444:
19439:
19434:
19424:
19419:
19414:
19409:
19404:
19403:
19402:
19397:
19392:
19382:
19377:
19376:
19375:
19370:
19365:
19360:
19355:
19350:
19340:
19339:
19338:
19333:
19323:
19322:
19321:
19316:
19311:
19306:
19296:
19291:
19290:
19289:
19279:
19278:
19277:
19272:
19264:
19259:
19254:
19249:
19244:
19239:
19234:
19228:
19226:
19224:Post-classical
19220:
19219:
19217:
19216:
19215:
19214:
19204:
19199:
19198:
19197:
19192:
19182:
19181:
19180:
19170:
19169:
19168:
19163:
19158:
19153:
19148:
19143:
19133:
19128:
19123:
19122:
19121:
19116:
19111:
19106:
19096:
19095:
19094:
19089:
19079:
19074:
19073:
19072:
19067:
19062:
19057:
19052:
19042:
19037:
19032:
19031:
19030:
19025:
19023:Middle Kingdom
19020:
19010:
19005:
19004:
19003:
18998:
18993:
18983:
18982:
18981:
18979:Neo-Babylonian
18976:
18971:
18969:Old Babylonian
18961:
18960:
18959:
18954:
18944:
18939:
18933:
18931:
18919:
18918:
18911:
18910:
18903:
18896:
18888:
18879:
18878:
18781:
18780:
18777:
18776:
18769:
18768:
18761:
18754:
18746:
18737:
18736:
18734:
18733:
18721:
18709:
18697:
18685:
18672:
18669:
18668:
18665:
18664:
18662:
18661:
18656:
18651:
18646:
18641:
18636:
18635:
18634:
18624:
18619:
18614:
18609:
18604:
18599:
18598:
18597:
18595:Radio stations
18592:
18587:
18577:
18572:
18567:
18562:
18557:
18552:
18547:
18542:
18541:
18540:
18530:
18525:
18520:
18515:
18514:
18513:
18508:
18498:
18492:
18490:
18481:
18480:
18475:
18470:
18465:
18464:
18463:
18458:
18453:
18443:
18438:
18437:
18436:
18426:
18421:
18420:
18419:
18408:
18406:
18402:
18401:
18399:
18398:
18393:
18388:
18387:
18386:
18381:
18376:
18366:
18365:
18364:
18354:
18353:
18352:
18342:
18337:
18332:
18330:Turkish people
18326:
18324:
18318:
18317:
18315:
18314:
18313:
18312:
18307:
18302:
18295:Transportation
18292:
18287:
18282:
18277:
18272:
18271:
18270:
18265:
18260:
18255:
18245:
18240:
18235:
18230:
18225:
18219:
18217:
18211:
18210:
18207:
18206:
18204:
18203:
18202:
18201:
18196:
18191:
18181:
18176:
18175:
18174:
18169:
18159:
18154:
18149:
18143:
18141:
18137:
18136:
18134:
18133:
18128:
18123:
18118:
18117:
18116:
18111:
18100:
18098:
18092:
18091:
18089:
18088:
18087:
18086:
18081:
18076:
18071:
18061:
18060:
18059:
18049:
18043:
18041:
18034:
18028:
18027:
18024:
18023:
18021:
18020:
18015:
18010:
18005:
18003:National parks
18000:
17995:
17990:
17985:
17980:
17975:
17974:
17973:
17968:
17958:
17957:
17956:
17951:
17941:
17940:
17939:
17937:Climate change
17928:
17926:
17922:
17921:
17919:
17918:
17913:
17908:
17903:
17898:
17893:
17888:
17886:Marmara Region
17882:
17880:
17878:(west to east)
17867:
17861:
17860:
17857:
17856:
17854:
17853:
17848:
17843:
17838:
17833:
17832:
17831:
17820:
17818:
17814:
17813:
17811:
17810:
17805:
17804:
17803:
17793:
17791:Constitutional
17787:
17785:
17781:
17780:
17778:
17777:
17772:
17767:
17766:
17765:
17760:
17750:
17745:
17739:
17737:
17731:
17730:
17728:
17727:
17726:
17725:
17715:
17714:
17713:
17708:
17703:
17693:
17692:
17691:
17681:
17679:Transformation
17676:
17675:
17674:
17664:
17658:
17656:
17654:Ottoman Empire
17650:
17649:
17647:
17646:
17641:
17636:
17635:
17634:
17623:
17621:
17611:
17610:
17608:
17607:
17602:
17597:
17591:
17589:
17582:
17576:
17575:
17561:
17560:
17553:
17546:
17538:
17529:
17528:
17520:
17517:
17516:
17514:
17513:
17508:
17503:
17501:Turkic Academy
17498:
17493:
17488:
17482:
17480:
17476:
17475:
17473:
17472:
17467:
17462:
17457:
17452:
17446:
17444:
17440:
17439:
17437:
17436:
17431:
17426:
17421:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17398:Khalwati order
17395:
17390:
17385:
17380:
17378:Bektashi Order
17375:
17370:
17365:
17360:
17355:
17350:
17345:
17340:
17335:
17329:
17327:
17323:
17322:
17320:
17319:
17314:
17309:
17303:
17301:
17297:
17296:
17293:
17292:
17290:
17289:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17257:Karakalpakstan
17254:
17249:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17222:Altai Republic
17218:
17216:
17210:
17209:
17207:
17206:
17201:
17196:
17191:
17186:
17181:
17176:
17170:
17168:
17159:
17155:
17154:
17152:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17132:
17131:
17130:
17123:Nomadic empire
17120:
17119:
17118:
17113:
17108:
17098:
17093:
17088:
17082:
17080:
17076:
17075:
17073:
17072:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17031:
17029:
17025:
17024:
17021:
17020:
17018:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16992:
16987:
16982:
16977:
16972:
16967:
16962:
16957:
16952:
16946:
16944:
16937:
16936:
16931:
16925:
16924:
16923:
16910:
16905:
16900:
16899:
16898:
16891:Western Thrace
16797:
16796:
16795:
16779:
16774:
16773:
16772:
16736:
16735:
16734:
16722:
16717:
16712:
16707:
16702:
16697:
16692:
16687:
16686:
16685:
16672:
16667:
16662:
16657:
16652:
16651:
16650:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16622:
16617:
16615:Crimean Tatars
16612:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16592:
16587:
16586:
16585:
16564:
16563:
16562:
16534:
16528:
16526:
16520:
16519:
16512:
16510:
16507:
16506:
16504:
16503:
16498:
16493:
16488:
16483:
16477:
16475:
16466:
16465:
16460:
16455:
16450:
16445:
16440:
16435:
16430:
16425:
16420:
16418:Siberian Tatar
16415:
16410:
16405:
16400:
16395:
16390:
16385:
16380:
16375:
16370:
16365:
16360:
16355:
16350:
16345:
16340:
16335:
16330:
16325:
16320:
16315:
16310:
16305:
16300:
16295:
16290:
16285:
16280:
16275:
16270:
16265:
16260:
16255:
16250:
16245:
16240:
16239:
16238:
16233:
16223:
16217:
16215:
16209:
16208:
16193:
16192:
16185:
16178:
16170:
16161:
16160:
16157:
16156:
16154:
16153:
16148:
16143:
16138:
16133:
16128:
16123:
16118:
16113:
16108:
16103:
16098:
16093:
16084:
16068:
16063:
16058:
16053:
16048:
16042:
16036:
16034:
16030:
16029:
16027:
16026:
16021:
16016:
16011:
16006:
16001:
15996:
15991:
15986:
15981:
15976:
15971:
15966:
15961:
15956:
15951:
15945:
15943:
15939:
15938:
15936:
15935:
15930:
15925:
15920:
15915:
15910:
15905:
15900:
15895:
15890:
15885:
15880:
15875:
15870:
15865:
15860:
15855:
15850:
15845:
15840:
15838:Ottoman Empire
15835:
15830:
15825:
15820:
15815:
15810:
15805:
15800:
15798:Kartli-Kakheti
15795:
15790:
15785:
15780:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15760:
15755:
15750:
15745:
15740:
15735:
15730:
15725:
15720:
15715:
15710:
15705:
15700:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15675:
15670:
15665:
15659:
15657:
15653:
15652:
15650:
15649:
15637:
15632:
15627:
15622:
15617:
15612:
15607:
15602:
15597:
15592:
15587:
15580:
15575:
15570:
15565:
15560:
15555:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15515:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15490:
15480:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15453:
15448:
15443:
15438:
15433:
15428:
15422:
15420:
15416:
15415:
15413:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15397:
15392:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15367:
15362:
15356:
15354:
15350:
15349:
15347:
15346:
15339:
15334:
15329:
15324:
15319:
15314:
15309:
15304:
15299:
15294:
15289:
15284:
15279:
15274:
15269:
15264:
15259:
15254:
15249:
15244:
15239:
15234:
15229:
15224:
15219:
15214:
15209:
15207:Central Africa
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15168:
15166:
15159:
15153:
15152:
15149:
15148:
15146:
15145:
15143:United Kingdom
15140:
15135:
15130:
15125:
15120:
15115:
15110:
15109:
15108:
15103:
15093:
15088:
15083:
15078:
15073:
15068:
15063:
15057:
15055:
15049:
15048:
15046:
15045:
15039:
15037:
15031:
15030:
15028:
15027:
15022:
15017:
15012:
15007:
15002:
14997:
14992:
14987:
14982:
14977:
14971:
14969:
14963:
14962:
14960:
14959:
14952:
14947:
14942:
14937:
14932:
14927:
14922:
14917:
14912:
14907:
14902:
14897:
14892:
14886:
14884:
14878:
14877:
14875:
14874:
14867:
14862:
14857:
14851:
14849:
14840:
14836:
14835:
14833:
14832:
14827:
14822:
14817:
14812:
14807:
14802:
14800:Prince regnant
14797:
14796:
14795:
14785:
14780:
14774:
14772:
14768:
14767:
14765:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14719:
14717:Decolonization
14714:
14709:
14704:
14699:
14694:
14688:
14686:
14682:
14681:
14679:
14678:
14673:
14671:Personal union
14668:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14641:Constitutional
14638:
14632:
14630:
14626:
14625:
14623:
14622:
14617:
14612:
14607:
14602:
14596:
14593:
14592:
14585:
14584:
14577:
14570:
14562:
14556:
14553:
14552:
14540:
14539:
14537:
14536:
14529:
14522:
14514:
14511:
14510:
14507:
14506:
14504:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14477:
14475:
14471:
14470:
14468:
14467:
14462:
14457:
14451:
14449:
14443:
14442:
14440:
14439:
14434:
14429:
14424:
14418:
14416:
14410:
14409:
14407:
14406:
14401:
14400:
14399:
14394:
14384:
14383:
14382:
14377:
14367:
14362:
14357:
14356:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14332:
14331:
14330:
14319:
14317:
14311:
14310:
14308:
14307:
14302:
14301:
14300:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14269:
14263:
14257:
14256:
14254:
14253:
14248:
14243:
14238:
14237:
14236:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14195:
14194:
14189:
14182:
14180:
14174:
14173:
14170:
14169:
14166:
14165:
14163:
14162:
14157:
14152:
14146:
14144:
14140:
14139:
14137:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14110:
14109:
14098:
14096:
14090:
14089:
14087:
14086:
14079:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14062:Nizam-i Djedid
14053:
14048:
14043:
14042:
14041:
14024:
14022:
14015:
14009:
14008:
14005:
14004:
14002:
14001:
13996:
13987:
13985:Mutasarrifates
13982:
13981:
13980:
13970:
13965:
13964:
13963:
13952:
13950:
13946:
13945:
13942:
13941:
13939:
13938:
13937:
13936:
13926:
13925:
13924:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13899:
13898:
13897:
13886:
13884:
13878:
13877:
13875:
13874:
13873:
13872:
13867:
13856:
13854:
13843:
13840:
13839:
13837:
13836:
13831:
13826:
13824:Reis ül-Küttab
13821:
13816:
13811:
13806:
13801:
13795:
13793:
13782:
13776:
13768:
13767:
13765:
13764:
13763:
13762:
13760:Palace Schools
13757:
13747:
13746:
13745:
13740:
13735:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13708:Imperial Harem
13705:
13704:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13677:
13675:
13674:House of Osman
13668:
13662:
13661:
13659:
13658:
13653:
13652:
13651:
13646:
13638:
13637:
13636:
13631:
13626:
13621:
13616:
13606:
13605:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13573:
13567:
13563:
13562:
13560:
13559:
13558:
13557:
13552:
13547:
13542:
13532:
13531:
13530:
13525:
13515:
13514:
13513:
13503:
13502:
13501:
13496:
13494:Decline thesis
13489:Transformation
13486:
13485:
13484:
13474:
13473:
13472:
13470:Constantinople
13467:
13462:
13452:
13446:
13444:
13438:
13437:
13434:Ottoman Empire
13430:
13429:
13422:
13415:
13407:
13401:
13400:
13397:Turkey in Asia
13394:
13388:
13382:
13358:
13347:
13340:
13338:
13337:
13327:
13316:
13298:
13297:
13295:
13294:External links
13292:
13288:
13287:
13282:
13277:
13271:
13270:
13266:Ottoman Empire
13259:
13258:
13249:
13246:
13244:
13243:
13225:
13210:
13192:
13177:
13171:
13165:. SUNY Press.
13155:
13143:
13137:
13124:
13117:
13102:
13096:
13083:
13065:
13050:
13032:
13017:
13011:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12989:
12988:
12981:
12973:Librairie Droz
12954:
12921:
12887:
12866:(2): 162–165.
12846:
12791:
12761:
12750:Ahmad Y Hassan
12742:
12735:
12717:
12710:
12684:
12641:
12634:
12616:
12599:
12572:
12546:
12539:
12521:
12514:
12496:
12459:Ars Orientalis
12445:
12443:, p. 251.
12433:
12421:
12406:
12404:, p. 679.
12394:
12375:
12353:
12341:
12339:, p. 393.
12326:
12324:, p. 526.
12314:
12312:, p. 355.
12302:
12290:
12283:
12265:
12238:
12231:
12213:
12194:
12174:
12167:
12149:
12134:
12123:
12105:
12092:
12083:
12051:
12031:
12022:
11986:
11979:
11961:
11950:
11932:
11909:
11889:
11867:
11847:
11820:
11800:
11793:
11775:
11768:
11750:
11726:
11691:
11642:
11635:
11608:
11583:
11552:
11526:
11499:
11469:
11447:
11428:
11408:
11395:
11383:
11370:
11346:
11333:
11314:
11294:
11271:
11258:
11245:
11235:
11207:
11181:
11146:
11139:
11116:
11086:
11079:
11052:
11024:
11017:
10999:
10980:
10960:
10930:
10899:
10879:
10860:
10841:
10821:
10798:
10765:
10738:(2): 358–389.
10715:
10696:
10676:
10656:
10644:
10625:
10605:
10549:
10530:
10505:
10462:
10435:
10407:
10394:
10375:
10353:
10346:
10328:
10326:, p. 116.
10316:
10304:
10302:, p. 115.
10292:
10273:
10271:, p. 114.
10258:
10256:, p. 113.
10246:
10244:, p. 112.
10234:
10222:
10184:
10182:, p. 281.
10172:
10161:(3): 322–345.
10145:
10115:
10093:
10086:
10074:İnalcık, Halil
10065:
10052:
10049:. p. 120.
10037:
10030:
10012:
10005:
9993:İnalcık, Halil
9984:
9977:
9965:İnalcık, Halil
9956:
9937:
9917:
9898:
9878:
9864:
9840:
9821:
9801:
9776:
9750:
9739:on 12 May 2012
9724:
9694:
9687:
9669:
9654:
9639:
9632:
9622:Wall, John F.
9614:
9607:
9589:
9578:on 25 May 2013
9545:
9512:
9497:
9477:
9450:
9430:
9411:
9382:
9369:
9343:
9313:
9299:
9275:
9256:
9231:
9212:
9192:
9158:
9144:
9118:
9099:
9079:
9065:
9038:
9034:Itzkowitz 1980
9026:
8996:
8963:
8954:
8930:
8917:
8904:
8889:
8877:
8864:
8853:
8835:
8820:
8801:
8783:
8768:
8742:
8723:
8693:
8679:
8649:
8622:
8594:
8559:
8520:(6): 470–472.
8500:
8441:
8434:
8416:
8373:
8318:Rein Taagepera
8304:
8265:
8245:
8226:
8212:Lewis, Bernard
8194:
8125:
8081:
8058:
8036:
8024:, eds. (359).
8009:
7986:
7980:. p. 31.
7962:
7939:
7919:
7897:
7877:
7858:
7838:
7820:
7801:
7789:on 7 July 2020
7777:. p. 298.
7757:
7750:
7724:
7714:
7689:
7660:
7648:
7641:
7623:
7584:(5): 269–283.
7563:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7543:, such as the
7532:
7503:
7362:Empire ottoman
7269:
7240:
7231:
7222:
7209:
7200:
7191:
7176:
7164:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7064:Turkic history
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7014:
7009:
7001:
7000:
6984:
6981:
6774:Main article:
6771:
6768:
6699:
6696:
6668:Turkish coffee
6576:Middle Eastern
6522:Main article:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6508:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6489:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6471:
6455:
6448:
6335:Armenian music
6301:
6298:
6251:paper marbling
6207:Topkapi Palace
6161:
6158:
6142:primary school
6136:, a market, a
6034:Şehzade Mosque
5961:Main article:
5958:
5955:
5923:Constantinople
5903:Main article:
5900:
5897:
5838:Şair Evlenmesi
5829:İbrahim Şinasi
5636:Persian poetry
5599:Main article:
5596:
5593:
5565:Main article:
5562:
5559:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5319:
5317:Ottoman Empire
5315:Culture of the
5305:Main article:
5302:
5299:
5200:
5197:
5079:and Patriarch
5059:
5056:
5054:, to France).
5029:Safavid Empire
5027:for the rival
5015:Hanbali school
4907:Turkic peoples
4883:
4880:
4796:
4793:
4758:Horn of Africa
4693:Main article:
4690:
4687:
4591:Main article:
4588:
4585:
4458:Main article:
4455:
4452:
4376:Main article:
4373:
4370:
4368:in the south.
4333:Ottoman pilots
4179:Main article:
4176:
4173:
4099:, or words of
4003:Main article:
4000:
3997:
3977:Greek language
3850:Imperial Harem
3786:Topkapı Palace
3784:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:Main article:
3754:
3751:
3710:tax, that the
3658:Speros Vryonis
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:(1945–present)
3473:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3373:Transformation
3369:
3368:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:Roman Republic
3103:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2930:859–595/585 BC
2928:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:859–595/585 BC
2821:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2570:500,000–
2565:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2500:
2497:
2358:Constantinople
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2292:Historiography
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2204:Nizam-i Djedid
2200:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2142:Transformation
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2055:Ottoman Empire
2046:
2045:
2038:
2023:Main article:
2020:
2017:
1857:House of Osman
1834:
1831:
1772:Central Powers
1685:Constantinople
1643:tribal leader
1620:Central Europe
1600:Turkish Empire
1596:Ottoman Empire
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1498:French Tunisia
1494:
1493:
1486:
1484:British Cyprus
1480:
1479:
1472:
1470:French Algeria
1466:
1465:
1458:
1456:Mandatory Iraq
1452:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1219:Hafsid Kingdom
1216:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1006:
998:
997:
992:
984:
983:
978:
966:
965:
960:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
935:
934:
932:
907:
903:
902:
899:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
876:
872:
871:
868:
864:
863:
860:
856:
855:
852:
848:
847:
843:
842:
839:
838:
835:
829:
826:
825:
822:
815:
812:
811:
808:
802:
799:
798:
795:
789:
786:
785:
782:
776:
773:
772:
769:
763:
760:
759:
756:
750:
747:
746:
743:
737:
734:
733:
725:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
704:
703:
694:
691:
688:
687:
678:
675:
672:
671:
662:
658:
657:
654:
653:
648:
645:
642:
641:
639:Alaeddin Pasha
636:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
616:
615:
612:
611:
606:
603:
600:
599:
594:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
569:
564:
561:
558:
557:
552:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
532:
526:
525:
523:
522:
519:
514:
511:
500:
493:
487:
485:
481:
480:
475:
469:
468:
466:
465:
456:
445:
443:
439:
438:
436:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
402:
398:
397:
392:
388:
387:
385:
384:
381:
374:Constantinople
371:
368:
358:
355:
350:
347:
337:
330:
324:
322:
318:
317:
312:
308:
307:
296:
286:
276:
266:
256:
255:
252:
251:
249:
248:
238:
233:Reşadiye Marşı
229:
219:
214:Hamidiye Marşı
210:
201:
191:
186:Mecidiye Marşı
182:
172:
159:
158:
157:
150:
149:
147:
146:
143:
136:
128:
122:
121:
110:
103:
102:
92:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
72:
71:
68:
67:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21347:
21336:
21333:
21331:
21328:
21326:
21323:
21321:
21318:
21316:
21313:
21311:
21308:
21306:
21303:
21301:
21298:
21296:
21293:
21291:
21288:
21286:
21283:
21281:
21278:
21276:
21273:
21271:
21268:
21266:
21263:
21261:
21258:
21257:
21255:
21234:
21231:
21229:
21226:
21224:
21221:
21219:
21216:
21214:
21211:
21209:
21206:
21204:
21201:
21199:
21196:
21194:
21191:
21189:
21188:Art of Europe
21186:
21185:
21183:
21179:
21173:
21170:
21168:
21165:
21163:
21160:
21158:
21155:
21153:
21150:
21148:
21145:
21143:
21140:
21138:
21135:
21133:
21130:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21108:
21105:
21103:
21100:
21098:
21095:
21093:
21090:
21088:
21085:
21083:
21080:
21078:
21075:
21073:
21070:
21068:
21065:
21063:
21060:
21058:
21055:
21053:
21050:
21048:
21045:
21043:
21040:
21038:
21035:
21033:
21030:
21028:
21025:
21023:
21020:
21018:
21015:
21011:
21008:
21007:
21006:
21003:
21001:
20998:
20996:
20993:
20992:
20990:
20988:
20987:Modern period
20984:
20978:
20975:
20973:
20970:
20968:
20965:
20963:
20960:
20958:
20955:
20953:
20950:
20948:
20945:
20943:
20940:
20938:
20935:
20933:
20930:
20928:
20925:
20922:
20918:
20914:
20910:
20906:
20903:
20901:
20898:
20896:
20893:
20889:
20886:
20884:
20881:
20879:
20876:
20874:
20871:
20870:
20869:
20866:
20862:
20859:
20857:
20854:
20853:
20851:
20849:
20846:
20844:
20841:
20839:
20836:
20834:
20831:
20827:
20824:
20823:
20822:
20819:
20817:
20814:
20812:
20809:
20808:
20806:
20804:
20800:
20794:
20791:
20789:
20786:
20784:
20781:
20777:
20774:
20773:
20772:
20769:
20767:
20764:
20762:
20759:
20757:
20754:
20752:
20749:
20748:
20746:
20744:
20740:
20734:
20731:
20729:
20726:
20724:
20721:
20719:
20716:
20715:
20713:
20711:
20707:
20703:
20696:
20691:
20689:
20684:
20682:
20677:
20676:
20673:
20661:
20658:
20656:
20653:
20651:
20648:
20646:
20643:
20641:
20638:
20636:
20633:
20631:
20628:
20626:
20623:
20622:
20620:
20616:
20610:
20607:
20605:
20602:
20600:
20597:
20595:
20592:
20590:
20587:
20585:
20582:
20580:
20577:
20575:
20572:
20570:
20567:
20565:
20562:
20560:
20557:
20555:
20552:
20550:
20547:
20545:
20542:
20540:
20537:
20535:
20532:
20530:
20527:
20525:
20522:
20520:
20517:
20515:
20512:
20510:
20507:
20505:
20502:
20500:
20497:
20495:
20492:
20490:
20487:
20485:
20482:
20480:
20477:
20475:
20472:
20470:
20469:Danishmendids
20467:
20465:
20464:Çubukoğulları
20462:
20460:
20457:
20455:
20452:
20450:
20447:
20445:
20442:
20440:
20437:
20435:
20432:
20430:
20427:
20425:
20422:
20421:
20419:
20417:Muslim states
20415:
20410:
20403:
20398:
20396:
20391:
20389:
20384:
20383:
20380:
20366:
20365:Soviet empire
20363:
20361:
20358:
20357:
20355:
20354:
20352:
20350:Miscellaneous
20348:
20342:
20339:
20337:
20334:
20332:
20329:
20327:
20324:
20322:
20319:
20315:
20312:
20311:
20310:
20307:
20306:
20304:
20300:
20290:
20287:
20285:
20282:
20280:
20277:
20275:
20272:
20268:
20265:
20264:
20263:
20260:
20258:
20255:
20253:
20250:
20248:
20245:
20243:
20240:
20238:
20235:
20233:
20230:
20228:
20225:
20223:
20220:
20218:
20215:
20211:
20208:
20206:
20203:
20202:
20201:
20198:
20196:
20193:
20191:
20188:
20187:
20185:
20183:
20179:
20171:
20168:
20166:
20163:
20161:
20158:
20156:
20153:
20151:
20148:
20147:
20146:
20143:
20141:
20138:
20134:
20131:
20130:
20129:
20126:
20124:
20121:
20117:
20114:
20112:
20109:
20107:
20104:
20103:
20102:
20099:
20097:
20094:
20090:
20087:
20085:
20082:
20081:
20080:
20077:
20073:
20070:
20068:
20065:
20063:
20060:
20058:
20055:
20053:
20050:
20049:
20048:
20045:
20041:
20038:
20036:
20033:
20032:
20031:
20028:
20026:
20023:
20021:
20018:
20016:
20013:
20009:
20006:
20004:
20001:
19999:
19996:
19994:
19991:
19989:
19986:
19985:
19984:
19981:
19977:
19974:
19972:
19969:
19968:
19967:
19964:
19962:
19959:
19955:
19952:
19950:
19949:German Empire
19947:
19946:
19945:
19942:
19938:
19935:
19933:
19930:
19929:
19928:
19925:
19921:
19918:
19916:
19913:
19912:
19911:
19908:
19906:
19903:
19899:
19896:
19894:
19891:
19889:
19886:
19884:
19881:
19879:
19876:
19875:
19874:
19871:
19869:
19866:
19862:
19859:
19857:
19854:
19853:
19851:
19849:
19846:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19836:
19834:
19831:
19829:
19826:
19825:
19823:
19821:
19817:
19811:
19808:
19806:
19803:
19801:
19798:
19794:
19791:
19789:
19786:
19784:
19781:
19779:
19776:
19774:
19771:
19769:
19766:
19764:
19761:
19760:
19759:
19756:
19754:
19751:
19747:
19744:
19742:
19739:
19737:
19734:
19732:
19729:
19727:
19724:
19722:
19719:
19718:
19717:
19714:
19710:
19707:
19705:
19702:
19700:
19697:
19695:
19692:
19691:
19690:
19689:Turco-Persian
19687:
19685:
19682:
19680:
19677:
19675:
19672:
19670:
19667:
19665:
19662:
19660:
19657:
19655:
19652:
19650:
19647:
19643:
19640:
19638:
19635:
19634:
19633:
19630:
19626:
19623:
19621:
19618:
19616:
19613:
19611:
19608:
19606:
19603:
19601:
19598:
19597:
19596:
19593:
19590:
19588:
19585:
19583:
19580:
19578:
19575:
19571:
19568:
19566:
19563:
19561:
19558:
19557:
19556:
19553:
19549:
19546:
19544:
19541:
19539:
19536:
19534:
19531:
19530:
19529:
19526:
19524:
19521:
19519:
19516:
19514:
19511:
19509:
19506:
19504:
19501:
19497:
19494:
19492:
19489:
19487:
19484:
19482:
19479:
19478:
19477:
19474:
19470:
19467:
19465:
19462:
19460:
19457:
19455:
19452:
19451:
19450:
19447:
19443:
19440:
19438:
19435:
19433:
19430:
19429:
19428:
19425:
19423:
19420:
19418:
19415:
19413:
19410:
19408:
19405:
19401:
19398:
19396:
19393:
19391:
19388:
19387:
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19374:
19371:
19369:
19366:
19364:
19361:
19359:
19356:
19354:
19351:
19349:
19346:
19345:
19344:
19341:
19337:
19334:
19332:
19329:
19328:
19327:
19324:
19320:
19317:
19315:
19312:
19310:
19307:
19305:
19302:
19301:
19300:
19297:
19295:
19292:
19288:
19285:
19284:
19283:
19280:
19276:
19273:
19271:
19268:
19267:
19265:
19263:
19260:
19258:
19255:
19253:
19250:
19248:
19245:
19243:
19240:
19238:
19235:
19233:
19230:
19229:
19227:
19225:
19221:
19213:
19210:
19209:
19208:
19205:
19203:
19200:
19196:
19193:
19191:
19188:
19187:
19186:
19183:
19179:
19176:
19175:
19174:
19171:
19167:
19164:
19162:
19159:
19157:
19154:
19152:
19149:
19147:
19144:
19142:
19139:
19138:
19137:
19134:
19132:
19129:
19127:
19124:
19120:
19117:
19115:
19112:
19110:
19107:
19105:
19102:
19101:
19100:
19097:
19093:
19090:
19088:
19085:
19084:
19083:
19080:
19078:
19075:
19071:
19068:
19066:
19063:
19061:
19058:
19056:
19053:
19051:
19048:
19047:
19046:
19043:
19041:
19038:
19036:
19033:
19029:
19026:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19016:
19015:
19014:
19011:
19009:
19006:
19002:
18999:
18997:
18994:
18992:
18989:
18988:
18987:
18984:
18980:
18977:
18975:
18972:
18970:
18967:
18966:
18965:
18962:
18958:
18955:
18953:
18950:
18949:
18948:
18945:
18943:
18940:
18938:
18935:
18934:
18932:
18929:
18924:
18920:
18916:
18909:
18904:
18902:
18897:
18895:
18890:
18889:
18886:
18778:
18774:
18767:
18762:
18760:
18755:
18753:
18748:
18747:
18744:
18732:
18731:
18722:
18720:
18719:
18710:
18708:
18707:
18698:
18696:
18695:
18686:
18684:
18683:
18678:
18674:
18673:
18670:
18660:
18657:
18655:
18652:
18650:
18647:
18645:
18642:
18640:
18637:
18633:
18630:
18629:
18628:
18625:
18623:
18620:
18618:
18615:
18613:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18596:
18593:
18591:
18588:
18586:
18583:
18582:
18581:
18578:
18576:
18573:
18571:
18568:
18566:
18563:
18561:
18558:
18556:
18553:
18551:
18548:
18546:
18543:
18539:
18536:
18535:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18524:
18521:
18519:
18516:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18504:
18503:
18502:
18499:
18497:
18494:
18493:
18491:
18489:
18485:
18479:
18476:
18474:
18471:
18469:
18466:
18462:
18459:
18457:
18454:
18452:
18449:
18448:
18447:
18444:
18442:
18439:
18435:
18432:
18431:
18430:
18427:
18425:
18422:
18418:
18415:
18414:
18413:
18410:
18409:
18407:
18403:
18397:
18394:
18392:
18389:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18377:
18375:
18372:
18371:
18370:
18367:
18363:
18360:
18359:
18358:
18355:
18351:
18348:
18347:
18346:
18343:
18341:
18338:
18336:
18333:
18331:
18328:
18327:
18325:
18323:
18319:
18311:
18308:
18306:
18303:
18301:
18298:
18297:
18296:
18293:
18291:
18288:
18286:
18283:
18281:
18278:
18276:
18273:
18269:
18266:
18264:
18261:
18259:
18256:
18254:
18251:
18250:
18249:
18246:
18244:
18241:
18239:
18236:
18234:
18231:
18229:
18226:
18224:
18221:
18220:
18218:
18216:
18212:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18192:
18190:
18187:
18186:
18185:
18182:
18180:
18177:
18173:
18170:
18168:
18165:
18164:
18163:
18160:
18158:
18155:
18153:
18150:
18148:
18145:
18144:
18142:
18138:
18132:
18129:
18127:
18124:
18122:
18119:
18115:
18112:
18110:
18107:
18106:
18105:
18102:
18101:
18099:
18097:
18093:
18085:
18082:
18080:
18077:
18075:
18072:
18070:
18067:
18066:
18065:
18062:
18058:
18055:
18054:
18053:
18050:
18048:
18045:
18044:
18042:
18038:
18035:
18033:
18029:
18019:
18016:
18014:
18011:
18009:
18006:
18004:
18001:
17999:
17996:
17994:
17991:
17989:
17986:
17984:
17981:
17979:
17976:
17972:
17969:
17967:
17966:Air pollution
17964:
17963:
17962:
17959:
17955:
17952:
17950:
17947:
17946:
17945:
17942:
17938:
17935:
17934:
17933:
17930:
17929:
17927:
17923:
17917:
17914:
17912:
17909:
17907:
17904:
17902:
17899:
17897:
17894:
17892:
17891:Aegean Region
17889:
17887:
17884:
17883:
17881:
17875:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17862:
17852:
17849:
17847:
17844:
17842:
17839:
17837:
17836:Turkification
17834:
17830:
17827:
17826:
17825:
17822:
17821:
17819:
17815:
17809:
17806:
17802:
17799:
17798:
17797:
17794:
17792:
17789:
17788:
17786:
17782:
17776:
17773:
17771:
17768:
17764:
17761:
17759:
17756:
17755:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17744:
17741:
17740:
17738:
17736:
17732:
17724:
17721:
17720:
17719:
17716:
17712:
17709:
17707:
17704:
17702:
17699:
17698:
17697:
17694:
17690:
17687:
17686:
17685:
17682:
17680:
17677:
17673:
17670:
17669:
17668:
17667:Classical Age
17665:
17663:
17660:
17659:
17657:
17655:
17651:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17637:
17633:
17630:
17629:
17628:
17627:Seljuk Empire
17625:
17624:
17622:
17620:
17616:
17612:
17606:
17603:
17601:
17598:
17596:
17593:
17592:
17590:
17586:
17583:
17581:
17577:
17573:
17568:
17559:
17554:
17552:
17547:
17545:
17540:
17539:
17536:
17525:
17518:
17512:
17509:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17497:
17494:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17483:
17481:
17479:Organizations
17477:
17471:
17468:
17466:
17463:
17461:
17458:
17456:
17453:
17451:
17448:
17447:
17445:
17441:
17435:
17434:Vattisen Yaly
17432:
17430:
17427:
17425:
17422:
17419:
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17366:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17354:
17351:
17349:
17346:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17336:
17334:
17331:
17330:
17328:
17324:
17318:
17315:
17313:
17310:
17308:
17305:
17304:
17302:
17298:
17288:
17285:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17273:
17270:
17268:
17265:
17263:
17260:
17258:
17255:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17227:Bashkortostan
17225:
17223:
17220:
17219:
17217:
17215:
17211:
17205:
17202:
17200:
17197:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17171:
17169:
17167:
17163:
17160:
17156:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17136:
17133:
17129:
17126:
17125:
17124:
17121:
17117:
17116:Turkification
17114:
17112:
17109:
17107:
17104:
17103:
17102:
17099:
17097:
17094:
17092:
17089:
17087:
17084:
17083:
17081:
17077:
17070:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17032:
17030:
17026:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16973:
16971:
16968:
16966:
16963:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16947:
16945:
16941:
16935:
16932:
16929:
16926:
16921:
16916:
16915:
16914:
16911:
16909:
16906:
16904:
16901:
16896:
16892:
16888:
16884:
16880:
16876:
16872:
16868:
16864:
16860:
16856:
16852:
16848:
16844:
16840:
16836:
16832:
16828:
16824:
16820:
16816:
16812:
16808:
16803:
16802:
16801:
16798:
16793:
16789:
16785:
16784:
16783:
16780:
16778:
16775:
16770:
16766:
16762:
16758:
16754:
16750:
16746:
16742:
16741:
16740:
16737:
16732:
16731:Baraba Tatars
16728:
16727:
16726:
16723:
16721:
16718:
16716:
16713:
16711:
16708:
16706:
16703:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16691:
16688:
16683:
16678:
16677:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16648:
16643:
16642:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16588:
16583:
16579:
16575:
16570:
16569:
16568:
16565:
16560:
16556:
16552:
16548:
16544:
16540:
16539:
16538:
16535:
16533:
16530:
16529:
16527:
16525:
16521:
16516:
16502:
16499:
16497:
16494:
16492:
16489:
16487:
16486:Common Turkic
16484:
16482:
16479:
16478:
16476:
16474:
16470:
16464:
16463:Western Yugur
16461:
16459:
16456:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16446:
16444:
16441:
16439:
16436:
16434:
16431:
16429:
16426:
16424:
16421:
16419:
16416:
16414:
16411:
16409:
16406:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16381:
16379:
16376:
16374:
16371:
16369:
16366:
16364:
16361:
16359:
16356:
16354:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16321:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16311:
16309:
16306:
16304:
16301:
16299:
16296:
16294:
16291:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16281:
16279:
16278:Crimean Tatar
16276:
16274:
16271:
16269:
16266:
16264:
16261:
16259:
16256:
16254:
16251:
16249:
16246:
16244:
16241:
16237:
16234:
16232:
16229:
16228:
16227:
16224:
16222:
16219:
16218:
16216:
16214:
16210:
16205:
16191:
16186:
16184:
16179:
16177:
16172:
16171:
16168:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16119:
16117:
16114:
16112:
16109:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16092:
16088:
16085:
16082:
16081:
16076:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16064:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16049:
16046:
16043:
16041:
16038:
16037:
16035:
16031:
16025:
16022:
16020:
16017:
16015:
16012:
16010:
16007:
16005:
16002:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15990:
15987:
15985:
15982:
15980:
15977:
15975:
15972:
15970:
15967:
15965:
15962:
15960:
15959:Easter Island
15957:
15955:
15952:
15950:
15947:
15946:
15944:
15940:
15934:
15931:
15929:
15926:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15896:
15894:
15891:
15889:
15886:
15884:
15881:
15879:
15876:
15874:
15871:
15869:
15866:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15839:
15836:
15834:
15831:
15829:
15826:
15824:
15821:
15819:
15816:
15814:
15811:
15809:
15806:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15744:
15741:
15739:
15736:
15734:
15731:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15714:
15711:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15699:
15696:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15660:
15658:
15654:
15647:
15646:
15641:
15638:
15636:
15633:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15616:
15613:
15611:
15608:
15606:
15603:
15601:
15598:
15596:
15593:
15591:
15588:
15586:
15585:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15571:
15569:
15566:
15564:
15561:
15559:
15556:
15554:
15551:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15498:Jabal Shammar
15496:
15494:
15491:
15488:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15478:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15423:
15421:
15417:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15357:
15355:
15351:
15345:
15344:
15340:
15338:
15335:
15333:
15330:
15328:
15325:
15323:
15320:
15318:
15315:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15305:
15303:
15300:
15298:
15295:
15293:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15283:
15280:
15278:
15275:
15273:
15270:
15268:
15265:
15263:
15260:
15258:
15255:
15253:
15250:
15248:
15245:
15243:
15240:
15238:
15235:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15220:
15218:
15215:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15169:
15167:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15154:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15126:
15124:
15121:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15111:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15098:
15097:
15094:
15092:
15089:
15087:
15084:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15058:
15056:
15054:
15050:
15044:
15041:
15040:
15038:
15036:
15032:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14996:
14993:
14991:
14990:Liechtenstein
14988:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14972:
14970:
14968:
14964:
14958:
14957:
14953:
14951:
14948:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14916:
14913:
14911:
14908:
14906:
14903:
14901:
14898:
14896:
14893:
14891:
14888:
14887:
14885:
14883:
14879:
14873:
14872:
14868:
14866:
14863:
14861:
14858:
14856:
14853:
14852:
14850:
14848:
14844:
14841:
14837:
14831:
14828:
14826:
14823:
14821:
14818:
14816:
14813:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14794:
14793:Queen regnant
14791:
14790:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14775:
14773:
14769:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14752:Republicanism
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14732:Head of state
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14710:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14689:
14687:
14683:
14677:
14674:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14666:Non-sovereign
14664:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14633:
14631:
14627:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14597:
14594:
14590:
14583:
14578:
14576:
14571:
14569:
14564:
14563:
14560:
14554:
14547:
14535:
14534:
14530:
14528:
14527:
14523:
14521:
14520:
14516:
14515:
14512:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14478:
14476:
14472:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14452:
14450:
14448:
14444:
14438:
14435:
14433:
14430:
14428:
14425:
14423:
14420:
14419:
14417:
14415:
14411:
14405:
14402:
14398:
14395:
14393:
14390:
14389:
14388:
14385:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14372:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14335:
14333:
14329:
14326:
14325:
14324:
14321:
14320:
14318:
14316:
14312:
14306:
14303:
14299:
14296:
14295:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14288:Ottoman court
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14270:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14258:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14211:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14193:
14190:
14187:
14186:
14184:
14183:
14181:
14179:
14175:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14147:
14145:
14141:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14129:Naval battles
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14108:
14105:
14104:
14103:
14102:Kapudan Pasha
14100:
14099:
14097:
14095:
14091:
14085:
14084:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14059:
14058:
14057:Reform period
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14040:
14037:
14036:
14035:
14031:
14030:
14026:
14025:
14023:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14010:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13979:
13976:
13975:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13962:
13959:
13958:
13957:
13954:
13953:
13951:
13947:
13935:
13932:
13931:
13930:
13927:
13923:
13920:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13904:
13903:
13900:
13896:
13893:
13892:
13891:
13888:
13887:
13885:
13883:
13879:
13871:
13868:
13866:
13863:
13862:
13861:
13858:
13857:
13855:
13851:
13846:
13841:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13796:
13794:
13790:
13785:
13780:
13777:
13774:
13769:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13752:
13751:
13748:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13736:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13718:Haseki sultan
13716:
13714:
13713:Valide sultan
13711:
13710:
13709:
13706:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13683:
13682:
13679:
13678:
13676:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13663:
13657:
13654:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13641:
13639:
13635:
13632:
13630:
13627:
13625:
13622:
13620:
13617:
13615:
13612:
13611:
13610:
13607:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13592:United States
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13579:
13578:
13575:
13574:
13571:
13568:
13564:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13537:
13536:
13533:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13520:
13519:
13516:
13512:
13509:
13508:
13507:
13504:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13491:
13490:
13487:
13483:
13480:
13479:
13478:
13477:Classical Age
13475:
13471:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13461:
13458:
13457:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13450:Osman's Dream
13448:
13447:
13445:
13443:
13439:
13435:
13428:
13423:
13421:
13416:
13414:
13409:
13408:
13405:
13398:
13395:
13392:
13389:
13386:
13383:
13381:
13377:
13374:
13371:
13370:
13366:
13362:
13328:
13318:
13317:
13286:
13283:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13255:
13232:
13228:
13222:
13218:
13217:
13211:
13199:
13195:
13189:
13185:
13184:
13178:
13174:
13168:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13148:
13144:
13140:
13134:
13130:
13125:
13120:
13114:
13110:
13109:
13103:
13099:
13093:
13089:
13084:
13072:
13068:
13062:
13059:. WIT Press.
13058:
13057:
13051:
13039:
13035:
13029:
13025:
13024:
13018:
13014:
13008:
13004:
12999:
12998:
12984:
12978:
12974:
12970:
12969:
12961:
12959:
12942:
12938:
12937:
12932:
12925:
12918:
12905:
12901:
12897:
12891:
12883:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12865:
12861:
12857:
12850:
12834:
12830:
12826:
12822:
12818:
12814:
12810:
12806:
12802:
12795:
12779:
12775:
12771:
12765:
12759:
12755:
12751:
12746:
12738:
12732:
12728:
12721:
12713:
12707:
12703:
12699:
12695:
12688:
12680:
12676:
12672:
12668:
12664:
12660:
12656:
12652:
12645:
12637:
12631:
12627:
12620:
12613:
12609:
12603:
12587:
12583:
12580:Emin Şenyer.
12576:
12560:
12556:
12550:
12542:
12536:
12532:
12525:
12517:
12511:
12507:
12500:
12484:
12480:
12476:
12472:
12468:
12464:
12460:
12456:
12449:
12442:
12437:
12430:
12425:
12418:
12413:
12411:
12403:
12398:
12382:
12378:
12372:
12368:
12364:
12357:
12350:
12345:
12338:
12333:
12331:
12323:
12318:
12311:
12306:
12300:, p. 355
12299:
12294:
12286:
12280:
12276:
12275:Iznik Pottery
12269:
12253:
12249:
12242:
12234:
12228:
12224:
12217:
12201:
12197:
12191:
12187:
12186:
12178:
12170:
12164:
12160:
12153:
12146:
12141:
12139:
12131:
12126:
12120:
12116:
12109:
12102:
12096:
12087:
12080:
12076:
12073:
12069:
12065:
12061:
12055:
12048:
12044:
12041:
12035:
12026:
12010:
12006:
12002:
11995:
11993:
11991:
11982:
11976:
11972:
11965:
11958:
11953:
11947:
11943:
11936:
11929:
11916:
11912:
11906:
11902:
11901:
11893:
11886:
11874:
11870:
11864:
11860:
11859:
11851:
11844:
11842:
11827:
11823:
11817:
11813:
11812:
11804:
11796:
11790:
11786:
11779:
11771:
11765:
11761:
11754:
11747:
11743:
11739:
11735:
11730:
11723:
11719:
11716:
11713:
11709:
11708:9781317118442
11705:
11701:
11695:
11688:
11684:
11681:
11677:
11673:
11670:
11667:
11663:
11662:9781317118442
11659:
11655:
11649:
11647:
11638:
11632:
11628:
11624:
11617:
11615:
11613:
11606:
11604:
11600:
11597:
11593:
11592:Halil İnalcık
11587:
11579:
11575:
11571:
11567:
11563:
11556:
11540:
11536:
11530:
11514:
11510:
11503:
11487:
11483:
11479:
11473:
11466:
11462:
11459:
11458:
11451:
11435:
11431:
11425:
11421:
11420:
11412:
11405:
11399:
11392:
11391:Quataert 1983
11387:
11380:
11379:Ethnopolitics
11374:
11367:
11363:
11360:
11356:
11350:
11344:(1991) p. 31.
11343:
11337:
11321:
11317:
11311:
11307:
11306:
11298:
11292:
11288:
11285:
11281:
11275:
11268:
11262:
11255:
11249:
11242:
11238:
11232:
11228:
11224:
11220:
11219:
11211:
11195:
11191:
11185:
11169:
11165:
11161:
11157:
11150:
11142:
11136:
11132:
11125:
11123:
11121:
11104:
11100:
11096:
11090:
11082:
11076:
11072:
11068:
11067:
11062:
11056:
11050:
11048:
11042:
11038:
11034:
11028:
11020:
11014:
11010:
11003:
10987:
10983:
10977:
10973:
10972:
10964:
10948:
10944:
10940:
10934:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10903:
10896:
10892:
10888:
10883:
10876:
10872:
10869:
10864:
10848:
10844:
10838:
10834:
10833:
10825:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10802:
10795:
10791:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10769:
10761:
10757:
10753:
10749:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10726:
10724:
10722:
10720:
10703:
10699:
10693:
10689:
10688:
10680:
10673:
10669:
10666:
10660:
10653:
10648:
10632:
10628:
10622:
10618:
10617:
10609:
10593:
10589:
10585:
10581:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10568:
10563:
10559:
10553:
10537:
10533:
10527:
10523:
10522:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10489:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10466:
10459:
10457:
10442:
10438:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10419:
10411:
10404:
10398:
10382:
10378:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10357:
10349:
10343:
10339:
10332:
10325:
10320:
10314:, p. 49.
10313:
10308:
10301:
10296:
10288:
10284:
10277:
10270:
10265:
10263:
10255:
10250:
10243:
10238:
10231:
10226:
10219:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10199:
10195:
10188:
10181:
10176:
10168:
10164:
10160:
10156:
10149:
10138:
10131:
10124:
10122:
10120:
10111:
10107:
10103:
10097:
10089:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10069:
10063:(2005) p. 24
10062:
10056:
10048:
10041:
10033:
10027:
10023:
10016:
10008:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9988:
9980:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9960:
9944:
9940:
9934:
9930:
9929:
9921:
9905:
9901:
9895:
9891:
9890:
9882:
9867:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9852:
9844:
9828:
9824:
9818:
9814:
9813:
9805:
9794:
9787:
9780:
9764:
9760:
9754:
9738:
9734:
9728:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9698:
9690:
9684:
9680:
9673:
9665:
9658:
9650:
9643:
9635:
9629:
9626:. p. 8.
9625:
9618:
9610:
9604:
9600:
9593:
9574:
9570:
9563:
9562:"Middle East"
9556:
9554:
9552:
9550:
9530:
9523:
9516:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9494:
9490:
9489:
9481:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9447:
9443:
9442:
9434:
9418:
9414:
9408:
9404:
9403:
9395:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9379:
9373:
9357:
9353:
9347:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9317:
9302:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9287:
9279:
9263:
9259:
9253:
9249:
9248:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9219:
9215:
9209:
9205:
9204:
9196:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9162:
9147:
9141:
9137:
9132:
9131:
9122:
9106:
9102:
9096:
9092:
9091:
9083:
9068:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9053:
9045:
9043:
9036:, p. 38.
9035:
9030:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9000:
8984:
8980:
8979:
8974:
8967:
8958:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8940:
8934:
8927:
8921:
8914:
8908:
8901:. SUNY Press.
8900:
8893:
8884:
8882:
8874:
8868:
8861:
8856:
8850:
8846:
8839:
8832:. p. 51.
8831:
8824:
8816:
8812:
8805:
8798:
8794:
8787:
8780:. p. 26.
8779:
8772:
8756:
8752:
8746:
8730:
8726:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8706:
8705:
8697:
8682:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8662:
8661:
8653:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8606:
8598:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8563:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8504:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8486:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8454:
8453:Kanun-ı Esasi
8445:
8437:
8431:
8427:
8420:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8377:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8328:
8323:
8319:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8301:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8286:
8272:
8268:
8266:0-521-44197-8
8262:
8258:
8257:
8249:
8233:
8229:
8223:
8219:
8218:
8213:
8209:
8203:
8201:
8199:
8192:communities."
8190:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8175:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8143:
8142:Kanun-ı Esasi
8134:
8132:
8130:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8098:
8094:
8093:
8085:
8078:
8073:
8069:
8062:
8055:
8043:
8039:
8033:
8029:
8028:
8023:
8019:
8013:
8006:
7993:
7989:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7974:
7966:
7959:
7946:
7942:
7936:
7932:
7931:
7923:
7916:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7890:
7889:
7881:
7865:
7861:
7855:
7851:
7850:
7842:
7835:
7831:
7824:
7817:
7812:
7805:
7788:
7784:
7776:
7770:
7766:
7761:
7753:
7751:9780511614972
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7728:
7721:
7717:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7696:
7694:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7667:
7665:
7657:
7652:
7644:
7638:
7634:
7627:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7568:
7564:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7536:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7497:
7491:
7479:
7473:
7464:
7439:
7433:
7424:
7417:
7405:
7392:
7386:
7374:
7368:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7348:
7344:
7336:
7330:
7328:
7320:
7311:
7304:
7273:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7244:
7235:
7226:
7219:
7213:
7204:
7195:
7188:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7168:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7134:full of Islam
7116:
7106:
7102:
7091:
7084:
7080:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6997:Turkey portal
6987:
6980:
6977:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6949:steam engines
6946:
6941:
6939:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6866:
6865:steam turbine
6862:
6858:
6857:Ottoman Egypt
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6819:mathematician
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6709:
6708:Beşiktaş J.K.
6704:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6530:
6525:
6512:
6505:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6484:
6477:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6452:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6434:
6430:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6364:
6363:musical modes
6360:
6357:units called
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6343:Persian music
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6306:Ottoman Music
6297:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6213:, was added.
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6197:tradition of
6196:
6192:
6188:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6073:Balyan family
6070:
6066:
6062:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6046:Byzantine art
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5939:lingua franca
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5750:
5745:
5733:
5728:
5727:Ottoman prose
5720:
5716:
5712:
5710:
5709:Evliya Çelebi
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5681:verse romance
5678:
5674:
5669:
5658:
5647:
5637:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5585:
5582:
5573:
5568:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5509:
5504:
5493:
5488:
5486:
5481:
5479:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5428:Oil wrestling
5426:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5236:
5233:The original
5231:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5211:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5164:
5161:). Likewise,
5160:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5053:
5052:Abdülmecid II
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4862:and followed
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4842:
4841:jurisprudence
4838:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4815:
4812:was the last
4811:
4810:Abdülmecid II
4807:
4802:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4677:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4635:
4631:
4630:Galata Bridge
4627:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4565:capitulations
4562:
4558:
4557:liberal trade
4554:
4553:protectionism
4550:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4436:mutasarrifate
4433:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4335:in early 1912
4334:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4311:Abdülhamid II
4307:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4276:Ottoman fleet
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:Nizam-ı Cedid
4257:
4256:Galata Bridge
4254:crossing the
4253:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:Mongol Empire
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4158:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:jurisprudence
4058:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4043:religious law
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3979:to the west.
3978:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3961:Washington DC
3958:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3888:palace school
3885:
3881:
3880:valide sultan
3876:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3770:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:Turkic tribes
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3643:Edward Gibbon
3632:
3627:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Turkification
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3363:Classical Age
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:190 BC–428 AD
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:247 BC–224 AD
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:Classical Age
2960:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2936:Median Empire
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2441:and parts of
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:(today named
2389:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2116:Classical Age
2112:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1939:Ottoman State
1924:دولت عثمانيه
1919:
1917:
1906:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:anglicisation
1846:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:occupied and
1804:
1803:Allied Powers
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:German Empire
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:vassal states
1679:and numerous
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:petty kingdom
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
986:
985:
982:
979:
972:
971:
968:
967:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
951:
947:
940:
936:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
908:
904:
900:
896:
890:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
840:
836:
833:
827:
823:
819:
813:
809:
806:
800:
796:
793:
787:
783:
780:
774:
770:
767:
761:
757:
754:
748:
744:
741:
735:
726:
723:
717:
713:
709:
705:
699:
695:
689:
683:
679:
673:
667:
663:
659:
655:
652:
649:
643:
640:
637:
631:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
610:
609:Abdulmejid II
607:
601:
598:
595:
589:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
568:
565:
559:
556:
553:
541:
537:
533:
531:
527:
520:
518:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:parliamentary
504:
501:
494:
492:
489:
488:
486:
482:
479:
476:
474:
470:
464:
460:
457:
454:
450:
447:
446:
444:
440:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
403:
399:
396:
393:
389:
382:
379:
375:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
356:
354:
351:
348:
345:
341:
338:
331:
329:
326:
325:
323:
319:
316:
313:
309:
300:
290:
280:
270:
260:
253:
234:
230:
215:
211:
209:(1861–1876)
206:
205:Aziziye Marşı
202:
187:
183:
168:
164:
163:
155:
151:
144:
141:
137:
130:
129:
127:
123:
113:
107:
95:
89:
81:
73:
64:
62:
55:
48:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
21147:World War II
21041:
21000:Early modern
20977:Kalmar Union
20848:Papal States
20766:Roman Empire
20650:Latin Empire
20579:Sahib Ataids
20559:Qara Qoyunlu
20548:
20411:(after 1071)
20116:Contemporary
20095:
19966:Indo-Persian
19954:Nazi Germany
19898:Contemporary
19800:Vijayanagara
19699:Great Seljuk
19610:Thessalonica
19538:Golden Horde
19178:Carthaginian
18957:Neo-Assyrian
18942:Neo-Sumerian
18728:
18716:
18704:
18692:
18680:
18565:Illumination
18501:Architecture
18429:Human rights
18417:Universities
18335:Ethnic Kurds
18322:Demographics
18233:Construction
17653:
17413:Qalandariyya
17388:Christianity
17199:Turkmenistan
17137: /
17128:Turco-Mongol
16567:Azerbaijanis
16136:South Africa
16131:Sierra Leone
16078:
15908:Two Sicilies
15843:Papal States
15837:
15643:
15582:
15475:
15341:
15101:Cook Islands
14954:
14940:Saudi Arabia
14869:
14531:
14526:Bibliography
14524:
14517:
14486:Coat of arms
14460:Christianity
14414:Demographics
14397:of Armenians
14338:Illumination
14323:Architecture
14204:Central bank
14155:Conscription
14081:
14072:Mansure Army
14055:
14027:
13934:Hakham Bashi
13902:Christianity
13849:
13799:Grand Vizier
13788:
13640:Civil codes
13614:Constitution
13460:Ghaza thesis
13433:
13275:Online books
13265:
13235:. Retrieved
13215:
13202:. Retrieved
13182:
13162:
13150:
13128:
13107:
13087:
13075:. Retrieved
13055:
13042:. Retrieved
13022:
13002:
12967:
12945:. Retrieved
12941:the original
12934:
12924:
12915:
12908:. Retrieved
12890:
12863:
12860:Neurocirugía
12859:
12849:
12837:. Retrieved
12808:
12804:
12794:
12782:. Retrieved
12773:
12764:
12753:
12745:
12726:
12720:
12693:
12687:
12654:
12650:
12644:
12625:
12619:
12607:
12602:
12590:. Retrieved
12586:the original
12575:
12563:. Retrieved
12549:
12530:
12524:
12505:
12499:
12487:. Retrieved
12462:
12458:
12448:
12436:
12424:
12397:
12385:. Retrieved
12366:
12363:"Kemalettin"
12356:
12344:
12317:
12305:
12293:
12274:
12268:
12256:. Retrieved
12252:the original
12241:
12222:
12216:
12204:. Retrieved
12184:
12177:
12158:
12152:
12128:
12114:
12108:
12100:
12095:
12086:
12059:
12054:
12038:Kendall, p.
12034:
12025:
12013:. Retrieved
11970:
11964:
11955:
11941:
11935:
11926:
11919:. Retrieved
11899:
11892:
11884:
11877:. Retrieved
11857:
11850:
11837:
11830:. Retrieved
11810:
11803:
11784:
11778:
11759:
11753:
11737:
11729:
11712:Google Books
11699:
11694:
11666:Google Books
11653:
11626:
11622:
11590:
11586:
11569:
11565:
11555:
11543:. Retrieved
11529:
11517:. Retrieved
11513:the original
11502:
11490:. Retrieved
11481:
11472:
11456:
11450:
11438:. Retrieved
11418:
11411:
11403:
11398:
11386:
11378:
11373:
11354:
11349:
11341:
11336:
11324:. Retrieved
11304:
11297:
11279:
11274:
11266:
11261:
11253:
11248:
11240:
11217:
11210:
11198:. Retrieved
11194:the original
11184:
11172:. Retrieved
11168:the original
11163:
11159:
11149:
11130:
11107:. Retrieved
11098:
11089:
11065:
11061:Akçam, Taner
11055:
11046:
11044:
11032:
11027:
11008:
11002:
10990:. Retrieved
10970:
10963:
10951:. Retrieved
10943:Academia.edu
10942:
10933:
10921:. Retrieved
10912:
10902:
10882:
10863:
10851:. Retrieved
10831:
10824:
10811:
10801:
10777:
10768:
10735:
10731:
10708:16 September
10706:. Retrieved
10686:
10679:
10659:
10652:Davison 1964
10647:
10635:. Retrieved
10615:
10608:
10596:. Retrieved
10574:(1): 71–90.
10571:
10565:
10552:
10540:. Retrieved
10520:
10475:
10471:
10465:
10455:
10452:
10445:. Retrieved
10417:
10410:
10405: (1876)
10397:
10385:. Retrieved
10366:
10356:
10337:
10331:
10319:
10307:
10295:
10286:
10282:
10276:
10249:
10237:
10225:
10217:
10197:
10193:
10187:
10180:Kinross 1979
10175:
10158:
10154:
10148:
10137:the original
10105:
10102:Paul Bairoch
10096:
10077:
10068:
10060:
10055:
10046:
10040:
10021:
10015:
9996:
9987:
9968:
9959:
9947:. Retrieved
9927:
9920:
9908:. Retrieved
9888:
9881:
9869:. Retrieved
9850:
9843:
9831:. Retrieved
9811:
9804:
9793:the original
9779:
9767:. Retrieved
9763:the original
9753:
9741:. Retrieved
9737:the original
9727:
9715:. Retrieved
9711:the original
9706:
9697:
9678:
9672:
9663:
9657:
9648:
9642:
9623:
9617:
9598:
9592:
9580:. Retrieved
9573:the original
9568:
9536:. Retrieved
9515:
9487:
9480:
9468:. Retrieved
9440:
9433:
9421:. Retrieved
9401:
9377:
9372:
9360:. Retrieved
9356:the original
9346:
9336:24 September
9334:. Retrieved
9330:the original
9325:
9316:
9304:. Retrieved
9285:
9278:
9266:. Retrieved
9246:
9222:. Retrieved
9202:
9195:
9183:. Retrieved
9174:
9170:
9161:
9149:. Retrieved
9129:
9121:
9109:. Retrieved
9089:
9082:
9070:. Retrieved
9051:
9029:
9017:. Retrieved
9008:
8999:
8987:. Retrieved
8976:
8966:
8957:
8938:
8933:
8928:(2006) p. 9.
8925:
8920:
8912:
8907:
8898:
8892:
8872:
8867:
8858:
8844:
8838:
8829:
8823:
8814:
8810:
8804:
8796:
8792:
8786:
8777:
8771:
8759:. Retrieved
8755:the original
8745:
8733:. Retrieved
8703:
8696:
8684:. Retrieved
8659:
8652:
8640:. Retrieved
8604:
8597:
8585:. Retrieved
8576:
8572:
8562:
8550:. Retrieved
8517:
8513:
8503:
8477:15 September
8475:. Retrieved
8458:
8452:
8444:
8425:
8419:
8409:12 September
8407:. Retrieved
8390:
8386:
8376:
8364:. Retrieved
8331:
8325:
8282:
8275:. Retrieved
8255:
8248:
8236:. Retrieved
8216:
8208:Lambton, Ann
8188:
8166:15 September
8164:. Retrieved
8147:
8141:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8108:
8101:. Retrieved
8091:
8084:
8075:
8071:
8061:
8053:
8046:. Retrieved
8026:
8012:
8003:
7996:. Retrieved
7972:
7965:
7956:
7949:. Retrieved
7929:
7922:
7914:
7907:. Retrieved
7887:
7880:
7868:. Retrieved
7848:
7841:
7833:
7829:
7823:
7814:
7810:
7804:
7791:. Retrieved
7787:the original
7774:
7771:, volume 2;
7760:
7733:
7727:
7719:
7701:
7672:
7651:
7632:
7626:
7614:. Retrieved
7581:
7577:
7567:
7535:
7506:
7326:
7272:
7243:
7234:
7225:
7212:
7203:
7194:
7184:
7179:
7167:
7152:
7148:
7114:
7104:
7100:
7090:Ḳosṭanṭīnīye
7083:
7016:
7004:
6976:Ishak Efendi
6973:
6947:began using
6942:
6935:
6912:
6899:
6888:
6878:
6874:
6849:astrological
6841:eccentricity
6831:
6791:
6762:) (1914) of
6713:
6694:, and more.
6557:
6535:
6509:Acrobacy in
6462:showing the
6457:
6441:
6426:
6367:
6339:Arabic music
6321:
6281:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6254:
6246:
6238:
6234:
6224:
6219:
6210:
6202:
6199:illumination
6184:
6149:
6145:
6138:caravanserai
6115:
6105:
6081:Neoclassical
6077:Empire style
6058:
6026:Hagia Sophia
6003:
5957:Architecture
5908:
5889:Observations
5888:
5878:
5871:), Realism (
5868:
5864:
5856:
5842:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5786:
5777:
5773:
5770:Vartan Pasha
5761:
5749:rhymed prose
5724:
5633:
5629:Divan poetry
5612:İskendernâme
5611:
5604:
5588:
5586:
5578:
5555:Central Asia
5547:Safavid Iran
5544:
5541:
5534:
5520:
5516:
5340:Architecture
5295:
5287:
5269:
5253:
5251:technology.
5240:
5216:
5190:
5182:chief bishop
5166:
5163:Ottoman Jews
5155:millet-bashi
5154:
5136:
5133:
5124:
5118:
5110:
5099:
5087:
5085:
5081:Gennadius II
5033:
5025:fifth column
5018:
5011:Ibn Taymiyya
4996:
4970:
4945:
4934:human reason
4905:
4872:
4868:
4856:Muslim world
4844:
4834:
4828:
4823:
4780:
4774:
4727:
4706:
4680:
4673:
4666:The town of
4657:
4653:
4645:
4611:
4607:
4587:Demographics
4576:
4543:argues that
4541:Paul Bairoch
4538:
4534:
4522:
4509:Ottoman Bank
4498:
4494:
4474:
4415:
4403:Beylerbeylik
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4353:
4344:
4338:
4322:
4315:Midhat Pasha
4308:
4291:Ottoman Navy
4288:
4261:
4237:Thoroughbred
4218:
4203:Ottoman Army
4199:
4195:Józef Brandt
4162:
4154:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4104:
4088:
4085:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4052:
4046:
4040:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3946:
3940:
3933:
3912:
3902:
3872:
3862:
3823:
3806:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3698:Norman Stone
3695:
3683:Ghaza thesis
3675:Muslim world
3640:
3579:LGBT history
3537:Christianity
3334:
3307:Kara Koyunlu
3277:Latin Empire
3155:Medieval Age
3127:Ancient Rome
3121:163 BC–72 AD
2856:Neo-Hittites
2769:Neo-Hittites
2753:1300–1250 BC
2733:1500–1290 BC
2723:1500–1300 BC
2713:1500–1320 BC
2703:1680–1220 BC
2693:1650–1450 BC
2683:1700–1300 BC
2673:1780–1680 BC
2663:1950–1750 BC
2653:2300–1400 BC
2643:2400–2150 BC
2633:2500–2000 BC
2505:Ghaza thesis
2470:
2455:
2427:Persian Gulf
2420:
2382:
2366:Çimpe Castle
2336:
2262:Partitioning
2212:Tanzimat Era
2054:
2001:
1947:
1938:
1915:
1911:, or simply
1904:
1881:
1844:
1842:
1796:
1733:
1705:
1687:(modern-day
1677:32 provinces
1633:principality
1627:
1624:
1616:North Africa
1599:
1595:
1593:
963:Succeeded by
962:
957:
893:• 1912
837:3 March 1924
820:established
620:Grand vizier
216:" (modified)
153:
126:Motto:
125:
112:Coat of arms
60:
36:
21132:World War I
21122:Nationalism
21010:Reformation
20995:Renaissance
20967:Black Death
20900:Kievan Rus'
20803:Middle Ages
20599:Tanrıbermiş
20594:Tacettinids
20589:Sarukhanids
20569:Shah-Armens
20554:Pervâneoğlu
20539:Mengüjekids
20499:Germiyanids
20479:Dulkadirids
19704:Khwarezmian
19637:Carolingian
19442:Rashtrakuta
19146:Shaishunaga
19045:Hellenistic
19028:New Kingdom
19018:Old Kingdom
18718:WikiProject
18649:Video games
18441:Individuals
18434:LGBT rights
18424:Health care
18391:Immigration
18172:Gendarmerie
18131:Referendums
18047:Legislative
17944:Earthquakes
17829:Oghuz Turks
17718:Dissolution
17403:Malamatiyya
17055:Pan-Turkism
17035:Grey Wolves
17000:Oghuz Turks
16920:Afghanistan
16705:Qarai Turks
16635:Karakalpaks
16403:Sakha/Yakut
16293:Fuyü Gïrgïs
16248:Azerbaijani
16075:British Raj
16047:(Sri Lanka)
15933:Württemberg
15645:South Yemen
15533:Maguindanao
15426:Afghanistan
15187:Barotseland
15123:Saint Lucia
15096:New Zealand
15005:Netherlands
14778:Chhatrapati
14762:Sovereignty
14702:Aristocracy
14353:Shadow play
14199:Agriculture
14192:Reformation
14188:Enlargement
14034:Janissaries
13743:Kizlar Agha
13728:Hanımefendi
13723:Kadınefendi
13535:Dissolution
13465:Interregnum
13204:9 September
13186:. Penguin.
12592:11 February
12465:: 103–120.
12337:Freely 2011
12310:Freely 2011
12298:Freely 2011
12145:Freely 2011
11957:journalist.
11744:, 1904. p.
11492:25 December
11225:. pp.
11200:11 February
11174:11 February
10992:13 February
10853:16 November
10558:Kahl, Thede
10456:kaba türkçe
9717:11 February
9582:15 February
9538:15 February
9423:11 February
9306:12 February
9151:11 February
9072:11 February
8735:19 December
8686:19 December
8642:26 December
8632:j.ctt6wq7kw
8579:: 179–190.
8068:Green, Nile
7160: 2010
6961:paper mills
6940:, in 1702.
6929:as well as
6893:translated
6853:steam power
6833:Taqi al-Din
6754:(1914) and
6718:, hunting,
6706:Members of
6598:/tzatziki,
6584:döner kebab
6468:Janissaries
6429:shadow play
6418:Belly dance
6370:instruments
6085:eclecticism
6054:Iznik tiles
6050:Chinese art
6030:Mimar Sinan
5990:Blue Mosque
5976:Mimar Sinan
5817:Namık Kemal
5794:Romanticism
5705:Seyahatnâme
5641:مراعات نظير
5355:Calligraphy
5332:Visual arts
5244:Janissaries
5174:Chief Rabbi
5172:or Ottoman
5129:Mount Athos
4938:rationality
4923:Oghuz Turks
4864:Sufi orders
4825:Sunni Islam
4740:-inhabited
4634:Golden Horn
4478:Reconquista
4319:Golden Horn
4250:Modernised
4031:Islamic law
3993:calligraphy
3707:Resm-i çift
3667:Paul Wittek
3662:Heath Lowry
3500:Oghuz Turks
3465:(1930–1945)
3463:(1923–1930)
3453:(1920–1923)
3443:(1919–1922)
3407:(1908–1922)
3397:(1789–1908)
3387:(1703–1789)
3377:(1566–1703)
3367:(1453–1566)
3357:(1299–1453)
3335:Ottoman Era
3321:(1378–1501)
3311:(1375–1468)
3301:(1256–1335)
3291:(1250–1487)
3281:(1204–1261)
3271:(1204–1461)
3261:(1101–1409)
3251:(1098–1150)
3241:(1081–1423)
3231:(1078–1375)
3221:(1077–1307)
3211:(1071–1178)
3207:Danishmends
3201:(1037–1194)
2920:1000–545 BC
2910:1000–700 BC
2900:1000–560 BC
2890:1100–560 BC
2880:1150–547 BC
2870:1200–700 BC
2860:1200–800 BC
2850:1200–800 BC
2813:1000–545 BC
2803:1000–700 BC
2793:1150–547 BC
2783:1200–700 BC
2773:1200–800 BC
2763:1200–800 BC
2743:1450–350 BC
2729:Hayasa-Azzi
2623:3000–700 BC
2524:History of
2477:partitioned
2473:World War I
2412:Mesopotamia
2370:Dardanelles
2348:as a small
2342: 1299
2254:World War I
2236:Dissolution
2152:Köprülü Era
2095:Interregnum
2013:Svat Soucek
1914:Devlet-i ʿO
1807:partitioned
1776:Arab Revolt
1768:World War I
1756:Balkan Wars
1697:Middle East
958:Preceded by
758:29 May 1453
740:Interregnum
731: 1299
661:Legislature
521:(1913–1918)
449:Sunni Islam
433:many others
383:(1453–1922)
370:(1363–1453)
357:(1335–1363)
349:(1331–1335)
237:(1909–1918)
218:(1876–1909)
190:(1839–1861)
133:دولت ابدمدت
116:(1882–1922)
98:(1844–1922)
21254:Categories
20895:Viking Age
20710:Prehistory
20564:Ramadanids
20524:Karamanids
20474:Dilmachids
20429:Aq Qoyunlu
20274:Portuguese
20155:Revival Le
20145:Vietnamese
19788:Later Tran
19758:Vietnamese
19654:Singhasari
19642:Holy Roman
19266:Bulgarian
19202:Satavahana
19173:Phoenician
19109:Achaemenid
19070:Indo-Greek
19050:Macedonian
18964:Babylonian
18590:Newspapers
18575:Literature
18555:Folk dance
18456:Corruption
18340:Minorities
18268:Renewables
18223:Automotive
18032:Government
17763:Secularism
17383:Burkhanism
17348:Aiyy Faith
17267:Nakhchivan
17204:Uzbekistan
17184:Kyrgyzstan
17179:Kazakhstan
17174:Azerbaijan
17045:Burkhanism
16871:Montenegro
16835:Dodecanese
16496:Old Uyghur
16481:Old Turkic
16383:Old Turkic
16318:Karakalpak
16141:Tanganyika
16056:The Gambia
15984:Niuē-Fekai
15923:Yugoslavia
15823:Montenegro
15630:Upper Yafa
15625:Upper Asir
15262:Madagascar
14995:Luxembourg
14727:Government
14692:Abdication
14661:Hereditary
14589:Monarchies
14370:Literature
14283:Ottomanism
13978:Sanjakbeys
13961:Beylerbeys
13949:Provincial
13666:Government
13629:Family law
13361:Audio help
13352:2008-03-29
12839:29 January
12696:. Kluwer.
12610:, London,
12429:Kuban 2010
12417:Kuban 2010
12402:Kuban 2010
12349:Kuban 2010
12322:Kuban 2010
12246:Eli Shah.
11921:17 January
11832:17 January
11109:24 October
9769:6 November
9759:"Founding"
9743:6 November
9507:1082195426
9460:1202464532
9326:Mwlusa.org
9185:29 January
8393:(2): 223.
8334:(3): 498.
8292:sultan at
8277:21 October
8103:23 October
8048:21 October
7998:21 October
7951:21 October
7909:21 October
7870:21 October
7767:, p.
7070:References
6895:Noël Duret
6861:steam jack
6835:built the
6815:astronomer
6811:Ali Qushji
6634:/boureki,
6438:tambourine
6414:Roma music
6402:folk music
6263:Nakkashane
6000:influence.
5810:Parnassian
5802:Naturalist
5776:(Turkish:
5758:Muhayyelât
5701:Şeyh Gâlib
5697:Hüsn ü Aşk
5595:Literature
5371:Shadowplay
5255:primarily
5203:See also:
5168:Haham Başı
4942:philosophy
4917:under the
4900:See also:
4799:See also:
4668:Safranbolu
4628:) and the
4545:free trade
4280:Bosphorous
3753:Government
3383:Old Regime
3317:Ak Koyunlu
3287:Karamanids
3071:282–129 BC
3021:306–168 BC
3017:Antigonids
3011:322–130 BC
3001:334–301 BC
2991:559–331 BC
2950:685–547 BC
2940:678–549 BC
2689:Kizzuwatna
2610:Bronze Age
2545:Prehistory
2503:See also:
2383:As Sultan
2354:Asia Minor
2168:Old Regime
2029:See also:
1837:See also:
1233:Aq Qoyunlu
897:24,000,000
883:Population
484:Government
473:Demonym(s)
361:Adrianople
336:1299–1331)
20942:Feudalism
20913:Catalonia
20584:Saltukids
20494:Eshrefids
20459:Chobanids
20267:Couronian
19905:Ethiopian
19893:Manchukuo
19848:Brazilian
19694:Ghaznavid
19664:Srivijaya
19615:Trebizond
19600:Byzantine
19582:North Sea
19577:Norwegian
19565:Almoravid
19548:Ilkhanate
19518:Majapahit
19491:Muromachi
19400:Solomonic
19385:Ethiopian
19299:Caliphate
19232:Aragonese
19060:Ptolemaic
18644:TV series
18602:Miniature
18545:Festivals
18461:Terrorism
18412:Education
18345:Languages
18189:Air Force
18104:Elections
18052:Executive
17998:Mountains
17865:Geography
17784:Overviews
17723:Partition
17689:Tulip era
17429:Zahediyeh
17424:Safaviyya
17373:Bayramiye
17368:Batiniyya
17343:Shamanism
17326:Religions
17317:Turkology
17277:Tatarstan
17262:Khakassia
17232:Chuvashia
17158:Locations
17135:Tian Shan
17111:Migration
17086:Turkestan
17069:Hungarian
17060:Turkesism
16757:Kryashens
16745:Astrakhan
16670:Krymchaks
16630:Karachays
16551:Telengits
16547:Kumandins
16473:Alphabets
16303:Ili Turki
16213:Languages
16111:Mauritius
16004:Rarotonga
15989:Nuku Hiva
15979:Mangareva
15954:Bora Bora
15833:Neuchâtel
15803:Lithuania
15708:Catalonia
15595:Sri Lanka
15548:Manchukuo
15523:Kurdistan
15477:Indonesia
15400:Talamanca
15360:Araucanía
15343:and other
15322:Wassoulou
15066:Australia
14742:Oligarchy
14422:Armenians
14387:Education
14343:Miniature
14293:Languages
14278:Devshirme
14251:Transport
14051:Timariots
13917:Bulgarian
13809:Kazaskers
13771:Central (
13755:Kapi Agha
13624:Electoral
13550:Abolition
13545:Partition
13308:hour and
12910:26 August
12829:171015647
12679:119066552
12565:20 August
12489:12 August
12471:0571-1371
12258:26 August
11843:'s novel.
11545:26 August
11519:26 August
10760:143541451
10752:11729/308
10588:161615853
10500:246006581
10214:161326705
9362:5 October
8860:contexts.
8534:0016-7398
8399:1076-156X
8348:0020-8833
8298:Ilkhanids
7606:146299650
7598:1545-6870
7559:Citations
7549:Lanzarote
7472:romanized
7432:romanized
7423:Bulgarian
7319:romanized
7096:قسطنطينيه
7075:Footnotes
6953:ironworks
6923:catheters
6914:Al-Tasrif
6827:Samarkand
6823:physicist
6648:tsikoudia
6327:Selim III
6195:Byzantine
6101:Vedat Tek
6010:Byzantine
5998:Byzantine
5884:Müşâhedât
5825:Awakening
5806:Symbolist
5561:Education
5345:Miniature
5224:Mahmud II
5220:Selim III
5178:Armenians
5020:Qizilbash
4993:mysticism
4911:shamanism
4876:secession
4781:arzuhâlci
4581:Corn Laws
4407:Beylerbey
4304:submarine
4300:Abdülaziz
4220:falconets
4019:impotence
3923:Devshirme
3746:Timariots
3702:zeugarion
3297:Ilkhanate
3191:(637–656)
3117:Commagene
3111:133–27 BC
3081:281–64 BC
3061:297–74 BC
3051:302–64 BC
3041:305–30 BC
3031:305–64 BC
2572:10,000 BC
2457:From 1699
2410:, Egypt,
2404:Caliphate
2385:Mehmed II
2178:Tulip Era
1970:nor as a
1843:The word
1817:, led by
1788:Assyrians
1784:Armenians
1669:Mehmed II
1649:conquered
1612:West Asia
1602:, was an
784:1908–1920
771:1876–1878
745:1402–1413
567:Mehmed VI
442:Religion
78:1299–1922
21335:Maturidi
21181:See also
21152:Cold War
20947:Crusades
20917:Valencia
20544:Menteshe
20529:Karasids
20509:Hamidids
20504:Hacıemir
20489:Erzincan
20484:Eretnids
20444:Aydinids
20439:Artuqids
20247:Japanese
20210:Scottish
20190:American
20182:Colonial
20111:Imperial
20079:Moroccan
20015:Japanese
19993:Afsharid
19852:Burmese
19838:Austrian
19793:Later Le
19768:Early Le
19753:Venetian
19679:Tiwanaku
19592:Hellenic
19555:Moroccan
19486:Kamakura
19476:Japanese
19459:Saffarid
19412:Georgian
19326:Chalukya
19304:Rashidun
19294:Calakmul
19262:Bruneian
19141:Haryanka
19119:Sasanian
19114:Parthian
19065:Bactrian
19055:Seleucid
19035:Goguryeo
19013:Egyptian
18947:Assyrian
18937:Akkadian
18928:Colonies
18694:Category
18632:Football
18617:Painting
18560:Folklore
18468:Marriage
18374:Istanbul
18357:Religion
18310:Railways
18300:Aviation
18238:Currency
18096:Politics
18064:Judicial
18040:Branches
18018:Wildlife
17808:Military
17796:Economic
17701:Tanzimat
17393:Hurufism
17338:Tengrism
17287:Xinjiang
17242:Gagauzia
17091:Mongolia
17065:Turanism
17040:Kemalism
17028:Politics
16990:Kipchaks
16970:Göktürks
16965:Dughlats
16819:Bulgaria
16807:Abkhazia
16782:Turkmens
16765:Nağaybäk
16595:Bashkirs
16559:Tubalars
16543:Chelkans
16537:Altaians
16491:Cyrillic
16393:Pecheneg
16358:Krymchak
16263:Chagatai
16236:Southern
16231:Northern
16126:Rhodesia
16121:Pakistan
16040:Barbados
16009:Rimatara
15999:Rapa Iti
15928:Valencia
15903:Tavolara
15893:Scotland
15858:Portugal
15818:Moldavia
15703:Bulgaria
15698:Brittany
15673:Asturias
15553:Mongolia
15543:Maldives
15405:Trinidad
15395:Suriname
15353:Americas
15337:Zimbabwe
15332:Zanzibar
15317:Wituland
15292:Ngazidja
15287:Ndzuwani
15222:Ethiopia
14945:Thailand
14925:Malaysia
14905:Cambodia
14855:Eswatini
14651:Elective
14636:Absolute
14533:Category
14447:Religion
14360:Clothing
14246:Taxation
14209:Currency
14150:Aviation
14124:Admirals
14077:Hamidieh
14013:Military
13994:Kadiluks
13968:Vilayets
13922:Armenian
13860:Assembly
13597:Treaties
13566:Politics
13523:Tanzimat
13376:Archived
13363: ·
13231:Archived
13198:Archived
13149:(1983).
13071:Archived
13038:Archived
12904:Archived
12882:16721484
12833:Archived
12815:: 1–28.
12778:Archived
12752:(1976),
12559:Archived
12483:Archived
12381:Archived
12200:Archived
12075:Archived
12043:Archived
12009:Archived
11915:Archived
11873:Archived
11841:Hisarian
11826:Archived
11718:Archived
11683:Archived
11672:Archived
11623:Shāhnāma
11599:Archived
11539:Archived
11486:Archived
11461:Archived
11434:Archived
11362:Archived
11320:Archived
11287:Archived
11103:Archived
11063:(2006).
10986:Archived
10953:23 March
10947:Archived
10917:Archived
10913:BBC News
10891:Archived
10871:Archived
10847:Archived
10816:Archived
10774:Māturīdī
10702:Archived
10668:Archived
10631:Archived
10592:Archived
10560:(2006).
10536:Archived
10441:Archived
10381:Archived
10104:(1995).
9943:Archived
9904:Archived
9827:Archived
9529:Archived
9470:9 August
9464:Archived
9417:Archived
9262:Archived
9218:Archived
9179:Archived
9105:Archived
9019:4 August
9013:Archived
8983:Archived
8946:Archived
8811:Muqarnas
8761:12 March
8729:Archived
8636:Archived
8587:26 March
8581:Archived
8546:Archived
8488:Archived
8471:Archived
8463:Würzburg
8403:Archived
8360:Archived
8271:Archived
8232:Archived
8214:(1995).
8189:Tanzimat
8177:Archived
8160:Archived
8152:Würzburg
8097:Archived
8042:Archived
7992:Archived
7945:Archived
7903:Archived
7864:Archived
7793:28 March
7677:Archived
7616:24 March
7610:Archived
7218:Tanzimat
7186:madrasas
7149:Istanbul
7120:اسلامبول
7115:Islambol
7105:Istanbul
6983:See also
6797:ordered
6760:Ülküspor
6750:(1912),
6742:(1907),
6738:(1905),
6734:(1903),
6728:football
6644:tsipouro
6624:yuvarlak
6620:moussaka
6616:lahmacun
6610:cheese,
6592:shawarma
6572:Armenian
6541:Istanbul
6464:Mehteran
5931:Salonika
5887:, 1891;
5877:, 1881;
5867:, 1873;
5784:script.
5782:Armenian
5772:'s 1851
5695:and the
5510:shop in
5464:Clothing
5283:Istanbul
5261:Armenian
5176:, while
5159:ethnarch
5003:Bektashi
4985:Alawites
4977:Ismailis
4967:, Turkey
4965:Istanbul
4919:Abbasids
4836:Madh'hab
4795:Religion
4785:mahalles
4770:Tanzimat
4736:and the
4689:Language
4620:View of
4583:debate.
4513:occupied
4418:Vilayets
4399:Pashalik
4349:Yeşilköy
4229:Turkoman
4215:Mehterân
4189:Ottoman
4175:Military
4165:Nizamiye
4119:Istanbul
4101:Muhammad
3947:de facto
3928:Devşirme
3836:) was a
3819:orthodox
3798:Istanbul
3591:Timeline
3527:Religion
3488:By topic
3257:Artuqids
3057:Bithynia
2906:Tuwanuwa
2837:Iron Age
2799:Tuwanuwa
2699:Hittites
2629:Hattians
2596:5,500 BC
2584:9,000 BC
2515:a series
2513:Part of
2414:and the
2392:Istanbul
2071:Timeline
2041:a series
2039:Part of
1782:against
1780:genocide
1727:Tanzimat
1713:Habsburg
1689:Istanbul
1641:Turkoman
1637:Anatolia
906:Currency
423:Chagatai
378:Istanbul
21022:Baroque
20921:Majorca
20833:Francia
20609:Tzachas
20514:Inalids
20314:largest
20309:Empires
20289:Swedish
20284:Spanish
20279:Russian
20242:Italian
20217:Chinese
20205:English
20200:British
20195:Belgian
20170:Vietnam
20160:Tay son
20106:Tsarist
20101:Russian
20096:Ottoman
20062:Dzungar
20057:Khoshut
20030:Mexican
20025:Maratha
20008:Pahlavi
19988:Safavid
19983:Iranian
19910:Haitian
19873:Chinese
19833:Ashanti
19805:Wagadou
19731:Eastern
19726:Western
19709:Timurid
19669:Tibetan
19659:Songhai
19649:Serbian
19570:Almohad
19560:Idrisid
19464:Samanid
19454:Tahirid
19449:Iranian
19427:Kannauj
19407:Genoese
19343:Chinese
19336:Eastern
19331:Western
19319:Fatimid
19314:Abbasid
19309:Umayyad
19282:Burmese
19242:Ayyubid
19237:Angevin
19207:Xianbei
19195:Eastern
19190:Western
19136:Magadha
19099:Iranian
19092:Xiongnu
19077:Hittite
18986:Chinese
18974:Kassite
18923:Ancient
18915:Empires
18730:Outline
18706:Commons
18639:Theater
18622:Pottery
18538:Ottoman
18533:Cuisine
18511:Ottoman
18488:Culture
18473:Poverty
18405:Society
18290:Tourism
18243:Defense
18215:Economy
18057:Cabinet
17988:Geology
17932:Climate
17874:Regions
17801:Ottoman
17619:Beyliks
17615:Seljuks
17580:History
17470:Chovgan
17450:Kyz kuu
17363:Alevism
17300:Studies
17096:History
17079:Origins
17010:Türgesh
16980:Khazars
16975:Karluks
16955:Bulgars
16930:(Sakha)
16908:Uyghurs
16887:Tunisia
16875:Romania
16855:Lebanon
16823:Croatia
16811:Algeria
16800:Turkish
16792:Iranian
16777:Tofalar
16749:Chinese
16710:Qashqai
16695:Naimans
16640:Kazakhs
16620:Dolgans
16605:Chuvash
16600:Chulyms
16590:Balkars
16582:Georgia
16578:Armenia
16555:Teleuts
16532:Afshars
16524:Peoples
16501:Persian
16438:Turkmen
16433:Turkish
16398:Qashqai
16353:Kipchak
16273:Chuvash
16253:Bashkir
16116:Nigeria
16091:Ireland
16019:Tahuata
15994:Raiatea
15974:Huahine
15949:Abemama
15942:Oceania
15913:Tuscany
15868:Romania
15863:Prussia
15828:Navarre
15808:Majorca
15788:Ireland
15783:Imereti
15778:Iceland
15773:Hungary
15768:Hanover
15763:Granada
15753:Germany
15748:Georgia
15743:Galicia
15733:Finland
15723:Corsica
15718:Cilicia
15688:Bavaria
15678:Austria
15663:Albania
15635:Vietnam
15578:Sarawak
15568:Qu'aiti
15503:Kathiri
15466:Dapitan
15441:Bukhara
15390:Miskito
15312:Tunisia
15302:Shilluk
15212:Dahomey
15202:Burundi
15192:Bagirmi
15172:Adamawa
15091:Jamaica
15086:Grenada
15071:Bahamas
15035:Oceania
14985:Denmark
14980:Belgium
14975:Andorra
14890:Bahrain
14865:Morocco
14860:Lesotho
14839:Current
14830:Pharaoh
14783:Emperor
14722:Dynasty
14676:Regency
14656:Federal
14646:Diarchy
14600:Monarch
14519:Outline
14474:Symbols
14465:Judaism
14392:Schools
14365:Cuisine
14328:Mosques
14315:Culture
14305:Slavery
14261:Society
14224:Sultani
14185:By era
14178:Economy
14160:Weapons
13973:Sanjaks
13956:Eyalets
13929:Judaism
13882:Millets
13819:Nişancı
13804:Viziers
13649:Halakha
13644:Mecelle
13587:Safavid
13499:Köprülü
13442:History
13350: (
13312:minutes
13077:9 March
13044:9 March
12994:Sources
12947:12 July
12917:lancets
12900:History
12784:13 June
12698:Bibcode
12659:Bibcode
12479:4629273
12387:9 March
12206:20 June
12015:13 July
11879:20 June
11566:Turcica
11537:. BBC.
11482:Iranica
10637:20 June
10542:20 June
10492:2212668
10447:22 July
10387:20 June
9949:20 June
9910:20 June
9833:20 June
9268:20 June
9224:20 June
9111:20 June
8552:10 July
8542:1779249
8356:2600793
8238:25 July
8070:(ed.).
7522:in the
7474::
7434::
7393:
7343:Turkish
7337:
7321::
7139:); see
7128:
7110:استنبول
6965:hulling
6931:pincers
6919:forceps
6807:Ptolemy
6803:Trabzon
6788:in 1577
6758:(later
6710:in 1903
6692:kanafeh
6662:, rice
6612:baklava
6606:bread,
6560:Turkish
6551:of the
6545:Ramadan
6518:Cuisine
6431:called
6382:kemence
6378:bağlama
6355:melodic
6289:nomadic
6284:weaving
6226:muraqqa
6191:Persian
6122:madrasa
6117:külliye
6067:style.
6014:Iranian
5849:titled
5835:comedy
5833:one-act
5821:İntibâh
5798:Realist
5762:Fancies
5657:tenâsüb
5627:and in
5621:romance
5522:Slavery
5512:Lebanon
5459:Carpets
5454:Cuisine
5433:Archery
5350:Pottery
5301:Culture
5184:of the
5125:dhimmi.
5046:by the
5007:Mevlevi
4946:falsafa
4777:scribes
4730:Albania
4719:Persian
4682:Muhacir
4676:Russian
4632:on the
4626:Karaköy
4575:in his
4454:Economy
4411:Sanjaks
4362:Galicia
4295:Algeria
4284:Ortaköy
4278:in the
4258:in 1901
4233:Arabian
4191:sipahis
4169:Mecelle
4136:ijtihad
4027:allowed
4023:Divorce
3919:Rumelia
3914:Enderûn
3898:Medrese
3893:Madrasa
3874:pâdişâh
3869:Selim I
3842:Osman I
3731:stremma
3713:pronoia
3651:Turkish
3542:Judaism
3077:Galatia
2896:Aeolis
2866:Phrygia
2846:Diauehi
2779:Phrygia
2759:Diauehi
2719:Mitanni
2669:Kussara
2659:Assyria
2649:Luwians
2479:by the
2443:Ukraine
2439:Hungary
2431:Algeria
2400:Selim I
2396:Balkans
2368:on the
2346:Osman I
2300:Decline
2050:History
2019:History
2007:-based
1967:Osmanlı
1951:Osmanlı
1932:
1898:
1863:ʿUthmān
1853:Osman I
1845:Ottoman
1797:In the
1653:Balkans
1645:Osman I
1344:Albania
926:piastre
914:sultani
830:•
816:•
803:•
790:•
777:•
764:•
751:•
738:•
722:Founded
720:•
707:History
597:Selim I
555:Osman I
544:•
503:Unitary
478:Ottoman
413:Persian
321:Capital
160:Various
154:Anthem:
20909:Aragon
20888:Amalfi
20873:Venice
20861:Second
20434:Alaiye
20252:Mongol
20237:German
20232:French
20222:Danish
20165:Dainam
20140:Tongan
20128:Somali
20123:Sokoto
20089:'Alawi
20067:Kalmyk
20047:Mongol
20040:Second
20020:Korean
19971:Mughal
19961:Indian
19944:German
19937:Second
19927:French
19920:Second
19856:Second
19828:Afghan
19820:Modern
19746:Kyrgyz
19741:Uighur
19736:Second
19716:Turkic
19684:Toltec
19620:Epirus
19605:Nicaea
19528:Mongol
19481:Yamato
19417:Huetar
19275:Second
19212:Rouran
19161:Shunga
19156:Maurya
19131:Kushan
19104:Median
19082:Hunnic
19040:Harsha
18682:Portal
18627:Sports
18528:Cinema
18523:Carpet
18506:Seljuk
18496:Anthem
18379:Ankara
18248:Energy
18140:Topics
18008:Rivers
17925:Topics
17817:Topics
17572:Turkey
17460:Kokpar
17455:Jereed
17418:Rifaʽi
17408:Qadiri
17237:Crimea
17194:Turkey
17144:Otuken
17005:Shatuo
16995:K'o-sa
16960:Cumans
16950:Bulaqs
16934:Yugurs
16928:Yakuts
16913:Uzbeks
16903:Tuvans
16879:Serbia
16851:Kosovo
16847:Israel
16831:Cyprus
16788:Afghan
16761:Mishar
16739:Tatars
16700:Nogais
16690:Kumyks
16675:Kyrgyz
16660:Khalaj
16655:Khakas
16625:Gagauz
16453:Uyghur
16373:Kyrgyz
16343:Khazar
16338:Khalaj
16333:Khakas
16328:Kazakh
16313:Karaim
16298:Gagauz
16288:Dolgan
16268:Chulym
16258:Bulgar
16221:Afshar
16206:topics
16204:Turkic
16151:Uganda
16101:Malawi
16066:Guyana
16045:Ceylon
16024:Tahiti
16014:Rurutu
15969:Hawaii
15898:Serbia
15883:Saxony
15873:Russia
15758:Greece
15738:France
15728:Cyprus
15713:Crimea
15693:Bosnia
15668:Aragon
15656:Europe
15620:Taiwan
15590:Sikkim
15573:Ryukyu
15558:Najran
15456:Chehab
15436:Bengal
15385:Mexico
15370:Brazil
15297:Rwanda
15277:Maravi
15177:Ankole
15165:Africa
15157:Former
15138:Tuvalu
15081:Canada
15076:Belize
15020:Sweden
15010:Norway
15000:Monaco
14967:Europe
14920:Kuwait
14915:Jordan
14900:Brunei
14895:Bhutan
14847:Africa
14820:Sultan
14771:Titles
14685:Topics
14496:Tughra
14481:Anthem
14427:Greeks
14380:Poetry
13865:Senate
13634:Düstur
13399:, 1920
13263:about
13237:20 May
13223:
13190:
13169:
13135:
13115:
13094:
13063:
13030:
13009:
12979:
12880:
12827:
12733:
12708:
12677:
12632:
12612:Prague
12537:
12512:
12477:
12469:
12373:
12281:
12229:
12192:
12165:
12121:
12070:), p.
12066:
11977:
11948:
11907:
11865:
11818:
11791:
11766:
11706:
11660:
11633:
11440:15 May
11426:
11359:Online
11326:15 May
11312:
11284:online
11233:
11137:
11077:
11039:
11015:
10978:
10923:5 June
10839:
10782:Oxford
10758:
10694:
10623:
10598:19 May
10586:
10528:
10498:
10490:
10433:
10373:
10344:
10212:
10084:
10028:
10003:
9975:
9935:
9896:
9871:1 June
9862:
9819:
9685:
9630:
9605:
9505:
9495:
9458:
9448:
9409:
9297:
9254:
9210:
9142:
9097:
9063:
8989:4 June
8943:online
8851:
8721:
8677:
8630:
8620:
8540:
8532:
8432:
8397:
8366:8 July
8354:
8346:
8290:Seljuk
8263:
8224:
8119:yarlığ
8034:
7984:
7937:
7895:
7856:
7748:
7712:
7639:
7604:
7596:
7516:caliph
7496:Ladino
7358:French
7329:mānīye
7113:) and
7101:-polis
6845:apogee
6698:Sports
6688:lavash
6680:keşkek
6580:yogurt
6574:, and
6568:Balkan
6553:Pashas
6396:, the
6392:, the
6390:tanbur
6388:, the
6380:, the
6376:, the
6341:, and
6318:, 1720
6293:kilims
6276:tughra
6249:) and
6235:taswir
6130:imaret
6126:hammam
6112:Manisa
6108:Amasya
6040:, and
5943:Arabic
5935:Smyrna
5933:, and
5927:Beirut
5919:German
5917:, and
5911:French
5747:), or
5703:. The
5693:Fuzuli
5677:gazels
5581:millet
5536:Plague
5508:hookah
5420:Sports
5407:Poetry
5376:Meddah
5265:Jewish
5139:Millet
5121:millet
5106:dhimmi
5089:dhimmi
4998:tariqa
4989:Sufism
4983:, and
4981:Alevis
4950:Hanafi
4894:, and
4860:Sufism
4852:caliph
4846:Hanafi
4843:) was
4814:caliph
4766:Arabic
4762:Berber
4754:Kuwait
4750:Arabia
4746:Levant
4734:Bosnia
4723:Arabic
4622:Galata
4602:Smyrna
4569:duties
4491:, 1481
4448:nahiye
4432:sanjak
4397:(also
4395:Eyalet
4211:Akıncı
4207:Sipahi
4097:Hadīth
4095:; the
4093:Qur'an
4089:Sharia
4065:millet
4057:Sharia
3989:Tughra
3984:Tughra
3963:, 1913
3942:Beylik
3865:caliph
3691:Persia
3654:Muslim
2926:Urartu
2886:Doris
2819:Urartu
2749:Assuwa
2709:Arzawa
2526:Turkey
2517:on the
2481:Allies
2416:Levant
2408:Arabia
2374:Edirne
2350:beylik
2281:(1924)
2273:(1922)
2052:of the
2043:on the
2005:Ankara
1918:mānīye
1884:mānīye
1873:). In
1792:Greeks
1790:, and
1701:Europe
1628:beylik
1614:, and
1604:empire
710:
624:
582:
578:Caliph
534:
530:Sultan
463:Hanafi
459:School
428:French
408:Arabic
365:Edirne
340:Nicaea
315:Empire
311:Status
156:
63:mānīye
20878:Genoa
20856:First
20534:Ladik
20454:Canik
20302:Lists
20257:Omani
20227:Dutch
20133:Isaaq
20084:Saadi
20052:Oirat
20035:First
20003:Qajar
19932:First
19915:First
19888:China
19861:Third
19721:First
19674:Tikal
19625:Morea
19595:Roman
19513:Latin
19508:Khmer
19503:Kanem
19469:Buyid
19395:Zagwe
19390:Aksum
19380:Chola
19287:First
19270:First
19257:Bornu
19252:Benin
19247:Aztec
19185:Roman
19166:Gupta
19151:Nanda
19087:White
18612:Names
18607:Music
18580:Media
18451:Crime
18384:İzmir
17993:Lakes
17978:Fauna
17465:Jigit
17358:Islam
17272:Sakha
17050:Jadid
16985:Kimek
16895:Yemen
16883:Syria
16859:Libya
16839:Egypt
16827:Crete
16769:Volga
16753:Lipka
16720:Shors
16715:Salar
16682:China
16647:China
16458:Uzbek
16443:Tuvan
16423:Tatar
16408:Salar
16378:Nogai
16363:Kumyk
16283:Cuman
16226:Altai
16106:Malta
16096:Kenya
16071:India
16061:Ghana
15888:Savoy
15878:Samos
15793:Italy
15640:Yemen
15615:Tibet
15610:Syria
15563:Nepal
15538:Mahra
15518:Kumul
15513:Korea
15508:Khiva
15487:Qajar
15471:Hejaz
15461:China
15446:Burma
15375:Haiti
15365:Aztec
15282:Mwali
15272:Maore
15252:Libya
15247:Kongo
15242:Kaffa
15237:Gumma
15232:Gomma
15227:Ghana
15217:Egypt
15197:Bornu
15182:Aussa
15043:Tonga
15015:Spain
14935:Qatar
14910:Japan
14455:Islam
14437:Women
14404:Media
14375:Prose
14348:Music
14229:Kuruş
14143:Other
14134:Ships
13990:Kazas
13912:Ullah
13890:Islam
13773:Porte
13511:Tulip
12825:S2CID
12675:S2CID
12475:JSTOR
11928:1851.
11715:PT195
11680:PT195
11669:PT194
11227:96–97
11047:jizya
10756:S2CID
10584:S2CID
10496:S2CID
10488:JSTOR
10210:S2CID
10140:(PDF)
10133:(PDF)
9796:(PDF)
9789:(PDF)
9576:(PDF)
9565:(PDF)
9532:(PDF)
9525:(PDF)
8817:: 11.
8628:JSTOR
8538:JSTOR
8352:JSTOR
8294:Konya
8285:Orhan
8115:bitig
7602:S2CID
7463:Greek
6764:İzmir
6684:manti
6676:kashk
6672:sujuk
6664:pilaf
6660:sarma
6656:dolma
6640:rakia
6632:börek
6628:köfte
6600:ayran
6596:cacık
6564:Greek
6549:Yalıs
6394:kanun
6359:makam
6351:meter
6273:) of
6267:levha
6146:vakıf
6134:sebil
6128:, an
5915:Greek
5899:Media
5847:farce
5764:) by
5673:lyric
5668:tezâd
5652:تناسب
5607:prose
5446:Other
5438:Cirit
5412:Prose
5386:Music
5381:Dance
5290:ayans
5263:, or
5257:Greek
5205:Rayah
5157:, or
5112:jizya
4973:Druze
4882:Islam
4789:Turks
4742:Nânti
4712:Oghuz
4649:Syria
4366:Yemen
4347:) in
4282:near
4123:Bursa
4115:qiyas
4106:ijmā'
4074:Yassa
4069:Qanun
4053:Kanun
4048:Qanun
3937:Divan
3904:vakif
3740:timar
3725:dönüm
3719:timar
3671:jihad
3532:Islam
2946:Lydia
2916:Ionia
2876:Caria
2809:Ionia
2789:Caria
2739:Lycia
2435:Yemen
2362:Bursa
2296:Ghaza
1870:عثمان
1631:, or
922:kuruş
453:state
418:Greek
353:Bursa
344:İznik
328:Söğüt
20883:Pisa
20604:Teke
20424:Ahis
20072:Bogd
19998:Zand
19976:Sikh
19883:Qing
19878:Ming
19810:Wari
19778:Tran
19763:Dinh
19533:Yuan
19523:Mali
19432:Pala
19422:Inca
19373:Yuan
19363:Song
19358:Liao
19353:Tang
19126:Kush
19008:Dʿmt
18654:Wine
18550:Flag
18253:Coal
18199:Navy
18194:Land
17662:Rise
17617:and
17282:Tuva
17149:Oğuz
17015:Uzes
16843:Iraq
16574:Iran
16448:Urum
16428:Tofa
16413:Shor
16243:Äynu
16051:Fiji
15605:Sulu
15584:Shan
15528:Laos
15493:Iraq
15483:Iran
15451:Cebu
15431:Asir
15419:Asia
15380:Inca
15327:Yeke
15267:Mali
15257:Luba
15106:Niue
14956:list
14930:Oman
14882:Asia
14871:list
14825:Shah
14815:Tsar
14810:khan
14805:Raja
14788:King
14629:Type
14491:Flag
14432:Jews
14334:Art
14234:Lira
14219:Para
14214:Akçe
14107:List
14094:Navy
14021:Army
13602:Wars
13455:Rise
13239:2024
13221:ISBN
13206:2021
13188:ISBN
13167:ISBN
13133:ISBN
13113:ISBN
13092:ISBN
13079:2022
13061:ISBN
13046:2022
13028:ISBN
13007:ISBN
12977:ISBN
12949:2008
12912:2010
12878:PMID
12841:2018
12786:2018
12731:ISBN
12706:ISBN
12630:ISBN
12594:2013
12567:2012
12535:ISBN
12510:ISBN
12491:2022
12467:ISSN
12389:2022
12371:ISBN
12279:ISBN
12260:2010
12227:ISBN
12208:2015
12190:ISBN
12163:ISBN
12119:ISBN
12064:ISBN
12017:2019
11975:ISBN
11946:ISBN
11923:2016
11905:ISBN
11881:2015
11863:ISBN
11834:2016
11816:ISBN
11789:ISBN
11764:ISBN
11704:ISBN
11658:ISBN
11631:ISBN
11547:2010
11521:2010
11494:2020
11442:2018
11424:ISBN
11328:2018
11310:ISBN
11231:ISBN
11202:2013
11176:2013
11135:ISBN
11111:2022
11075:ISBN
11045:the
11037:ISBN
11013:ISBN
10994:2024
10976:ISBN
10955:2022
10925:2013
10855:2023
10837:ISBN
10710:2020
10692:ISBN
10639:2015
10621:ISBN
10600:2021
10544:2015
10526:ISBN
10449:2021
10431:ISBN
10389:2015
10371:ISBN
10342:ISBN
10082:ISBN
10026:ISBN
10001:ISBN
9973:ISBN
9951:2015
9933:ISBN
9912:2015
9894:ISBN
9873:2013
9860:ISBN
9835:2015
9817:ISBN
9771:2011
9745:2011
9719:2013
9683:ISBN
9628:ISBN
9603:ISBN
9584:2013
9540:2013
9503:OCLC
9493:ISBN
9472:2022
9456:OCLC
9446:ISBN
9425:2013
9407:ISBN
9364:2013
9338:2019
9308:2013
9295:ISBN
9270:2015
9252:ISBN
9226:2015
9208:ISBN
9187:2018
9153:2013
9140:ISBN
9113:2015
9095:ISBN
9074:2013
9061:ISBN
9021:2014
8991:2009
8849:ISBN
8763:2020
8737:2023
8719:ISBN
8688:2023
8675:ISBN
8644:2023
8618:ISBN
8589:2024
8554:2022
8530:ISSN
8479:2019
8430:ISBN
8411:2016
8395:ISSN
8368:2019
8344:ISSN
8279:2022
8261:ISBN
8240:2015
8222:ISBN
8168:2019
8105:2022
8050:2022
8032:ISBN
8000:2022
7982:ISBN
7953:2022
7935:ISBN
7911:2022
7893:ISBN
7872:2022
7854:ISBN
7795:2019
7746:ISBN
7710:ISBN
7637:ISBN
7618:2021
7594:ISSN
7510:The
7481:and
7453:and
7391:lit.
7335:lit.
7247:The
7125:lit.
6963:and
6821:and
6813:—an
6784:The
6652:meze
6636:rakı
6608:feta
6604:pita
6588:gyro
6368:The
6347:usul
6255:ebru
6247:cilt
6168:and
6150:waqf
6140:, a
6132:, a
6124:, a
6110:and
6099:and
6079:and
6012:and
5808:and
5800:and
5753:saj'
5744:seci
5663:تضاد
5549:and
5134:The
5100:akat
5066:and
5005:and
4959:The
4760:and
4721:and
4507:The
4442:and
4440:kaza
4428:liva
4416:The
4393:The
4289:The
4274:The
4231:and
4213:and
4141:Qadi
4131:Qadi
4121:and
4080:Töre
4077:and
4051:(or
4033:and
4015:Qadi
3982:The
3814:Iran
3788:and
3353:Rise
2619:Troy
2080:Rise
1995:Rūmī
1985:رومى
1979:Rūmī
1973:Türk
1957:Türk
1929:lit.
1895:lit.
1833:Name
1715:and
1699:and
1594:The
1442:OETA
1149:Zeta
930:lira
918:para
910:Akçe
875:1913
867:1683
859:1521
851:1481
846:Area
94:Flag
20150:Mac
19587:Oyo
19496:Edo
19368:Jīn
19348:Sui
19001:Jin
18996:Han
18991:Qin
18518:Art
18263:Oil
18258:Gas
16917:in
16804:in
16679:in
16644:in
16571:in
15813:Man
13907:Rūm
13609:Law
12868:doi
12817:doi
12667:doi
12072:122
12040:339
11746:205
11574:doi
11099:NPR
10790:doi
10776:".
10748:hdl
10740:doi
10576:doi
10480:doi
10423:doi
10202:doi
10163:doi
9856:164
9136:151
8709:doi
8665:doi
8610:doi
8522:doi
8494:at
8336:doi
8183:at
7769:386
7738:doi
7706:286
7586:doi
7369::
7349:or
6969:oil
6911:'s
6855:in
6442:def
6406:Laz
6398:ney
6374:saz
6271:hat
6241:),
6239:hat
5738:سجع
5732:sec
5707:of
5699:of
5691:of
5553:of
5281:of
5137:Rum
4963:in
4830:Dīn
4401:or
4029:in
4025:is
3999:Law
3931:).
3796:in
2344:by
1927:),
1893:),
928:),
21256::
20919:,
20915:,
20911:,
19783:Ho
19773:Ly
18585:TV
16893:,
16889:,
16885:,
16881:,
16877:,
16873:,
16869:,
16865:,
16861:,
16857:,
16853:,
16849:,
16845:,
16841:,
16837:,
16833:,
16829:,
16825:,
16821:,
16817:,
16813:,
16809:,
16790:,
16767:,
16763:,
16759:,
16755:,
16751:,
16747:,
16580:,
16576:,
16557:,
16553:,
16549:,
16545:,
16089:/
16077:,
14060::
14032::
13310:15
13229:.
13196:.
13090:.
13069:.
13036:.
12971:.
12957:^
12933:.
12914:.
12898:.
12876:.
12864:17
12862:.
12858:.
12831:.
12823:.
12811:.
12809:37
12807:.
12803:.
12772:.
12704:.
12673:.
12665:.
12655:36
12653:.
12481:.
12473:.
12461:.
12457:.
12409:^
12379:.
12365:.
12329:^
12198:.
12137:^
12127:.
12007:.
12003:.
11989:^
11954:.
11925:.
11913:.
11883:.
11871:.
11836:.
11824:.
11740:.
11736:.
11710:.
11664:.
11645:^
11611:^
11594:,
11570:30
11568:.
11564:.
11484:.
11480:.
11432:.
11318:.
11239:.
11229:.
11221:.
11164:30
11162:.
11158:.
11119:^
11097:.
11073:.
11071:24
11043:.
10984:.
10945:.
10941:.
10915:.
10911:.
10845:.
10814:.
10810:.
10788:.
10784::
10780:.
10754:.
10746:.
10736:31
10734:.
10718:^
10700:.
10629:.
10590:.
10582:.
10572:34
10570:.
10564:.
10534:.
10508:^
10494:.
10486:.
10474:.
10451:.
10439:.
10429:.
10421:.
10379:.
10287:23
10285:.
10261:^
10216:.
10208:.
10196:.
10159:15
10157:.
10118:^
10108:.
9941:.
9902:.
9858:.
9825:.
9705:.
9567:.
9548:^
9501:.
9462:.
9454:.
9415:.
9385:^
9324:.
9293:.
9291:78
9260:.
9234:^
9216:.
9175:14
9169:.
9138:.
9103:.
9059:.
9057:77
9041:^
9011:.
9007:.
8981:.
8975:.
8880:^
8857:.
8815:24
8813:.
8727:.
8717:.
8673:.
8634:.
8626:.
8616:.
8575:.
8571:.
8544:.
8536:.
8528:.
8518:47
8516:.
8512:.
8465::
8461:.
8401:.
8391:12
8389:.
8385:.
8358:.
8350:.
8342:.
8332:41
8330:.
8324:.
8307:^
8281:.
8269:.
8230:.
8210:;
8197:^
8154::
8150:.
8128:^
8107:.
8052:.
8040:.
8020:;
8002:.
7990:.
7976:.
7955:.
7943:.
7913:.
7901:.
7862:.
7779:;
7744:.
7718:.
7708:.
7692:^
7663:^
7608:.
7600:.
7592:.
7582:23
7580:.
7576:.
7498::
7487:,
7469:,
7465::
7441:;
7429:,
7425::
7413:,
7401:,
7388:,
7379:,
7375::
7360::
7345::
7332:,
7316:,
7312::
7157:c.
7123:,
6959:,
6955:,
6933:.
6925:,
6921:,
6817:,
6766:.
6690:,
6686:,
6682:,
6678:,
6674:,
6670:,
6666:,
6658:,
6654:,
6650:,
6626:,
6622:,
6618:,
6614:,
6602:,
6594:,
6582:,
6570:,
6566:,
6424:.
6420:,
6416:,
6412:,
6386:ud
6365:.
6337:,
6333:,
6103:.
6075:.
6056:.
6036:,
5953:.
5929:,
5913:,
5895:.
5649:/
5631:.
5259:,
5031:.
4987:.
4979:,
4975:,
4936:,
4890:,
4748:,
4732:,
4638:c.
4636:,
4450:.
4438:,
4413:.
4209:,
4125:.
4113:;
4103:;
3995:.
3972:.
3846:d.
3832:r.
3693:.
2568:c.
2453:.
2339:c.
2298:,
1945:.
1794:.
1786:,
1610:,
920:,
916:,
912:,
728:c.
547:c.
497:c.
461::
334:c.
76:c.
20923:)
20907:(
20694:e
20687:t
20680:v
20401:e
20394:t
20387:v
18930:)
18926:(
18907:e
18900:t
18893:v
18765:e
18758:t
18751:v
17557:e
17550:t
17543:v
17526:.
17420:*
17071:)
17067:(
16189:e
16182:t
16175:v
16083:)
16073:(
15648:)
15642:(
15489:)
15485:(
14581:e
14574:t
14567:v
13992:/
13775:)
13426:e
13419:t
13412:v
13367:)
13359:(
13354:)
13314:)
13306:1
13256:.
13241:.
13208:.
13175:.
13153:.
13141:.
13121:.
13100:.
13081:.
13048:.
13015:.
12985:.
12951:.
12884:.
12870::
12843:.
12819::
12788:.
12739:.
12714:.
12700::
12681:.
12669::
12661::
12638:.
12596:.
12569:.
12543:.
12518:.
12493:.
12463:9
12419:.
12391:.
12287:.
12262:.
12235:.
12210:.
12171:.
12081:.
12049:.
12019:.
11983:.
11797:.
11772:.
11748:.
11724:.
11689:.
11678:-
11639:.
11580:.
11576::
11549:.
11523:.
11496:.
11444:.
11393:.
11368:.
11330:.
11204:.
11178:.
11143:.
11113:.
11083:.
11021:.
10996:.
10957:.
10927:.
10897:.
10857:.
10792::
10762:.
10750::
10742::
10712:.
10641:.
10602:.
10578::
10546:.
10502:.
10482::
10476:2
10425::
10391:.
10350:.
10204::
10198:9
10169:.
10165::
10090:.
10034:.
10009:.
9981:.
9953:.
9914:.
9875:.
9837:.
9773:.
9747:.
9721:.
9691:.
9636:.
9611:.
9586:.
9542:.
9509:.
9474:.
9427:.
9380:.
9366:.
9340:.
9310:.
9272:.
9228:.
9189:.
9155:.
9115:.
9076:.
9023:.
8993:.
8952:.
8765:.
8739:.
8711::
8690:.
8667::
8646:.
8612::
8591:.
8577:1
8556:.
8524::
8483:(
8481:.
8438:.
8413:.
8370:.
8338::
8242:.
8172:(
8170:.
7874:.
7799:)
7797:.
7754:.
7740::
7645:.
7620:.
7588::
7327:s
7303:/
7300:n
7297:ə
7294:m
7291:ə
7288:t
7285:ɒ
7282:ˈ
7279:/
7189:.
7137:'
7131:'
7117:(
7107:(
7093:(
6877:(
6867:.
6646:/
6642:/
6638:/
6590:/
6586:/
6440:(
6253:(
5855:(
5841:(
5823:(
5760:(
5735:(
5491:e
5484:t
5477:v
5170:,
5114:,
5098:z
4944:(
4848:.
4820:.
4624:(
4519:.
4434:/
4430:/
4037:.
3925:(
3895:(
3844:(
3630:e
3623:t
3616:v
3181:)
2326:e
2319:t
2312:v
2302:)
2294:(
1982:(
1943:'
1935:'
1921:(
1916:s
1909:'
1901:'
1887:(
1882:s
1867:(
924:(
495:(
455:)
451:(
380:)
376:(
367:)
363:(
346:)
342:(
332:(
235:"
231:"
212:"
207:"
203:"
188:"
184:"
169:"
165:"
61:s
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.