The Prince - Knowledge

439: 771:, Machiavelli turns to the ways a state can attack other territories or defend itself. The two most essential foundations for any state, whether old or new, are sound laws and strong military forces. A self-sufficient prince is one who can meet any enemy on the battlefield. He should be "armed" with his own arms. However, a prince that relies solely on fortifications or on the help of others and stands on the defensive is not self-sufficient. If he cannot raise a formidable army, but must rely on defense, he must fortify his city. A well-fortified city is unlikely to be attacked, and if it is, most armies cannot endure an extended siege. However, during a siege a virtuous prince will keep the morale of his subjects high while removing all 1057:

becoming despised." Flatterers were seen as a great danger to a prince, because their flattery could cause him to avoid wise counsel in favor of rash action, but avoiding all advice, flattery or otherwise, was equally bad; a middle road had to be taken. A prudent prince should have a select group of wise counselors to advise him truthfully on matters all the time. All their opinions should be taken into account. Ultimately, the decision should be made by the prince and carried out absolutely. If a prince is given to changing his mind, his reputation will suffer. A prince must have the wisdom to recognize good advice from bad. Machiavelli gives a negative example in

1087::206) it was traditional in the genre of Mirrors of Princes to mention fortune, but "Fortune pervades The Prince as she does no other similar work". Machiavelli argues that fortune is only the judge of half of our actions and that we have control over the other half with "sweat", prudence and virtue. Even more unusual, rather than simply suggesting caution as a prudent way to try to avoid the worst of bad luck, Machiavelli holds that the greatest princes in history tend to be ones who take more risks, and rise to power through their own labour, virtue, prudence, and particularly by their ability to adapt to changing circumstances. 549:

benefit from the new order will be less enthusiastic in their support, because the new order is unfamiliar and they are not certain it will live up to its promises. Moreover, it is impossible for the prince to satisfy everybody's expectations. Inevitably, he will disappoint some of his followers. Therefore, a prince must have the means to force his supporters to keep supporting him even when they start having second thoughts, otherwise he will lose his power. Only armed prophets, like Moses, succeed in bringing lasting change. Machiavelli claims that Moses killed uncountable numbers of his own people in order to enforce his will.

1217::75) says, even if it was somewhat controversial. However, Machiavelli went far beyond other authors in his time, who in his opinion left things to fortune, and therefore to bad rulers, because of their Christian beliefs. He used the words "virtue" and "prudence" to refer to glory-seeking and spirited excellence of character, in strong contrast to the traditional Christian uses of those terms, but more keeping with the original pre-Christian Greek and Roman concepts from which they derived. He encouraged ambition and risk taking. So in another break with tradition, he treated not only stability, but also radical 359:. Commentators note that in fact he mixes discussion of republics into this work in many places, effectively treating republics as a type of princedom with many strengths. More importantly, and less traditionally, he distinguishes new princedoms from established hereditary princedoms. He deals with hereditary princedoms quickly in Chapter 2, saying that they are much easier to rule. For such a prince, "unless extraordinary vices cause him to be hated, it is reasonable to expect that his subjects will be naturally well disposed towards him". 1388: 34: 2121::297): "Machiavelli is the only political thinker whose name has come into common use for designating a kind of politics, which exists and will continue to exist independently of his influence, a politics guided exclusively by considerations of expediency, which uses all means, fair or foul, iron or poison, for achieving its ends – its end being the aggrandizement of one's country or fatherland – but also using the fatherland in the service of the self-aggrandizement of the politician or statesman or one's party". 1120::222–30) showed that including such exhortation was not unusual in the genre of books full of advice for princes. But it is unusual that the Medici family's position of Papal power is openly named as something that should be used as a personal power base, as a tool of secular politics. Indeed, one example is the Borgia family's "recent" and controversial attempts to use church power in secular politics, often brutally executed. This continues a controversial theme throughout the book. 728: 4443: 1129: 1229:. Machiavelli justifies this position by explaining how if "a prince did not win love he may escape hate" by personifying injustice and immorality; therefore, he will never loosen his grip since "fear is held by the apprehension of punishment" and never diminishes as time goes by. For a political theorist to do this in public was one of Machiavelli's clearest breaks not just with medieval scholasticism, but with the classical tradition of 963:

men are content as long as they are not deprived of their property and women, and only a minority of men are ambitious enough to be a concern. A prince should command respect through his conduct, because a prince who raises no contempt of the nobles and maintains the satisfaction of the people, Machiavelli assures, should have no fear of conspirators working with external powers. Conspiracy is very difficult and risky in such a situation.

1373: 820:") of the thing than to the imagination of it". This section is one where Machiavelli's pragmatic ideal can be seen most clearly. Machiavelli reasons that since princes come across men who are evil, he should learn how to be equally evil himself, and use this ability or not according to necessity. Concerning the behavior of a prince toward his subjects, Machiavelli announces that he will depart from what other writers say, and writes: 4122: 1870:, in her essay "Trapping The Prince", writes that Machiavelli's agenda was not to be satirical, as Rousseau had argued, but instead was "offering carefully crafted advice (such as arming the people) designed to undo the ruler if taken seriously and followed." By this account, the aim was to reestablish the republic in Florence. She focuses on three categories in which Machiavelli gives paradoxical advice: 581:, to commit acts of violence. When Remirro started to become hated for his actions, Borgia responded by ordering him to be "cut in two" to show the people that the cruelty was not from him, although it was. When some of his mercenary captains started to plot against him, he had them captured and executed. When it looked as though the king of France would abandon him, Borgia sought new alliances. 790:

kingdom. Through this, he can best learn how to protect his territory and advance upon others. For intellectual strength, he is advised to study great military men so he may imitate their successes and avoid their mistakes. A prince who is diligent in times of peace will be ready in times of adversity. Machiavelli writes, "thus, when fortune turns against him he will be prepared to resist it."

533: 927:. Although Hannibal's army consisted of men of various races, they were never rebellious because they feared their leader. Machiavelli says this required "inhuman cruelty" which he refers to as a virtue. Scipio's men, on the other hand, were known for their mutiny and dissension, due to Scipio's "excessive mercy" – which was, however, a source of glory because he lived in a republic. 501::34) notes that this chapter is quite atypical of any previous books for princes. Gilbert supposed the need to discuss conquering free republics is linked to Machiavelli's project to unite Italy, which contained some free republics. As he also notes, the chapter in any case makes it clear that holding such a state is highly difficult for a prince. Machiavelli gives three options: 1103::125–30) points out that what Machiavelli actually says is that Italians in his time leave things not just to fortune, but to "fortune and God". Machiavelli is indicating in this passage, as in some others in his works, that Christianity itself was making Italians helpless and lazy concerning their own politics, as if they would leave dangerous rivers uncontrolled. 880: 2908:, two men who had managed to stay in public service under the Medici, unlike Machiavelli. To Guicciardini for example he wrote concerning the selection of a preacher for Florence, that he would like a hypocritical one, and "I believe that the following would be the true way to go to Paradise: learn the way to Hell in order to steer clear of it." (Letter 270 in 363::19–23), comparing this claim to traditional presentations of advice for princes, wrote that the novelty in chapters 1 and 2 is the "deliberate purpose of dealing with a new ruler who will need to establish himself in defiance of custom". Normally, these types of works were addressed only to hereditary princes. He thinks Machiavelli may have been influenced by 611:. After Agathocles became Praetor of Syracuse, he called a meeting of the city's elite. At his signal, his soldiers killed all the senators and the wealthiest citizens, completely destroying the old oligarchy. He declared himself ruler with no opposition. So secure was his power that he could afford to absent himself to go off on military campaigns in Africa. 1160:, young Lorenzo's uncle, who however died in 1516. It is not certain that the work was ever read by any of the Medici before it was printed. Machiavelli describes the contents as being an un-embellished summary of his knowledge about the nature of princes and "the actions of great men", based not only on reading but also, unusually, on real experience. 808:

the only way to ensure loyalty from one's soldiers is to understand military matters. The two activities Machiavelli recommends practicing to prepare for war are physical and mental. Physically, he believes rulers should learn the landscape of their territories. Mentally, he encouraged the study of past military events. He also warns against idleness.

1192:), as opposed to relying on "imagined republics and principalities". He states the difference between honorable behavior and criminal behavior by using the metaphor of animals, saying that "there are two ways of contending, one in accordance with the laws, the other by force; the first of which is proper to men, the second to beast". In 856:

prince. Then, if he decides to discontinue or limit his generosity, he will be labeled as a miser. Thus, Machiavelli summarizes that guarding against the people's hatred is more important than building up a reputation for generosity. A wise prince should be willing to be more reputed a miser than be hated for trying to be too generous.

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than to one who makes himself feared." Fear is used as a means to ensure obedience from his subjects, and security for the prince. Above all, Machiavelli argues, a prince should not interfere with the property of their subjects or their women, and if they should try to kill someone, they should do it with a convenient justification.

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that he is reliable in that regard. Machiavelli advises the ruler to become a "great liar and deceiver", and that men are so easy to deceive, that the ruler won't have an issue with lying to others. He justifies this by saying that men are wicked, and never keep their words, therefore the ruler doesn't have to keep his.

782:, and in this he was innovative, and he also had personal experience in Florence. He believes they are useless to a ruler because they are undisciplined, cowardly, and without any loyalty, being motivated only by money. Machiavelli attributes the Italian city states' weakness to their reliance on mercenary armies. 1183::11) notes that "even if we were forced to grant that Machiavelli was essentially a patriot or a scientist, we would not be forced to deny that he was a teacher of evil". Furthermore, Machiavelli "was too thoughtful not to know what he was doing and too generous not to admit it to his reasonable friends". 1470:

of the courtiers". Another theme of Gentillet was more in the spirit of Machiavelli himself: he questioned the effectiveness of immoral strategies (just as Machiavelli had himself done, despite also explaining how they could sometimes work). This became the theme of much future political discourse in

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Roman emperors, on the other hand, had not only the majority and ambitious minority, but also a cruel and greedy military, who created extra problems as they demanded iniquity. While a prince should avoid being hated, he will eventually be hated by someone, so he must at least avoid the hatred of the

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Machiavelli advises that a prince should carefully calculate all the wicked deeds he needs to do to secure his power, and then execute them all in one stroke. In this way, his subjects will slowly forget his cruel deeds and the prince can better align himself with his subjects. Princes who fail to do

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Machiavelli notes in this chapter on the "natural and ordinary desire to acquire" and as such, those who act on this desire can be "praised or blamed" depending on the success of their acquisitions. He then goes into detail about how the King of France failed in his conquest of Italy, even saying how

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were regarded as shocking by contemporaries, and its immorality is still a subject of serious discussion. Although the work advises princes how to tyrannize, Machiavelli is generally thought to have preferred some form of republican government. Some commentators justify his acceptance of immoral and

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Machiavelli compares fortune to a torrential river that cannot be easily controlled during flooding season. In periods of calm, however, people can erect dams and levees in order to minimize its impact. Fortune, Machiavelli argues, seems to strike at the places where no resistance is offered, as had

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Machiavelli even encourages risk taking as a reaction to risk. In a well-known metaphor, Machiavelli writes that "it is better to be impetuous than cautious, because fortune is a woman; and it is necessary, if one wants to hold her down, to beat her and strike her down." Gilbert (p. 217) points

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In this chapter, Machiavelli uses "beasts" as a metaphor for unscrupulous behavior. He states that while lawful conduct is part of the nature of men, a prince should learn how to use the nature of both men and beasts wisely to ensure the stability of his regime. In this chapter however, his focus is

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As Machiavelli notes, "He should appear to be compassionate, faithful to his word, guileless, and devout. And indeed he should be so. But his disposition should be such that, if he needs to be the opposite, he knows how." As noted in chapter 15, the prince must appear to be virtuous in order to hide

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Machiavelli believes that a prince's main focus should be on perfecting the art of war. He believes that by taking this profession an aspiring prince will be able to acquire a state, and will be able to maintain what he has gained. He claims that "being disarmed makes you despised." He believes that

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Machiavelli also warns against using auxiliary forces, troops borrowed from an ally, because if they win, the employer is under their favor and if they lose, he is ruined. Auxiliary forces are more dangerous than mercenary forces because they are united and controlled by capable leaders who may turn

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who recently came to power by killing all his enemies, including his uncle Giovanni Fogliani, at a banquet. After he laid siege to the governing council and terrified the citizenry, he had then set up a government with himself as absolute ruler. However, in an ironic twist, Oliverotto was killed the

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while in prison recovering from an attempt on his life and was so inspired by it that once released from prison he changed his stage name to a pseudonym "Makaveli" stating, "Like, Machiavelli. My name is not Machiavelli. My name is Makaveli. I took it, that's mine. He gave me that. And I don't feel

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Machiavelli's descriptions encourage leaders to attempt to control their fortune gloriously, to the extreme extent that some situations may call for a fresh "founding" (or re-founding) of the "modes and orders" that define a community, despite the danger and necessary evil and lawlessness of such a

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Machiavelli notes that a prince is praised for keeping his word. However, he also notes that in reality, the most cunning princes succeed politically. A prince, therefore, should only keep his word when it suits his purposes, but do his utmost to maintain the illusion that he does keep his word and

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This chapter is possibly the most well-known of the work, and it is important because of the reasoning behind Machiavelli's famous idea that it is better to be feared than loved. His justification is purely pragmatic; as he notes, "Men worry less about doing an injury to one who makes himself loved

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This type of "principality" refers explicitly to the Catholic Church as an example, which is of course not traditionally thought of as a principality. According to Machiavelli, these are relatively easy to maintain, once founded. They do not need to defend themselves militarily, nor to govern their

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Machiavelli then states that the behavior of Agathocles is not simply virtue, as he says, "Yet one cannot call it virtue to kill one's citizens, betray one's friends, to be without faith, without mercy, without religion; these modes can enable one to acquire empire, but not glory. Nonetheless, his

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According to Machiavelli, when a prince comes to power through luck or the blessings of powerful figures within the regime, he typically has an easy time gaining power but a hard time keeping it thereafter, because his power is dependent on his benefactors' goodwill. He does not command the loyalty

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Machiavelli, in his introduction, stated that "I have not embellished or crammed this book with rounded periods or big, impressive words, or with any blandishment or superfluous decoration of the kind which many are in the habit of using to describe or adorn what they have produced". This has been

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After first mentioning that a new prince can quickly become as respected as a hereditary one, Machiavelli says princes in Italy who had longstanding power and lost it cannot blame bad luck, but should blame their own indolence. One "should never fall in the belief that you can find someone to pick

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Machiavelli divides the fears which monarchs should have into internal (domestic) and external (foreign) fears. Internal fears exist inside his kingdom and focus on his subjects, Machiavelli warns to be suspicious of everyone when hostile attitudes emerge. Machiavelli observes that the majority of

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If a prince is overly generous to his subjects, Machiavelli asserts he will not be appreciated, and will only cause greed for more. Additionally, being overly generous is not economical, because eventually all resources will be exhausted. This results in higher taxes, and will bring grief upon the

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Men have imagined republics and principalities that never really existed at all. Yet the way men live is so far removed from the way they ought to live that anyone who abandons what is for what should be pursues his downfall rather than his preservation; for a man who strives after goodness in all

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A principality is put into place either by the "great" or the "people" when they have the opportunity to take power, but find resistance from the other side. They assign a leader who can be popular to the people while the great benefit, or a strong authority defending the people against the great.

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Machiavelli writes that reforming an existing order is one of the most dangerous and difficult things a prince can do. Part of the reason is that people are naturally resistant to change and reform. Those who benefited from the old order will resist change very fiercely, and those who may stand to

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The main concern for a prince should be war, or the preparation thereof, not books. Through war a hereditary prince maintains his power or a private citizen rises to power. Machiavelli advises that a prince must frequently hunt in order to keep his body fit and learn the landscape surrounding his

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A "civil principality" is one in which a citizen comes to power "not through crime or other intolerable violence", but by the support of his fellow citizens. This, he says, does not require extreme virtue or fortune, only "fortunate astuteness". For this is one of the four means of coming about a

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is cited by Machiavelli as an example of a monarch who gained esteem by showing his ability through great feats and who, in the name of religion, conquered many territories and kept his subjects occupied so that they had no chance to rebel. Regarding two warring states, Machiavelli asserts it is

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This chapter displays a low opinion of flatterers; Machiavelli notes that "Men are so happily absorbed in their own affairs and indulge in such self-deception that it is difficult for them not to fall victim to this plague; and some efforts to protect oneself from flatterers involve the risk of

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In addressing the question of whether it is better to be loved or feared, Machiavelli writes, "The answer is that one would like to be both the one and the other; but because it is difficult to combine them, it is far safer to be feared than loved if you cannot be both." As Machiavelli asserts,

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Machiavelli begins this chapter by addressing how mercy can be misused which will harm the prince and his dominion. He ends by stating that a prince should not shrink from being cruel if it means that it will keep his subjects in line. After all, it will help him maintain his rule. He gives the

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Machiavelli goes on to say that a prince who obtains power through the support of the nobles has a harder time staying in power than someone who is chosen by the common people; since the former finds himself surrounded by people who consider themselves his equals. He has to resort to malevolent

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Regarding the troops of the prince, fear is absolutely necessary to keep a large garrison united and a prince should not mind the thought of cruelty in that regard. For a prince who leads his own army, it is imperative for him to observe cruelty because that is the only way he can command his

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Princes who rise to power through their own skill and resources (their "virtue") rather than luck tend to have a hard time rising to the top, but once they reach the top they are very secure in their position. This is because they effectively crush their opponents and earn great respect from

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in 1559, a measure which nearly stopped publication in Catholic areas except in France. Three principal writers took the field against Machiavelli between the publication of his works and their condemnation in 1559 and again by the Tridentine Index in 1564. These were the English cardinal

577:, but was also heavily dependent on mercenary armies loyal to the Orsini brothers and the support of the French king. Borgia won over the allegiance of the Orsini brothers' followers with better pay and prestigious government posts. To pacify the Romagna, he sent in his henchman, 1151:

in 1513. It is known from his personal correspondence that it was written during 1513, the year after the Medici regained control of Florence, and a few months after Machiavelli's arrest, torture, and banishment by the in-coming Medici regime. It was discussed for a long time with

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Those who are not bound to the new prince: Once again, these need to be divided into two types – those with a weak spirit (a prince can make use of them if they are of good counsel) and those who shun being bound because of their own ambition (these should be watched and feared as

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and its forerunners, but still sees the same innovations as other commentators. Machiavelli's writings continue to be a provocative examination of leadership and government that poses age-old issues regarding the nature of power and the decisions that rulers must make to preserve

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This interpretation was famously put forth by scholar Garrett Mattingly (1958), who stated that "In some ways, Machiavelli's little treatise was just like all the other 'Mirrors of Princes', in other ways it was a diabolical burlesque of all of them, like a political Black Mass."

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p. xxii to summarize Machiavelli's stance concerning fortune, was a classical saying. That the desire for glory of spirited young men can and should be allowed or even encouraged, because it is how the best rulers come to be, is a theory expressed most famously by Plato in his

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The selection of good servants is reflected directly upon the prince's intelligence, so if they are loyal, the prince is considered wise; however, when they are otherwise, the prince is open to adverse criticism. Machiavelli asserts that there are three types of intelligence:

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Machiavelli mentions that placing fortresses in conquered territories, although it sometimes works, often fails. Using fortresses can be a good plan, but Machiavelli says he shall "blame anyone who, trusting in fortresses, thinks little of being hated by the people". He cited

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If the prince does not have the first type of intelligence, he should at the very least have the second type. For, as Machiavelli states, "A prince needs to have the discernment to recognize the good or bad in what another says or does even though he has no acumen himself".

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criminal actions by leaders by arguing that he lived during a time of continuous political conflict and instability in Italy, and that his influence has increased the "pleasures, equality and freedom" of many people, loosening the grip of medieval Catholicism's "classical

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More generally, Machiavelli emphasizes that one should have regard not only for present problems but also for the future ones. One should not "enjoy the benefit of time", but rather the benefit of one's virtue and prudence, because time can bring evil, as well as good.

1209:" in a leader, and saw such virtues as essential to good politics. That great men should develop and use their virtue and prudence was a traditional theme of advice to Christian princes. And that more virtue meant less reliance on chance was a classically influenced " 1023:

Machiavelli also notes that it is wise for a prince not to ally with a stronger force unless compelled to do so. In conclusion, the most important virtue is having the wisdom to discern what ventures will come with the most reward and then pursuing them courageously.

1495:. These authors criticized Machiavelli, but also followed him in many ways. They accepted the need for a prince to be concerned with reputation, and even a need for cunning and deceit, but compared to Machiavelli, and like later modernist writers, they emphasized 643::51–55) remarks that this chapter is even less traditional than those it follows, not only in its treatment of criminal behavior, but also in the advice to take power from people at a stroke, noting that precisely the opposite had been advised by Aristotle in his 1323::1122), "Ad Herennium ... offers a model of an ethical system that not only condones the practice of force and deception but appears to regard them as habitual and indeed germane to political activity". This makes it an ideal text for Machiavelli to have used. 829:

Since there are many possible qualities that a prince can be said to possess, he must not be overly concerned about having all the good ones. Also, a prince may be perceived to be merciful, faithful, humane, frank, and religious, but most important is only to

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Machiavelli discusses the recent history of the Church as if it were a princedom that was in competition to conquer Italy against other princes. He points to factionalism as a historical weak point in the Church, and points to the recent example of the

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no guilt". "That's what got me here, My reading. It's not like I idolize this one guy Machiavelli. I idolize that type of thinking where you do whatever's gonna make you achieve your goal." Only eight weeks after Tupac Shakur died from gunshot wounds,

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The way to judge the strength of a princedom is to see whether it can defend itself, or whether it needs to depend on allies. This does not just mean that the cities should be prepared and the people trained; a prince who is hated is also exposed.

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Each of the following chapters presents a discussion about a particular virtue or vice that a prince might have, and is therefore structured in a way which appears like traditional advice for a prince. However, the advice is far from traditional.

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Machiavelli makes an important distinction between two groups that are present in every city, and have very different appetites driving them: the "great" and the "people". The "great" wish to oppress and rule the "people", while the "people" wish

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he does not explain what he thinks the best ethical or political goals are, except the control of one's own fortune, as opposed to waiting to see what chance brings. Machiavelli took it for granted that would-be leaders naturally aim at glory or

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Machiavelli's ideas on how to accrue honour and power as a leader had a profound impact on political leaders throughout the modern West, helped by the new technology of the printing press. Pole reported that it was spoken of highly by his enemy

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as a model for new rulers to emulate, as he "embodied both the fox and the lion". Severus outwitted and killed his military rivals, and although he oppressed the people, Machiavelli says that he kept the common people "satisfied and stupified".

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interpreted as showing a distancing from traditional rhetoric styles, but there are echoes of classical rhetoric in several areas. In Chapter 18, for example, he uses a metaphor of a lion and a fox, examples of force and cunning; according to

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has attracted extensive commentary over centuries. Machiavelli's writings continue to provoke examination of leadership and government, posing age-old issues regarding the nature of power and the decisions that rulers must make to preserve it.

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argued that Machiavelli's audience for this work was not the classes who already rule (or have "hegemony") over the common people, but the common people themselves, trying to establish a new hegemony, and making Machiavelli the first "Italian

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He discourages liberality and favors deceit to guarantee support from the people. Yet Machiavelli is keenly aware of the fact that an earlier pro-republican coup had been thwarted by the people's inaction that itself stemmed from the prince's

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One cannot by fair dealing, and without injury to others, satisfy the nobles, but you can satisfy the people, for their object is more righteous than that of the nobles, the latter wishing to oppress, while the former only desire not to be

2891::10–11) writes that "Machiavelli understood it as collective selfishness." It is Machiavelli's indifferent "comprehensive reflection" about right and wrong, which is "the core of Machiavelli's thought," not love of the fatherland as such. 944:

solely on the "beastly" natures. In particular, he compares the use of force to the "lion", and the use of deception to the "fox", and advises the prince to study them both. In employing this metaphor, Machiavelli apparently references

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was pope at the time the book was written and a member of the Medici family. This chapter directly appeals to the Medici to use what has been summarized in order to conquer Italy using Italian armies, following the advice in the book.

1439::17) reports, in the 16th century, Catholic writers "associated Machiavelli with the Protestants, whereas Protestant authors saw him as Italian and Catholic". In fact, he was apparently influencing both Catholic and Protestant kings. 1221:, as possible aims of a prince in a political community. Managing major reforms can show off a Prince's virtue and give him glory. He clearly felt Italy needed major reform in his time, and this opinion of his time is widely shared. 552:

Machiavelli was not the first thinker to notice this pattern. Allan Gilbert wrote: "In wishing new laws and yet seeing danger in them Machiavelli was not himself an innovator," because this idea was traditional and could be found in

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and other works of Renaissance literature. Machiavelli illustrates his reasoning using remarkable comparisons of classical, biblical, and medieval events, including many seemingly positive references to the murderous career of

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of the armies and officials that maintain his authority, and these can be withdrawn from him at a whim. Having risen the easy way, it is not even certain such a prince has the skill and strength to stand on his own feet.

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Machiavelli was a proper man and a good citizen; but, being attached to the court of the Medici, he could not help veiling his love of liberty in the midst of his country's oppression. The choice of his detestable hero,

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style, it was generally agreed as being especially innovative. This is partly because it was written in the vernacular Italian rather than Latin, a practice that had become increasingly popular since the publication of

557:'s writings. But Machiavelli went much further than any other author in his emphasis on this aim, and Gilbert associates Machiavelli's emphasis upon such drastic aims with the level of corruption to be found in Italy. 1276:

which showed a wise man dealing sympathetically with a tyrant, coming close to what Machiavelli would do in uprooting the ideal of "the imagined prince". Xenophon however, like Plato and Aristotle, was a follower of

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shows that this profound political thinker has so far been studied only by superficial or corrupt readers. The Court of Rome sternly prohibited his book. I can well believe it; for it is that Court it most clearly

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Those who are bound to the prince: Concerning these it is important to distinguish between two types of obligated great people, those who are rapacious and those who are not. It is the latter who can and should be

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savage cruelty and inhumanity, together with his infinite crimes, do not permit him to be celebrated among the most excellent men. Thus, one cannot attribute to fortune or virtue what he achieved without either."

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He encourages the prince to live in the city he conquers. This opposes the Medici's habitual policy of living outside the city. It also makes it easier for rebels or a civilian militia to attack and overthrow the

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commitments made in peace are not always kept in adversity; however, commitments made in fear are kept out of fear. Yet, a prince must ensure that he is not feared to the point of hatred, which is very possible.

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philosophy developed in the 16th, 17th and 18th century, starting in the generations after Machiavelli. The importance of Machiavelli's realism was noted by many important figures in this endeavor, for example

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When the kingdom revolves around the king, with everyone else his servant, then it is difficult to enter, but easy to hold. The solution is to eliminate the old bloodline of the prince. Machiavelli used the

276:, which was written a few years later. In its use of near-contemporary Italians as examples of people who perpetrated criminal deeds for political ends, another lesser-known work by Machiavelli to which 1609:

has been noted by some literary critics as being archetypal in adhering to Machiavelli's ideals by advancing himself through machination and duplicity with the consequence of causing the demise of both

1172:", which "disregarded not only the needs of individuals and the wants of the common man, but stifled innovation, enterprise, and enquiry into cause and effect relationships that now allow us to control 2900:

Much of Machiavelli's personal correspondence with other Florentines is preserved, including some of the most famous letters in Italian. Of particular interest for example, are some of his letters to

540:

as a conquering prince, who founded new modes and orders by force of arms, which he used willingly to kill many of his own people. Other sources describe the reasons behind his success differently.

966:

Machiavelli apparently seems to go back on his rule that a prince can evade hate, as he says that he will eventually be hated by someone, so he should seek to avoid being hated by the commonfolk.

940:

his actions, and he should be able to be otherwise when the time calls for it; that includes being able to lie, though however much he lies he should always keep the appearance of being truthful.

573:

as an example of a lucky prince who escaped this pattern. Through cunning political maneuvers, he managed to secure his power base. Cesare was made commander of the papal armies by his father,

430:

he could have succeeded. Machiavelli views doing harm to enemies as a necessity, stating, "if an injury is to be done to a man, it should be so severe that the prince is not in fear of revenge".

2841:, p. 12) writes that "We shall not hesitate to assert, as very many have asserted before us, and we shall later on try to prove, that Machiavelli's teaching is immoral and irreligious." 1135:, Duke of Valentinois. According to Machiavelli, a risk taker and example of a prince who acquired by "fortune". Failed in the end because of one mistake: he was naïve to trust a new Pope. 4274: 1270::236) wrote: "The Cyrus of Xenophon was a hero to many a literary man of the sixteenth century, but for Machiavelli he lived". Xenophon also, as Strauss pointed out, wrote a dialogue, 584:

Finally, Machiavelli makes a point that bringing new benefits to a conquered people will not be enough to cancel the memory of old injuries, an idea Allan Gilbert said can be found in

907:, whose cruelty protected him from rebellions. He does not contrast this example with the leaders of Florence, who, through too much mercy, allowed disorders to plague their city. 334:") to cover, in neutral terms, "all forms of organization of supreme political power, whether republican or princely". How the word "state" acquired its modern meaning during the 4179: 3151:

Bacon wrote: "We are much beholden to Machiavelli and other writers of that class who openly and unfeignedly declare or describe what men do, and not what they ought to do."

1551:. Although he was not always mentioned by name as an inspiration, due to his controversy, he is also thought to have been an influence for other major philosophers, such as 978:

Machiavelli notes that in his time only the Turkish empire had the problem of the Romans, because in other lands the people had become more powerful than the military.

637:

this, who hesitate in their ruthlessness, will have to "keep a knife by his side" and protect himself at all costs, as he can never trust himself amongst his subjects.

1906:

Hans Baron is one of the few major commentators who argues that Machiavelli must have changed his mind dramatically in favour of free republics, after having written

4223: 408:

Machiavelli generalizes that there were several virtuous Roman ways to hold a newly acquired province, using a republic as an example of how new princes can act:

649:(5.11.1315a13). On the other hand, Gilbert shows that another piece of advice in this chapter, to give benefits when it will not appear forced, was traditional. 1016:

If you are more powerful, then your allies are under your command; if your allies are stronger, they will always feel a certain obligation to you for your help.

842:

to act against them. Although a bad reputation should be avoided, it is sometimes necessary to have one. In fact, he must sometimes deliberately choose evil:

466:

In some cases, the old king of the conquered kingdom depended on his lords; 16th-century France, or in other words France as it was at the time of writing of

3373: 600:

Conquests by "criminal virtue" are ones in which the new prince secures his power through cruel, immoral deeds, such as the elimination of political rivals.

486:, to illustrate this point, and then noted that the Medici, if they think about it, will find this historical example similar to the "kingdom of the Turk" ( 816:

Because, says Machiavelli, he wants to write something useful to those who understand, he thought it more fitting "to go directly to the effectual truth ("

666:

to be ruled or oppressed. A principality is not the only outcome possible from these appetites, because it can also lead to either "liberty" or "license".

251:, in which practical effect is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal. Its world view came in direct conflict with the dominant Catholic and 1075:

you up". They all showed a defect of arms (already discussed) and either had a hostile populace or did not know to secure themselves against the great.

2574: 338:

has been the subject of much academic debate, with this sentence and similar ones in the works of Machiavelli being considered particularly important.

3402: 2718: 2417: 2337: 2308: 6323: 4302: 196:). However, the printed version was not published until 1532, five years after Machiavelli's death. This was carried out with the permission of the 4170: 1886:

According to Dietz, the trap never succeeded because Lorenzo – "a suspicious prince" – apparently never read the work of the "former republican."

4003: 400:

New princedoms are either totally new or they are "mixed", meaning that they are new parts of an older state, already belonging to that prince.

4477: 2244:" in the only context in which he speaks of "the beginning of the world." Strauss gives evidence that Machiavelli was knowingly influenced by 1855:

Whether or not the word "satire" is the best choice, the interpretation is very rare amongst those who study Machiavelli's works. For example

970:

most powerful, and for the Roman emperors this included the military who demanded iniquity against the people out of their own greed. He uses

519:

Machiavelli advises the ruler to go the first route, stating that if a prince does not destroy a city, he can expect "to be destroyed by it".

6413: 4216: 3619: 3682:

Guarini, Elena (1999), "Machiavelli and the crisis of the Italian republics", in Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio (eds.),

2168: 3088: 2799: 3513: 2883:"conveys a general teaching" and only uses specific historical facts and experience as a basis for such generalizing. On the other hand 2879::54–55) says that this description of Machiavelli as a scientist "is defensible and even helpful provided it is properly meant" because 6403: 6388: 5267: 4908: 3851:

Worden, Blair (1999), "Milton's republicanism and the tyranny of heaven", in Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio (eds.),

3021: 1878:

He supports arming the people despite the fact that he knows the Florentines are decidedly pro-democratic and would oppose the prince.

1466:

in 1576. He accused Machiavelli of being an atheist and accused politicians of his time by saying that they treated his works as the "

258:

This short treatise is the most remembered of Machiavelli's works, and the most responsible for the later pejorative use of the word "

1225:

project. Founding a wholly new state, or even a new religion, using injustice and immorality has even been called the chief theme of

1061:; Maximilian, who was secretive, never consulted others, but once he ordered his plans and met dissent, he immediately changed them. 392:. Machiavelli also ignores the classical distinctions between the good and corrupt forms, for example between monarchy and tyranny. 5452: 2985::289).) But as Strauss points out, Plato asserts that there is a higher type of life, and Machiavelli does not seem to accept this. 1140: 871:, because spending what is someone else's does not take reputation from you but adds it to you; only spending your own hurts you". 370:

This categorization of regime types is also "un-Aristotelian" and apparently simpler than the traditional one found for example in

6408: 4446: 4209: 6060: 5362: 6368: 5481: 4288: 1156:– a friend of Machiavelli – whom he wanted to pass it and commend it to the Medici. The book had originally been intended for 6373: 5469: 3261: 2914: 2141: 1942: 1773: 1638: 308: 6363: 4188: 2753::176), that "one of the doctors of Italy, Nicholas Machiavel, had the confidence to put in writing, almost in plain terms, 2664: 1313::217), "the Roman author from whom Machiavelli in all likelihood drew the simile of the lion and the fox" was Cicero. The 6170: 6080: 2134:, written 10 Dec 1513. This is letter 224 in the translated correspondence edition of James B. Atkinson and David Sices: 545:

everyone else. Because they are strong and more self-sufficient, they have to make fewer compromises with their allies.

6195: 2232::222) says, "Machiavelli indicates his fundamental disagreement with Aristotle's doctrine of the whole by substituting " 438: 4470: 3806: 3655: 1986: 4248: 3788:

Haitsma Mulier, Eco (1999), "A controversial republican", in Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio (eds.),

4038: 3918: 3579: 3527: 3031: 2940: 2674: 2636: 2507: 2456: 2400: 1979: 1157: 683:

Also a prince cannot afford to keep the common people hostile as they are larger in number while the nobles smaller.

6398: 6393: 6140: 4590: 1432: 1058: 3381: 1634:

and subsequent development of the English Constitution was strongly influenced by Machiavelli's political thought.

706:

One should avoid ruling via magistrates, if one wishes to be able to "ascend" to absolute rule quickly and safely.

5096: 4947: 2224:

Although Machiavelli makes many references to classical sources, these do not include the customary deference to

775:. Thus, as long as the city is properly defended and has enough supplies, a wise prince can withstand any siege. 412:

to install one's princedom in the new acquisition, or to install colonies of one's people there, which is better.

4095: 6297: 6150: 5036: 4295: 3873: 2233: 2035: 1009:

always wiser to choose a side, rather than to be neutral. Machiavelli then provides the following reasons why:

1503:

as their source for realist political advice, rather than Machiavelli, and this pretense came to be known as "

954:, and subverts its conclusion, arguing instead that dishonorable behavior is sometimes politically necessary. 6337: 6210: 5432: 4463: 4309: 3459: 3445: 1807:

speculated that it was a work designed not to mock, but to secretly expose corrupt princely rule. And in his

1424: 282: 2821:, p. 181) says that some people "might hold Machiavelli to some extent responsible for the crimes of a 2726: 2626: 2582: 2446: 2425: 2345: 2316: 1859:

states that he cannot find anything other than Machiavelli's work that "reads less" like a satirical piece.

1078: 6235: 6230: 5924: 4962: 4595: 4390: 4323: 3410: 2791: 2094:, a medieval treatise also known as "Book of the science of government: on the good ordering of statecraft" 2063: 470:, is given by Machiavelli as an example of such a kingdom. These are easy to enter, but difficult to hold. 898:, who showed the weakness of "excessive mercy" and who could therefore only have held power in a republic. 686:

Therefore, the great should be made and unmade every day. Two types of great people might be encountered:

6250: 6245: 6030: 1645:

are known or often proposed to have been strongly influenced by Machiavelli's political works, including

1348: 185:

appears to take it for granted that immoral acts are justified if they can help achieve political glory.

4164: 2930: 2497: 188:

From Machiavelli's correspondence, a version was apparently being written in 1513, using a Latin title,

4915: 4575: 4243: 3354: 1809: 5232: 3727:

Zerba, Michelle (2004), "The Frauds of Humanism: Cicero, Machiavelli, and the Rhetoric of Imposture",

846:

He who neglects what is done for what ought to be done, sooner effects his ruin than his preservation.

6383: 5279: 5222: 4807: 4015: 2854:, p. 182): "Machiavelli's book on principalities and his book on republics are both republican." 2837:, who had learned from him to excuse the murder of innocents by its supposed benefits for humanity." 1524: 1492: 6120: 4355: 4137: 3648:

The Counter-Reformation Prince: Anti-Machiavellianism or Catholic Statecraft in Early Modern Europe

2967: 2390: 1949: 1999:. Translated and Edited by Stephen J. Milner. Introduction, Notes and other critical apparatus by 462:, with similar characteristics to that of Darius—seen from the viewpoint of a potential conqueror. 6100: 6020: 5437: 5026: 4937: 2098: 1144: 20: 5834: 3635: 3238:

Barnes Smith, Margaret Michelle, "The Philosophy of Liberty: Locke's Machiavellian Teaching" in

1289::222–23) gives evidence that Machiavelli may have seen himself as having learned something from 629:

same way his opponents were, as Cesare Borgia had him strangled after he invited Oliverotto and

5427: 5407: 5257: 4927: 4555: 3569: 2905: 2176: 1315: 1092: 1005: 709:

One should make sure that the people need the prince, especially if a time of need should come.

619: 608: 604: 5294: 4232: 3178: 2009:

El Principe/The Prince: Comentado Por Napoleon Bonaparte / Commentaries by Napoleon Buonaparte

1106: 859:

On the other hand: "of what is not yours or your subjects' one can be a bigger giver, as were

174: 47: 6378: 5581: 5536: 5347: 4942: 3781:

Between Friends: Discourses of Power and Desire in the Machiavelli-Vettori Letters of 1513–15

2755:

That the Christian faith had given up good men in prey to those who are tyrannical and unjust

1814: 1536: 1391: 1301:, which was however not associated with political realism, or even any interest in politics. 1282: 1163:

The types of political behavior which are discussed with apparent approval by Machiavelli in

5397: 1139:

As shown by his letter of dedication, Machiavelli's work eventually came to be dedicated to

1043:

The kind that does not understand for itself, nor through others – which is useless to have.

6090: 5970: 5739: 5546: 5387: 5314: 5006: 4967: 4952: 4486: 4383: 4362: 4316: 3276: 2049: 1795: 1488: 1361: 1245: 1230: 645: 376: 248: 178: 171: 5561: 4156: 879: 652: 490:) in their time – making this a potentially easier conquest to hold than France would be. 8: 6358: 6280: 6160: 6130: 6050: 5576: 5516: 4837: 4757: 3359: 2887:, p. 11): "Machiavelli's works abound with "value-judgments". Concerning patriotism 2241: 2090: 2083: 1826:, clearly enough shows his hidden aim; and the contradiction between the teaching of the 1673: 1642: 1631: 1611: 1596: 1583: 1552: 1472: 1428: 1420: 1364:, both of whom lived for many years in Italy, and the Italian humanist and later bishop, 1173: 1079:

How Much Fortune Can Do in Human Affairs, and in What Mode It May Be Opposed (Chapter 25)

868: 483: 451: 217: 5324: 3910: 1844: 1442:

One of the most important early works dedicated to criticism of Machiavelli, especially

1147:, and a member of the ruling Florentine Medici family, whose uncle Giovanni became Pope 6292: 6287: 6270: 6265: 5734: 5242: 5179: 4337: 4072: 3988: 3943: 3935: 3897: 3746: 3716: 3494: 2699: 2056: 1900: 1658: 1451: 1427:. In France, after an initially mixed reaction, Machiavelli came to be associated with 1262: 630: 595: 589: 355: 272: 114: 5724: 1989:(A Norton Critical Edition, 2nd ed., with "Backgrounds, Interpretations, Marginalia"). 1699:, these comments were found in the emperor's coach and taken by the Prussian military. 755:

family as a better strategy which almost worked. He then explicitly proposes that the

259: 6255: 6200: 6040: 5829: 5491: 5417: 5392: 5194: 4996: 4425: 4267: 4114: 4034: 3999: 3954:

Garver, Eugene (1980), "Machiavelli's "The Prince": A Neglected Rhetorical Classic",

3947: 3901: 3842:

Strauss, Leo (1987), "Niccolo Machiavelli", in Strauss, Leo; Cropsey, Joseph (eds.),

3802: 3750: 3651: 3643: 3575: 3523: 3486: 3027: 2936: 2901: 2670: 2632: 2503: 2452: 2396: 2131: 1975: 1938: 1768: 1696: 1646: 1627: 1387: 1376: 1365: 1153: 971: 574: 475: 244: 77: 5309: 1556: 560: 493: 322:

starts by describing its subject. In the first sentence, Machiavelli uses the word "

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Barlow, J.J. (Winter 1999). "The Fox and the Lion: Machiavelli Replies to Cicero".

1963: 1706: 1654: 1588: 1504: 1272: 996:, who used a fortress to defend herself but was eventually betrayed by her people. 924: 895: 887: 154: 146: 67: 5864: 2603: 1919:

Machiavelli, Niccolò (1908), "The Prince", Translated by W.K. Marriot (1847–1927).

1013:

If your allies win, you benefit whether or not you have more power than they have.

33: 6317: 5990: 5909: 5869: 5839: 5824: 5789: 5784: 5754: 5729: 5714: 5689: 5674: 5609: 5586: 5571: 5556: 5541: 5412: 5367: 5352: 5342: 5164: 5159: 5016: 5011: 4991: 4979: 4281: 4192: 4174: 4100: 1895: 1496: 1476: 1408: 993: 860: 756: 752: 739: 735: 727: 578: 3311:

Walling, Karl-Friedrich, "Was Alexander Hamilton a Machiavellian Statesman?" in

2536: 267: 6307: 6215: 6205: 5934: 5809: 5794: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5704: 5679: 5634: 5614: 5476: 5447: 5422: 5377: 5357: 5319: 5274: 5154: 5144: 5001: 4832: 4645: 3251:

Carrese, Paul, "The Machiavellian Spirit of Montesquieu's Liberal Republic" in

3075: 2822: 2472: 2249: 2130:

He wrote about a short study he was making by this Latin name in his letter to

1752: 1681: 1532: 1480: 825:

his acts is sure to come to ruin, since there are so many men who are not good.

768: 487: 459: 323: 159: 3893: 986: 6352: 6240: 6070: 5980: 5929: 5899: 5889: 5819: 5814: 5804: 5664: 5654: 5644: 5619: 5486: 5464: 5382: 5289: 5262: 5247: 5189: 4872: 4430: 4047:

Tinkler, John F. (1988), "Praise and Advice: Rhetorical Approaches in More's

3742: 3490: 3074:

makes the same observation, writing with more of a focus upon the Protestant

2746: 1867: 1856: 1823: 1720: 1650: 1560: 1544: 1520: 1416: 1357: 1132: 1040:

The kind that understands what others can understand – which is good to have.

919:

soldiers' absolute respect. Machiavelli compares two great military leaders:

904: 864: 570: 252: 234: 228: 127: 1244:

Nevertheless, Machiavelli was heavily influenced by classical pre-Christian

738:. Machiavelli suggested they should treat the church as a princedom, as the 270:" in Western countries. In subject matter, it overlaps with the much longer 263: 6220: 5904: 5894: 5884: 5749: 5744: 5684: 5659: 5629: 5624: 5531: 5526: 5372: 5252: 4986: 4922: 4792: 4782: 4777: 4696: 4686: 4630: 4520: 4369: 2826: 2070: 1759: 1716: 1484: 1394:. A king who eventually split with the Catholic Church, and supported some 1107:

Exhortation to Seize Italy and to Free Her from the Barbarians (Chapter 26)

802: 713: 19:

This article is about the book by Niccolò Machiavelli. For other uses, see

1069: 930: 658:

principality (the other three being by virtue, fortune, and criminality).

5919: 5914: 5849: 5844: 5694: 5566: 5521: 5511: 5304: 5299: 5237: 5174: 4957: 4932: 4857: 4817: 4787: 4762: 4742: 4721: 4701: 4681: 4671: 4640: 4505: 4409: 3830: 2651: 2253: 1799: 1568: 1528: 1511: 1499:

much more than the riskier ventures of war. These authors tended to cite

1379:, or Charles I of Spain. A Catholic king in the first generation to read 1037:

The kind that understands things for itself – which is excellent to have.

946: 624: 509:, and also as Machiavelli says the Romans eventually had to do in Greece. 335: 262:". It even contributed to the modern negative connotations of the words " 201: 3498: 2703: 1260:

put together. Xenophon wrote one of the classic mirrors of princes, the

415:

to indulge the lesser powers of the area without increasing their power.

331: 314: 6302: 6110: 5859: 5779: 5551: 5442: 5284: 5227: 5204: 5169: 5118: 5108: 5076: 5021: 4847: 4827: 4752: 4716: 4620: 4605: 4530: 4455: 4076: 3992: 3939: 3867: 3720: 2830: 2611: 2245: 1740: 1662: 1564: 1548: 1540: 1516: 1412: 1395: 1290: 1218: 772: 731: 653:

Becoming a prince by the selection of one's fellow citizens (Chapter 9)

479: 443: 346: 132: 4201: 1186:

Machiavelli emphasized the need for looking at the "effectual truth" (

699:

How to win over people depends on circumstances: Machiavelli advises:

6000: 5939: 5496: 5139: 5066: 5051: 4972: 4892: 4887: 4812: 4767: 4747: 4726: 4711: 4691: 4676: 4540: 4500: 3729: 3519: 3341: 2225: 2021: 2000: 1744: 1615: 1238: 1234: 1169: 1128: 779: 554: 455: 389: 385: 371: 4151: 4109: 4068: 3984: 3931: 3712: 1794:

This position was taken up previously by some of the more prominent

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Of Those Who Have Obtained a Principality Through Crimes (Chapter 8)

6275: 5854: 5591: 5184: 5149: 5123: 5103: 5056: 4867: 4822: 4706: 4610: 4600: 4565: 4535: 4275:

On the Method of Dealing with the Rebellious Peoples of Valdichiana

4131: 1702: 1688: 1669: 1579: 1447: 1339:...there were in circulation approximately fifteen editions of the 1305: 1294: 1278: 1253: 1210: 1206: 920: 883: 506: 350: 167: 4418: 3202:

Danford, John W., "Getting Our Bearings: Machiavelli and Hume" in

1626:

The republicanism in seventeenth-century England which led to the

1233:, especially the favorite philosopher of Catholicism at the time, 403: 255:

doctrines of the time, particularly those on politics and ethics.

6312: 6225: 5113: 5081: 5071: 4842: 4802: 4635: 4560: 4545: 4525: 3374:"John Gotti – The Last Mafia Icon – Moving Up – Crime Library on" 3023:"Machiavelli on Necessity" in Machiavelli on Liberty and Conflict 2834: 1804: 1732: 1677: 1601: 1500: 1352: 1298: 585: 561:

Conquest by fortune, meaning by someone else's virtue (Chapter 7)

494:

Conquered free states, with their own laws and orders (Chapter 5)

364: 3255:. Shklar, Judith N., "Montesquieu and the New Republicanism" in 5061: 4862: 4650: 4625: 4615: 4585: 4570: 4376: 3512:

Matravers, Derek; Pike, Jonathan; Warburton, Nigel (May 2014).

2228:, which was to some extent approved by the church in his time. 1463: 1257: 1202: 1198: 951: 891: 742:

had, in order to conquer Italy, and found new modes and orders.

569:

This is not necessarily true in every case. Machiavelli cites

447: 381: 302: 204:, but "long before then, in fact since the first appearance of 197: 4004:"Machiavelli's Prince: Political Science or Political Satire?" 1285:", while Machiavelli rejected such arguments. On this matter, 981: 395: 5091: 4580: 4515: 4152:

Machiavelli, Niccolò, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

3431: 1467: 1423:. A copy was also possessed by the Catholic king and emperor 1148: 1112: 793: 537: 532: 307:

Machiavelli prefaces his work with an introductory letter to

237:, which occurred during Machiavelli's own diplomatic career. 223: 3089:

Anti-Machiavel: A Discourse Upon the Means of Well Governing

3070:

While Bireley focuses on writers in the Catholic countries,

1237:. This is one of Machiavelli's most lasting influences upon 957: 208:

in manuscript, controversy had swirled about his writings".

5086: 4510: 3675:

Well-ordered License: On the Unity of Machiavelli's Thought

1606: 1471:

Europe during the 17th century. This includes the Catholic

1347:

and French translations of each before they were placed on

987:

Whether ruling conquests with fortresses works (Chapter 20)

722: 4655: 4550: 3860:

Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio (1990),

3620:"Machiavelli : the Republican Citizen and Author of 1091:

out that Machiavelli's friend the historian and diplomat

838:

cannot truly have these qualities because at times it is

3971:

and the Example of Agathocles in Machiavelli's Prince",

3612:

The Machiavellian Enterprise; A Commentary on The Prince

1019:

If your side loses, you still have an ally in the loser.

850: 803:

A Prince's Duty Concerning Military Matters (Chapter 14)

762: 714:

How to judge the strength of principalities (Chapter 10)

1070:

Why the princes of Italy lost their states (Chapter 24)

1004:

A prince truly earns honour by completing great feats.

931:

In what way princes should keep their word (Chapter 18)

3511: 811: 3812:

Excerpt, reviews and Text search shows Machiavelli's

3185:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2013 2913:

harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMachiavelli1996 (

2140:

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315:

The subject matter: New Princedoms (Chapters 1 and 2)

243:

is sometimes claimed to be one of the first works of

177:

in the form of a realistic instruction guide for new

3571:

Antonio Gramsci and the Origins of Italian Communism

3403:"Roy DeMeo – Another Perspective – Crime Library on" 522: 215:

was written as if it were a traditional work in the

3816:

had a major impact on shaping conservative thought.

1051: 442:A 16th-century Italian impression of the family of 2013:. Translated into Spanish by Marina Massa-Carrara. 527: 170:written by the Italian diplomat, philosopher, and 4303:Discourse on Reforming the Government of Florence 3859: 3588: 3515:Reading Political Philosophy: Machiavelli to Mill 3432:"Like Sun Tzu or Machiavelli, the secrets of war" 3138::17): "Jean Bodin's first comments, found in his 2161: 1777:the posthumous album under the name of Makaveli. 874: 433: 6350: 1027: 894:" of "inhuman cruelty". But he lost to someone, 890:. Machiavelli describes Hannibal as having the " 515:Keep the state intact, but install an oligarchy. 421:not to allow a foreign power to gain reputation. 3460:"Reason Why Tupac Changed His Name to Makaveli" 3446:"Reason Why Tupac Changed His Name to Makaveli" 2395:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 26–27. 2248:, whose philosophy of nature was, like that of 999: 778:Machiavelli stands strongly against the use of 404:New conquests added to older states (Chapter 3) 3787: 3071: 3058: 2102:, a book on political realism by Thomas Hobbes 1578:Machiavelli is featured as a character in the 4471: 4416: 4217: 2042: 1680:criticised Machiavelli's conclusions in his " 1419:, and in his tactics, for example during the 1201:. He associated these goals with a need for " 1187: 759:are now in a position to try the same thing. 454:: Machiavelli explained that in his time the 4977: 4407: 4157:Podcast of Nigel Warburton on Machiavelli's 3140:Method for the Easy Comprehension of History 303:Letter to Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino 4913: 3846:(3rd ed.), University of Chicago Press 3691:Cox, Virginia (1997), "Machiavelli and the 3477:: Political Science or Political Satire?". 3324: 3260:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBock1999 ( 2928: 2909: 2624: 2495: 2444: 2135: 2027: 2006: 1992: 1969: 1955: 1932: 1923:Machiavelli, Niccolò (1958), "The Prince", 1922: 982:The Prudence of the Prince (Chapters 20–25) 618:Machiavelli then goes to his next example, 4478: 4464: 4224: 4210: 3769: 3609: 3473:Mattingly, Garrett (1958). "Machiavelli's 3226: 3040: 2376: 2278: 1100: 794:The Qualities of a Prince (Chapters 14–19) 603:Machiavelli offers two rulers to imitate, 32: 4141:at MetaLibri Digital Library (in Italian) 3998: 3472: 3019: 958:Avoiding contempt and hatred (Chapter 19) 384:into those ruled by a single monarch, an 16:Political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli 4485: 4165:A Monologue by Prof. Robert Harrison on 3819: 3215: 2561:Machiavelli's Prince and Its Forerunners 2524:Machiavelli's Prince and Its Forerunners 2034:. 2d rev. ed. Translated and edited by 1889: 1386: 1371: 1127: 878: 726: 531: 512:Go to live there and rule it personally. 437: 6061:Reflections on the Revolution in France 4231: 4046: 4028: 3872: 3841: 3829: 3799:Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy 3756: 3681: 3672: 3642: 3567: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3046: 3007: 2995: 2982: 2955: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2863: 2851: 2838: 2818: 2789: 2750: 2716: 2662: 2601: 2572: 2415: 2388: 2364: 2335: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2265: 2229: 2213: 2196: 2155: 2118: 1974:, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1925:Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others 1436: 1332: 1286: 1267: 1249: 1214: 1213:commonplace" in Machiavelli's time, as 1180: 1117: 1095:expressed similar ideas about fortune. 1084: 723:Ecclesiastical principates (Chapter 11) 640: 498: 360: 353:elsewhere, which is a reference to the 349:, indicating that he has written about 6351: 4289:Discourse about the Provision of Money 3953: 3850: 3778: 3650:, University of North Carolina Press, 3289: 3277:"Machiavelli and Renaissance Politics" 3166: 2766: 2689: 2537:"Machiavelli: The Prince: Chapter VII" 2207: 1398:ideas in the first generation to read 1064: 767:Having discussed the various types of 4459: 4447:Category:Works by Niccolò Machiavelli 4205: 3908: 3822:The Political Philosophy of Montaigne 3726: 3617: 3603: 3594: 3554: 3542: 1774:The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory 1310: 851:Generosity vs. parsimony (Chapter 16) 763:Defense and military (Chapters 12–14) 153: 6414:Cultural depictions of Cesare Borgia 3966: 3796: 3663: 3312: 3300: 3256: 3252: 3239: 3203: 3142:, published in 1566, were positive." 2971: 2966:While pride is a sin in the Bible, " 2777: 2710: 2566: 2473:"Machiavelli: The Prince: Chapter V" 1281:, and his works show approval of a " 1099:recently been the case in Italy. As 6171:The End of History and the Last Man 6081:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 3690: 3183:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2929:Machiavelli, Niccolò (2010-05-15). 2783: 2749:wrote in his 13th essay, quoted at 2625:Machiavelli, Niccolò (2010-05-15). 2496:Machiavelli, Niccolò (2010-05-15). 2445:Machiavelli, Niccolò (2010-05-15). 2409: 2329: 2300: 1320: 812:Reputation of a prince (Chapter 15) 734:: a pope, but also a member of the 703:Do not get frightened in adversity. 13: 2725:, Constitution.org, archived from 2581:, Constitution.org, archived from 2424:, Constitution.org, archived from 2344:, Constitution.org, archived from 2315:, Constitution.org, archived from 2020:, Penguin Classics. Translated by 1780: 1762:studied in depth the teachings of 950:by the Roman orator and statesman 458:was again ruled by an empire, the 309:Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino 14: 6425: 6404:Works about the theory of history 6389:Medieval philosophical literature 4083: 4033:, University of Rochester Press, 3919:American Political Science Review 2112: 2030:The Prince with Related Documents 1687:At different stages in his life, 1622:Amongst later political leaders: 523:Totally new states (Chapters 6–9) 396:"Mixed" princedoms (Chapters 3–5) 181:. As a remarkable general theme, 6141:The Open Society and Its Enemies 4442: 4441: 4120: 3664:Dent, J (1995), "Introduction", 3179:"Spinoza's Political Philosophy" 3020:Mansfield, Harvey (2017-03-15). 2199:emphasizes similarities between 1894:The Italian Marxist philosopher 1256:more than Plato, Aristotle, and 1052:Avoiding flatterers (Chapter 23) 674:measures to satisfy the nobles. 418:to put down the powerful people. 341:Machiavelli explained here that 4948:Family as a model for the state 3844:History of Political Philosophy 3610:de Alvarez, Leo Paul S (1999), 3560: 3548: 3536: 3505: 3466: 3452: 3438: 3424: 3395: 3366: 3348: 3329: 3318: 3305: 3294: 3283: 3269: 3245: 3232: 3220: 3209: 3196: 3171: 3160: 3145: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3064: 3052: 3026:. University of Chicago Press. 3013: 3001: 2988: 2960: 2949: 2935:. University of Chicago Press. 2922: 2894: 2869: 2857: 2844: 2812: 2802:from the original on 2016-01-15 2771: 2760: 2739: 2683: 2669:. University of Chicago Press. 2656: 2652:Niccolò Machiavelli (1469—1527) 2645: 2631:. University of Chicago Press. 2618: 2595: 2553: 2529: 2516: 2502:. University of Chicago Press. 2489: 2465: 2451:. University of Chicago Press. 2438: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2288: 2169:"Italian Vernacular Literature" 1913: 1475:writers summarised by Bireley: 1458:, commonly also referred to as 1411:in England, and had influenced 528:Conquests by virtue (Chapter 6) 367:as well as his own experience. 6298:Separation of church and state 6196:Collectivism and individualism 6151:The Origins of Totalitarianism 4296:Report on the state of Germany 4180:A Lecture by Ian Johnston on 3801:, Cambridge University Press, 3155:Of the Advancement of Learning 2875:Concerning being a scientist, 2271: 2259: 2218: 2190: 2149: 2124: 1929:. Translated by Allan Gilbert. 1731:20th-century Italian-American 1158:Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici 875:Cruelty vs. Mercy (Chapter 17) 434:Conquered kingdoms (Chapter 4) 166:) is a 16th-century political 58:De Principatibus / Il Principe 1: 6369:Books in political philosophy 6338:Category:Political philosophy 6211:Critique of political economy 4310:Life of Castruccio Castracani 4057:The Sixteenth Century Journal 3862:Machiavelli and Republicanism 3853:Machiavelli and Republicanism 3837:, University of Chicago Press 3790:Machiavelli and Republicanism 3701:The Sixteenth Century Journal 3684:Machiavelli and Republicanism 3666:The Prince and other writings 3628:The English Historical Review 3574:. Stanford University Press. 2106: 2028:Machiavelli, Niccolò (2015), 2016:Machiavelli, Niccolò (2009), 2007:Machiavelli, Niccolò (2006), 1993:Machiavelli, Niccolò (1995), 1970:Machiavelli, Niccolò (1992), 1960:, University of Chicago Press 1956:Machiavelli, Niccolò (1985), 1933:Machiavelli, Niccolò (1961), 1456:Discourse against Machiavelli 1433:St Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1028:Nobles and staff (Chapter 22) 505:Ruin them, as Rome destroyed 311:, the recipient of his work. 283:Life of Castruccio Castracani 6409:Books by Niccolò Machiavelli 6374:Books published posthumously 6236:Institutional discrimination 6231:History of political thought 4963:Negative and positive rights 4029:Parsons, William B. (2016), 3864:, Cambridge University Press 3855:, Cambridge University Press 3792:, Cambridge University Press 3783:, Princeton University Press 3770:Kennington, Richard (2004), 3686:, Cambridge University Press 3568:Cammett, John McKay (1967). 2692:History of Political Thought 1691:wrote extensive comments to 1326: 1252::291) Machiavelli refers to 1000:Gaining honours (Chapter 21) 38:Title page of a 1550 edition 7: 6364:Books about political power 6246:Justification for the state 6031:Two Treatises of Government 4130:public domain audiobook at 3880:: Beginnings and Endings". 3695:: Deliberative Rhetoric in 2663:Strauss, Leo (2014-07-04). 2389:Strauss, Leo (2014-07-04). 2077: 1848:, Book 3, note to Chapter 6 1751:and consider it to be the " 1727:and annotated his own copy. 1141:Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici 1123: 834:to have these qualities. A 10: 6430: 4916:Bellum omnium contra omnes 3824:, Cornell University Press 2932:The Prince: Second Edition 2628:The Prince: Second Edition 2499:The Prince: Second Edition 2448:The Prince: Second Edition 2043:Other works by Machiavelli 1360:and the Portuguese bishop 450:, before their conqueror, 289: 18: 6333: 6183: 5952: 5600: 5333: 5213: 5132: 5044: 5035: 4901: 4735: 4664: 4493: 4439: 4400: 4347: 4257: 4239: 3956:Philosophy & Rhetoric 3894:10.1017/S0034670513000557 1862: 1813:, the French philosopher 1785: 1493:Diego de Saavedra Fajardo 388:, or by the people, in a 330:, which could also mean " 280:has been compared is the 122: 109: 101: 91: 83: 73: 63: 53: 43: 31: 6121:The Revolt of the Masses 4014:: 482–91, archived from 3967:Kahn, Victoria (1986), " 3820:Schaefer, David (1990), 3743:10.1525/rh.2004.22.3.215 3673:Fischer, Markus (2000), 3335:Mussolini, "Preludio al 2968:Fortune favours the bold 1366:Ambrogio Caterino Politi 6399:Political science books 6394:Military strategy books 6101:The Communist Manifesto 5027:Tyranny of the majority 4938:Consent of the governed 3868:excerpt and text search 3835:Thoughts on Machiavelli 3765:, Duke University Press 3757:Gilbert, Allan (1938), 2970:", used for example by 2666:Thoughts on Machiavelli 2392:Thoughts on Machiavelli 1145:Lorenzo the Magnificent 1006:King Ferdinand of Spain 633:to a friendly setting. 21:Prince (disambiguation) 4978: 4928:Clash of civilizations 4914: 4417: 4408: 3797:Rahe, Paul A. (2006), 3693:Rhetorica ad Herennium 2906:Francesco Guicciardini 1853: 1747:would regularly quote 1695:. After his defeat at 1668:Under the guidance of 1403: 1384: 1370: 1316:Rhetorica ad Herennium 1188: 1136: 1093:Francesco Guicciardini 899: 848: 827: 786:against the employer. 743: 681: 609:Oliverotto Euffreducci 605:Agathocles of Syracuse 541: 536:Machiavelli described 463: 163: 155:[ilˈprintʃipe] 150: 4943:Divine right of kings 3911:"Trapping the Prince" 3779:Najemy, John (1993), 3634:: 218, archived from 3072:Haitsma Mulier (1999) 2032:, Bedford St. Martins 1890:Other interpretations 1819: 1815:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1709:wrote a discourse on 1684:", published in 1740. 1392:Henry VIII of England 1390: 1375: 1337: 1299:classical materialism 1283:teleological argument 1131: 882: 844: 822: 730: 676: 535: 441: 87:Antonio Blado d'Asola 6091:Democracy in America 5470:political philosophy 5453:political philosophy 5268:political philosophy 5097:political philosophy 5007:Separation of powers 4968:Night-watchman state 4953:Monopoly on violence 4487:Political philosophy 4384:Belfagor arcidiavolo 4317:Florentine Histories 4031:Machiavelli's Gospel 4008:The American Scholar 3909:Dietz, Mary (1986), 3618:Baron, Hans (1961), 3479:The American Scholar 3059:Haitsma Mulier (1999 2798:, Constitution.org, 2541:www.constitution.org 2477:www.constitution.org 2050:The Girl from Andros 1689:Napoleon I of France 1489:Pedro de Ribadeneira 1415:in his turn towards 1343:and nineteen of the 1246:political philosophy 1231:political philosophy 1059:Emperor Maximilian I 249:political philosophy 247:, especially modern 6281:Right-wing politics 6161:A Theory of Justice 6131:The Road to Serfdom 6051:The Social Contract 4758:Christian democracy 4233:Niccolò Machiavelli 3874:Connell, William J. 3763:and Its Forerunners 3360:Stalin: A Biography 2091:Secretum Secretorum 2084:Mirrors for princes 1937:, London: Penguin, 1836:History of Florence 1810:The Social Contract 1735:were influenced by 1674:Frederick the Great 1643:American Revolution 1632:Glorious Revolution 1597:William Shakespeare 1584:Christopher Marlowe 1473:Counter Reformation 1429:Catherine de Medici 1421:Pilgrimage of Grace 1179:On the other hand, 1065:Prudence and chance 620:Oliverotto de Fermo 484:Alexander the Great 452:Alexander the Great 218:mirrors for princes 175:Niccolò Machiavelli 54:Original title 48:Niccolò Machiavelli 28: 6293:Political violence 6288:Political theology 6271:Left-wing politics 6266:Political spectrum 4338:Discourses on Livy 4173:2010-07-10 at the 4051:and Machiavelli's 4000:Mattingly, Garrett 3882:Review of Politics 3604:Additional reading 3462:. 4 November 2022. 3448:. 4 November 2022. 3325:Machiavelli (2006) 2910:Machiavelli (1996) 2057:Discourses on Livy 2036:William J. Connell 2011:, Mestas Ediciones 1832:Discourses on Livy 1659:Alexander Hamilton 1483:, Carlo Scribani, 1452:Innocent Gentillet 1446:, was that of the 1404: 1385: 1263:Education of Cyrus 1137: 1083:As pointed out by 900: 744: 631:Vitellozzo Vitelli 590:Seneca the Younger 542: 464: 356:Discourses on Livy 273:Discourses on Livy 172:political theorist 115:Discourses on Livy 26: 6346: 6345: 6256:Philosophy of law 6201:Conflict theories 6041:The Spirit of Law 5948: 5947: 4997:Original position 4453: 4452: 4426:Political realism 4356:The Second Decade 4348:Imaginative works 4268:Discourse on Pisa 4115:Project Gutenberg 3774:, Lexington Books 3772:On Modern Origins 3227:Kennington (2004) 2902:Francesco Vettori 2377:de Alvarez (1999) 2279:de Alvarez (1999) 2136:Machiavelli (1996 2132:Francesco Vettori 1944:978-0-14-044915-0 1769:Death Row Records 1647:Benjamin Franklin 1628:English Civil War 1605:, the antagonist 1497:economic progress 1377:Emperor Charles V 1154:Francesco Vettori 972:Septimius Severus 818:verità effettuale 575:Pope Alexander VI 245:modern philosophy 194:Of Principalities 138: 137: 102:Publication place 78:Political science 6421: 6384:Machiavellianism 6261:Political ethics 6251:Machiavellianism 6191:Authoritarianism 6176: 6166: 6156: 6146: 6136: 6126: 6116: 6106: 6096: 6086: 6076: 6066: 6056: 6046: 6036: 6026: 6016: 6006: 5996: 5986: 5976: 5966: 5042: 5041: 4983: 4919: 4909:Balance of power 4883:Social democracy 4878:Social Darwinism 4853:Multiculturalism 4798:Environmentalism 4773:Communitarianism 4480: 4473: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4445: 4444: 4422: 4413: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4089:Digital editions 4079: 4043: 4025: 4024: 4023: 3995: 3963: 3950: 3915: 3905: 3876:(2013). "Dating 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3825: 3811: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3753: 3723: 3687: 3678: 3677:, Lexington Book 3669: 3660: 3639: 3614: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3566:See for example 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3409:. Archived from 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3380:. 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Archived from 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2033: 2012: 1998: 1985:. Translated by 1984: 1964:Harvey Mansfield 1962:. Translated by 1961: 1948:. Translated by 1947: 1928: 1851: 1830:and that of the 1707:Benito Mussolini 1655:Thomas Jefferson 1639:Founding Fathers 1589:The Jew of Malta 1304:On the topic of 1191: 1189:verita effetuale 1101:de Alvarez (1999 925:Scipio Africanus 896:Scipio Africanus 888:Scipio Africanus 380:, which divides 190:De Principatibus 164:De Principatibus 157: 110:Followed by 93:Publication date 36: 29: 25: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6329: 6318:Totalitarianism 6179: 6174: 6164: 6154: 6144: 6134: 6124: 6114: 6104: 6094: 6084: 6074: 6064: 6054: 6044: 6034: 6024: 6014: 6004: 5994: 5991:Treatise on Law 5984: 5974: 5964: 5944: 5602: 5596: 5335: 5329: 5215: 5209: 5128: 5031: 5017:State of nature 5012:Social contract 4992:Ordered liberty 4980:Noblesse oblige 4897: 4731: 4660: 4489: 4484: 4454: 4449: 4435: 4396: 4343: 4282:The Description 4260:political works 4259: 4253: 4235: 4230: 4193:Quentin Skinner 4175:Wayback Machine 4121: 4107: 4101:Standard Ebooks 4086: 4069:10.2307/2540406 4041: 4021: 4019: 3985:10.2307/2928494 3973:Representations 3932:10.2307/1960538 3913: 3809: 3713:10.2307/2543571 3658: 3644:Bireley, Robert 3606: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3510: 3506: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3416: 3414: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3387: 3385: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3355:Service, Robert 3353: 3349: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3319: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3284: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3259: 3250: 3246: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3216:Schaefer (1990) 3214: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3188: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3161: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2927: 2923: 2912: 2899: 2895: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2849: 2845: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2803: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2761: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2730: 2715: 2711: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2623: 2619: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2586: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2543: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2429: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2349: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2320: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2208: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2180: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2139: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2080: 2045: 1987:Robert M. Adams 1982: 1945: 1916: 1896:Antonio Gramsci 1892: 1865: 1852: 1846:Social Contract 1843: 1788: 1783: 1781:Interpretations 1574:In literature: 1477:Giovanni Botero 1462:, published in 1409:Thomas Cromwell 1362:Jerónimo Osório 1329: 1248:. According to 1126: 1109: 1081: 1072: 1067: 1054: 1030: 1002: 994:Caterina Sforza 989: 984: 960: 933: 877: 853: 814: 805: 796: 765: 725: 716: 655: 598: 579:Remirro de Orco 563: 530: 525: 496: 482:, conquered by 436: 406: 398: 317: 305: 292: 94: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6427: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6308:Social justice 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6216:Egalitarianism 6213: 6208: 6206:Contractualism 6203: 6198: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6167: 6157: 6147: 6137: 6127: 6117: 6107: 6097: 6087: 6077: 6067: 6057: 6047: 6037: 6027: 6017: 6007: 5997: 5987: 5977: 5967: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5002:Overton window 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4833:Libertarianism 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4483: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4451: 4450: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4391:The Golden Ass 4387: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4324:The Art of War 4320: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4261: 4258:Historical and 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4244:As a dramatist 4240: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4186: 4177: 4162: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4134: 4118: 4105: 4103: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4084:External links 4082: 4081: 4080: 4063:(2): 187–207, 4044: 4039: 4026: 3996: 3964: 3951: 3906: 3888:(4): 497–514. 3870: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3827: 3817: 3808:978-0521851879 3807: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3759:Machiavelli's 3754: 3724: 3707:(4): 1109–41, 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3657:978-0807819258 3656: 3640: 3615: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3587: 3580: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3528: 3504: 3485:(4): 482–491. 3465: 3451: 3437: 3423: 3394: 3365: 3347: 3328: 3317: 3304: 3293: 3282: 3268: 3244: 3231: 3219: 3208: 3195: 3170: 3159: 3144: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3032: 3012: 3000: 2996:Guarini (1999) 2987: 2959: 2956:Gilbert (1938) 2948: 2941: 2921: 2893: 2868: 2866:, p. 181) 2856: 2843: 2811: 2782: 2770: 2759: 2738: 2709: 2698:(4): 627–645. 2682: 2675: 2655: 2644: 2637: 2617: 2594: 2565: 2552: 2528: 2515: 2508: 2488: 2464: 2457: 2437: 2408: 2401: 2381: 2369: 2357: 2328: 2299: 2287: 2270: 2258: 2250:modern science 2217: 2214:Bireley (1990) 2206: 2197:Gilbert (1938) 2189: 2160: 2156:Bireley (1990) 2148: 2123: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2095: 2087: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2064:The Art of War 2060: 2053: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2025: 2014: 2004: 1990: 1980: 1967: 1953: 1943: 1930: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1864: 1861: 1841: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1729: 1728: 1714: 1700: 1685: 1682:Anti-Machiavel 1666: 1635: 1620: 1619: 1593: 1481:Justus Lipsius 1460:Anti Machiavel 1328: 1325: 1143:, grandson of 1125: 1122: 1108: 1105: 1080: 1077: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1053: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1029: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1001: 998: 988: 985: 983: 980: 959: 956: 932: 929: 876: 873: 852: 849: 813: 810: 804: 801: 795: 792: 769:principalities 764: 761: 724: 721: 715: 712: 711: 710: 707: 704: 697: 696: 692: 654: 651: 597: 594: 562: 559: 529: 526: 524: 521: 517: 516: 513: 510: 495: 492: 488:Ottoman Empire 476:Persian empire 460:Ottoman Empire 435: 432: 423: 422: 419: 416: 413: 405: 402: 397: 394: 316: 313: 304: 301: 291: 288: 136: 135: 124: 120: 119: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 45: 41: 40: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6426: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Jurisprudence 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6072: 6071:Rights of Man 6068: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5981:De re publica 5978: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5601:20th and 21st 5599: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5334:18th and 19th 5332: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5190:Nizam al-Mulk 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4873:Republicanism 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4448: 4438: 4432: 4431:Republicanism 4429: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4042: 4040:9781580464918 4036: 4032: 4027: 4018:on 2016-11-26 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3979:(13): 63–83, 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3926:(3): 777–99, 3925: 3921: 3920: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3869: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3737:(3): 215–40, 3736: 3732: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3638:on 2010-03-25 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3616: 3613: 3608: 3607: 3596: 3591: 3583: 3581:9780804701419 3577: 3573: 3572: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3539: 3531: 3529:9781134692378 3525: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3461: 3455: 3447: 3441: 3433: 3427: 3413:on 2012-01-21 3412: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3384:on 2011-12-31 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3290:Worden (1999) 3286: 3278: 3272: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3241: 3235: 3229:, chapter 11. 3228: 3223: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3167:Worden (1999) 3163: 3156: 3148: 3141: 3137: 3136:Bireley (1990 3132: 3125: 3124:Bireley (1990 3120: 3113: 3112:Bireley (1990 3108: 3101: 3100:Bireley (1990 3096: 3090: 3084: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3047:Bireley (1990 3043: 3035: 3033:9780226429441 3029: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3009: 3008:Strauss (1987 3004: 2997: 2991: 2984: 2983:Strauss (1958 2980: 2979: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2952: 2944: 2942:9780226500508 2938: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2890: 2889:Strauss (1958 2886: 2885:Strauss (1958 2882: 2878: 2877:Strauss (1958 2872: 2865: 2864:Fischer (2000 2860: 2853: 2852:Strauss (1958 2847: 2840: 2839:Strauss (1958 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819:Fischer (2000 2815: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2790:Machiavelli, 2786: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2767:Najemy (1993) 2763: 2756: 2752: 2751:Strauss (1958 2748: 2747:Francis Bacon 2742: 2729:on 2009-10-08 2728: 2724: 2720: 2717:Machiavelli, 2713: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2678: 2676:9780226230979 2672: 2668: 2667: 2659: 2653: 2648: 2640: 2638:9780226500508 2634: 2630: 2629: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2602:Machiavelli. 2598: 2585:on 2016-11-12 2584: 2580: 2576: 2573:Machiavelli, 2569: 2562: 2556: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2525: 2519: 2511: 2509:9780226500508 2505: 2501: 2500: 2492: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2460: 2458:9780226500508 2454: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2428:on 2015-09-11 2427: 2423: 2419: 2416:Machiavelli, 2412: 2404: 2402:9780226230979 2398: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2365:Gilbert (1938 2361: 2348:on 2015-09-08 2347: 2343: 2339: 2336:Machiavelli, 2332: 2319:on 2015-09-08 2318: 2314: 2310: 2307:Machiavelli, 2303: 2296: 2295:Guarini (1999 2291: 2284: 2283:Strauss (1958 2281:p. viii; and 2280: 2274: 2267: 2266:Bireley (1990 2262: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:Strauss (1958 2227: 2221: 2215: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2179:on 2012-03-27 2178: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2157: 2152: 2143: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2119:Strauss (1987 2115: 2111: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2037: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1981:0-393-96220-2 1977: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1946: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927:, vol. 1 1926: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1897: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1860: 1858: 1857:Isaiah Berlin 1849: 1847: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824:Cesare Borgia 1818: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1796:Enlightenment 1792: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1721:Joseph Stalin 1718: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651:James Madison 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545:Edward Gibbon 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521:Francis Bacon 1518: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1437:Bireley (1990 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417:Protestantism 1414: 1410: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:Reginald Pole 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1333:Bireley (1990 1324: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287:Strauss (1958 1284: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1268:Gilbert (1938 1265: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250:Strauss (1958 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1215:Fischer (2000 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1184: 1182: 1181:Strauss (1958 1177: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1133:Cesare Borgia 1130: 1121: 1119: 1118:Gilbert (1938 1114: 1104: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1088: 1086: 1085:Gilbert (1938 1076: 1062: 1060: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1025: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 997: 995: 979: 976: 973: 967: 964: 955: 953: 949: 948: 941: 937: 928: 926: 922: 916: 912: 908: 906: 905:Cesare Borgia 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 872: 870: 866: 862: 857: 847: 843: 841: 837: 833: 826: 821: 819: 809: 800: 791: 787: 783: 781: 776: 774: 770: 760: 758: 754: 748: 741: 740:Borgia family 737: 736:Medici family 733: 729: 720: 708: 705: 702: 701: 700: 693: 689: 688: 687: 684: 680: 675: 671: 667: 665: 659: 650: 648: 647: 642: 641:Gilbert (1938 638: 634: 632: 627: 626: 622:, an Italian 621: 616: 612: 610: 606: 601: 593: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 571:Cesare Borgia 567: 558: 556: 550: 546: 539: 534: 520: 514: 511: 508: 504: 503: 502: 500: 499:Gilbert (1938 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 471: 469: 461: 457: 453: 449: 446:, emperor of 445: 440: 431: 427: 420: 417: 414: 411: 410: 409: 401: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378: 373: 368: 366: 362: 361:Gilbert (1938 358: 357: 352: 348: 344: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 312: 310: 300: 297: 294:Each part of 287: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 261: 260:Machiavellian 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 236: 235:Cesare Borgia 231: 230: 229:Divine Comedy 225: 220: 219: 214: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 186: 184: 180: 176: 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 152: 148: 144: 143: 134: 130: 129: 125: 121: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 90: 86: 82: 79: 76: 72: 69: 66: 62: 59: 56: 52: 49: 46: 42: 35: 30: 22: 6379:Ethics books 6322: 6221:Elite theory 6169: 6159: 6149: 6139: 6129: 6119: 6109: 6099: 6089: 6079: 6069: 6059: 6049: 6039: 6029: 6019: 6010: 6009: 5999: 5989: 5979: 5969: 5959: 5258:Guicciardini 5214:Early modern 5037:Philosophers 4987:Open society 4923:Body politic 4793:Distributism 4783:Conservatism 4778:Confucianism 4697:Gerontocracy 4687:Dictatorship 4641:Sovereignty‎ 4631:Ruling class 4521:Emancipation 4506:Citizenship‎ 4389: 4382: 4375: 4370:The Mandrake 4368: 4361: 4354: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4196: 4181: 4166: 4158: 4136: 4126: 4108: 4094: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4030: 4020:, retrieved 4016:the original 4011: 4007: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3955: 3923: 3917: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3831:Strauss, Leo 3821: 3813: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3758: 3734: 3728: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3647: 3636:the original 3631: 3627: 3621: 3611: 3590: 3570: 3562: 3555:Dietz (1986) 3550: 3543:Dietz (1986) 3538: 3514: 3507: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3454: 3440: 3426: 3415:. Retrieved 3411:the original 3406: 3397: 3386:. Retrieved 3382:the original 3377: 3368: 3358: 3350: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3320: 3307: 3296: 3285: 3271: 3247: 3234: 3222: 3211: 3198: 3187:. Retrieved 3182: 3173: 3162: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3022: 3015: 3003: 2990: 2976: 2962: 2951: 2931: 2924: 2896: 2880: 2871: 2859: 2850:For example 2846: 2814: 2804:, retrieved 2795: 2792:"Dedication" 2785: 2773: 2762: 2754: 2741: 2731:, retrieved 2727:the original 2722: 2719:"Chapter 25" 2712: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2665: 2658: 2647: 2627: 2620: 2607: 2604:"Chapter 15" 2597: 2587:, retrieved 2583:the original 2578: 2575:"Chapter 12" 2568: 2560: 2555: 2544:. Retrieved 2540: 2531: 2523: 2518: 2498: 2491: 2480:. Retrieved 2476: 2467: 2447: 2440: 2430:, retrieved 2426:the original 2421: 2411: 2391: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2350:, retrieved 2346:the original 2341: 2331: 2321:, retrieved 2317:the original 2312: 2302: 2290: 2273: 2261: 2237: 2220: 2209: 2200: 2192: 2181:. 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