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1436: – "What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?" – accurately summarized the author's intent behind the book. Trotsky was preoccupied with the question of whether the emerging bureaucratic political and economic formation in the USSR constituted a new social model not encompassed previously by Marxist doctrine. Knei-Paz asserted that while Trotsky insisted that the Soviet system did not constitute any such new social and economic system, in reality the analysis he presented in
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power, agricultural output, industry, etc. It then proceeds to describe the limits on this economic advance, the nature of the new ruling elite, and predicts the ultimate downfall of the Soviet Union as a result of
Stalinist rule. It places an emphasis on a Marxist method of analysis, and makes several key observations and predictions, some of which would only be borne out many decades later.
334:. Norwegian politics intervened before Trotsky was able to obtain this document, however, and the visa approval was revoked by the time Trotsky arrived at the embassy on June 10. French police, suspecting a ruse by Trotsky to obtain residence in Paris, from which he had been banned, immediately ordered Trotsky out of the city. Trotsky's planned voyage to Norway was abruptly canceled.
1455:'s policy of at first opposing voluntary collectivization and increasing privatization of land and then of an abrupt reversal of policy towards rapid industrialization and forced collectivization, which Trotsky brands "economic adventurism" that carried "the nation to the edge of disaster". Trotsky then discusses labor productivity and criticizes the uselessness of the
362:). When Trotsky became aware of the trial, which would ultimately end in the execution of Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, and other prominent Soviet political figures, a short postscript was tagged on to his introduction in which Trotsky claimed that his current book constituted "advance exposure" of the Stalin regime's effort at "deliberate mystification".
29:
1470:, when conservative forces took hold of society). He analyzes the triumph of Stalin, the separation of the party from Bolshevism, and the rising bureaucratic stratum. The importance of this chapter lies in Trotsky's observation that the ruling stratum in the USSR are neither capitalists nor workers, but rather a section of the
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The book is a wide-ranging critique of the USSR and its rulers, and advocates a new political revolution to overthrow the
Stalinist dictatorship and bring about a socialist democracy. It opens by praising the positive economic advances of the USSR since the death of Lenin, citing growth in electrical
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Although separated from his dwindling band of committed followers in the USSR, Trotsky continued to function as an opposition political leader from exile throughout the rest of his life. This ongoing political activity against the regime headed by Joseph Stalin led to ongoing political pressure by
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Over the next several years
Trotsky and his supporters were successively marginalized and isolated by the evolving Soviet leadership group, with Trotsky demonized as a political oppositionist and his supporters undermined by political and police pressure. This process was accentuated by successive
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Norwegian authorities demanded that
Trotsky obtain a permit for reentry into France before a visa for travel to Norway would be granted. Finally, after a burst of correspondence and negotiation, the demand for an unobtainable French re-entry permit was dropped and Trotsky was allowed a limited
282:, and military leader Trotsky represented the leading contenders for party and state primacy. The eloquent Trotsky was identified by the three other leading contenders to the throne as a most serious political threat and a temporary alliance was formed by the trio against Trotsky.
227:, and early in 1917 Trotsky returned from exile in New York City by way of Canada to join forces as a member of the Bolshevik party's governing Central Committee. Trotsky played an important role in the groundwork-laying for the seizure of power from the
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Lenin's retirement from active political life in the aftermath of a series of strokes in 1923 followed by his death in
January 1924 ushered in an interregnum during which several leading candidates jockeyed for supremacy. Lenin's longtime associate and
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six-month visa to enter Norway. As was the case with the terms previously set by the French government, the
Norwegian government reserved for itself the right to determine Trotsky's place of residence and to exclude him from the capital city of
1497:. At the same time, Trotsky writes that this ruling stratum impoverishes the rest of society, asserting that "a planned economy requires democracy just as the human body requires oxygen"; without democracy, he predicts economic stagnation.
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One of the predictions made by
Trotsky was that the USSR would come before a disjuncture: either the toppling of the ruling bureaucracy by means of a political revolution, or capitalist restoration led by the bureaucracy:
1532:, Trotsky's prediction proved prescient. Lack of economic democracy coupled with computer technology that (at the time) was not yet advanced enough to plan the economy led to economic stagnation in the 1960s and 1970s (
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The fall of the present bureaucratic dictatorship, if it were not replaced by a new socialist power, would thus mean a return to capitalist relations with a catastrophic decline of industry and culture.
1451:, citing rapid panicked changes in policy as a direct result of a lack of democracy. Trotsky highlights the most important of these "zigzags" in the field of economic policy, criticizing Stalin and
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government in power. The
Norwegian response was slow, and only in early June was Trotsky at last notified that his request had been granted and that he was to proceed to the Norwegian embassy in
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1504:. He links the increasing conservatism in the treatment of women and the family directly with the rise of Stalinism, and compares it to the period before the revolution. From here he discusses
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and his capture of the French state after that country's revolution. Just as
Bonaparte brought back the trappings of the aristocracy and imprisoned capitalists despite presiding over a new
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October 25], 1917, taking over as head of the
Petrograd Soviet early in October and building that institution's Military-Revolutionary Committee into a revolutionary fighting force.
208:, until the Tsarist police arrested him in December. After again escaping Tsarist Russia for continental Europe, for a decade Trotsky politically transitioned from supporting the
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This prediction was made at a time when most commentators, capitalist and Stalinist, predicted the continued rise of Soviet power. As Allin Cottrell and
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was completed and sent to the publisher on August 4, 1936, immediately prior to the sensational public announcement of the first of three great public
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1536:). Leading members of the ruling party (who were overwhelmingly from the more privileged stratum of Soviet society) responded to the stagnation by
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1512:: the failure to defeat fascism, the re-institution of ranks and the loss of a militia, and closes by examining the future of the Soviet Union.
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has been characterized by historian Baruch Knei-Paz as Trotsky's "major work on Stalinism" and constituted the chief
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Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev, "Trotsky", in Edward Acton, Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev, and William G. Rosenberg (eds.),
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He next discusses everyday life in the Soviet Union, economic inequality and the oppression of the new
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The first few chapters examine the "zigzags", as Trotsky describes them, in the policy pursued by the
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the Soviet government against a series of host countries in which Trotsky had sought exile.
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Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1989; pp. 338–345, 362–366, and 398–402
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A History of Soviet Russia: Volume 5: Socialism in One Country, 1924–1926: Volume 1
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Leon Trotsky (Lev Davidovich Bronstein, 1879–1940) was one of the leaders of the
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followed the next year by Trotsky's physical expulsion from the Soviet Union to
144:. This work analyzed and criticized the course of historical development in the
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in 1924 and is regarded as Trotsky's primary work dealing with the nature of
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The best survey of Soviet high politics in this period remains E. H. Carr,
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For Trotsky's activity in the St. Petersburg Soviet, see Gerald D. Suhr,
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The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?
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The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?
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that would defend the new regime against anti-Bolshevik factions in the
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The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?
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http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/soviet_planning.pdf
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The virtual collapse of the old regime during the latter part of
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A History of Soviet Russia: Volume 4: The Interregnum, 1923–1924
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generated by the secret police terror known to history as the "
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Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
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Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1997; p. 190.
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216:, the Interdistrict Organization of United Social Democrats.
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In the view of Knei-Paz, the subtitle chosen by Trotsky for
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In the spring of 1935 a beleaguered Trotsky formally sought
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Malcolm Campbell, translator. (London: Carl Slieger, 1977).
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140:) is a book published in 1936 by the exiled Soviet leader
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Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921.
278:, nationalities expert and party organization secretary
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Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1978; p. 381; fn. 39.
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1905 in St. Petersburg: Labor, Society, and Revolution.
1466:" (Thermidor is a reference to the later stages of the
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exiles of Trotsky, first in 1928 to the remote city of
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for a chapter length summary of Trotsky's thinking on
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theoretician and revolutionary, Trotsky was exiled to
168:. The most widely available English translation is by
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After Ten Years: On Trotsky’s The Revolution Betrayed
204:, where his oratory made him a leading figure in the
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International Committee of the Fourth International
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Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma
138:Преданная революция: Что такое СССР и куда он идет?
50:Преданная революция: Что такое СССР и куда он идет?
2111:American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky
1935:The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects
1152:Committee for a Workers' International (refounded)
244:People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR
2047:Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence
1781:Cockshott, William Paul; Cottrell, Allin (1993).
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1742:The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky,
1724:The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky.
1481:", drawing a comparison with the French dictator
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1555:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
254:, in which capacity he helped to construct the
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1576:(New York: Greenberg, 1925) and Leon Trotsky,
164:and was originally translated into Spanish by
156:. The book was written by Trotsky during his
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1824:Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/
1472:working class alienated from its class roots
188:to power in Russia. In 1900, as the leading
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1294:List of Trotskyist organizations by country
1006:Organisation of Communist Internationalists
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1713:New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co. p. 4.
1626:Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev, "Trotsky", p. 191.
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1477:Trotsky refers to Stalinism as a form of "
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1205:Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International
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1538:promoting capitalist reforms in the 1980s
1157:Fourth International (post-reunification)
196:for his socialist activities against the
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1665:London: Oxford University Press. p. 290.
1663:The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky: 1929–1940.
1109:Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)
314:Leon Trotsky as he appeared in the 1920s
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2122:Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky
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252:People's Commissar for War and the Navy
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1574:Leon Trotsky: The Portrait of a Youth.
1218:Committee for a Workers' International
1051:Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition
960:1968–1969 Japanese university protests
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1709:Leon Trotsky (1937). "Introduction".
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1200:Revolutionary Communist International
1836:format of the 1937 American printing
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1099:League for Socialist Action (Canada)
1094:International Socialist Organization
1195:League for the Fourth International
1175:International Socialist Alternative
1036:Socialist Party (England and Wales)
250:. In April 1918, Trotsky was named
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2243:Books about the Russian Revolution
2023:The Stalin School of Falsification
1462:Trotsky then analyzes the "Soviet
1131:Workers Party of the United States
928:Minneapolis general strike of 1934
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2133:List of Trotskyist internationals
2062:The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939
2007:History of the Russian Revolution
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1289:List of Trotskyist internationals
1021:Socialist Alternative (Australia)
811:History of the Russian Revolution
1975:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
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965:1970s Hong Kong student protests
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322:in Norway with an appeal to the
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1785:. Spokesman. pp. 159–160.
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1031:Socialist Equality Party (U.S.)
501:Uneven and combined development
446:Decentralized economic planning
342:. He arrived on June 18, 1935.
1760:. Mehring Books. p. 251.
1639:(London: Macmillan, 1954) and
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1167:International Communist League
1119:Socialist Workers Party (U.S.)
229:Russian Provisional Government
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1550:List of books by Leon Trotsky
1239:Revolutionary Workers Ferment
1229:Fourth International Posadist
1185:International Workers' League
893:Joseph Stalin's rise to power
421:Critique of political economy
2238:Books about the Soviet Union
2078:In Defence of Marxism (book)
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1026:Socialist Alternative (U.S.)
1016:Socialist Action (Hong Kong)
471:Proletarian internationalism
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1643:(London: Macmillan, 1958).
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436:Degenerated workers' state
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2128:Leon Trotsky House Museum
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1951:Literature and Revolution
1905:Leon Trotsky bibliography
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1999:The Permanent Revolution
1821:The Revolution Betrayed,
1711:The Revolution Betrayed.
1661:Isaac Deutscher (1963).
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1487:capitalist social system
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2015:The Revolution Betrayed
1943:Terrorism and Communism
1850:The Revolution Betrayed
1829:The Revolution Betrayed
1783:Towards a new socialism
1578:My Flight From Siberia.
1530:Towards a New Socialism
1438:The Revolution Betrayed
1434:The Revolution Betrayed
1419:The Revolution Betrayed
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996:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
821:The Revolution Betrayed
771:Terrorism and Communism
431:Deformed workers' state
346:The Revolution Betrayed
306:The writing development
268:Communist International
206:Saint Petersburg Soviet
202:1905 Russian Revolution
148:following the death of
2248:Books about Trotskyism
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1754:Trotsky, Leon (1991).
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1459:and "shock brigades".
950:New York Intellectuals
717:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
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274:, Moscow party leader
2233:Works by Leon Trotsky
1983:Leon Trotsky on China
1832:, scanned version in
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1457:Stakhanovite movement
1046:The Struggle Pakistan
970:Militant in Liverpool
913:Trotskyism in Vietnam
898:The Declaration of 46
859:The Dilemmas of Lenin
441:Democratic centralism
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176:Historical background
2138:Permanent revolution
1695:The Prophet Outcast,
1679:The Prophet Outcast,
1368:Socialism portal
1356:Communism portal
1269:Democracy in Marxism
1234:Permanent Revolution
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1056:Workers' Cause Party
1011:People Before Profit
849:The Stalinist Legacy
831:Transitional Program
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461:Permanent revolution
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235:, on November 7[
1911:Our Political Tasks
1380:Politics portal
1319:Socialist economics
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1967:Lessons of October
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2197:(first wife)
2183:Sergei Sedov
2120:
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1844:C.L.R. James
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737:Ivan Smirnov
707:Michel Pablo
682:Livio Maitan
642:Pierre Frank
582:Martin Abern
577:Leon Trotsky
511:United front
406:Anti-fascism
345:
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330:to obtain a
324:Labour Party
317:
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264:
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214:Mezhraiontsy
179:
166:Victor Serge
146:Soviet Union
142:Leon Trotsky
128:
127:
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112:Soviet Union
49:
40:Leon Trotsky
18:
2165:Lev Kamenev
2073:(1931-1940)
2065:(1930-1940)
2050:(1938–1940)
1986:(1925-1940)
1693:Deutscher,
1677:Deutscher,
1502:proletariat
1479:Bonapartism
1427:bureaucracy
1220:(1974–2019)
933:Great Purge
923:French Turn
742:Tạ Thu Thâu
697:David North
662:Gerry Healy
622:Ross Dowson
602:Hugo Blanco
354:Great Purge
276:Lev Kamenev
221:World War I
170:Max Eastman
60:Max Eastman
2217:Categories
2203:(daughter)
2150:(assassin)
2143:Trotskyism
1959:New Course
1854:Tony Cliff
1740:Knei-Paz,
1561:References
1212:Historical
1073:Historical
791:New Course
752:Alan Woods
712:J. Posadas
637:Tony Cliff
632:Chen Duxiu
627:Hal Draper
549:Third camp
383:Trotskyism
231:headed by
186:Bolsheviks
81:Nonfiction
56:Translator
2177:Lev Sedov
1464:Thermidor
1336:Stalinism
727:Lev Sedov
647:Ted Grant
587:Tariq Ali
210:Menshevik
154:Stalinism
93:(America)
87:Publisher
62:(English)
2173:(sister)
1544:See also
1508:and the
1263:Chavismo
672:Lal Khan
559:Pabloism
554:Posadism
538:Branches
456:Leninism
451:Entryism
400:Concepts
375:a series
373:Part of
288:Alma Ata
256:Red Army
67:Language
2089:Related
1991:My Life
1856:(1993).
1744:p. 385.
1697:p. 292.
1681:p. 291.
1595:passim.
1257:Campism
1147:Current
986:Current
982:Parties
875:History
366:Content
194:Siberia
190:Marxist
134:Russian
71:Russian
2158:Family
2081:(1942)
2042:(1938)
2034:(1938)
2026:(1937)
2018:(1937)
2010:(1932)
2002:(1930)
1994:(1930)
1978:(1925)
1970:(1925)
1962:(1924)
1954:(1924)
1946:(1920)
1938:(1919)
1930:(1908)
1922:(1906)
1914:(1904)
1846:(1946)
1789:
1764:
1299:Maoism
955:May 68
863:(2017)
853:(1984)
843:(1946)
835:(1938)
825:(1936)
815:(1930)
805:(1924)
795:(1924)
785:(1924)
775:(1920)
571:People
296:Turkey
270:chief
162:Norway
36:Author
2185:(son)
2179:(son)
1898:Works
328:Paris
158:exile
121:Print
77:Genre
1927:1905
1787:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1493:and
340:Oslo
332:visa
237:O.S.
103:1936
1852:by
1842:by
1834:PDF
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160:in
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136::
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1795:.
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132:(
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