399:. Thomas Inkle, a twenty-year-old man from London, sailed to the West Indies to increase his wealth through trade. While on an island, he encounters a group of Indians, who battle and kill many of his shipmates. After fleeing, Inkle hides in a cave where he discovers Yarico, an Indian maiden. They become enamored with one another's clothing and physical appearances, and Yarico for the next several months hides her lover from her people and provides him with food and fresh water. Eventually, a ship passes, headed for Barbadoes, and Inkle and Yarico use this opportunity to leave the island. After reaching the English colony, Inkle sells Yarico to a merchant, even after she tells him that she is pregnant. Arietta closes the tale stating that Inkle simply uses Yarico's declaration to argue for a higher price when selling her. Mr. Spectator is so moved by the story that he takes his leave. Steele's text was so well known and influential that seven decades after his publication, George Colman modified the short story into a
295:
25:
391:, reports on how the cruelties of the transatlantic slave trade contribute to slave-produced goods such as tobacco and sugarcane. Mr. Spectator goes to speak with an older woman, Arietta, whom many people visit to discuss various topics. When Mr. Spectator enters the room, there is already another man present speaking with Arietta. They are discussing "constancy in love," and the man uses the tale of
78:
164:
in
England, lasting from 1711 to 1712. Each "paper", or "number", was approximately 2,500 words long, and the original run consisted of 555 numbers, beginning on 1 March 1711. These were collected into seven volumes. The paper was revived without the involvement of Steele in 1714, appearing thrice
265:
was something that every middle-class household with aspirations to looking like its members took literature seriously would want to have." He hopes it will be said he has "brought philosophy out of closets and libraries, schools, and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and
316:
was widely read; Joseph
Addison estimated that each number was read by thousands of Londoners, about a tenth of the capital's population at the time. Contemporary historians and literary scholars, meanwhile, do not consider this to be an unreasonable claim; most readers were not themselves
359:
continued to be popular and widely read in the late 18th and 19th centuries. It was sold in eight-volume editions. Its prose style, and its marriage of morality and advice with entertainment, were considered exemplary. The decline in its popularity has been discussed by Brian McCrea and
317:
subscribers but patrons of one of the subscribing coffeehouses. These readers came from many stations in society, but the paper catered principally to the interests of
England's emerging middle class—merchants and traders large and small.
274:, No. 10, "But there are none to whom this paper will be more useful than to the female world." He recommends that readers of the paper consider it "as a part of the tea-equipage" and set aside time to read it each morning.
278:
sought to provide readers with topics for well-reasoned discussion, and to equip them to carry on conversations and engage in social interactions in a polite manner. In keeping with the values of
799:
46:
716:
261:
will aim "to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality". The journal reached an audience of thousands of people every day, because "the
270:
because one of the aims of the periodical was to increase the number of women who were "of a more elevated life and conversation." Steele states in
839:
809:
776:
395:
to support his point. Arietta is insulted and angered by the man's hypocrisy and sexism. She counters his tale with one of her own, the story of
387:. Although the periodical essay was published on 13 March 1711, the story is based on Richard Ligon's publication in 1647. Ligon's publication,
834:
824:
451:
33:
829:
819:
327:
read the paper avidly as a teenager. It is said to have had a big influence on his world view, lasting throughout his long life.
814:
804:
714:
Cowan, Brian; Cornelis, Emilie (2022). "Contributors to the Tatler, Spectator, and
Guardian periodicals (Act. 1709–1714)".
383:, Steele created a frame narrative that would come to be a very well known story in the eighteenth century, the story of
467:
497:
Addison and Steele are Dead: The
English Department, Its Canon, and the Professionalization of Literary Criticism
670:
486:
378:
769:(BBC series by Elizabeth Kuti, adapted from and inspired by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele's 18th century
644:
The
Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry Into a Category of Bourgeois Society
540:
598:, Civic Enfranchisement, and the Rule(s) of the Public Sphere." In Newman, Donald J., ed. (2005).
435:, a current weekly British conservative magazine, which borrows its name from the 1711 publication
38:
599:
694:
424:
725:
526:
449:
is Donald F. Bond's edition in five volumes, published in 1965. Selections can be found in
331:
was also a reader, and the
Spectator influenced his style in his "Silence Dogood" letters.
279:
8:
350:
170:
334:
759:
690:
666:
659:
463:
328:
567:
English Trader, Indian Maid: Representing Gender, Race, and
Slavery in the New World
721:
404:
733:
642:
580:
349:
declares itself to be politically neutral, it was widely recognised as promoting
166:
165:
weekly for six months, and these papers when collected formed the eighth volume.
781:
161:
157:
114:
110:
793:
431:
342:
324:
766:
706:
416:
501:
400:
361:
703:
Bibliographical Notes on One
Hundred Books Famous in English Literature
752:
749:
294:
312:
Despite a modest daily circulation of approximately 3,000 copies,
506:
Eighteenth
Century English Literature: Modern Essays in Criticism
755:, Volumes 1, 2 and 3: With Translations and Index for the Series
323:
also had many readers in the American colonies. In particular,
24:
77:
305:
edition of the collected edition of Addison and Steele's
470:. Edited with an introduction and notes. Out of print.
389:
A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes
800:Defunct newspapers published in the United Kingdom
658:
594:Bowers, Terence. "Universalizing Sociability: The
266:coffee–houses". Women were a target audience for
791:
650:
785:; Addison, Joseph, 1672–1719; Internet Archive
626:
713:
689:
720:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
460:Selections from The Tatler and The Spectator
604:, pp. 155-56. University of Delaware Press.
564:
545:The Open Anthology of Literature in English
282:philosophies of their time, the authors of
661:The Norton Anthology of English Literature
656:
452:The Norton Anthology of English Literature
76:
16:Daily publication in England, 1711 to 1712
286:promoted family, marriage, and courtesy.
647:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
631:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 14.
341:as instrumental in the formation of the
293:
257:In Number 10, Mr. Spectator states that
49:of all important aspects of the article.
840:1714 disestablishments in Great Britain
810:1712 disestablishments in Great Britain
717:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
792:
585:, Vol. I, p.31. Harper & Brothers.
169:, a cousin of Addison's, and the poet
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
763:(transcription of 1891 republication)
726:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.105462
541:"Joseph Addison & Richard Steele"
173:also contributed to the publication.
94:1711–1712: daily; 1714: thrice weekly
18:
835:Publications disestablished in 1714
825:Publications disestablished in 1712
372:
156:was a daily publication founded by
13:
683:
601:The Spectator: Emerging Discourses
345:in 18th century England. Although
14:
851:
741:
657:Greenblatt, Stephen, ed. (2006).
367:
830:Publications established in 1714
820:Publications established in 1711
565:Felsenstein, Frank, ed. (1999).
23:
462:(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982)
37:may be too short to adequately
815:1714 establishments in England
805:1711 establishments in England
635:
620:
607:
588:
573:
558:
533:
519:
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
665:(8th ed.). p. A49.
474:
299:
289:
734:UK public library membership
7:
767:Dear Mr Spectator, series 2
629:Benjamin Franklin in London
582:The Works of Joseph Addison
439:
410:
10:
856:
615:James Madison, A Biography
427:" in a public coffee house
641:Habermas, Jürgen (1989).
138:
120:
106:
98:
90:
75:
579:Addison, Joseph (1837).
512:
483:Nos. 1, 2, 10 , 1710–11.
445:The standard edition of
627:George Goodwin (2016).
252:
126:; 313 years ago
353:values and interests.
309:
527:"Information Britain"
425:Sir Roger de Coverley
297:
423:as being kicked by "
380:The Spectator, No.11
202:Addison & Steele
569:. Johns Hopkins UP.
508:ed. James Clifford.
393:The Ephesian Matron
298:Title pages of the
72:
458:Ross, Angus (ed.)
310:
194:Collected edition
124:March 1, 1711
68:
760:Project Gutenberg
732:(Subscription or
617:, 1971, pp. 39-48
329:Benjamin Franklin
250:
249:
149:
148:
64:
63:
847:
762:
737:
729:
710:
677:
676:
664:
654:
648:
639:
633:
632:
624:
618:
611:
605:
592:
586:
577:
571:
570:
562:
556:
555:
553:
551:
537:
531:
530:
523:
405:Inkle and Yarico
397:Inkle and Yarico
385:Inkle and Yarico
373:Inkle and Yarico
304:
301:
240:
236:
214:
210:
176:
175:
134:
132:
127:
99:Paid circulation
85:from 7 June 1711
80:
73:
67:
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
855:
854:
850:
849:
848:
846:
845:
844:
790:
789:
747:
744:
731:
686:
684:Further reading
681:
680:
673:
655:
651:
640:
636:
625:
621:
613:Ralph Ketcham,
612:
608:
593:
589:
578:
574:
563:
559:
549:
547:
539:
538:
534:
525:
524:
520:
515:
504:, "Addison" in
477:
442:
419:, mentioned in
413:
375:
370:
335:Jürgen Habermas
302:
292:
255:
238:
234:
212:
208:
167:Eustace Budgell
144:
140:
130:
128:
125:
86:
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
853:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
788:
787:
779:
774:
764:
743:
742:External links
740:
739:
738:
711:
685:
682:
679:
678:
671:
649:
634:
619:
606:
587:
572:
557:
532:
517:
516:
514:
511:
510:
509:
499:
495:Brian McCrea,
493:
484:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:0-14-043-130-6
456:
441:
438:
437:
436:
428:
412:
409:
374:
371:
369:
368:Notable essays
366:
291:
288:
268:The Spectator,
254:
251:
248:
247:
244:
241:
232:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
215:
206:
203:
200:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
162:Richard Steele
158:Joseph Addison
147:
146:
142:
136:
135:
122:
118:
117:
115:Richard Steele
111:Joseph Addison
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
81:
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
852:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
795:
786:
784:
783:The Spectator
780:
778:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
756:
753:The Spectator
751:
750:
746:
745:
735:
727:
723:
719:
718:
712:
708:
704:
700:
698:
692:
691:Henry W. Kent
688:
687:
674:
668:
663:
662:
653:
646:
645:
638:
630:
623:
616:
610:
603:
602:
597:
591:
584:
583:
576:
568:
561:
546:
542:
536:
528:
522:
518:
507:
503:
500:
498:
494:
491:
489:
488:The Spectator
485:
482:
481:The Spectator
479:
478:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:
453:
448:
447:The Spectator
444:
443:
434:
433:
432:The Spectator
429:
426:
422:
421:The Spectator
418:
415:
414:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:
365:
363:
358:
357:The Spectator
354:
352:
348:
347:The Spectator
344:
343:public sphere
340:
339:The Spectator
336:
332:
330:
326:
325:James Madison
322:
321:The Spectator
318:
315:
314:The Spectator
308:
307:The Spectator
296:
287:
285:
284:The Spectator
281:
280:Enlightenment
277:
276:The Spectator
273:
272:The Spectator
269:
264:
260:
259:The Spectator
245:
242:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
219:
216:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
154:
153:The Spectator
143:
137:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
83:The Spectator
79:
74:
71:
70:The Spectator
66:
58:
55:February 2024
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
782:
770:
754:
748:
715:
707:Grolier Club
702:
696:
660:
652:
643:
637:
628:
622:
614:
609:
600:
595:
590:
581:
575:
566:
560:
550:19 September
548:. Retrieved
544:
535:
521:
505:
496:
487:
480:
459:
450:
446:
430:
420:
417:Bully Dawson
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
376:
356:
355:
346:
338:
333:
320:
319:
313:
311:
306:
283:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
256:
220:Vols. I–VII
152:
151:
150:
82:
69:
65:
52:
36:
34:lead section
777:Hathi Trust
502:C. S. Lewis
401:comic opera
362:C. S. Lewis
303: 1788
239:20 Dec 1714
235:18 Jun 1714
171:John Hughes
139:Final issue
121:First issue
794:Categories
736:required.)
672:0393925315
492:, 1710–11.
475:References
290:Readership
263:Spectators
246:Vol. VIII
243:3 times/wk
213:6 Dec 1712
209:1 Mar 1711
131:1711-03-01
771:Spectator
697:Spectator
596:Spectator
191:Frequency
91:Frequency
39:summarize
693:(1903).
440:Editions
411:See also
199:Original
773:essays)
231:556–635
228:Addison
225:Revival
185:Numbers
182:Editors
129: (
107:Founder
730:
705:. NY:
669:
490:No. 11
466:
141:Number
513:Notes
337:sees
217:Daily
205:1–555
188:Dates
102:3,000
667:ISBN
552:2017
464:ISBN
351:Whig
253:Aims
160:and
758:at
722:doi
377:In
179:Run
145:635
796::
701:.
543:.
407:.
403:,
364:.
300:c.
237:–
211:–
113:;
728:.
724::
709:.
699:"
695:"
675:.
554:.
529:.
455:.
133:)
57:)
53:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
