The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)

1615:, to request that British troops be sent to drive out the IRA. Over the next week, a large number of Specials and British troops attempted to capture Pettigo from a force of about 100 IRA volunteers, by both land and water. British forces bombarded the village and then stormed it and captured Pettigo on 4 June. Three IRA volunteers manning machine-gun posts were killed by British shelling and gunfire; most of the other IRA volunteers retreated. Belleek was captured by British troops on 8 June after a brief battle. They bombarded the old Belleek Fort, forcing its IRA garrison to retreat. Newspaper reports put the IRA casualties at seven killed and the total death toll as high as 30. Although in Southern territory, British troops continued to occupy Pettigo until January 1923, and Belleek Fort until August 1924. 1187: 1411:(both in Northern Ireland), but the Irish Provisional Government was unaware British forces would be crossing through its territory. The IRA called on the Special Constables to surrender for questioning, but one of them shot dead IRA commandant Matt Fitzpatrick. This sparked a firefight in which four Special Constables were killed and several wounded. Five others were captured. The incident threatened to set off a major confrontation between North and South, and the British government temporarily suspended the withdrawal of British troops from the South. A Border Commission was set up to mediate in any future cross-border disputes, but achieved very little. 40: 1499:

centre of Belfast. The objective of the raid was to capture armoured cars and weaponry. A unit infiltrated the barracks but had to fight their way out when guards were alerted. One RIC constable was killed and another wounded during the attack on Musgrave barracks. Woods was quoted on this attack: "The whole Loyalist population is at a loss to know how such a raid could be attempted during curfew hours on the headquarters in Belfast and the largest barrack in Ireland. They are in a state of panic." The IRA also carried out numerous firebomb attacks and dozens of fires blazed across Belfast. On 19 May 1922 a Unionist-owned mill was burned in

1183:, fatally wounding Constable James Glover. He had been targeted because the IRA suspected him of being part of a group of police involved in the sectarian killings of Catholics. These attacks sparked violence by Loyalists. Belfast suffered three days of sectarian rioting and shooting incidents, during which at least 14 people were killed; including three Catholics taken from their homes and killed by uniformed police. About 150 Catholic families were forced out of their homes at that time. Violence continued throughout the summer of 1921 with August being particularly bad in Belfast: 23 people were killed (12 Protestants and 11 Catholics). 923: 1053:, County Down and his large funeral was held there on 21 July, the same day as the Belfast shipyard expulsions. After Smyth's funeral, about 3,000 Loyalists took to the streets. Many Catholic homes and businesses were attacked, burned and looted, despite police being present. A large mob of Loyalists, some armed, attacked and tried to break into the home of a republican family. The father fired on the crowd, killing a Protestant man. Hundreds of Catholic factory workers were also driven from their jobs, and many Catholic families fled Banbridge. Calm was restored after the British Army was deployed in the town. 1672: 1747:. Attacks continued through the summer on Catholic homes in the areas of Lancaster and York Streets. By the end of the 1935 attacks and riots, thirteen people had been killed, hundreds had been wounded, mass expulsions of Catholics from shipyard jobs occurred again. The Catholic Relief Committee stated that mobs had evicted 431 families from their homes and dozens of houses were burned in the central part of Belfast. Over 2500 people had been driven from their homes with 85 percent being Catholic and 73 homes destroyed by arson. Many Catholics referred to these incidents as pogroms against them. 787: 1328:: "By the early spring of 1921 there were 3,515 A and 11,000 B Specials in the six county area. At the time of the truce there were about 14 reasonably active IRA companies in Tyrone, each with around 50 men, but only half a dozen in each company were armed. Therefore, just over 100 poorly armed Volunteers faced a combined force of almost 3,000 heavily armed, paramilitary police comprising RIC, A and B Specials. The British Army was also represented in Tyrone with a 650 man Rifle Brigade in Strabane. Some areas of Ulster saw little violence – only three IRA volunteers were killed in 1577: 1316:, County Donegal, the IRA attacked a mixed patrol of military and police, one RIC officer was killed and a soldier was wounded during a 30 minute exchange of gunfire. Later that day, police and Black and Tans in Donegal town fired shots into buildings, destroyed shops and licensed premises. After midnight a mixed force of RIC, Black and Tans, USC and military returned to Mountcharles destroying businesses and setting fire to homes. That night one woman was shot and killed in Mountcharles. On 22 March 1921, in retaliation for the burning of Catholic owned homes in 620:. Many workers were made redundant, working hours were reduced and many returning soldiers were unable to find work. Some returning Protestant soldiers felt bitterness against the many Catholics who had remained at home and now held jobs. At the same time, fiery political speeches were made by Unionist leaders and weapons were stockpiled by Ulster loyalists and Irish nationalists. Other events which contributed to the outbreak of violence were the assassinations of senior British Army officers, policemen and politicians: RIC Divisional Commissioner 1632:, which was moored in Belfast Lough and described as a "floating gulag". The numerical superiority of the USC (19,400 members in the A and B Specials) also proved an insurmountable obstacle for the northern IRA. Irish nationalists in the South became distracted by the deepening split between pro-treaty and anti-treaty factions. In early June, the Irish Provisional Government adopted "a policy of peaceful obstruction" towards the Northern government, and Michael Collins suspended attempts to use force. 1533:. The Special Powers Act has been described as " the most draconian pieces of legislation ever passed in a liberal democracy." Joe Devlin, MP, stated the predicament the nationalist community was facing: "If Catholics have no revolvers they are murdered. If they have revolvers they are flogged and sentenced to death." (The act allowed for flogging in some cases.) The act was renewed several times before being made permanent in 1933 and stayed in effect until 1973 when it was replaced with the 485:). The second Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1893, much violence ensued with Catholic workmen being driven from their jobs in the Belfast shipyards. In addition to the above riots many others occurred in Belfast during the 19th century - serious rioting took place in 1835 (two rioters shot dead), 1841, 1843, 1857, 1864, 1872, 1880,1884 and 1898. In 1912 Belfast was the scene of "fullscale sectarian rioting" which caused further segregation between the Catholic and Protestant communities. 1074: 1415:

Weaver Street, Belfast. Four girls and two women died. 22 people suffered injuries "some of them horrific". On 18 March 1922, Northern Ireland police raided IRA headquarters in Belfast, seizing weapons and lists of IRA volunteers. The Irish Provisional Government condemned this as a breach of the truce. Over the next week, the IRA attacked several police barracks in the North. On 28 March, a column of fifty IRA volunteers crossed into the North and seized the RIC barracks in

1364:. The Dáil narrowly approved the Treaty on 7 January 1922 (by a vote of 64 to 57), but it caused a serious split in the Irish nationalist movement (eventually leading the Irish Civil War). The anti-Treaty side argued that the Treaty copper-fastened partition; the pro-Treaty side argued that the proposed Boundary Commission would transfer large swathes of Northern Ireland to the Free State, leaving the remaining territory too small to be viable. The pro-Treatyites formed a 442: 1604:, County Donegal both straddle the border. The IRA garrisoned these villages and also occupied the triangular strip of Northern territory. On 27 May 1922 a USC group was sent into the area by boat and garrisoned Magherameena Castle, near Belleek. The IRA attacked the USC, forcing them to abandon their position and withdraw to a nearby island. The IRA also ambushed a convoy of USC reinforcements, killing the lead driver and forcing the Specials to retreat. 802:. In the 1898 "clearances", approximately 700 Catholic workers were driven from shipyards, linen mills and other businesses where Protestants were in the majority. The 1912 clearances resulted in many assaults with thousands of Catholics and Protestant being forcibly removed from their jobs. The events that triggered the 1912 workplace expulsions were the introduction of the Home Rule for Ireland Act in April 1912 and another incident which took place in 972: 1522:(imprisonment without trial). Over 500 men from Tyrone, Derry, Fermanagh, Armagh and Belfast were arrested (all of the internees were all republicans). In a major blow to the IRA, a raid on a house in Belfast uncovered a list of IRA officers in the city, and documents proving the involvement of Southern IRA leaders. The USC were mobilized in large numbers to carry out patrols and raids, and a nighttime curfew was imposed across Northern Ireland. 1276:, was sent to Belfast to liaise with the authorities and try to maintain the truce. With the tacit consent of the RIC, in order to restore order, he organized IRA patrols in Catholic neighborhoods, and announced that IRA offensive actions would end. Both Protestants and Catholics saw the truce as a victory for Republicans. Loyalists "were particularly appalled by the sight of policemen and soldiers meeting IRA officers on a semi-official basis". 1260:

Ireland in 1921 saw another wave of intense sectarian violence in Belfast. This period of time saw the highest number of casualties since the Shipyard Clearances of the previous summer. Hours before the ceasefire was to begin, police launched a raid against Republicans in west Belfast. The IRA ambushed them on Raglan Street, killing an officer (Constable Thomas Conlon) and wounding others. This sparked a day of violence known as

1012:, primarily due to its location near the newly-proclaimed border and Belfast. The following declaration was signed by all of Monaghan's Catholic commercial traders: "We the undersigned traders of Monaghan town, hereby pledge ourselves not to deal directly or indirectly with Belfast Unionist firms or traders until such time as adequate reparation has been made to the Catholic victims of the recent Belfast pogrom". 663:, warned against a rearmed UVF that "would undoubtedly consist entirely of Protestants, and no amount of so called loyalty is likely to restrain them if the religious question becomes acute...the arming of the Protestant population of Ulster will mean the outbreak of civil war in this country, as distinct from the attempted suppression of rebellion with which we are engaged at present." The British Prime Minister, 1251:, County Armagh. Five soldiers and a train guard were killed in the derailment, as were fifty horses. Patrick McAteer, a local farm worker, was fatally wounded on the same day roughly half a mile from the ambush site by soldiers when he failed to halt when challenged. On 6 July, disguised Special Constables raided homes at Altnaveigh, County Armagh, and summarily killed four Catholic civilian men. 1444: 332:, who backed Irish independence. During this period, more than 500 people were killed in Belfast alone, 500 interned and 23,000 people were made homeless in the city, while approximately 50,000 people fled the north of Ireland due to intimidation. Most of the victims were Nationalists (73%) with civilians being far more likely to be killed compared to the military, police or paramilitaries. 851:. At this time in Belfast, Catholics made up a quarter of the city's population but accounted for up two-thirds of those killed, they suffered 80% of the property destruction and comprised 80% of refugees. Despite the role played by state forces, particularly the USC, most unionist historians say the term "pogrom" is misleading, claiming the police violence was not co-ordinated. 1643:. In June 1922 the Belfast IRA conducted an arson campaign, the governments reaction was swift and severe. The leader of the IRA in Belfast (Seamus Woods) stated just how hard operations had become: "The enemy are continually raiding and arresting; the heavy sentences and particularly the flogging making the civilians very loath to keep wanted men or arms". The killing of 1459:, was behind secret plans for an IRA offensive in Northern Ireland. He formed an "Ulster Council" within the IRA, which included the commanders of its five northern divisions, to co-ordinate IRA activity in the north. Collins hoped the offensive would undermine the Northern Ireland government and unite the pro-treaty and anti-treaty IRA in a shared goal. The new Irish 1320:, County Fermanagh (21 February 1921) two members of the USC were shot dead. The IRA also conducted widespread attacks on Protestant owned homes in Rosslea, burning at least two to the ground and damaging many others. The following month, the IRA attacked the homes of up to sixteen Special Constables in the Rosslea district, killing three and wounding several others. 1431:(24 March 1922), in which five Catholic family members and an employee were shot dead by gunmen who broke into their home. The gunmen were allegedly Special Constables, and it was apparently revenge for the IRA's killing of two policemen hours earlier. A week later, six more Catholics were killed by Special Constables who went on a rampage in the 1503:, County Londonderry, later that day a mob of Loyalists and police attacked and burned many Catholic homes and businesses in the village. Uniformed Special Constables arrested four Catholic men at their homes outside the village, took two sets of brothers into a country lane and summarily executed all four men. The IRA also attacked 1145:(USC), commonly called the "B-Specials" or "B Men" was formed in October 1920 and, in the words of historian Michael Hopkinson, "amounted to an officially approved UVF". Irish nationalists saw the founding of this almost wholly Protestant force as the arming of the majority against the Catholic minority. 1742:

banned all public meetings and demonstrations (the ban was lifted on 27 June). In June 1935 a crowd attacked the small Catholic enclave off Great Georges Street, Belfast. In what became known as the Lancaster street riots, the IRA were based out of Lancaster street and provided a defense for the area

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Interim Report 1921 stated "These riots between Protestants and Catholics in which Protestants were the aggressors partook of the character of Russian pogroms against the Jews". In one author's opinion, "The Catholic population had been beaten into submission". Nationalist newspapers likewise decried

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that began in 1969, some Belfast Catholics whose homes had been attacked when they were children found themselves being attacked again in what seemed a re-run of the troubles of 1920-1922. The Belfast shipyards had a long-standing reputation as Protestant "closed shops" – in 1970, 500

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The campaign saw further reprisals and sectarian violence in newly formed Northern Ireland. On 19 May 1922, 71 Catholic families were driven out of their homes in Belfast and on 31 May, another 78 Catholic families were driven out. Sectarian attacks were not limited to one side: on 19 May workmen at

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were involved on the Catholic side. The USC were alleged to have driven through Catholic enclaves firing indiscriminately. Twenty eight people were killed or fatally wounded (including twelve Catholics and six Protestants) from the beginning of the truce began at noon on 11 July 1921 and in the week

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was shot dead, it was determined that the bullet had been fired by the police trying to disperse the mob. At the end of these two days of violence, virtually the entire Catholic population of both Banbridge and Dromore were forced to flee their homes. Sectarian intimidation and violence continued in

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The now unemployed Catholic shipyard workers continued to attack Protestants as they returned home after work. In late November 1921 multiple trams carrying shipyard workers were attacked, killing eight Protestant workers. Loyalist retaliation resulted in fifteen Nationalists killed in one day alone

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Characterizing the violence as "pogroms" and "ethnic cleansing" has been fiercely debated by historians. Historians have argued that the term "pogrom" is not appropriate given the reciprocity of violence between the communities. In the context of the Belfast shipyard clearances, the use of the word

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The fighting heightened tensions between the Irish and British governments. It was the first clash between the IRA and British troops since the truce, and was the nearest the Northern IRA came to a pitched battle with the British Army. It was also the last major conflict between the IRA and British

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pact had both leaders agree that Craig would try to have Catholic workers regain the jobs lost in the shipyard clearances of 1920. Collins agreed to end IRA actions against the police and military in the six counties and to end the boycott. The Belfast Boycott eventually ended following the signing

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and Diamond, whilst also repulsing an IRA counter-attack. Protestants living in the mainly-Catholic Bogside would be burnt out of their houses by the IRA, with two shot dead. Loyalists fired from the Fountain neighborhood into adjoining Catholic streets. The IRA, armed with rifles and machine-guns,

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By the end of June 1922, the level of violence in Belfast had fallen and the IRA's Northern Offensive had petered out. There were several reasons for this. The Northern government's security crackdown and introduction of internment in late May soon crippled the IRA in Northern Ireland. Within four

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After the Truce between the IRA and the British (11 July 1921), the USC was demobilised by the British and the IRA was given official recognition while peace talks were ongoing. The USC consisted of 32,000 men divided into four sections: A Specials were fulltime and paid. B Specials were part time

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newspaper reported 17 people dead and over 169 seriously wounded. Within four days of the killing of District Inspector Swanzy in Lisburn at least 100 homes of Nationalists were burned in Belfast. Between September 1920 and April 1922 at least four large scale clashes occurred in the small Belfast

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Lisburn was likened to "a bombarded town in France" during the First World War. A third of the town's Catholics (about 1,000 people) fled Lisburn. The attacks in Lisburn, Dromore and Banbridge led to a long-term decline of the Catholic populations of those towns. Damage in Lisburn was estimated at

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at the Workman and Clarke yard. With over 5,000 workers present, speeches were made, demanding the expulsion of all "non-loyal" workers. Hours of intimidation and violence followed, in which Loyalists drove 8,000 co-workers from Harland and Wolff other shipyards, industrial sites and several linen

1264:. Protestant loyalists attacked Catholic neighbourhoods in west Belfast, burning over 150 Catholic homes and businesses. This led to sectarian clashes and gun battles between police and Catholic nationalists. While the IRA was involved in some of the fighting, another Irish nationalist group, the 1259:

On 9 July 1921, a ceasefire (or truce) was agreed between representatives of the Irish Republic and the British government, to begin at noon on 11 July. Many Loyalists condemned the truce as a 'sell-out' to Republicans. While violence may have ceased in the south of Ireland, the birth of Northern

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And it is to The Mercy of these men that 500,000 of we Belfast Catholics are to be left. The Protestants are to be armed, for we would not touch your special constabularyship with a forty-foot pole. Their pogrom is to be made less difficult. Instead of pavingstones and sticks they are to be given

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Over the next three days and nights, Loyalist crowds looted and burned almost every Catholic business in the town, and attacked Catholic homes. There is evidence the UVF helped organise the burnings. Rioters attacked firemen who tried to save Catholic property, and attacked the lorries of British

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Almost 1,000 homes and businesses in Belfast were destroyed, about 80% of them Catholic and 20% Protestant. More than 10,000 people became refugees, most of them Catholics who generally fled to other parts of Ireland. About 8,000 Catholics and 2,000 Protestants were forced to move within Belfast

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These incidents provoked retaliatory attacks by Loyalists against Catholics in Belfast, sparking further sectarian clashes. In the three days after the Clones incident, more than 30 people were killed in Belfast. On 14 February, Loyalists threw a bomb into a group of Catholic children playing on

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After a lull, the conflict in the north intensified again in the spring of 1921. On 1 April, the IRA attacked an RIC barracks and a British Army post in Derry city with gunfire and grenades, killing two RIC officers. On 10 April, the IRA ambushed a group of Special Constables outside a church in

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was anchored on the Foyle overlooking the Guildhall. The presence of the military did little to stifle the violence as riots, shootings, and assassinations continued. Six people (four Catholics, two Protestants) were killed in the last week of June, after the army's deployment. According to some

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the establishment of an independent Irish Republic covering the whole island. However, Unionists won most seats in Ulster and affirmed their continuing loyalty to the United Kingdom. Many Irish republicans blamed the British establishment for the sectarian divisions in Ireland, and believed that

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were long time Officers in the IRAs Belfast Brigade and the 3rd Northern Division. On 5 April 1920 Woods led the IRA units that burned the Customs House and two tax offices in Belfast The northern offensive began operations on 18 May 1922 with the raiding of Musgrave Street RIC barracks in the

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Between 1920–1922, within Northern Ireland, 557 people were killed: 303 Catholics, 172 Protestants and 82 police and British Army personnel. A number of IRA volunteers were also killed. Belfast suffered the most casualties, as 455 people there were killed: 267 Catholics, 151 Protestants and 37

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on their way to a match in Derry. In response, on the night of 7–8 February, IRA units crossed into Northern Ireland and captured 40 Special Constables and prominent Loyalists in Fermanagh and Tyrone. They were to be held as hostages for the Monaghan prisoners. Several IRA volunteers were also

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The expulsion of thousands of Catholic workers from the shipyards and other Belfast workplaces were followed by retaliatory attacks against Protestant workers as they were returning home from work, starting a cycle of communal violence which continued for over two years. One of the more brutal

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During this time period violence occurred in all nine counties of Ulster. Outside of the major cities/towns many attacks occurred in smaller/rural communities but were mostly limited to attacks on RIC barracks, ambushes, sniping and raids for weapons. Some large-scale attacks did occur often

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be recruited from the ranks of the loyalist, paramilitary organization the UVF. He warned: "Loyalist leaders now feel the situation is so desperate that unless the Government will take immediate action, it may be advisable for them to see what steps can be taken towards a system of organized

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At other workplaces in Belfast, expulsions continued for several days, and those expelled included several hundred female textile workers. Catholics and Socialists were driven out of other large firms such as Mackies Foundry and Sirocco Engineering Works. According to the Catholic Protection

1726:"pogrom" does not strictly conform to dictionary definitions, which typically refers to pogroms against Jews in eastern Europe. Intimidation and retaliation attacks were carried out by both communities, with about third of those killed and over 20% of refugees being Protestant. 1540:

The IRA was able to continue its offensive in early June 1922 there were increasing attacks on the USC in south County Armagh. In reprisal, on 13 June 1922, the Specials took two Catholic men from their homes in the area and killed them, dumping their bodies on the roadside at

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correspondent Hugh Martin was quoted on the attacks in Lisburn and Banbridge: "This was no mere faction fight. There can be no doubt that it was a deliberate and organised attempt to, not by any means the first in history, to drive the Catholic Irish out of North-East Ulster."

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Nationalist enclave known as Marrowbone. Initially crowds of armed Unionists attempted to burn the local Catholic church. During this time approximately 20 residents of the Marrowbone and rioters were killed, dozens of people were wounded, and multiple homes burned.

839:, near Belfast. He said "I am sick of words without actions" and he warned the British government that if it refused to adequately protect Unionists from the IRA, they would take matters into their own hands. He also linked Irish republicanism with socialism and the 810:

snatched a British flag from the hands of a young boy – resulting in rioting. When the news spread to Belfast 2,400 Catholics and some 600 Protestant trade unionists were driven (often violently) from their places of work. In the 1912 violence, the directors of

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form of proportional representation. The British Prime Minister had hoped that this system would show a lack of support for Sinn Féin, and this view had vindication after Sinn Féin won only 550 seats compared to 1,256 for all the other parties, including the

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attacked the RIC barracks in Crossgar, County Down. They opened fire on the building, wounding two officers, and attempted to breach the walls with explosives before withdrawing. In early 1921, western Donegal had seasoned Volunteers under the command of

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and its cabinet approved the boycott in August 1920, imposing a boycott of goods from Belfast and a withdrawal of funds from Belfast-based banks. In January 1921, the Dáil agreed to support the boycott more fully, providing 35,000 pounds to the campaign.

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In Ulster during the spring of 1921, numerically superior British/Unionist forces faced a poorly armed IRA. The situation in County Tyrone at that time highlights the problems faced by the IRA when confronted with large numbers of military, police and

741:. In response, loyalists reformed the UVF in the city and mounted roadblocks, where Catholics crossing Carlisle Bridge were mistreated, resulting in one who had returned injured from the war being killed. On 13 June, the UVF attacked Catholics at 512:

occurred in which British Army officers vowed to resign or be dismissed if they were ordered to enforce the Home Rule Act. Ulster unionists argued that if Home Rule could not be stopped, then all or part of Ulster should be excluded from it (see

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Catholic relief organizations estimated that 8,700 to 11,000 Catholics had lost their jobs, that up to 23,000 Catholics had been forced from their homes and about 500 Catholic-owned businesses had been destroyed between July 1920 and July 1922.

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The offensive was to begin on 2 May 1922, but most of the IRA divisions had to postpone until later in the month. The 2nd Northern Division was unable to postpone and was allowed to begin operations on 2 May with attacks on police barracks in

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While both communities suffered sectarian and politically-motivated violence during this time, Catholics were disproportionately affected. Catholics made up less than one-quarter of Belfast's population but almost two-thirds of the victims.

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The violence that broke out in the city on 18 June continued for a week. At least nineteen people were killed or fatally wounded during this time: 14 Catholics and five Protestants. On 18 June, rioting had spread into the mainly-Protestant

705:. His inaugural speech did little to allay the fears of the unionist population of the city: "Ireland's right to determine her own destiny will come about whether the Protestants of Ulster like it or not". Irish nationalist newspaper the 979:

In response to the expulsions of Catholic workers in Belfast and requirements for employment (political loyalty tests and the requirement to sign loyalty declarations to the British Government), northern Sinn Féin members called for the

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As the Irish War of Independence spread northwards into Ulster, sectarian clashes took place, which would spark a period of fierce sectarian fighting that overshadowed all the riots and clashes of the preceding century. In January 1920,

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addressed the ceremonial opening of the Northern Parliament on 22 June 1921. He called for "all Irishmen to pause, to stretch out the hand of forbearance and conciliation". The next day, a train carrying the king's military escort, the

863:. Some of them were beaten, or thrown into the water and pelted with rivets as they swam for their lives. Three days of rioting followed, in which eleven Catholics and eight Protestants were killed and hundreds of people were wounded. 1529:(7 April 1922), would cripple the IRA in Northern Ireland. Because of the harsh measures of the Special Powers Act many northern IRA men fled to the relative safety of County Donegal and reported for duty to the senior leader there - 1157:

rifles. That is how civil war is to be prevented in Ireland and in Ulster. It is impossible to speak with patience of what is going on over there. Englishmen have no conception of it; if they had they would hide their heads in shame.

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as Catholics rioted in the city center, the RIC carried out a bayonet charge. On 14 May more trouble ensued as the RIC and IRA engaged in a four-hour gun battle, which resulted in the shooting death of the local chief of the RIC

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On 22 August 1920, the IRA assassinated RIC Inspector Oswald Swanzy in the Market Square of Lisburn, as worshippers left Sunday service. A coroner's inquest in Cork had held Swanzy (among others) responsible for the murder of

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heralded the fall of unionist control over Londonderry Corporation, declaring "No Surrender – Citadel Conquered". In the June elections, thirteen rural councils in Ulster came under joint Nationalist-Sinn Féin control, as did

1564:. The A-Specials opened fire on a crowd of onlookers, killing three Catholic men: James McAllister, John Gore and John Hill. After the killings, the A-Specials claimed they were attacked by the IRA and returned fire, but a 954:

or Battle of Short Strand was a gun battle that took place on the night of 27–28 June 1970 resulting in three deaths and at least 26 wounded. Major sectarian clashes were common in the shipyard area into the 21st century –

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on 22 August dealt another blow to the northern IRA. Collins had secretly been arming and supporting the northern IRA, with his death many northern IRA men felt their cause was unwinnable. IRA Belfast Brigade leader

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Sectarian strife began in Derry in April 1920 when an hour-long violent confrontation between Protestants and Catholics erupted at the corner of Long Tower Street, as republican prisoners were being transported to

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The first half of 1922 saw clashes between the IRA and USC along the new border, an IRA offensive inside Northern Ireland, sectarian violence and killings in Belfast and tensions between the two new governments.

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The boycott had little impact on the north's three main industries – agriculture, shipbuilding and linen – as they were mainly shipped to markets outside Ireland. In March 1922, the

2982: 1553:, County Armagh killing two. Meanwhile, in one of the most notorious incidents of the period, another IRA unit attacked nine Protestant homes at Altnaveigh, County Armagh shooting dead six Protestant civilians. 1734:

There would be no major outbreaks of violence until May 1935 when there were arson attacks on Catholic homes in Upper Library Street, Belfast. On 10 May 1935, a curfew was imposed on the area. At that time the

724:. These events and the nationalist triumphalism that came with them encouraged their hopes that partition would be ditched, whilst compounding the feeling of abandonment amongst unionists, especially in Derry. 697:. However, Unionists became dismayed when an electoral pact saw Sinn Féin and the Nationalist Party gaining control of ten urban councils within the area due to become Northern Ireland. In Derry, Alderman 4373: 1312:), a RIC officer was seriously wounded. Several hours later members of the UVF fired into a group of civilians in Tempo, killing one and wounding another. On 22 February 1921 in the small town of 2612: 1713:

At the time, many Irish Catholics in Belfast felt that the Loyalist violence, and the violent expulsion of thousands of Catholics from mixed neighborhoods and workplaces, was akin to a pogrom or

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attacks on returning workers occurred on 22 November 1921 when bombs were thrown into a tram carrying workers from the Workman, Clark and Co. shipyard – three workers were killed and 16 wounded.

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was responsible for numerous successful attacks on RIC barracks and troop train ambushes. On 12 January 1921, the column attacked a train carrying troops with multiple military deaths reported.

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County Antrim (a town near Belfast) in response to the murder of Colonel Smyth. On 24 July 1920 rioters attacked Catholic owned businesses, homes and the Catholic convent of the Sacred Heart.

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The large-scale violence of July 1920 - June 1922 was preceded by similar actions in June 1898 and July 1912. The 1898, 1912 and 1920 "clearances" were all of Catholic shipyard workers,

1348:, signed on 6 December 1921 by representatives of the British government and the Irish Republic. Under the Treaty, 'Southern Ireland' would leave the UK and become a self-governing 481:

was introduced in the British House of Parliament. Ulster Unionists resisted that Bill with violence – 31 to 50 people were killed in ongoing riots during June/July 1886 (see the

17: 3909: 1526: 422: 1231:. In reprisal, the Special Constables went to the nearest Catholic home and fatally shot two civilian men. The IRA then fired on the USC men from a nearby hill, killing one. 2743: 1483:, and another was killed in an ambush of a mobile patrol at Corvanaghan. These were followed by reprisal killings: on 6 May two Catholic men were shot dead at a house near 1162:

and unpaid and the C Specials were unpaid and nonuniform reservists. The USC or "Specials" were used in every decade of the 20th century up to its disbandment in May 1970.

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On 21 July 1920, when shipyard workers returned after the Twelfth holidays, a meeting of "all Unionist and Protestant workers" was called during lunch hour that day by the

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a cooperage in Little Patrick Street, Belfast were lined up and asked their religion. Four Protestant workers were separated from their Catholic workmates and shot dead.

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Ulster Unionist defiance would fade after British rule was ended. The British authorities outlawed the Dáil in September 1919, and a guerrilla conflict developed as the

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stated, "When Collins was killed the northern element (of the IRA) gave up all hope". Nationalist hopes for a large transfer of Northern territory to the newly-formed

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attacked the RIC barracks in Newtownhamilton, County Armagh. After a two-hour firefight, the IRA breached the barracks wall with explosives and stormed the building.

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Banbridge and areas north of the town (the Bann Valley) throughout August and September 1920 with approximately 1,000 more Catholics being expelled from their jobs.

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approved the 'Belfast Boycott' of unionist-owned businesses and banks in the city. It was enforced by the IRA, who halted trains and lorries and destroyed goods.

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Committee, 11,000 Catholic shipyard, factory and mill workers had been expelled from their jobs, a tenth of Belfast's Catholic population. The leader of the

1419:, County Fermanagh, after a three-hour battle. Fifteen RIC officers were captured, marched across the border into the South and held captive until 18 July. 1109:

810,000 pounds (in 1920 currency). Seven men were arrested and charged with rioting – five were convicted but appealed their convictions and were released.

997:) oversaw the implementation of the boycott, by May 1921 there were 360 Belfast Boycott committees throughout Ireland, but it was enforced intermittently. 4888: 1628:

months, 446 Irish republicans/nationalists had been interned and by December 1924, 700 had been interned. A total of 263 men interned on the Prison Ship

1049:. He had told police officers to shoot civilians who did not immediately obey orders. Smyth was from a wealthy Protestant family in the northern town of 1388:

On 14 January, Northern Ireland police arrested a number of 5th Northern division IRA volunteers in County Tyrone with plans to free IRA prisoners from

874:, seven Catholics and two Protestants were killed, mostly by soldiers who were attempting to disperse rioters in the area. Several of those killed were 370:

between Protestants and Catholics. Almost 1,000 homes and businesses were destroyed and thousands of people were forced out of mixed neighborhoods. The

2560: 640:(both of whom had served as British soldiers in World War I) were apprehended and found guilty of Wilson's murder. They were hanged on 10 August 1922. 1639:

on 28 June 1922 diverted the IRA from its campaign against the Northern government. Many northern IRA men moved to the south to join the newly formed

1560:, Country Antrim. On the night of 23 June 1922, a party of A-Specials, accompanied by British soldiers, arrived in the village to enforce the nightly 906:, made his feelings on the expulsions clear when he visited the shipyards: "Do I approve of the actions you boys have taken in the past? I say yes". 1663:

By the end of 1922 Northern Ireland was relatively peaceful, which continued through 1924 when internment was ended and the Belfast curfew lifted.

1534: 343:

often attacked the Catholic community in retaliation. In July 1920, they drove 8,000 mostly Catholic workers out of the Belfast shipyards sparking

171: 3723: 433:

in the south on 28 June 1922 diverted the IRA from its campaign against the Northern government, and violence in Northern Ireland fell sharply.

1272:

A strict curfew was enforced in Belfast after the violence. As soon as the ceasefire began, the Commandant of the IRA's 2nd Northern Division,

1060:. An estimated crowd of 500 attacked Catholic homes, the Catholic parochial house and looted businesses. During the rioting, one member of the 397:, a day of violence in which twenty people were killed. In early 1922, there was a resurgence of sectarian violence in Belfast, including the 4893: 2943: 1361: 1105:

soldiers sent to help the police. A Catholic pub owner later died of gunshot wounds and a charred body was found in the ruins of a factory.

382:(RIC). The USC was almost wholly Protestant. Members of both police forces were involved in carrying out reprisal attacks on Catholics. The 4873: 2815: 79: 4848: 1736: 1215:

were held on 24 May. Unionists won most of the seats in Northern Ireland, while republicans treated it as an election for the Dáil. The

445:

Results of the 1918 UK general election in Ireland, showing seats won by Irish nationalists in green, and seats won by Unionists in blue

1000:

The boycott was enforced by the IRA, who halted trains and lorries and destroyed goods from Belfast businesses. The female members of

584:

had taken place), most Irish nationalists now wanted full independence rather than home rule. In the 1918 Irish general election, the

573:) majorities. Although Counties Fermanagh and Tyrone returns showed nationalist majorities, they were included into Northern Ireland. 4903: 1333: 1308:

Attacks and reprisals were common. On 25 October 1920 (after a successful raid for arms/ammunition took place at the RIC barracks in

1549:

retaliated for the killings and for the sexual assault of a Catholic woman. A unit of fifty IRA volunteers ambushed a USC patrol at

4878: 1718: 1456: 1365: 652: 1878: 675:

made up of returning soldiers to help bolster the RIC, but they quickly became notorious for their actions against nationalists.

72: 1227:. Irish nationalist and republican members refused to attend. The following day, the IRA ambushed a USC patrol at Carrogs, near 1186: 815:

shipyards decided to suspend operations "in view of the brutal assaults on individual workmen and the intimidation of others.".

351:, leaving twenty people dead, and there were mass burnings of Catholic property and expulsions of Catholics from their homes in 1701:

Outside of Belfast, at least 104 people were killed: 61 civilians (45 Catholics and 15 Protestants) and 45 policemen/soldiers.

390: 1584:

During the Northern Offensive, there were clashes between the IRA and British forces in an area known as the 'Belleek-Pettigo

496:

of 1912–14, Unionists threatened to oppose any Irish government with violence if necessary, forming a paramilitary group: the

4828: 4800: 4748: 4679: 4576: 4552: 4144: 3568: 3534: 3387: 3155: 3016: 2548: 2477: 2441: 2150: 2121: 2088: 2063: 1780: 606: 336: 2808:"The Collins – Craig agreement from Michael Collins & James Craig – 23 January 1922 – Documents on Irish Foreign Policy" 1479:. During these attacks an RIC officer and an IRA volunteer were killed. The following day, three Specials were shot dead in 1004:

played major roles in holding up trains and the seizure/destruction of northern produced goods/Unionist leaning newspapers.

616:

Another contributing factor to the outbreak of communal violence was the severe economic recession that followed the end of

4843: 890:

on Newtownards Road; soldiers guarding the building responded opened fire, wounding 15 Protestants, three of them fatally.

565:

comprised the maximum area Unionists believed they could dominate. Generally, Irish nationalists opposed partition, in the

914:

came under sustained attack and in March 1922, nearby St Matthew's Primary School was also subjected to a bombing attack.

1612: 1224: 1133: 1017: 1008:

held up several trains bound from County Tyrone to County Donegal. However, the boycott was effectively enforced only in

903: 429:

suspected IRA members, and imposing a nighttime curfew across the six counties of Northern Ireland. The outbreak of the

4853: 2270: 1568:

inquiry, which was declassified almost a century later, concluded that the constabulary's version of events was false.

899: 648: 1686:

members of the security forces. The city had a higher per-capita death rate than any other part of Ireland during the

4028:

Lawlor, Pearse, (2012), "Tit-For-Tat: The War of Independence in the Northern Counties, p. 39, Accessed 20 Nov. 2022.

3837: 3476: 3204: 2678: 1953: 1800: 601: 1565: 1373: 843:. Many Catholics asserted that Carson's rhetoric was partly responsible for the start of what they believed was a " 702: 1744: 1507:

RIC barracks in County Antrim with gunfire and grenades and ambushed a group of USC reinforcements, killing one.

753:

area of the city, where Catholic homes were burnt. The UVF, with the aid of ex-servicemen, seized control of the

478: 1671: 2300: 1644: 1452: 1369: 1216: 1204: 1021: 855: 534: 514: 489: 177: 1397:

captured during the raids. The Northern Ireland authorities responded by sealing-off many cross-border roads.

720:

county councils. Unionist representation in Belfast fell from 52 to 29 as a result of the good showing of the

449:

In the early 20th century, all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. A majority of Ireland's people were

629: 1537:. The staggered start to the northern offensive also made it easier for the Northern authorities to tackle. 4913: 4863: 759: 233: 2613:"The eruption of sectarian violence in Belfast's shipyards during July 1920 would define Belfast's future" 1866:

Arming the Protestants: The Formation of the Ulster Special Constabulary and the Royal Ulster Constabulary

4883: 4713: 1265: 1175:, killing one and wounding others. In reprisal, the USC attacked nationalists and burned their houses in 1142: 960: 939: 807: 694: 656: 566: 375: 366:

Conflict continued intermittently for two years, mostly in Belfast, which saw "savage and unprecedented"

283: 154: 4340: 1518:, a Unionist Member of Parliament in Belfast. This spurred the Northern Ireland government to introduce 1179:(where the dead Special Constables came from). On 10 June, the IRA shot three RIC officers on Belfast's 596:, Sinn Féin's elected members boycotted the British parliament and founded a separate Irish parliament ( 593: 4858: 1687: 1504: 1191: 685: 96: 39: 4898: 2226: 1657: 1597: 1357: 1119:

During the last weekend of August 1920 sectarian violence was also widespread in nearby Belfast. The

956: 951: 610: 570: 418: 307: 238: 201: 160: 1248: 922: 717: 689: 458: 410: 379: 278: 2935: 2782:"From the Belfast Boycott to the Boundary Commission: Fears and Hopes in County Monaghan, 1920–26" 1435:(1 April 1922). This was also believed to have been revenge for the IRA's killing of a policeman. 1332:

during the war. For a more complete listing of the troubles in Ulster during this time period see

3327: 1837:

Lynch, Robert (2019). The Partition of Ireland: 1918–1925. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–92.

1640: 1487:, and on 10 May, Specials shot three Catholic brothers in their home in Ballyronan, killing one. 1460: 1401: 1309: 1269:

following. Almost 200 houses were badly damaged or destroyed, most of them being Catholic homes.

166: 2807: 745:

Wood, which sparked intense rioting in the city, where Long Tower Street and Bishop Street met.

1556:

One of the last mass killings of the periods occurred in the predominantly-Catholic village of

1404: 1172: 501: 781: 3079: 1576: 1432: 1292:

Another large scale battle took place on 1 June 1920 when at least 200 IRA volunteers led by

895: 786: 713: 644: 402: 268: 253: 1694:

alone. An estimated 8,000–10,000 workers, mostly Catholics, were expelled from their jobs.

1325: 1261: 1212: 1208: 1137: 1057: 721: 637: 518: 470: 394: 352: 311: 183: 1090: 8: 3910:"Partition at 100: IRA's Northern Offensive of May 1922 was doomed to disastrous failure" 1585: 1515: 1298: 1194:

inspecting troops in Belfast at the opening of the Northern Ireland Parliament, June 1921

1180: 1152:, the MP for West Belfast voiced his opinion on the impartiality of the newly formed USC: 625: 585: 466: 405:. In May 1922 the IRA launched their Northern Offensive. There were clashes near the new 318: 3652: 64: 4645: 4393: 1345: 1244: 1220: 1094: 1026: 935: 827:(12 July) 1920 (an annual Ulster Protestant celebration), Ulster Unionist Party leader 778:

fire from soldiers. By the end of this period of trouble forty people had been killed.

672: 554: 482: 462: 344: 315: 258: 189: 1285:

involving up to 200 IRA members. On 9 May 1920 approximately 200 IRA volunteers under

4824: 4796: 4744: 4675: 4572: 4548: 4397: 4140: 3833: 3564: 3530: 3472: 3383: 3200: 3012: 2674: 2544: 2473: 2437: 2266: 2146: 2117: 2084: 2059: 1949: 1796: 1776: 1677: 1608: 1120: 883: 812: 775: 765:

Eventually, on 23 June 1920, 1,500 British troops arrived in Derry to restore order,

698: 505: 497: 454: 367: 329: 273: 206: 142: 136: 2744:"Partition, 100 years on: How Sinn Féin's Belfast Boycott helped thwart Irish unity" 4385: 3616:"'We must forgive but we won't forget' – The Treaty debates in the border counties" 3490: 2788:, vol. 15, no. 1, Clogher Historical Society, 1994, p. 90. Accessed 7 January 2022. 1714: 1653: 1589: 1428: 1353: 994: 990: 754: 750: 647:

remobilized the UVF with one of the leading organizers being the future, long term

562: 526: 509: 493: 398: 303: 248: 130: 124: 3422:

Frontiers of Violence: Conflict and Identity in Ulster and Upper Silesia 1918–1922

2465: 1427:

One of the most infamous sectarian attacks in Belfast during this period were the

624:(July 1920), RIC District Inspector Swanzy (August 1920), Belfast City Councilman 393:

began on 11 July 1921, ending the fighting in most of Ireland. It was preceded by

4718: 4069: 3780: 3745: 3727: 3639:

Imagining Ireland's Independence: The Debates Over the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921

2978: 2208: 1636: 1356:. Northern Ireland's parliament could vote it in or out of the Free State, and a 1273: 1030: 1009: 860: 840: 577: 430: 340: 326: 195: 984:

of Unionist-owned businesses and banks in the city.Despite some opposition, the

847:" being carried out against Belfast's Catholic minority, referring to it as the 4348: 3914: 3657: 2748: 2693: 2617: 2213: 1649: 1495: 1293: 1001: 943: 938:

shipyards in Belfast and made permanent in 1969, following the outbreak of the

911: 871: 738: 668: 660: 633: 450: 421:

area. Also in May 1922, the new government of Northern Ireland implemented the

383: 322: 263: 4699: 4389: 1101:

helped to organize the attack on Swanzy (the killers were IRA men from Cork).

882:

friar who was shot by a bullet fired from a passing military patrol through a

569:

five of the nine Counties of Ulster returned Sinn Fein and Irish nationalist (

4837: 4170: 2334: 1302: 1239: 1149: 1073: 879: 828: 707: 581: 558: 550: 542: 477:. Home Rule for Ireland had been an issue for many years – in 1886 the first 148: 4105: 1995: 985: 950:

areas of Belfast remain basically segregated and violence still occurs. The

597: 3884:

British Spies and Irish Rebels: British Intelligence and Ireland, 1916–1945

1751: 1739: 1530: 1500: 1491: 1393: 1329: 1313: 1098: 1061: 1042: 1005: 947: 832: 803: 664: 621: 406: 371: 31: 589: 243: 1629: 1546: 1472: 1408: 1286: 1046: 931: 824: 799: 766: 617: 546: 441: 4649: 4633: 3775: 1407:, County Monaghan. The USC unit was travelling by train from Belfast to 4615: 4064: 3740: 2975:"Reprisals against Catholics in Lisburn and environs, July–August 1920" 1593: 1557: 1519: 1480: 1476: 1400:

On 11 February, the IRA stopped a group of armed Special Constables at

1389: 971: 729: 522: 426: 859:

mills. All of the removed workers were either Catholics or Protestant

541:

as its capital). Six of the nine counties in the province of Ulster –

1550: 1050: 795: 770: 360: 4545:

Men, Masculinities and Religious Change in Twentieth-Century Britain

910:(22 November 1921). St. Matthew's church in the Catholic enclave of 4513: 2781: 2230: 1484: 1468: 1349: 1176: 4696:

The Mutilation of a Nation : The Story behind Partition in Ireland

4514:"American Commission on Conditions in Ireland Interim Report 1921" 1443: 609:

began to attack British forces. This conflict became known as the

4741:

The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal 1966–1995 and the Search for Peace

4374:"Regulating Northern Ireland: The Special Powers Acts, 1922–1972" 4171:"Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland), 1922" 2561:"Belfast violence escalates again as Lord Mayor appeals for calm" 1983:

Demographic Engineering: Population Strategies in Ethnic Conflict

1601: 1317: 1082: 981: 887: 875: 836: 733: 530: 414: 378:(USC) (or Specials) were formed to help the regular police – the 356: 2305:(Speech). House of Commons debate. Parliament of the UK: Hansard 1438: 632:(the Military Advisor to the Ulster Government). IRA volunteers 2706: 2704: 1912:, The Mercier Press Limited, Dublin, pg 174, ISBN 0 85342 708 9 1561: 1542: 1447:

Michael Collins (left) inspects a National Army soldier in 1922

1416: 926:

A peace wall in Short Strand dividing it from a Protestant area

844: 742: 538: 517:). The Act divided Ireland along established county lines (see 474: 2671:

Northern Divisions The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22

4065:

Tit-For-Tat: The War of Independence in the Northern Counties

3741:

Tit-For-Tat: The War of Independence in the Northern Counties

2202:"1920 local government elections recalled in new publication" 1607:

James Craig, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, telegrammed

1228: 348: 2701: 1463:

secretly supplied weaponry and equipment for the offensive.

488:

Home rule for all of Ireland was set to take place with the

4765:

The Edge of the Union: the Ulster Loyalist Political Vision

3432: 3430: 3400:

The Northern IRA and the Early Days of Partition, 1920–1922

2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 1899:, Belfast, The Blackstaff Press, p. 381, ISBN 0-85640-764-X 1422: 1077:

Catholic-owned businesses destroyed by loyalists in Lisburn

592:

won the overwhelming majority of Irish seats. In line with

461:") or independence. However, in the north-east of Ireland, 2691:

Barry McCaffrey (25 June 2010). "Battle of Short Strand".

1127: 2936:"A Gun and its Story: The Assassination of Oswald Swanzy" 2432:

Lynch, Robert (2017). "Belfast". In Crowley, John (ed.).

1592:, part of Northern Ireland but mostly cut-off from it by 886:

window. A Loyalist mob attempted to burn down a Catholic

94: 4821:

Echoes of Their Footsteps, The Irish Civil War 1922–1924

3653:"Sectarian violence and murder spreads across the North" 3427: 2579: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 1376:

until the Free State was established (6 December 1922).

3677: 3675: 2513: 2511: 1056:

On 23 July 1920, sectarian motivated riots occurred in

782:

1920 Belfast shipyard worker "clearances" and "pogroms"

4238:

Barton, Brian (1976). "Northern Ireland, 1920–25", in

2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 1041:

On 17 July 1920, the IRA assassinated British Colonel

2737: 2735: 2392: 2243: 2241: 2239: 1234: 774:

sources, six Catholics were killed in the Bogside by

306:

from June 1920 until June 1922, during and after the

302:

of the 1920s was a period of conflict in what is now

3672: 2508: 2227:"Londonderry's forgotten week of bloodshed' in 1920" 4909:

20th-century military history of the United Kingdom

4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 3273: 3271: 3257: 3255: 3156:"The First Battle for the Marrowbone, Belfast 1920" 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2728:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 387. 2164: 1490:The 3rd Northern Division was under the command of 1213:

Elections for the Northern and Southern parliaments

347:in the city. That summer, violence also erupted in 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 3763:Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence 2732: 2236: 732:. On the 18th of April, shots were fired into the 4306:The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 3724:"The Clones affray, 1922 – massacre or invasion?" 3719: 3717: 3030: 3028: 2114:The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition 1136:wrote to the British government demanding that a 1036: 4835: 4634:"Belfast in the 1930's: An Oral History Project" 4267: 4139:. Oregon: Generation Organization. p. 331. 3305: 3303: 3301: 3268: 3252: 2843: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2372: 2370: 1755:Catholic workers were expelled from their jobs. 1571: 1535:Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973 1525:This security crackdown, underpinned by the new 4616:"Belfast in the 1930s: An Oral History Project" 4587:Phoenix & Parkinson, pp. 125–126 & 130. 4245: 4054:. The O'Connell Publishing Company, pp. 144–145 3178: 3176: 3074: 3072: 3070: 2690: 2436:. New York University Press. pp. 630–631. 1660:) may have also led to a decrease in violence. 993:(brother of executed 1916 Easter Rising leader 934:(walls) were built in the area adjacent to the 790:Belfast's Harland & Wolff shipyards in 1911 678: 4289: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3757: 3755: 3714: 3025: 2247:Eunan O'Halpin & Daithí Ó Corráin (2020). 1719:American Commission on Conditions in Ireland's 469:were the majority, largely as a result of the 4319:Donegal & the Civil War: The Untold Story 3558: 3524: 3298: 2420: 2367: 1729: 1439:IRA Northern Offensive and sectarian violence 1360:could then redraw or confirm the provisional 1097:. The commander of Belfast IRA 1st Battalion 762:, which became the scene of intense gunfire. 80: 4869:Riots and civil disorder in Northern Ireland 4632:Munck, Ronnie; Rolston, Bill (Spring 1984). 4631: 3424:. Oxford University Press, 2010. pp. 128–129 3173: 3067: 3002: 3000: 2470:Conflicts in the North of Ireland, 1900–2000 628:(May 1922), and British Army Field Marshall 314:. It was mainly a communal conflict between 18:The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920–1922) 4700:https://jstor.org/stable/community.29825522 4674:. Argenta Publications. pp. 333, 339. 4542: 4076: 3869: 3851: 3776:"Facts and Fallacies of the Belfast Pogrom" 3752: 3486: 3484: 3382:. Transaction Publishers, 1997. pp. 29–30; 2363:. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. p. 106. 1925:, Belfast, W. & G. Baird, pp. 272, 422. 1879:"Curfew introduced across Northern Ireland" 1737:Minister of Home Affairs (Northern Ireland) 1690:, with 40% of all conflict-related deaths. 975:A notice from the Belfast Boycott Committee 4234: 4232: 4230: 3449:O'Halpin & Ó Corráin. pp. 518–520, 522 2541:Political Conflict in East Ulster, 1920–22 2265:. Cork: Mercier Press Ltd. p. 16-18. 1948:. New York: St. Martins Press. p. 7. 1392:. They were traveling with members of the 1254: 806:, County Londonderry when a member of the 87: 73: 4571:. Oxford University Press, pp. 247, 251. 4052:Facts & Figures of the Belfast Pogrom 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 2997: 2684: 2358: 2332: 2021:. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. 1588:'. This was a triangular area of land in 1334:Timeline of the Irish War of Independence 1279: 1165: 335:During the Irish War of Independence the 4823:, Generation Organization, Newberg, OR, 4711: 4284:Ireland 1798–1998: War, Peace and Beyond 3641:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. p. 104 3481: 3153: 2933: 2723: 1670: 1575: 1442: 1423:McMahon family and Arnon Street killings 1185: 1072: 970: 921: 785: 440: 38: 4669: 4543:Delap, Lucy; Morgan, Sue, eds. (2013). 4371: 4227: 3084:Irish Linen Centre & Lisburn Museum 2488: 2289:, Anvil Books Ltd, Tralee, Pgs 174-175. 2053: 1811: 1198: 1128:Forming the Ulster Special Constabulary 688:took place for the first time with the 525:territories within the United Kingdom: 14: 4889:Catholic–Protestant sectarian violence 4836: 4134: 3889: 3830:Armed Struggle: the History of the IRA 3402:, Irish Academic Press, Dublin, p. 80. 3224: 3006: 2985:from the original on 24 September 2015 2567:. RTE/Boston College. 28 November 1921 2298: 2260: 2078: 1943: 1622: 1029:of December 1921 and the onset of the 667:, had around the same time formed the 339:(IRA) began attacking British forces; 43:Conflict deaths in Belfast 1920–1922. 4816:Ulster Historical Foundation, Belfast 4614:Munck, R., & Rolston, B. (1984). 4108:Remembering the Past: Internment 1922 3784:, vol. 28, no. 5. Wordwell, pp. 28–31 3650: 3497:. Oxford University Press, pp. 78–79. 3372: 3313:. Manchester University Press, p. 299 2741: 2673:, BTP Publications, Belfast, p. 186; 2610: 2592:O'Halpin & Ó Corráin, pp. 151–153 2431: 2016: 1972:. Manchester University Press, p. 252 1675:People reading casualty lists at the 1514:On 22 May 1922, the IRA assassinated 1339: 68: 4894:Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland 4712:Johnston, Kevin (29 November 2008). 4341:"Collins Protests British Army Move" 3618:. The Irish Story. 12 December 2014. 3295:McDermott (2001), Pgs. 111 & 116 2818:from the original on 4 December 2018 2472:, Four Courts Press, Dublin, p. 72; 2251:. Yale University Press, pp. 141–145 1998:(Report). Northern Ireland Elections 1775:, Four Courts Press, Dublin, p. 86, 1773:The Irish Revolution 1912–23: Tyrone 1344:The post-ceasefire talks led to the 1301:. During this time the west Donegal 1207:came into force on 3 May 1921, thus 457:who wanted either self-government (" 425:(also known as the "Flogging Act"), 4874:Riots and civil disorder in Belfast 4547:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 236. 4240:A New History of Ireland Volume VII 4168: 3730:, Volume 12, Issue 3 (Autumn 2004). 3563:. Mercier Press. pp. 223–224. 2934:McCarthy, Kieran (22 August 2020). 2489:Glennon, Kieran (27 October 2020). 2145:, Merrion Press, Newbridge, p. 31; 2042:Revolutionary Government in Ireland 2019:The Partition of Ireland: 1918–1925 1812:Glennon, Kieran (27 October 2020). 1613:Secretary of State for the Colonies 1545:. On 17 June, IRA volunteers under 1141:reprisals against the rebels". The 1132:In September 1920, Unionist leader 1081:Sectarian attacks also occurred in 1068: 321:, who wanted to remain part of the 24: 4757: 4511: 3832:. Oxford University Press, p. 40. 3225:Devlin, Joseph (25 October 1920). 2742:Moore, Cormac (2 September 2020). 2192:. Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 97–98 1910:Northern Ireland: Who is to Blame? 1708: 1235:Opening of the Northern Parliament 1223:, headed by Unionist Party leader 966: 900:Prime Minister of Northern Ireland 649:Prime Minister of Northern Ireland 25: 4925: 4809:, Andersontown News Publications 4767:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 4242:. Oxford University Press, p. 180 3469:Northern Ireland the Orange State 2083:. Mercier Press. pp. 14–15. 1247:, was derailed by an IRA bomb at 818: 607:Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) 504:(UVF) and arming themselves (see 221: 4904:1920s crimes in Northern Ireland 4733: 4705: 4688: 4663: 4625: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4561: 4536: 4527: 4505: 4496: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4365: 4356: 4333: 4324: 4311: 4214: 4201: 4188: 4162: 4153: 4128: 4098: 4057: 4044: 4031: 4022: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3960: 3947: 3934: 3921: 3842: 3822: 3809: 3796: 3787: 3768: 3733: 3701: 3688: 3644: 3631: 3622: 3608: 3599: 3586: 3577: 3552: 3543: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3414: 3405: 3392: 3359: 3231:(Speech). UK Parliament: Hansard 3199:. Gill & Macmillan. p. 263. 2946:from the original on 10 May 2021 2862:. Mercier Press, 2009. pp. 67–77 2491:"The Dead of the Belfast Pogrom" 2249:The Dead of the Irish Revolution 2116:. Irish Academic Press, p. 28. 1814:"The Dead of the Belfast Pogrom" 1795:. Four Courts Press, pp. 12–13, 1596:and the border. The villages of 769:was declared in the city, and a 172:The Troubles in Northern Ireland 4879:The Troubles (Northern Ireland) 4714:"Sectarianism and the shipyard" 4605:Phoenix & Parkinson, p. 127 4491:Belfast, An Illustrated History 3346: 3333: 3316: 3289: 3280: 3243: 3228:Reprisals (Police And Military) 3218: 3209: 3189: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3107: 3098: 3054: 3041: 2967: 2958: 2927: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2865: 2830: 2800: 2791: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2717: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2632: 2604: 2595: 2553: 2533: 2520: 2482: 2459: 2450: 2379: 2352: 2326: 2317: 2299:Devlin, Joseph (31 July 1912). 2292: 2279: 2254: 2220: 2195: 2182: 2155: 2135: 2126: 2106: 2097: 2072: 2056:The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 2047: 2034: 2025: 2010: 1988: 1975: 1962: 1937: 1928: 1915: 1902: 1745:Jimmy Steele (Irish republican) 1219:first met on 7 June and formed 4849:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 4372:Donohue, L (1 December 1998). 4093:British Spies and Irish Rebels 3886:. Boydell & Brewer, p. 143 3495:Eoin O'Duffy, a Self-Made Hero 3154:McKendry, Gus (19 June 2023). 3011:. Mercier Press. p. 153. 2611:Moore, Cormac (15 July 2020). 2468:& Parkinson, Alan (2010), 2333:McDermott, Jim (25 May 2012). 2190:Revolutionary Ireland: 1912–25 2044:. Gill & MacMillan, p. 245 1889: 1871: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1805: 1785: 1765: 1717:being waged against them. The 1037:Banbridge and Dromore burnings 917: 856:Belfast Protestant Association 831:made a speech to thousands of 515:Government of Ireland Act 1920 490:Government of Ireland Act 1914 471:17th-century British migration 13: 1: 4807:Morally Good, Politically Bad 4795:, Four Courts Press, Dublin, 4793:The Irish Revolution, 1912–23 4672:The IRA in the Twilight Years 3529:. Mercier Press. p. 25. 3197:The Irish War of Independence 2434:Atlas of the Irish Revolution 1855:Lynch (2019). pp. 11, 100–101 1758: 1666: 1572:Battle of Pettigo and Belleek 1394:Monaghan Gaelic football team 1379: 657:Commander in Chief in Ireland 436: 4569:The I.R.A. at war, 1916–1923 4502:McDermott (2001), pp. 28-29. 3988:McDermott (2001), pgs. 28-29 3324:Home Rule – An Irish History 2543:. Boydell Press, pp. 43–44. 2539:Magill, Christopher (2020). 679:Violence breaks out in Derry 492:(Home Rule Act). During the 473:to the northern province of 234:Irish Republican Brotherhood 178:Creation of Northern Ireland 60: over 150 deaths per km 27:Conflict in Northern Ireland 7: 4844:Military history of Belfast 4784:MacEoin, Uinseann, (1981), 4772:The Irish Civil War 1922–23 3651:Dwyer, Ryle (2 July 2012). 3527:Donegal & The Civil War 3195:Hopkinson, Michael (2004). 1868:. Pluto Press, 1983. p. 166 1791:Parkinson, Alan F. (2004). 1771:McCluskey, Fergal, (2013), 1619:forces during this period. 1217:Northern Ireland parliament 1143:Ulster Special Constabulary 961:2011 Northern Ireland riots 940:1969 Northern Ireland riots 808:Ancient Order of Hibernians 567:1918 Irish general election 376:Ulster Special Constabulary 284:Ulster Special Constabulary 54: 100–150 deaths per km 10: 4930: 4819:Thorne, Kathleen, (2014), 4670:MacEoin, Uinseann (1997). 4493:. Blackstaff Press, p. 202 3311:Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921 2724:Macardle, Dorothy (1965). 2642:. Ambassador Books, p. 387 2638:Macardle, Dorothy (1951). 2335:"1912: A Year to Remember" 1996:The Irish Election of 1918 1970:Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921 1895:Bardon, Jonathon (2001), 1722:the violence as a pogrom. 1688:Irish revolutionary period 1093:, Cork's Irish republican 870:Around the Falls-Shankill 701:became the first Catholic 655:(1943–1963). In 1920, the 535:Southern Ireland (1921–22) 112: 48: 50–100 deaths per km 29: 4854:Irish War of Independence 4770:Cottrell, Peter, (2008), 4489:Bardon, Jonathon (1982). 4390:10.1017/S0018246X98008188 4286:. Wiley-Blackwell, p. 335 4137:Echoes of Their Footsteps 4135:Thorne, Kathleen (2014). 3828:English, Richard (2003). 3184:Irish War of Independence 2651:Lynch, (2006), pp. 88–89. 2565:Century Ireland 1913–1923 2359:Gallagher, Frank (1957). 2058:. Routledge. p. 67. 2040:Mitchell, Arthur (1995). 1658:Irish Boundary Commission 1598:Belleek, County Fermanagh 1205:Government of Ireland Act 957:2002 Short Strand clashes 611:Irish War of Independence 571:Irish Parliamentary Party 508:). On 20 March 1914, the 308:Irish War of Independence 239:Irish Parliamentary Party 229: 220: 202:1923 Irish hunger strikes 120: 111: 107: 4812:Phoenix, Eamon, (1994), 4743:, Head of Zeus, p. 607. 4702:. Accessed 30 Jan. 2023. 4444:McDermott (2001), p. 266 4317:Ó Duibhir, Liam (2011). 4073:, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 41. 4063:Lawlor, Pearse (2012). " 3774:Glennon, Kieran (2020). 3765:. McFarland, pp. 266–267 3761:McKenna, Joseph (2011). 3739:Lawlor, Pearse (2012). " 3559:O'Duibhir, Liam (2009). 3525:O'Duibhir, Liam (2011). 3467:Farrell, Michael (1982), 3380:The Secret Army: The IRA 3215:McDermott (2001), p. 33. 3135:McDermott (2001), p. 56. 3080:"The Swanzy Riots, 1920" 2762:McDermott (2001), p. 49, 2669:McDermott, Jim, (2001), 2415:The Partition of Ireland 1846:Lynch, (2019) pp. 90–92 1033:(June 1922 – May 1923). 930:In the 1920s, temporary 690:single transferable vote 380:Royal Irish Constabulary 279:Royal Irish Constabulary 30:Not to be confused with 4777:Lawlor, Pearse (2009), 4321:. Mercier Press, p. 127 4282:Jackson, Alvin (2010). 3328:Oxford University Press 3322:Jackson, Alvin (2004). 3286:Macardle (1951), p. 455 3277:Parkinson, pp. 137–138. 3007:Lawlor, Pearse (2009). 2517:Lynch (2019), pp. 92–93 2263:The Outrages, 1920-1922 2261:Lawlor, Pearse (2011). 2207:31 January 2021 at the 2141:Moore, Cormac, (2019), 2079:Lawlor, Pearse (2009). 2054:Coleman, Marie (2013). 2031:Lynch (2019), pp. 51–52 1310:Tempo, County Fermanagh 1262:Belfast's Bloody Sunday 1255:Belfast's Bloody Sunday 1148:In late October 1920, 645:Ulster Unionist Council 580:(during which the 1916 395:Belfast's Bloody Sunday 167:1920 Cork hunger strike 4805:McNally Jack, (1987), 4791:McCarthy, Pat, (2015), 4788:, Argenta Publications 4378:The Historical Journal 3882:McMahon, Paul (2008). 3549:O'Halpin, pp. 201–202. 3471:, Pluto Press, p. 41. 3398:Lynch, Robert (2006), 2780:Dooley, Terence A. M. 2361:The Indivisible Island 2188:Lynch, Robert (2015). 2112:Lynch, Robert (2006). 2017:Lynch, Robert (2019). 1985:. Routledge, pp. 96–98 1981:Morland, Paul (2016). 1682: 1681:office, September 1920 1581: 1457:Provisional Government 1448: 1366:Provisional Government 1280:The Troubles in Ulster 1195: 1173:Creggan, County Armagh 1166:Spring and summer 1921 1159: 1078: 976: 952:Battle of St Matthew's 927: 791: 502:Ulster Volunteer Force 446: 274:Ulster Volunteer Force 62: 3979:Lynch (2006), pg. 70. 3561:The Donegal Awakening 3249:Lynch, (2006), p. 80. 3126:Macardle, pp. 384–385 2323:McCluskey, pp. 21–22. 2285:Boyd. Andrew (1969), 1908:Boyd, Andrew (1984), 1743:under the command of 1674: 1579: 1446: 1433:Arnon Street killings 1221:a devolved government 1189: 1154: 1076: 974: 925: 896:Ulster Unionist Party 789: 444: 403:Arnon Street killings 374:was deployed and the 337:Irish Republican Army 269:Ulster Unionist Party 254:Irish Republican Army 42: 4814:Northern Nationalism 4774:, Osprey Pub, Oxford 4763:Bruce, Steve (1994) 4739:Coogan, Tim (2015). 4567:Hart, Peter (2003). 4169:McKenna, Fionnuala. 4050:Kenna, G.B. (1922). 3864:The Irish Revolution 3438:Belfast's Unholy War 3309:O'Day, Alan (1998). 2797:O'Duibhir, pp. 90–91 2601:Parkinson, pp. 33–34 2161:Bardon, pp. 466–469. 1968:O'Day, Alan (1998). 1944:Coogan, Tim (2002). 1793:Belfast's Unholy War 1635:The outbreak of the 1580:Belleek Fort in 2008 1455:, head of the Irish 1326:Special Constabulary 1209:partitioning Ireland 1199:Partition of Ireland 1138:special constabulary 1058:Dromore, County Down 722:Belfast Labour Party 533:as its capital) and 519:Partition of Ireland 312:partition of Ireland 184:Partition of Ireland 4914:Irish republicanism 4864:Unionism in Ireland 2964:Lawlor, pp. 105–107 2287:Holy War In Belfast 2233:, 30 December 2020. 2179:Bardon, pp. 466–469 2143:Birth of the Border 1921:Owen, John (1921), 1897:A History of Ulster 1885:. RTE. 26 May 1922. 1623:End of the violence 1516:William J. Twaddell 1494:. Seamus Woods and 1358:Boundary Commission 1211:under British law. 936:Harland & Wolff 898:and the soon to be 760:St Columb's College 626:William J. Twaddell 622:Lt Col Gerald Smyth 161:War of Independence 155:Conscription Crisis 97:Irish revolutionary 34:of the 1960s–1990s. 4884:Sectarian violence 4779:The Burnings 1920, 4471:English, pp. 39–40 3458:Parkinson, p. 151. 2911:Lawlor, pp. 86–88. 2860:The Burnings, 1920 2726:The Irish Republic 2640:The Irish Republic 2217:, 19 October 2020. 2132:Parkinson, p. 276. 1923:History of Belfast 1864:Farrell, Michael. 1683: 1582: 1566:British government 1527:Special Powers Act 1449: 1346:Anglo-Irish Treaty 1340:Anglo-Irish Treaty 1245:10th Royal Hussars 1196: 1079: 1027:Anglo-Irish Treaty 977: 928: 792: 730:Bishop Street gaol 673:Auxiliary Division 643:In June 1920, the 576:By the end of the 483:1886 Belfast riots 455:Irish nationalists 447: 423:Special Powers Act 345:sectarian violence 330:Irish nationalists 259:Irish Citizen Army 190:Anglo-Irish Treaty 63: 4859:Irish nationalism 4829:978-0-692-24513-2 4801:978-1-84682-410-4 4749:978-1-78497-538-8 4681:978-0-9511172-4-8 4577:978-0-19-925258-9 4554:978-1-137-28174-6 4417:Parkinson, p. 298 4362:Ó Duibhir, p. 216 4330:Ó Duibhir, p. 131 4146:978-0-9633565-8-1 3997:Parkinson pg 270. 3848:Parkinson, p. 245 3605:McCluskey, p. 99. 3583:O'Halpin, p. 310. 3570:978-1-85635-632-9 3536:978-1-85635-720-3 3506:Lawlor, pp. 22–24 3491:McGarry, Fearghal 3388:978-1-56000-901-6 3018:978-1-85635-612-1 3009:The Burnings 1920 2697:. pp. 14–17. 2549:978-1-78327-511-3 2478:978-1-84682-189-9 2456:Parkinson, p. 314 2443:978-1-4798-3428-0 2151:978-1-78537-293-3 2122:978-0-7165-3377-1 2090:978-1-85635-612-1 2065:978-1-317-80147-4 1781:978-1-84682-299-5 1678:Belfast Telegraph 1609:Winston Churchill 1121:Belfast Telegraph 1091:Tomás Mac Curtain 884:Clonard Monastery 813:Harland and Wolff 776:heavy machine gun 703:mayor of the city 695:Nationalist Party 638:Joseph O'Sullivan 506:Larne gun-running 498:Ulster Volunteers 368:communal violence 296: 295: 292: 291: 216: 215: 207:Irish Army Mutiny 143:Larne gun-running 137:Howth gun-running 16:(Redirected from 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Today, the 919: 916: 912:Ballymacarrett 878:and one was a 849:Belfast Pogrom 820: 819:Belfast Pogrom 817: 783: 780: 739:Special Branch 699:Hugh O'Doherty 680: 677: 669:Black and Tans 661:Nevil Macready 634:Reginald Dunne 523:self-governing 510:Curragh Mutiny 479:Home Rule Bill 438: 435: 384:Irish Republic 323:United Kingdom 294: 293: 290: 289: 287: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 264:Black and Tans 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 230: 227: 226: 214: 213: 211: 210: 204: 199: 193: 187: 181: 175: 169: 164: 158: 152: 146: 140: 134: 131:Curragh mutiny 128: 121: 118: 117: 105: 104: 92: 91: 84: 77: 69: 56: 50: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4926: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4781:Mercier Press 4780: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4721: 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JSTOR, 4644:(1): 18. 4398:159502014 4180:6 October 4091:McMahon, 3862:Coleman, 3819:, p. 316. 3806:, p. 237. 2002:31 August 1656:(via the 1551:Drumintee 1051:Banbridge 872:interface 833:Orangemen 771:destroyer 758:occupied 755:Guildhall 751:Waterside 718:Fermanagh 602:declaring 590:Sinn Féin 563:Fermanagh 467:Unionists 459:home rule 451:Catholics 427:interning 361:Banbridge 341:loyalists 319:unionists 244:Sinn Féin 198:(1922–23) 186:(1920–22) 174:(1920–22) 163:(1919–22) 127:(1912–14) 4650:40178787 4260:Lawlor, 4220:Lawlor, 4207:Lawlor, 4198:, p. 298 4194:Lawlor, 4095:, p. 151 4037:Lawlor, 4015:Lawlor, 3970:, p. 272 3966:Lawlor, 3957:, p. 270 3953:Lawlor, 3940:Lawlor, 3927:Lawlor, 3707:Lawlor, 3698:, p. 211 3694:Lawlor, 3681:Lawlor, 3592:Lawlor, 3493:(2005). 3365:Lawlor, 3352:Lawlor, 3339:Lawlor, 3261:Lawlor, 3186:, p. 158 3165:25 March 3113:Lawlor, 3064:, p. 126 3060:Lawlor, 3051:, p. 137 3047:Lawlor, 3034:Lawlor, 2983:Archived 2944:Archived 2924:, p. 111 2920:Lawlor, 2871:Lawlor, 2840:, p. 188 2836:Lawlor, 2816:Archived 2714:, p. 184 2710:Lawlor, 2526:Lawlor, 2500:21 March 2385:Lawlor, 2231:BBC News 2205:Archived 1823:25 March 1485:Dungiven 1469:Bellaghy 1350:dominion 1249:Adavoyle 1177:Killylea 413:and the 401:and the 327:Catholic 310:and the 4304:Lynch, 3235:2 March 2530:, p. 92 2309:3 March 1946:The IRA 1602:Pettigo 1586:salient 1318:Rosslea 1083:Lisburn 1025:of the 1022:Collins 982:boycott 888:convent 837:Finaghy 734:Bogside 531:Belfast 419:Belleek 415:Pettigo 357:Lisburn 353:Dromore 4827: 4799: 4747: 4678: 4648: 4575: 4551: 4396: 4143: 3836: 3567: 3533: 3475: 3386: 3203: 3086:. 2018 3015: 2950:10 May 2677: 2571:9 July 2547: 2476: 2440: 2269: 2149: 2120: 2087: 2062: 1952: 1799: 1779: 1562:curfew 1543:Lislea 1417:Belcoo 1402:Clones 1362:border 1352:: the 845:pogrom 743:Prehen 714:Tyrone 588:party 559:Tyrone 551:Armagh 543:Antrim 539:Dublin 537:(with 529:(with 475:Ulster 411:Clones 325:, and 209:(1924) 192:(1921) 180:(1921) 157:(1918) 151:(1916) 145:(1914) 139:(1914) 133:(1914) 114:Events 99:period 58: 52: 46: 4646:JSTOR 4394:S2CID 4344:(PDF) 2624:5 May 1229:Newry 1018:Craig 409:, at 349:Derry 4825:ISBN 4797:ISBN 4745:ISBN 4727:2020 4676:ISBN 4657:2022 4573:ISBN 4549:ISBN 4521:2022 4405:2021 4182:2022 4141:ISBN 4122:2022 3834:ISBN 3666:2021 3565:ISBN 3531:ISBN 3473:ISBN 3384:ISBN 3237:2024 3201:ISBN 3167:2024 3092:2021 3013:ISBN 2991:2015 2952:2021 2824:2018 2675:ISBN 2626:2022 2573:2023 2545:ISBN 2502:2022 2474:ISBN 2438:ISBN 2346:2022 2311:2024 2267:ISBN 2147:ISBN 2118:ISBN 2085:ISBN 2060:ISBN 2004:2022 1950:ISBN 1825:2024 1797:ISBN 1777:ISBN 1600:and 1475:and 1203:The 1190:The 1047:Cork 986:Dáil 959:and 716:and 671:and 636:and 561:and 547:Down 465:and 453:and 359:and 4386:doi 4067:". 3743:". 1750:In 1045:in 835:in 823:On 600:), 500:or 4840:: 4716:. 4642:12 4640:. 4636:. 4618:. 4392:. 4382:41 4380:. 4376:. 4346:. 4291:^ 4269:^ 4247:^ 4229:^ 4173:. 4112:. 4078:^ 3912:. 3891:^ 3871:^ 3853:^ 3778:. 3754:^ 3726:, 3716:^ 3674:^ 3655:. 3483:^ 3429:^ 3326:. 3300:^ 3270:^ 3254:^ 3175:^ 3158:. 3082:. 3069:^ 3027:^ 2999:^ 2977:. 2942:. 2938:. 2845:^ 2814:. 2810:. 2784:. 2746:. 2734:^ 2703:^ 2615:. 2581:^ 2563:. 2510:^ 2493:. 2422:^ 2394:^ 2369:^ 2337:. 2238:^ 2229:. 2211:. 2166:^ 1881:. 1816:. 1611:, 1471:, 1336:. 963:. 902:, 659:, 651:, 613:. 557:, 553:, 549:, 545:, 389:A 363:. 355:, 4729:. 4684:. 4659:. 4557:. 4523:. 4407:. 4388:: 4184:. 4149:. 4124:. 4110:" 4106:" 3668:. 3573:. 3539:. 3239:. 3169:. 3094:. 3021:. 2993:. 2954:. 2826:. 2752:. 2681:. 2628:. 2575:. 2504:. 2446:. 2348:. 2313:. 2275:. 2093:. 2068:. 2006:. 1958:. 1827:. 1020:- 946:/ 417:/ 88:e 81:t 74:v 20:)

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The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)

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