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687:, but its words become increasingly sinister. Mrs. Grose reassures the Governess that the children are happy, but the Governess tells her to listen to their "horrors". Alarmed, Mrs. Grose advises the Governess to write to their uncle. At first she declines, remembering his stipulation. Mrs Grose and Flora go into the church, and Miles asks the Governess when he is going back to school. She prevaricates, but when Miles indicates he knows about her fears and mentions "the others", she realises things are much worse than she thought. She can not rely on Mrs Grose ("It was not for me to say" in the strings) and decides to flee Bly and abandon the children -
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603:" (a motif recurring from here on) It is Peter Quint, the former valet at Bly. Mrs. Grose says "It was not for me to say ... I had only to see to the house" but ambiguously that Quint "was free with" Miles, and with Miss Jessel, the well-born and beautiful previous governess, and "had his will, morning and night." Mrs Grose feared him and didn't act. Miss Jessel left the house "to die." The Governess is startled to learn that Quint has died too, in a fall on an icy road. She rededicates herself to protecting the children "that they may see and know nothing" (to the "
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723:) Finding Flora at the lake, the Governess confronts her: "And where, my pet, is Miss Jessel?" Miss Jessel immediately appears, calling across the lake to Flora, but Mrs. Grose sees nothing. The Governess tries to force Flora to admit she can see Miss Jessel, but Flora vehemently denies it, telling the Governess she hates her. Mrs. Grose, convinced by Flora, takes her home. The Governess feels abandoned by Mrs. Grose and that she has "most miserably failed, and there is no more innocence in me."
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588:) Walking in the grounds in the evening (after a variation suggesting birdsong), the Governess sings about their beauty and the charm of the children. Setting aside her fears about footsteps she has heard outside her door and cries in the night, she wishes only that she could impress the uncle. Suddenly, she spots a man on a tower of the house (to the sound of a celesta). He disappears and she wonders who it can be ("Who is it? Who?").
730:) Next morning (after "a variation which conflates all twelve notes of the theme in dense masses") Mrs. Grose admits, from what Flora has said in the night, that the Governess was right, and agrees to take Flora away. She tells the Governess that the letter was never mailed and that Miles must have taken it. The Governess confronts Miles. ("So my dear, we are alone" - the "Screw" theme plays under the rest of the scene as a
190:
694:) But when she enters the children's schoolroom, Miss Jessel is seated at her desk. The spectre bemoans her fate, and sings that here she will have revenge. The Governess challenges her until she vanishes. She writes to the children's uncle (strings suggest a scratching pen, woodwind, the words she writes, then reads: "Sir, my dear sir, I have not forgotten my vow of silence"), telling him only that she must speak with him.
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734:.) As she questions him, Quint pressures Miles not to betray him. Miles confesses that he took the letter. The Governess demands to know who made him do it. After denials, Miles cries out "Peter Quint! You devil!" and falls. The Governess and Quint sing together, she that Miles is saved, he that the ghosts have failed. Quint disappears ("Farewell!" to the "
701:) That night, the Governess tells Miles that she has written to his uncle, and questions him about what happened at school, and at Bly before she came. Quint, unseen, tells Miles he is there, waiting. The candle goes out and Miles says it was he who blew it (to the notes of "I am bad"). Quint wonders what is in the letter and (
652:" - a variant of "O why did I come") and of mysteries ("I am all things strange and bold") while Miss Jessel sings to Flora to come to her to see "all those we have wept for together". The Governess and Mrs. Grose interrupt them and the ghosts depart. Miles tells the Governess, "You see, I am bad, aren't I?"
641:. As she sings a strange lullaby ("Today by the dead salt sea") to her doll, the Governess suddenly sees a woman across the lake (to the sound of a gong). Realising it is the ghost of Miss Jessel, she sends Flora home to safety and sings that it is far worse than she dreamed and that the children are "lost".
526:
to two children, "long ago". She had been hired by their uncle and guardian in London, "young... bold, offhand and gay" and too busy with "affairs, travel, friends, visits" to care for them. When he stipulates that she is never to bother him about the children, never to write, but to be silent,
273:
reframed the opera in their 2011 production, the story being told from the point of the view of the
Governess as a patient in an asylum. It is left unclear as to whether the story stems completely from her mind or whether she arrived there after her experiences in the Bly house. Opera Moderne
566:) When she arrives at Bly, the housekeeper Mrs. Grose greets her, and the children bow and curtsy as they have been rehearsed. The Governess sings that she begins to love Bly, now her home, Mrs Grose that the lively children will do better with a young, clever person like her.
310:, London, had been scheduled for a run in March 2020, but this was prevented by the lockdown. Instead, the performance was reworked as a film, shot on location at the Victorian music hall. The whole space of the venue, not just the stage, was used to tell the story.
898:, saying while Britten's "use of such a theme as the basis of innumerable variants is clearly indebted to Schoenberg's example," he has not "regarded the twelve notes as constituting a negation of tonal hierarchies, but rather as a ramification of them."
889:
Peter Evans argues that the keys or "centres" of the
Variations follow the notes of the row, and that the tonality of A corresponds to the Governess's moral courage, against that of A flat, representing the forces of evil. He minimises the influence of
160:
as one of the most dramatically appealing of
Britten's operas, and by music professor Peter Evans as "Britten's most intricately organized opera". It is in two acts of eight scenes each, with a prologue that ends with the introduction of a
599:" (to the grotesque, syncopated beat of the previous variation) and the Governess sees the man again, looking in through a window. Frightened, she asks Mrs. Grose about him, and when she describes him, the housekeeper bursts out, "
907:
Evans shows that the sequence of the
Governess's "O why did I come?" (which is also that of Quint's "Miles! Miles!" and makes 18 other appearances) is derived from the 'Screw' theme. He calls it "the corruption theme".
150:
sent to a country house to care for two children, whom she is gradually convinced have been corrupted by the ghosts of a previous manservant and governess. The drama grows increasingly tense, with a tragic outcome.
716:("Cradles for cats are string and air") and Flora lulls Mrs Grose to sleep with her doll's lullaby, then slips away. When the women realise she is gone, they go out to look for her as Miles plays on triumphantly.
664:) The ghosts of Quint and Miss Jessel are "nowhere". They argue ("Why did you call me from my schoolroom dreams?") about whether Quint caused Miss Jessel's downfall, but unite (in the only time
577:, giving only a vague "injury to his friends" as reason. Mrs Grose considers it normal for a boy sometimes to be "wild", but they agree that Miles can not be "bad". Hearing the children sing "
672:" (to the "O why did I come?" theme). Also nowhere, the Governess laments ("Lost in my labyrinth") that her innocence has not prepared her for the evil that surrounds her.
1789:
1158:
The percussionist plays a glockenspiel, tubular bells, triangle, wood block, side drum, tenor drum, bass drum, tom-tom, timpani (4), a suspended cymbal and a gong.
738:" theme). The Governess cradles Miles in her arms, at first rejoicing that they have destroyed Quint, but when she realises Miles is dead, singing "Malo" as his
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637:) By the side of Bly's lake, Flora, studying geography with the Governess, names seas of the world. Invited to name the lake, she dramatically calls it the
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An Oxford
English professor argues that the Latin words used in the lesson and church scenes are code for sexual terms.
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Touring Opera toured the UK with their new production of the work before reviving it in 2007 at their summer festival,
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573:) A letter from Miles' school arrives. Mrs Grose muses that now all will be well, but the letter says Miles has been
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is heard in fragments then, as she accepts, in full, followed by its first variation, suggestive of a coach.
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2147:(London), 23 November 2009 online at telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2010. (registration required)
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in a leading role, that of Quint. The original cast recording was made during
January of the next year.
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The line "The ceremony of innocence is drowned" sung by Quint and Miss Jessel, is taken from the poem "
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A male
Prologue tells of the "curious story" he has in a faded manuscript, written by a young, unnamed
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On 6 June 2021, a version by OperaGlass Works was broadcast by BBC4. The new staging of the opera, at
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received positive reviews of their presentation of the work in six performances in summer 2014.
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Britten's twelve-note 'Screw' theme may be described as a sequence of alternating rising
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Erica Jeal, "The Turn of the Screw review – Britten chamber opera is made even creepier"
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A study and analysis of the instrumental theme and variations in
Benjamin Britten's
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In the song "Malo", the word is: 1) the first-person singular of the irregular verb
201:, written in four months, and given its world premiere on 14 September 1954, at the
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The theme as it first appears in the piano, 9 measures before rehearsal number 1:
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we find, to the masculine are assigned"), when he unexpectedly sings a sad song, "
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2057:. Cambridge Introductions to Music. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
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review – OperaGlass Works make a brilliantly creepy virtue out of necessity"
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2113:, Vol. Four pp. 847–849. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. 1998
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in London; the North
American premiere on 23 August 1957 at Canada's
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228:. Since then there have been regular performances around the world.
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Touring Opera production of the work in 2011 under music director
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The opera was given its
British premiere on 6 October 1954 by the
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occur through the opera. Typically of Britten, the music mixes
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is sung) that they will claim the children, culminating with "
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review – Britten's opera chills the spine as darkness falls"
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Miss Jessel (Madeleine Pierard) and Peter Quint (Jared Holt)
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presented the work throughout England and three years later
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Miles, Governess, Flora (Brown Opera Productions, 2010)
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Flora and Miles (Alexa Harwood and Alexandros Swallow)
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1967:(London), 5 January 2002. retrieved 4 November 2009.
1941:
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224:; the US premiere followed on 19 March 1958 at the
2004:
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1208:singular case, and are generally of the masculine
785:The 12 notes may be divided into three equivalent
3099:Benjamin Britten: A Life in the Twentieth Century
3356:
948:"Dear God, is there no end to his dreadful ways"
601:Dear God, is there no end to his dreadful ways?
1188:we find, to the masculine are assigned" are a
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1645:(London), 8 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011
1219:, "to prefer," ("I would rather be"); 2) the
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679:) On a Sunday morning (after a variation for
2485:Diversions for Piano Left Hand and Orchestra
1713:(London), 2 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014
1689:(London), 2 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014
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2653:Canticle I: My beloved is mine and I am his
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507:Time: The middle of the nineteenth century
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2446:The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra
1184:The lyrics to Miles' song "Many nouns in
705:) tells Miles to take it, which he does.
278:in New York under the stage direction of
2915:Prelude and Fugue on a Theme of Vittoria
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1813:
1657:"Gothic Tale Scored in Twists and Turns"
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2864:Sacred and Profane (8 medieval lyrics)
1999:
1703:, Holland Park, review: 'enthralling'"
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614:) The next morning, Miles is learning
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2414:Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge
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1985:. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd.
1980:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
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1196:students, listing nouns of the third
169:on that theme. Several other related
46:Miss Jessel haunts Flora in the 2019
3031:Britten Pears Young Artist Programme
2671:Canticle IV: The Journey of the Magi
2534:Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings
2189:
2155:on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
670:The ceremony of innocence is drowned
3113:Cantus in Memoriam Benjamin Britten
2711:Songs and Proverbs of William Blake
595:) In the house, the children sing "
295:presented a co-production with the
146:It concerns a young, inexperienced
13:
3390:Opera world premieres at La Fenice
2984:Variations on an Elizabethan Theme
2665:Canticle III: Still falls the rain
1866:. Boosey & Hawkes (London) Ltd
1542:Maddocks, Fiona (20 August 2011).
988:
472:) and Mrs. Grose (Patricia Wright)
197:The opera was commissioned by the
14:
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2110:The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
763:. This generates two interleaved
559:recurring throughout the opera).
329:Premiere cast, 14 September 1954
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1587:, 1st edition. Greenwood Press.
662:Scene 1 - Colloquy and sollilogy
489:
477:
461:
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1953:
1781:
1751:
1716:
1692:
1676:
2659:Canticle II: Abraham and Isaac
2640:Britten's Purcell realizations
2633:The Holy Sonnets of John Donne
2083:The Oxford Dictionary of Opera
2026:Smith, Sara Elizabeth (1983).
1831:Operas Arias Composers Singers
1788:Tim Ashley (30 January 2021).
1648:
1639:– review. King's Head, London"
1628:
1608:
1597:
1577:
1535:
1497:
628:the meanings of the Latin word
303:and conducted by Toby Purser.
293:Regent's Park Open Air Theatre
165:. Each scene is preceded by a
1:
2625:Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo
1983:The Music of Benjamin Britten
1485:
274:produced the work in 2012 at
3296:The Haunting of Helen Walker
2945:Nocturnal after John Dowland
2923:Six Metamorphoses after Ovid
2011:. New York: Penguin Putnam.
1827:"Turn of the Screw libretto"
1655:Smith, Steve (28 May 2012).
1585:The Stratford Festival Story
1425:Aldeburgh Festival Ensemble
975:
954:
933:
913:
876:
858:
772:
331:Conductor: Benjamin Britten
133:, based on the 1898 novella
7:
3041:Snape Maltings Concert Hall
2007:The New Penguin Opera Guide
1583:J. Alan B. Somerset. 1991.
735:
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630:, another recurring motif.
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528:
517:
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291:For a limited run in 2018,
241:Glyndebourne Festival Opera
162:
95:14 September 1954
10:
3416:
3365:Operas by Benjamin Britten
2931:Fanfare for St Edmundsbury
2141:"Arda Mandikian, obituary"
1858:Britten, Benjamin (1955).
1278:opera house and orchestra
121:is a 20th-century English
3320:The Haunting of Bly Manor
3279:
3226:
3199:
3139:
3090:
3054:
3013:
2994:
2967:
2890:String Quartet in D major
2882:
2745:
2703:Sechs Hölderlin-Fragmente
2617:Beware! Three Early Songs
2608:
2501:
2456:
2383:
2373:The Prince of the Pagodas
2348:
2330:The Burning Fiery Furnace
2313:
2287:A Midsummer Night's Dream
2206:
2197:
1860:"Turn of the Screw score"
1528:, "Benjamin Britten", in
1379:Covent Garden Opera House
1327:London Symphony Orchestra
1168:Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son
1162:Lyric and melodic sources
745:
597:Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son
226:New York College of Music
163:twelve-note 'Screw' theme
90:
73:
65:
55:
39:
28:
23:
16:Opera by Benjamin Britten
3067:Benjamin Britten Academy
3062:Benjamin Britten (train)
3046:The Red House, Aldeburgh
1473:Mahler Chamber Orchestra
1177:are traditional British
789:, each a segment of the
655:
534:
313:
154:It was described by the
3370:English-language operas
3036:Britten-Pears Orchestra
2727:Who Are These Children?
2502:Vocal/Choral Orchestral
2137:(registration required)
2035:Eastman School of Music
1825:Piper, Myfanwy (1955).
980:download the audio file
959:download the audio file
938:download the audio file
918:download the audio file
881:download the audio file
863:download the audio file
777:download the audio file
3395:Operas based on novels
2934:(three trumpets, 1959)
2695:Songs from the Chinese
1959:Valentine Cunningham,
553:O why, why did I come?
544:
297:English National Opera
194:
3400:The Turn of the Screw
3312:The Turn of the Screw
3304:The Turn of the Screw
3288:The Turn of the Screw
3216:The Turn of the Screw
3192:The Turn of the Screw
2582:Cantata misericordium
2518:The Company of Heaven
2271:The Turn of the Screw
2153:The Turn of the Screw
2101:The Turn of the Screw
2085:, (1992), 782 pages,
2030:The turn of the screw
1981:Evans, Peter (1979).
1792:The Turn of the Screw
1761:The Turn of the Screw
1730:The Turn of the Screw
1617:The Turn of the Screw
1604:ETO's 2003 production
699:Scene 4 - The Bedroom
692:Scene 3 - Miss Jessel
564:Scene 2 - The Welcome
549:Scene 1 - The Journey
542:
512:English country house
456:Prologue (Jared Holt)
427:the former manservant
233:English Touring Opera
192:
136:The Turn of the Screw
129:, with a libretto by
118:The Turn of the Screw
79:The Turn of the Screw
24:The Turn of the Screw
2976:Homage to Paderewski
2958:String Quartet No. 3
2908:String Quartet No. 2
2902:String Quartet No. 1
2898:(oboe quartet, 1932)
2883:Chamber/Instrumental
2840:A Hymn of St Columba
2786:A Ceremony of Carols
2679:A Charm of Lullabies
2650:(1947–75, including
2231:The Rape of Lucretia
2200:List of compositions
1621:by John Henningham,
1503:"wife of the artist
903:"O why did I come?"
612:Scene 6 - The Lesson
593:Scene 5 - The Window
571:Scene 3 - The Letter
411:the former governess
214:Sadler's Wells Opera
193:The composer in 1964
3119:English Opera Group
3055:Named after Britten
2810:Rejoice in the Lamb
2510:Our Hunting Fathers
2430:Sinfonia da Requiem
2135:Boosey & Hawkes
1864:Boosey & Hawkes
1707:Rupert Christiansen
1249:Selected recordings
710:Scene 6 - The Piano
677:Scene 2 - The Bells
586:Scene 4 - The Tower
441:Characters in 2019
308:Wilton's Music Hall
222:English Opera Group
185:Performance history
3106:Britten's Children
3026:Britten Pears Arts
3021:Aldeburgh Festival
2954:(1964, 1967, 1972)
2856:Children's Crusade
2794:Hymn to St Cecilia
2590:Children's Crusade
2438:Matinées musicales
2207:Opera and operetta
1724:Michael Billington
1662:The New York Times
1210:grammatical gender
1011:Premiere musician
1005:Premiere musician
999:Premiere musician
646:Scene 8 - At Night
635:Scene 7 - The Lake
545:
286:Opera Holland Park
253:Kate Miller-Heidke
218:Stratford Festival
195:
3330:
3329:
3153:
3152:
2848:The Golden Vanity
2818:Five Flower Songs
2778:Advance Democracy
2754:Friday Afternoons
2735:A Birthday Hansel
2566:Cantata academica
2526:Les Illuminations
2472:(1939, rev. 1958)
2466:(1938, rev. 1945)
2406:Soirées musicales
2064:978-0-521-68200-8
1701:Turn of the Screw
1637:Turn of the Screw
1593:978-0-313-27804-4
1483:
1482:
1430:Cat: 8.660109-10
1239:The Second Coming
1156:
1155:
984:
963:
942:
922:
892:Arnold Schoenberg
885:
867:
781:
765:whole-tone scales
666:the "Screw" theme
605:O why did I come?
529:the "Screw" theme
443:New Zealand Opera
438:
437:
259:Los Angeles Opera
114:
113:
48:New Zealand Opera
3407:
3347:
3346:
3338:
3253:Presence of Mind
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3145:
3144:
3091:Related articles
3082:Britten Sinfonia
2995:Film adaptations
2896:Phantasy Quartet
2826:Hymn to St Peter
2802:Festival Te Deum
2488:(1940 rev. 1954)
2338:The Prodigal Son
2247:The Little Sweep
2191:Benjamin Britten
2184:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2097:Whittall, Arnold
2081:and West, Ewan,
2068:
2051:Whittall, Arnold
2046:
2022:
2010:
1996:
1968:
1961:"Filthy Britten"
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1726:(26 June 2018).
1720:
1714:
1696:
1690:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1652:
1646:
1632:
1626:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1539:
1533:
1526:Kennedy, Michael
1523:
1512:
1501:
1411:Philip Langridge
1395:Philip Langridge
1342:Philip Langridge
1322:Benjamin Britten
1253:
1252:
1152:Charles Gregory
1094:
1093:
993:
992:
894:in the use of a
852:
851:
846:
845:
840:
839:
834:
833:
828:
827:
822:
821:
816:
815:
810:
809:
804:
803:
798:
797:
791:circle of fifths
618:("Many nouns in
493:
481:
465:
453:
318:
317:
245:Opera Queensland
203:Teatro La Fenice
127:Benjamin Britten
106:Teatro La Fenice
102:
100:
44:
34:Benjamin Britten
21:
20:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3333:
3331:
3326:
3275:
3261:In a Dark Place
3246:(1971, prequel)
3243:The Nightcomers
3222:
3195:
3184:
3154:
3149:
3135:
3086:
3050:
3009:
2990:
2963:
2878:
2741:
2719:The Poet's Echo
2604:
2550:Spring Symphony
2497:
2470:Violin Concerto
2452:
2398:Simple Symphony
2379:
2344:
2314:Church parables
2309:
2303:Death in Venice
2202:
2193:
2188:
2145:Daily Telegraph
2127:
2065:
2019:
1993:
1972:
1971:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1823:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1786:
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1772:
1770:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1721:
1717:
1697:
1693:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1653:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1598:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1544:"Top 50 Operas"
1540:
1536:
1524:
1515:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1429:
1424:
1421:Steuart Bedford
1414:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1404:Phyllis Cannan,
1403:
1398:
1385:
1377:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1332:
1325:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1295:Jennifer Vyvyan
1293:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1200:, which end in
1174:Lavender's Blue
1164:
1144:Francis Baines
1101:Stephen Waters
1091:
1090:
1082:Cecil Aronowitz
991:
989:Instrumentation
986:
985:
983:
967:
965:
964:
962:
946:
944:
943:
941:
927:"Miles! Miles!"
924:
923:
921:
901:
887:
886:
884:
869:
868:
866:
849:
848:
843:
842:
837:
836:
831:
830:
825:
824:
819:
818:
813:
812:
807:
806:
801:
800:
795:
794:
783:
782:
780:
748:
728:Scene 8 - Miles
721:Scene 7 - Flora
703:Scene 5 - Quint
658:
579:Lavender's blue
537:
520:
510:Place: Bly, an
504:
497:
494:
485:
482:
473:
468:The Governess (
466:
457:
454:
395:the housekeeper
361:Jennifer Vyvyan
316:
301:Timothy Sheader
199:Venice Biennale
187:
110:
109:
103:
98:
96:
82:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Chamber operas
3372:
3367:
3352:
3351:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3131:Scallop (2003)
3128:
3125:The Dark Tower
3121:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2968:Collaborations
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2948:(guitar, 1963)
2941:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2762:A Boy was Born
2758:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2643:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2492:Cello Symphony
2489:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2464:Piano Concerto
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2239:Albert Herring
2235:
2227:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2151:Recordings of
2148:
2138:
2126:
2125:External links
2123:
2122:
2121:
2094:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2047:
2023:
2017:
2003:, ed. (2001).
2001:Holden, Amanda
1997:
1991:
1970:
1969:
1952:
1950:, p. 214.
1940:
1938:, p. 206.
1928:
1926:, p. 205.
1916:
1904:
1902:, p. 153.
1892:
1890:, p. 207.
1877:
1843:
1812:
1780:
1750:
1715:
1691:
1675:
1647:
1635:George Hall, "
1627:
1607:
1596:
1576:
1574:, p. 222.
1561:
1534:
1513:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:Cat: 545521-2
1475:
1468:Daniel Harding
1465:
1463:Vivian Tierney
1455:Caroline Wise,
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1416:Nadine Secunde
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:Cat:446 325-2
1382:
1371:
1369:Heather Harper
1359:Lillian Watson
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1319:
1317:Arda Mandikian
1305:David Hemmings
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1179:nursery rhymes
1163:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:Vernon Elliott
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1052:
1051:Suzanne Rosza
1049:
1048:second violin
1045:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
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987:
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419:Arda Mandikian
416:
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389:
386:
383:
379:
378:
376:David Hemmings
373:
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363:
358:
353:
349:
348:
343:
338:
334:
333:
327:
322:
315:
312:
299:, directed by
276:Symphony Space
261:performed the
186:
183:
112:
111:
104:
94:
92:
88:
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63:
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3282:
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3266:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:The Innocents
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:The Innocents
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3174:
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3167:
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3114:
3110:
3108:
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3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Britten Inlet
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
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3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:(organ, 1946)
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2858:
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2842:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2697:
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2681:
2680:
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2655:
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2649:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:Saint Nicolas
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
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2500:
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2416:
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2400:
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2395:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:Plymouth Town
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:Owen Wingrave
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:Noye's Fludde
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2119:1-56159-228-5
2116:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:Stanley Sadie
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:. p. 723
2092:
2091:0-19-869164-5
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:Warrack, John
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:Other sources
2066:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:(MA thesis).
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2018:0-14-029312-4
2014:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:0-460-04350-1
1988:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:Cited sources
1966:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1914:, p. 13.
1913:
1908:
1901:
1900:Whittall 2008
1896:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1769:. 6 June 2021
1768:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1711:The Telegraph
1708:
1704:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1532:, p. 128
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1511:, p. 128
1510:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1458:Ian Bostridge
1453:Julian Leang,
1450:
1449:Jane Henschel
1445:
1440:
1439:Ian Bostridge
1437:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1408:Eileen Hulse,
1401:
1400:Felicity Lott
1396:
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1372:
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1356:Michael Ginn,
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1097:bass clarinet
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
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1075:
1074:
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1065:
1063:Joy Boughton
1062:
1060:
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1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:John Francis
1034:
1032:
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1021:
1019:Olive Zorian
1018:
1016:first violin
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
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981:
971:
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949:
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905:
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864:
854:
792:
788:
778:
768:
766:
762:
758:
753:
752:
743:
741:
737:
736:Miles! Miles!
733:
729:
724:
722:
717:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
682:
681:tubular bells
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
653:
651:
650:Miles! Miles!
647:
642:
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636:
631:
629:
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621:
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598:
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433:
430:
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425:Peter Quint,
424:
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417:
414:
412:
409:Miss Jessel,
408:
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144:
142:
138:
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132:
131:Myfanwy Piper
128:
124:
123:chamber opera
120:
119:
107:
93:
89:
86:
81:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:Myfanwy Piper
58:
54:
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43:
38:
35:
31:
30:Chamber opera
27:
22:
19:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3241:
3233:
3219:(1954 opera)
3215:
3214:
3206:
3190:
3123:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3077:Britten Hall
3002:
2982:
2974:
2952:Cello suites
2943:
2938:Cello sonata
2929:
2926:(oboe, 1951)
2921:
2913:
2872:Jubilate Deo
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2833:Missa Brevis
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2770:Te Deum in C
2768:
2760:
2752:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2687:Winter Words
2685:
2677:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2483:
2477:Young Apollo
2475:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2336:
2328:
2322:Curlew River
2320:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2223:Peter Grimes
2221:
2213:
2152:
2144:
2108:
2100:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2054:
2031:
2027:
2006:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1965:The Guardian
1964:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1868:. Retrieved
1863:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:The Guardian
1797:
1791:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1766:
1760:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:The Guardian
1735:
1729:
1718:
1710:
1700:
1694:
1687:The Guardian
1686:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1660:
1650:
1643:The Guardian
1642:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1599:
1584:
1579:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:The Guardian
1547:
1537:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1444:Joan Rodgers
1347:Helen Donath
1333:Cat: 425672
1273:Miss Jessel
1271:Peter Quint,
1236:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1223:singular of
1216:
1214:
1201:
1185:
1183:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1123:Terence Weil
1111:Martin Isepp
1070:James Blades
1059:English horn
968:
966:
947:
945:
926:
925:
906:
902:
900:
888:
870:
793:: D–A–E–B, F
784:
761:minor thirds
759:and falling
754:
751:The 'Screw'
750:
749:
727:
725:
720:
718:
714:cat's cradle
709:
707:
702:
698:
696:
691:
689:
676:
674:
661:
659:
645:
643:
634:
632:
626:", based on
619:
611:
609:
592:
590:
585:
583:
570:
568:
563:
561:
548:
546:
521:
434:Peter Pears
426:
410:
394:
393:Mrs. Grose,
330:
305:
290:
284:
280:Luke Leonard
271:OperaUpClose
267:James Conlon
263:Glyndebourne
257:
237:Glyndebourne
230:
211:
196:
156:
153:
145:
134:
125:composed by
117:
116:
115:
77:
18:
3380:1954 operas
3269:The Turning
3211:(1950 play)
3187:Henry James
3005:(1989 film)
3003:War Requiem
2757:(1932–1935)
2668:(1954) and
2647:5 Canticles
2574:War Requiem
2457:Concertante
2391:Sinfonietta
2349:Film/Ballet
2215:Paul Bunyan
1767:BBC iPlayer
1625:, July 2005
1530:Holden 2001
1509:Holden 2001
1374:Colin Davis
1364:Robert Tear
1312:Peter Pears
1309:Olive Dyer,
1290:Peter Pears
1243:W. B. Yeats
1140:double bass
1066:percussion
1043:Enid Simon
1008:Instrument
1002:Instrument
996:Instrument
896:12-note row
787:tetrachords
732:passacaglia
388:Olive Dyer
346:Peter Pears
207:Peter Pears
141:Henry James
85:Henry James
3359:Categories
3280:Television
2384:Orchestral
2365:Night Mail
2255:Billy Budd
1948:Evans 1979
1936:Evans 1979
1924:Evans 1979
1912:Smith 1983
1888:Evans 1979
1870:22 October
1836:22 October
1623:Stagediary
1572:Evans 1979
1554:23 October
1505:John Piper
1486:References
1381:Orchestra
1300:Joan Cross
1276:Conductor,
1265:Mrs Grose,
1263:Governess,
1206:nominative
1198:declension
1089:in A and B
1027:alto flute
607:" theme).
470:Anna Leese
445:production
403:Joan Cross
352:Governess
325:Voice type
255:as Flora.
247:'s staged
179:dissonance
171:leitmotifs
99:1954-09-14
56:Librettist
50:production
2620:(1922–26)
2422:Mont Juic
2107:, (ed.),
2099:(1998), "
2055:Serialism
2043:1802/3990
1615:"Review:
1261:Prologue,
524:Governess
337:Prologue
231:In 2003,
220:with the
167:variation
148:governess
3147:Category
2662:(1952),
2558:Nocturne
2263:Gloriana
2053:(2008).
1668:19 April
1550:. London
1406:Sam Pay,
1384:Philips,
1352:Ava June
1221:ablative
1190:mnemonic
1092:♭
1087:clarinet
850:♭
844:♯
838:♯
832:♯
826:♯
820:♭
814:♯
808:♯
802:♯
796:♯
740:threnody
639:Dead Sea
575:expelled
518:Prologue
502:Synopsis
415:soprano
399:soprano
385:soprano
175:tonality
157:Guardian
108:, Venice
91:Premiere
74:Based on
66:Language
3238:(1961)
2642:(1945)+
2598:Phaedra
1743:26 June
1477:Virgin,
1204:in the
1128:bassoon
1106:celesta
1104:piano,
1031:piccolo
969:"Malo"
757:fourths
356:soprano
97: (
69:English
3385:Operas
3335:Portal
3323:(2020)
3315:(2009)
3307:(1999)
3299:(1995)
3291:(1974)
3272:(2020)
3264:(2006)
3256:(1999)
3014:Legacy
2987:(1953)
2979:(1941)
2960:(1975)
2940:(1961)
2910:(1945)
2904:(1941)
2892:(1931)
2875:(1961)
2867:(1974)
2859:(1968)
2851:(1966)
2843:(1962)
2835:(1959)
2829:(1955)
2821:(1950)
2813:(1943)
2805:(1944)
2797:(1942)
2789:(1942)
2781:(1938)
2773:(1934)
2765:(1933)
2746:Choral
2738:(1975)
2730:(1969)
2722:(1965)
2714:(1965)
2706:(1958)
2698:(1957)
2690:(1954)
2682:(1947)
2674:(1971)
2636:(1945)
2628:(1940)
2601:(1975)
2593:(1969)
2585:(1963)
2577:(1961)
2569:(1959)
2561:(1958)
2553:(1949)
2545:(1948)
2537:(1943)
2529:(1939)
2521:(1937)
2513:(1936)
2494:(1963)
2480:(1939)
2449:(1946)
2441:(1941)
2433:(1940)
2425:(1937)
2417:(1937)
2409:(1937)
2401:(1934)
2393:(1932)
2376:(1956)
2368:(1936)
2360:(1931)
2341:(1968)
2333:(1966)
2325:(1964)
2306:(1973)
2298:(1971)
2290:(1960)
2282:(1958)
2274:(1954)
2266:(1953)
2258:(1951)
2250:(1949)
2242:(1947)
2234:(1946)
2226:(1945)
2218:(1941)
2117:
2089:
2061:
2015:
1989:
1805:6 July
1773:6 July
1591:
1428:Naxos,
1331:Decca,
1281:Label
1269:Flora,
1267:Miles,
853:–G–C.
746:Themes
555:" - a
431:tenor
382:Flora
371:treble
367:Miles
3349:Opera
3227:Films
3200:Stage
2609:Vocal
2131:Score
2103:" in
1491:Notes
1435:2002
1391:1993
1338:1981
1286:1955
1259:Cast:
1256:Year
1241:" by
1229:malus
1225:mālum
1217:malle
1194:Latin
1118:cello
1077:viola
1023:flute
847:, F–B
685:psalm
656:Act 2
616:Latin
557:motif
535:Act 1
341:tenor
321:Role
314:Roles
2115:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1872:2023
1838:2023
1807:2021
1775:2021
1745:2018
1670:2017
1589:ISBN
1556:2023
1192:for
1171:and
1148:horn
1055:oboe
1039:harp
624:Malo
177:and
3189:'s
2039:hdl
1705:by
1202:-is
1186:-is
817:, B
811:–D
620:-is
143:.
139:by
83:by
32:by
3361::
2656:,
2143:,
2133:,
2037:.
1963:,
1880:^
1862:.
1846:^
1829:.
1815:^
1796:.
1765:.
1734:.
1709:,
1685:,
1659:.
1641:,
1564:^
1546:.
1516:^
1245:.
1212:.
1181:.
1095:,
1057:,
1029:,
1025:,
841:–G
835:–D
829:–F
805:–G
799:–C
282:.
269:.
243:.
181:.
3337::
3179:e
3172:t
3165:v
2183:e
2176:t
2169:v
2067:.
2045:.
2041::
2021:.
1995:.
1874:.
1840:.
1809:.
1790:"
1777:.
1763:"
1759:"
1747:.
1728:"
1699:"
1672:.
1619:"
1558:.
1470:,
1460:,
1451:,
1446:,
1441:,
1423:,
1413:,
1402:,
1397:,
1376:,
1366:,
1361:,
1354:,
1349:,
1344:,
1324:,
1314:,
1307:,
1302:,
1297:,
1292:,
982:.
961:.
940:.
920:.
883:.
865:.
779:.
726:(
719:(
708:(
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