1051:, the attendant of the Buddha, due to their different dispositions and views. Despite his ascetic, strict and stern reputation, he paid an interest in community matters and teaching, and was known for his compassion for the poor, which sometimes caused him to be depicted as an anti-establishment figure. He had a prominent role in the cremation of the Buddha, acting as a sort of eldest son of the Buddha, as well as being the leader in the subsequent First Council. He is depicted as hesitatingly allowing Ānanda to participate in the council, and chastising him afterwards for a number of offenses the latter was regarded to have committed.
4607:
1615:) to allow her to be ordained. Ānanda also accompanies the Buddha in the last year of his life, and therefore is witness to many tenets and principles that the Buddha conveys and establishes before his death, including the well-known principle that the Buddhist community should take his teaching and discipline as their refuge, and that the Buddha will not appoint a new leader. The final period of the Buddha's life also shows that Ānanda is still very much attached to the Buddha's person, and he witnesses the Buddha's passing with great sorrow.
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31:
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Chan
Buddhism, this account was less emphasized, but Mahākāśyapa was seen to have received a special mind-to-mind transmission from Gautama Buddha outside of orthodox scripture, which became essential to the identity of Chan. Again, the robe was an important symbol in this transmission. Apart from having a role in texts and lineage, Mahākāśyapa has often been depicted in Buddhist art as a symbol of reassurance and hope for the future of Buddhism.
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1068:, to help establish a stable monastic tradition. He effectively became the leader for the first twenty years after the Buddha, as he had become the most influential figure in the monastic community. For this reason, he was regarded by many early Buddhist schools as a sort of first patriarch, and was seen to have started a
877:. Traditional accounts relate that Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra become spiritual wanderers in their youth. After having searched for spiritual truth for a while, they come into contact with the Buddhist teaching through verses that have become widely known in the Buddhist world. Eventually they meet the Buddha himself and
816:, doing tasks like looking after monks, giving them objects of meditation, and clarifying points of doctrine. He was the first disciple the Buddha allowed to ordain other monks. Śāriputra died shortly before the Buddha in his hometown and was cremated. According to Buddhist texts, his relics were then enshrined at
1054:
Mahākāśyapa's life as described in the early
Buddhist texts has been considerably studied by scholars, who have been skeptical about his role in the cremation, his role toward Ānanda and the historical validity of the council itself. A number of scholars have hypothesized that the accounts have later
807:
Buddhist texts relate that Śāriputra and
Maudgalyāyana were childhood friends who became spiritual wanderers in their youth. After having searched for spiritual truth for a while, they came into contact with the teachings of the Buddha and ordained as monks under him, after which the Buddha declared
1091:
and practices, and affected some
Buddhist countries up until early modern times. It has been interpreted by scholars as a narrative to physically connect Gautama Buddha with the next Buddha Maitreya, through the body of Mahākāśyapa and Gautama Buddha's robe, which covered Mahākāśyapa's remains. In
892:
as the two disciples that accompany the Buddha, and they have complementing roles as teachers. As a teacher, Maudgalyayana is known for his psychic powers, and he is often depicted using these in his teaching methods. In many early
Buddhist canons, Maudgalyāyana is instrumental in re-uniting the
901:
causes a schism. Furthermore, Maudgalyāyana is connected with accounts about the making of the first Buddha image. Maudgalyāyana dies at the age of eighty-four, killed through the efforts of a rival sect. This violent death is described in
Buddhist scriptures as a result of Maudgalyāyana's
1005:
tradition. In
Buddhist texts, he assumed many identities, that of a renunciant saint, a lawgiver, an anti-establishment figure, but also a "guarantor of future justice" in the time of Maitreya—he has been described as "both the anchorite and the friend of mankind, even of the outcast".
1585:) becomes his teacher. Twenty years in the Buddha's ministry, Ānanda becomes the attendant of the Buddha, when the Buddha selects him for this job. Ānanda performs his duties with great devotion and care, and acts as an intermediary between the Buddha and the laypeople, as well as the
1019:. Both of them aspired to lead a celibate life, however, and they decided not to consummate their marriage. Having grown weary of the agricultural profession and the damage it did, they both left the lay life behind to become mendicants. Pippali later met the Buddha, under whom he was
1622:
just before the council starts, which is a requirement. He has a historical role during the council as the living memory of the Buddha, reciting many of the Buddha's discourses and checking them for accuracy. During the same council, however, he is chastised by
1166:, the Buddha's chief patron. In the Theravada tradition he is Anāthapiṇḍika's younger brother. In the northern Buddhist tradition he is Anāthapiṇḍika's nephew. Subhūti became a monk after hearing the Buddha teach at the dedication ceremony of
1631:) and the rest of the Saṅgha for allowing women to be ordained and failing to understand or respect the Buddha at several crucial moments. Ānanda continues to teach until the end of his life, passing on his spiritual heritage to his pupils
1706:, a similar list is mentioned, but these are eleven not ten disciples, and five in the list are different. Although in the early Sanskrit and Chinese texts, there are only four enlightened disciples, in later tradition there are
1349:
Scholars have analyzed Upāli's role and that of other disciples in the early texts, and it has been suggested that his role in the texts was emphasized during a period of compiling that stressed monastic discipline, during which
1514:
throughout
Buddhist history. His accounts have led to a perspective in Buddhism of seeing children as hindrances to the spiritual life on the one hand, and as people with potential for enlightenment on the other hand.
1502:, eventually leading to Rāhula's enlightenment. Although early accounts state that Rāhula dies before the Buddha does, later tradition has it that Rāhula is one of the disciples that outlives the Buddha, guarding the
1592:
Scholars are skeptical about the historicity of many events in Ānanda's life, especially the First
Council, and consensus about this has yet to be established. A traditional account can be drawn from early texts,
1341:
matters. A notable case he decided about was that of the monk Ajjuka, who was accused of partisanship in a conflict about real estate. During the First
Council, Upāli received the important role of reciting the
1388:
and Burmese Buddhism. In China, the 7th-century Vinaya school referred to Upāli as their patriarch and it was believed that one of their founders was a reincarnation of him. The technical conversations about
1251:). Aniruddha was a cousin of Shakyamuni Buddha. He and Ananda became monks at the same time. He was foremost in divine insight. He lost his sight because he swore not to sleep after getting criticized by
1485:
Between seven and fifteen years after Rāhula is born, the Buddha returns to Kapilavastu, where Yaśodharā has Rāhula ask the Buddha for the throne of the Śākya clan. The Buddha responds by having Rāhula
1063:
and ascetic values, as opposed to the values of Ānanda and other disciples. Regardless, it is clear that Mahākāśyapa had an important role in the early days of the Buddhist community after the Buddha's
5420:
1668:, Ānanda is widely considered the patriarch of the Dhamma, who stands in a spiritual lineage, receiving the teaching from Mahākassapa and passing them on to his own pupils. Ānanda has been honored by
1218:
Pūrṇa Maitrāyaniputra (Sk.) or Puṇṇa Mantānīputta (Pl.). He was also called Purna for short. He was the greatest teacher of the Law out of all the disciples. He was the top master of preaching.
873:), also known as Mahāmaudgalyāyana or by his birth name Kolita, was one of the Buddha's closest disciples. He is considered the second of the Buddha's two foremost male disciples, together with
4067:(1979), "III. La composition et les étapes de la formation progressive du Mahàparinirvânasûtra ancien" [3. The Composition and the Episodes of the Progressive Formation of the ancient
5528:
1072:
of patriarchs of Buddhism. This further amplified the idea of him being the primary heir and elder son of the Buddha, which came to be symbolized by the robe Mahākāśyapa had received.
1660:Ānanda is one of the most loved figures in Buddhism. Ānanda is known for his memory, erudition and compassion, and is often praised by the Buddha for these matters. He functions as a
1229:
or Mahākātyāyana (Sk.) or Mahākaccāna (Pl.). He understood Shakyamuni Buddha's lecture the best. Although he had only five master in the rural areas, he was permitted to learn
696:. They are mentioned in Chinese texts from the fourth century BCE until the twelfth century CE, and are the most honored of the groups of disciples, especially so in China and
1577:, Ānanda is the first cousin of the Buddha. Although the texts do not agree on most things about Ānanda's early life, they do agree that Ānanda is ordained as a monk and that
4685:
1463:
reasons are also given. As a result of the late birth, Yaśodharā needs to prove that Rāhula is really Prince Siddhārtha's son, which she eventually does successfully by an
800:
worldview and practice, is framed as an extended discourse delivered to Śāriputra. The sutra consists of radical reinterpretation of early Buddhist thought in the light of
778:). Śāriputra had a key leadership role in the ministry of the Buddha and is considered in many Buddhist schools to have been important in the development of the Buddhist
1188:
for the donor, thus earning him the title of foremost in being "worthy of gifts". Subhūti is a major figure in Mahayana Buddhism and is one of the central figures in
1707:
1478:
has argued that Prince Siddhārtha conceived Rāhula and waited for his birth, to be able to leave the palace with the king and queen's permission, but Orientalist
5192:
1309:, he did so as well. He was, in fact, ordained before the princes, putting humility before caste. Having been ordained, Upāli learnt both Buddhist doctrine (
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discourses, these ten disciples are mentioned, but in differing order. The ten disciples can be found as an iconographic group in notable places in the
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The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sūtrāṅga Portion of the Pāli Saṃyutta-Nikāya and the Chinese Saṃyuktāgama
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Monastery. Archaeological findings from the 1800s suggest his relics may have been redistributed across the Indian subcontinent by subsequent kings.
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1589:(monastic community). He accompanies the Buddha for the rest of his life, acting not only as an assistant, but also a secretary and a mouthpiece.
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5779:
Wilson, L. (2003), "Beggars Can Be Choosers: Mahākassapa as a Selective Eater of Offerings", in Holt, J.; Kinnard, J.N.; Walters, J.S. (eds.),
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125:
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and Sanskrit) was the only son of Siddhārtha Gautama, and his wife, princess Yaśodharā. He is mentioned in numerous Buddhist texts, from the
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to distinguish him from other disciples. Mahākāśyapa became an important disciple of the Buddha, to the extent that the Buddha exchanged his
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onward. Accounts about Rāhula indicate a mutual impact between Prince Siddhārtha's life and those of his family members. According to the
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The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets: A Study in Charisma, Hagiography, Sectarianism, and Millennial Buddhism
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Deeg, M. (1999), "Das Ende des Dharma und die Ankunft des Maitreya" [The End of the Dharma and the Coming of Maitreya],
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to the Buddha, however, in that he still has worldly attachments and is not yet enlightened, as opposed to the Buddha. In the
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Kim, S. (2011), "Awakened, Awaiting, or Meditating?: Readdressing a Silla Period Image from the Buddha Valley on Mount Nam",
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Anuruddha (Pl.) or Aniruddha (Sk.) was a top master of clairvoyance and the practice of the four foundations of mindfulness (
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4959:"Un grand disciple du Buddha: Sāriputra. Son rôle dans l'histoire du bouddhisme et dans le développement de l'Abhidharma"
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831:, he is often depicted alongside the Buddha, usually to his right. He was known for his strict adherence to the Buddhist
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4961:[A great disciple of the Buddha: Sāriputra, his role in Buddhist history and in the development of Abhidharma]
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is framed as a question-and-answer between the Buddha and Subhūti, resulting in the latter's deepened insight into
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5154:
Ohnuma, R. (December 2006), "Debt to the Mother: A Neglected Aspect of the Founding of the Buddhist Nuns' Order",
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4270:"Sariputta and Moggallana in the Golden Land: The Relics of the Buddha's Chief Disciples at the Kaba Aye Pagoda"
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on the day of Prince Siddhārtha, and is born six years later, when Prince Siddhārtha becomes enlightened as the
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1184:). It is said that due to his mastery of loving-kindness meditation, any gift offered to him bore the greatest
5504:"Dressed for Success: The Monk Kāśyapa and Strategies of Legitimation in Earlier Mahāyāna Buddhist Scriptures"
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5744:"Mahākāśyapa, His Lineage, and the Wish for Buddhahood: Reading Anew the Bodhgayā Inscriptions of Mahānāman"
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been embellished to emphasize the values of the Buddhist establishment Mahākāśyapa stood for, emphasizing
835:, as well as for his wisdom and teaching ability, giving him the title "General of the Dharma" (Sanskrit:
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since early medieval times for his merits in establishing the nun's order. In recent times, the composer
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Histoire des croyances et des idees religieuses. Vol. 2: De Gautama Bouddha au triomphe du christianisme
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1510:. Rāhula is known in Buddhist texts for his eagerness for learning, and was honored by novice monks and
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4481:(2011), "Tales of Miraculous Teachings: Miracles in Early Indian Buddhism", in Twelftree, G.H. (ed.),
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1079:, which was believed to cause his physical remains to stay intact in a cave under a mountain called
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Prebish, Charles S. (2005) , "Review of Scholarship on Buddhist Councils", in Williams, Paul (ed.),
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Constituting Communities, Theravāda Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia
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1301:. Upāli was born as a low-caste barber. He met the Buddha when still a child, and later, when the
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Ambros, B.R. (27 June 2016), "A Rite of Their Own: Japanese Buddhist Nuns and the Anan kōshiki",
1644:
588:
5543:, Hinüber, Oskar von,, Eltschinger, Vincent,, Bowring, Richard, 1947-, Radich, Michael, Leiden,
5390:"Multiple Layers of Transmission: Gasan Jōseki and the Goi Doctrine in the Medieval Sōtō school"
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Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 1: Early History in South and Southeast Asia
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Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 1: Early History in South and Southeast Asia
1618:
Shortly after the Buddha's death, the First Council is convened, and Ānanda manages to attain
1533:. Among the Buddha's many disciples, Ānanda stood out for having the best memory. Most of the
1397:
traditions, and have been suggested as an important subject of study for modern-day ethics in
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disciples (in Chinese texts). There is also a Chinese tradition with five hundred disciples.
1362:) and Upāli became the most important disciples. Later, Upāli and his pupils became known as
1255:. And later he got another pair of eyes that is believed to have the power to see the truth.
1075:
In many post-canonical texts, Mahākāśyapa decided at the end of his life to enter a state of
808:
the friends his two chief disciples. Śāriputra was said to have attained enlightenment as an
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Faure, B. (1995), "Quand l'habit fait le moine: The Symbolism of the Kāsāya in Sōtō zen",
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considered it more likely that Rāhula was born after Prince Siddhārtha left his palace.
1384:; passing into final Nirvana). This lineage became an important part of the identity of
1370:; 'custodians of the vinaya'), who preserved the monastic discipline after the Buddha's
1009:
In canonical Buddhist texts in several traditions, Mahākāśyapa was born as Pippali in a
950:
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two weeks after ordaining. As chief disciple Śāriputra assumed a leadership role in the
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The Council of Rājagṛha: Introduction to the History of the Buddhist Canons and Schools
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The Characterization of Ānanda in the Pāli Canon of the Theravāda: A Hagiographic Study
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823:Śāriputra is regarded as an important and wise disciple of the Buddha, particularly in
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Le concile de Rājagṛha: introduction à l'histoire des canons et des sects bouddhiques
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The Legend and Cult of Upagupta: Sanskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia
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Buddhist Precept and Practice: Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon
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4143:"Bones of Contention: Buddhist Relics, Nationalism and the Politics of Archaeology"
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Maudgalyayana and Śāriputra have a deep spiritual friendship. They are depicted in
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5670:"A Family Quest: The Buddha, Yaśodharā, and Rāhula in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya"
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1132:. In Theravada Buddhism he is considered the disciple who was foremost in being "
1084:
1016:
785:
688:. Depending on the scripture, the disciples included in this group vary. In many
641:
563:
363:
273:
218:
7204:
6358:
6348:
4350:
A history of religious ideas: From Gautama Buddha to the Triumph of Christianity
4064:
3615:
1197:
1152:
801:
770:. He is considered the first of the Buddha's two chief disciples, together with
213:
8596:
8414:
8117:
7967:
7749:
7329:
7309:
7229:
6918:
6908:
6842:
6679:
6165:
6028:
5690:
5665:
5638:
5597:
5361:
5296:
1717:
1673:
1479:
1452:
1330:
1129:
922:
918:
917:
to his mother. This led to a tradition in many Buddhist countries known as the
874:
767:
729:
685:
508:
438:
393:
251:
30:
8470:
5764:
4954:
4701:
3016:
925:
to their ancestors. Maudgalyāyana has also traditionally been associated with
8761:
8689:
8184:
8033:
7342:
7244:
7102:
6903:
6881:
6817:
6488:
6283:
6278:
6170:
5839:
5558:
5499:
5416:
5381:
4917:
4863:
4721:
4678:
4622:
4478:
4341:
4176:
Dialogue in Early South Asian Religions: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Traditions
4166:
4158:
4024:
3782:
3769:
1834:
1310:
1193:
1163:
998:
956:
934:
866:
689:
333:
328:
268:
8586:
6642:
6632:
6004:
5590:
5524:
5169:
4978:
4086:
4057:
473:
278:
8542:
8274:
8259:
8229:
8179:
8169:
8011:
7806:
7299:
7134:
7012:
6800:
6795:
6622:
6493:
6368:
5829:
5325:
5318:
5251:
5102:
5054:
5016:
4779:
4385:
4031:
2070:
1681:
1608:
1539:
1464:
1459:
from previous lives of both Yaśodharā and of Rāhula himself, although more
1394:
1248:
889:
828:
373:
258:
176:
62:
7057:
7042:
7002:
6699:
6363:
5939:
4854:
4821:
4288:
3651:
1555:) are attributed to his recollection of the Buddha's teachings during the
843:). Śāriputra is considered the disciple of the Buddha who was foremost in
8561:
8244:
8073:
7214:
7199:
6982:
6790:
6718:
6498:
6328:
6230:
6077:
5949:
2366:
2364:
1993:
1624:
1372:
1351:
981:
793:
693:
443:
8234:
6694:
4038:[The Construction and Cult of the Stūpa after the Vinayapiṭaka]
2739:
2135:
2111:
8621:
8537:
8505:
8501:
8189:
8147:
8023:
7829:
7754:
7368:
7352:
7314:
7294:
7189:
7164:
7072:
7007:
6987:
6733:
6664:
6535:
6418:
6388:
6323:
6273:
5931:
5921:
5894:
5674:
Sacred Biography in the Buddhist Traditions of South and Southeast Asia
5623:
4411:
3791:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 913.
2484:
1944:
1942:
1594:
1586:
1424:
1020:
930:
878:
780:
448:
208:
105:
7209:
6205:
2361:
1607:, when he requests the Buddha on behalf of the latter's foster-mother
1559:. For that reason, he is known as the "Treasurer of the Dhamma", with
8617:
8164:
8137:
7304:
7179:
6891:
6807:
6684:
6574:
6547:
6540:
6503:
6460:
6423:
6190:
6155:
6122:
6097:
6052:
5462:
5330:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations
5279:
4557:
Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their Lives, Their Works, Their Legacy
4326:
4124:
2250:
1892:
1632:
1603:
1242:
898:
824:
493:
468:
8601:
7937:
6773:
6627:
6393:
6175:
6044:
6036:
4452:
2616:
1939:
1524:
1410:
1333:
was Kappitaka. Upāli became known for his mastery and strictness of
1177:
1048:
8517:
8454:
8294:
8249:
8194:
8159:
8063:
7722:
7289:
7284:
7234:
7169:
7087:
7052:
7047:
6708:
6579:
6567:
6478:
6137:
5834:
5615:
5440:
5250:
Prebish, C.S. (2000), "From Monastic Ethics to Modern Society", in
4939:
4586:
2604:
2412:
1677:
1511:
1507:
1491:
1487:
1306:
1270:
1201:
1167:
1148:
1040:
972:
817:
797:
789:
762:, Khmer: សិរីបុត្រ) (lit. "the son of Śāri"); born Upatiṣya (Pali:
706:, among others. In this text, they are called the "Ten Wise Ones" (
503:
483:
478:
358:
54:
7279:
7269:
7254:
7077:
6947:
6215:
1653:
1264:
1170:. After being ordained Subhūti went into the forest and became an
8613:
8199:
8142:
8127:
7274:
7264:
7239:
7114:
7109:
7067:
7037:
6969:
6935:
6822:
6763:
6758:
6612:
6515:
6353:
6303:
6090:
5916:
5178:"Bad Nun: Thullanandā in Pāli Canonical and Commentarial Sources"
5130:(2017), "The Death of the Buddha: A Restorative Interpretation",
3193:
3191:
3189:
2923:
2921:
2919:
1101:
1011:
990:
909:
Through post-canonical texts, Maudgalyāyana became known for his
827:
Buddhism where he is given a status close to a second Buddha. In
809:
788:, and in some sutras, is used as a counterpoint to represent the
183:
6886:
6654:
4036:"La construction et le culte des stūpa d'après les Vinayapiṭaka"
2691:
1697:
1544:
1416:
1367:
1286:
1274:
941:
were found attributed to him, which have been widely venerated.
8672:
8279:
8264:
8100:
7962:
7942:
7717:
7379:
7259:
7249:
7184:
6812:
6768:
6753:
6743:
6713:
6637:
6520:
6288:
6160:
5904:
5899:
4987:
The Power of Patriarchs: Qisong and Lineage in Chinese Buddhism
4838:"On Women as Teachers in Early Buddhism: Dhammadinnā and Khemā"
4115:
Bechert, H. (2005) , "The Date of the Buddha Reconsidered", in
3675:
3555:
3450:
2870:
2868:
2101:
2099:
2097:
1561:
1499:
1385:
1302:
1282:
1230:
1119:
1056:
976:
894:
832:
813:
707:
198:
193:
188:
151:
5459:
Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pāli Canon
4649:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
3933:
The Teachings of Master Wuzhu: Zen and Religion of No-Religion
3863:
3861:
3186:
2916:
2315:
2313:
1529:Ānanda was the primary attendant of the Buddha and one of his
8652:
8647:
8419:
8254:
8112:
8078:
8058:
8028:
7957:
7374:
7219:
7097:
7092:
7062:
7017:
6864:
6859:
6738:
6443:
6268:
6235:
6225:
4534:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
3878:
3876:
3687:
3095:
3004:
2904:
2337:
1702:
1534:
1495:
1172:
1162:
Subhūti was born into a wealthy family and was a relative of
1047:
shortly after meeting the Buddha. He often had disputes with
964:
848:
433:
35:
5600:(1977), ""Gandhakuṭī": The Perfumed Chamber of the Buddha",
5482:
Wisdom Beyond Words: The Buddhist Vision of Ultimate Reality
5035:"The Riddle of the First Buddhist Council – A Retrospection"
4879:
History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era
3579:
3486:
3484:
3346:
3210:
3208:
3206:
2970:
2968:
2865:
2544:
2123:
2094:
2046:
1601:. Ānanda has an important role in establishing the order of
1015:
family, and entered an arranged marriage with a woman named
997:
and continued to have an important role as patriarch in the
8289:
7082:
6748:
6245:
4617:, Association for the Study of Indian Philosophy: 222–237,
4392:
Findly, E.B. (September 1992), "Ānanda's Hindrance: Faith (
3858:
3730:
3603:
3508:
3107:
2816:
2814:
2669:
2667:
2310:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
1966:
1393:
between the Buddha and Upāli were recorded in the Pāli and
1107:
755:
3873:
3639:
3496:
3076:
2460:
2448:
2286:
2207:
7947:
6483:
4453:"An Eminent Buddhist Tradition: The Burmese Vinayadharas"
3591:
3481:
3412:
3203:
2965:
2715:
2592:
2472:
2388:
2325:
1035:
with him, which was a symbol of the transmittance of the
1002:
4924:
Mather, R.B. (1968), "Vimalakīrti and Gentry Buddhism",
4875:
Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien, des origines a l'ere Saka
3742:
3636:, The Death of the Buddha: A Restorative Interpretation.
3469:
3239:
3143:
3119:
2955:
2953:
2811:
2799:
2664:
2556:
2231:
2171:
1643:), among others, who later assume a leading role in the
5080:, Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research,
4583:
Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia
4553:
3431:
3270:
3174:
3040:
2980:
2763:
2628:
2298:
2256:
2183:
2141:
2117:
2076:
1999:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1200:, a core philosophical component underlying the entire
700:. The ten disciples are mentioned in the Mahāyāna text
5783:, State University of New York Press, pp. 57–70,
4690:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3848:
3846:
3718:
3567:
3384:
3365:
3327:
3308:
3258:
3227:
3028:
2775:
2727:
2652:
2508:
2219:
2082:
2034:
796:, widely considered to be of utmost centrality to the
749:
3831:
3706:
3663:
3289:
3064:
3052:
2992:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2679:
2640:
2520:
2496:
2349:
2195:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1983:
1981:
1151:
Buddhism, he is considered foremost in understanding
906:
of having killed his own parents in a previous life.
3980:
The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies
3795:
3527:
3155:
3131:
2568:
2424:
2376:
2274:
2147:
1920:
1657:(monuments) are erected at the river where he dies.
1281:, mainly responsible for the reciting and reviewing
5313:(in French), Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner,
3908:
3843:
2787:
2703:
2159:
2058:
1954:
5007:Mrozik, S. (2004), "Mahāmaudgalyāyana; Upāli", in
4451:
2933:
2853:
2580:
2532:
2436:
2400:
2262:
2022:
2005:
1978:
1427:, Rāhula is born on the day of Prince Siddhārta's
913:through a popular account of him transferring his
1455:. This long gestation period is explained by bad
8759:
4608:"The Advent of the First Nuns in Early Buddhism"
4017:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)
8500:
5582:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
5478:
5133:The Buddha in Sri Lanka: Histories and Stories
5074:Shōbōgenzō : The True Dharma-Eye Treasury
5070:
4967:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
4688:(23 June 2010), "Hpo Hlaing on Buddhist Law",
4248:Family Matters in Indian Buddhist Monasticisms
4074:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
4045:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
3698:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWitanachchi1965 (
3519:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWitanachchi1965 (
2910:
1948:
8486:
5813:
5579:Skilling, P. (2003), "Traces of the Dharma",
4173:Black, Dr Brian; Patton, Dean Laurie (2015),
3461:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNishijimaCross (
3357:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSaddhasena2003 (
3219:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSaddhasena2003 (
1716:; there still are in the Burmese tradition),
1087:in a next age. This story has led to several
661:
6595:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
4898:
4758:
4668:
4554:Hecker, Hellmuth; Nyanaponika Thera (2003),
4216:
4196:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts
4095:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism
3813:
3657:
3621:
3561:
3545:
3402:
3197:
3113:
3087:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrzyluski1932 (
3022:
3010:
2874:
2622:
2610:
2490:
2418:
2319:
2292:
2244:
2105:
2052:
1680:about Ānanda, which was made into the opera
1128:) was one of the ten principal disciples of
5349:
5157:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
5126:
4737:
4602:
4172:
3773:
3693:
3681:
3633:
3514:
3442:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNakagawa2005 (
3281:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchumann2004 (
2927:
2466:
2454:
8493:
8479:
5820:
5806:
5570:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5015:, vol. 1–2, Macmillan Reference USA,
3828:, pp. 209–212, 214, 216–218, 245–246.
3456:
3352:
3214:
2760:, pp. 17–18, note 62, 20–22, note 78.
1140:) and "living remote and in peace" (Pali:
985:(death) of the Buddha, presiding over the
668:
654:
5295:
5032:
4853:
4429:Dāna: Giving and Getting in Pāli Buddhism
3966:
3597:
3376:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCrosby2013 (
3338:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCrosby2013 (
3319:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCrosby2013 (
3082:
1573:) referring to the Buddha's teaching. In
716:), a term which is normally used for the
5741:
5578:
5541:Brill's encyclopedia of Buddhism Vol Two
5048:
4984:
4673:, Indo-Chinese Literature Publications,
4643:
4504:
4463:
3712:
3475:
3437:
3423:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMeeks2016 (
3276:
3250:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMeeks2016 (
3166:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMeeks2016 (
3034:
2986:
2832:
2757:
2733:
2721:
2304:
1720:(in Chinese and Tibetan texts) and then
1207:
975:. Mahākāśyapa assumed leadership of the
29:
7782:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
5716:
5387:
5273:
5249:
4869:
4267:
4114:
3974:
3898:
3894:
3736:
3724:
3585:
3300:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPéri1918 (
3149:
2849:from the original on 11 September 2019.
2839:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2658:
2562:
2514:
2213:
2088:
1933:
14:
8760:
8742:
7985:List of Buddhist architecture in China
5778:
5774:from the original on 21 September 2017
5689:
5664:
5637:
5596:
5397:Annali di Ca' Foscari. Serie Orientale
5222:
5175:
5153:
5101:
5006:
4923:
4684:
4531:
4477:
4449:
4425:
4391:
4340:
4302:
4245:
4140:
4092:
4063:
4030:
3952:
3930:
3882:
3825:
3645:
3609:
3573:
3490:
3390:
3371:
3333:
3314:
3264:
3233:
3180:
3137:
3101:
3070:
3058:
3046:
2998:
2974:
2959:
2769:
2745:
2685:
2646:
2634:
2598:
2574:
2550:
2526:
2502:
2478:
2406:
2394:
2370:
2355:
2201:
1972:
8474:
5801:
5534:from the original on 17 February 2020
5430:
5426:from the original on 16 November 2019
4953:
4778:
4715:
4369:
4315:Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft
4306:Psalms Of The Early Buddhists Part-ii
4192:
4010:
3955:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
3748:
3669:
3533:
3502:
3418:
3245:
3161:
3125:
2820:
2673:
2430:
2382:
2343:
2331:
2280:
2177:
2153:
2129:
1960:
792:school of Buddhism. For example, the
8793:Foremost disciples of Gautama Buddha
8732:
5538:
5498:
5456:
5370:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
5202:
4835:
4576:
4312:
3816:, Damoduoluo chan jing; Madhyāntika.
3801:
3295:
2944:
2805:
2793:
2709:
2268:
2189:
2165:
2064:
2040:
2028:
2016:
1987:
1494:. He teaches the young novice about
989:. He was considered to be the first
5324:
5198:from the original on 1 October 2018
5071:Nishijima, G.W.; Cross, S. (2008),
4805:
4484:The Cambridge Companion to Miracles
3990:
3914:
3902:
3867:
3852:
3837:
2859:
2781:
2697:
2586:
2538:
2442:
2257:Hecker & Nyanaponika Thera 2003
2225:
2142:Hecker & Nyanaponika Thera 2003
2118:Hecker & Nyanaponika Thera 2003
2077:Hecker & Nyanaponika Thera 2003
2000:Hecker & Nyanaponika Thera 2003
937:school. In the nineteenth century,
766:); was one of the top disciples of
24:
7772:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
5485:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers,
5229:A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism
5097:from the original on 2 August 2017
1435:, meaning a fetter on the path to
1077:meditation and suspended animation
126:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
121:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
25:
8804:
8712:Gautama Buddha in world religions
5409:10.14277/2385-3042/AnnOr-53-17-12
4458:Traditions in Current Perspective
3978:(2010), "Once Again on Bakkula",
2373:, p. 487, Mahāmaudgalyāyana.
881:under him. Maudgalyāyana attains
8741:
8731:
8453:
8443:
8442:
8000:Thai temple art and architecture
7745:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
5985:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
5851:
5838:
5828:
4883:Université catholique de Louvain
4226:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
3888:
3761:
3754:
1691:
1346:, for which he is mostly known.
1337:, and was consulted often about
963:) is regarded in Buddhism as an
854:
61:
27:Main disciples of Gautama Buddha
5852:
4905:Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names
4762:Dictionary of Pali Proper Names
3968:10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.207-250
2880:
2826:
7990:Japanese Buddhist architecture
7792:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
6872:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
6063:Places where the Buddha stayed
5649:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
4765:, Asian Educational Services,
4653:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
4516:Kegan Paul, Trench and Company
4434:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
3905:, pp. 205–206 note 2a–d).
1651:. Ānanda dies in 463 BCE, and
1443:tradition, and numerous other
1124:
944:
712:
13:
1:
8005:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
5672:, in Schober, Juliane (ed.),
5019:, pp. 487–488, 870–871,
4671:A History of Chinese Buddhism
4615:Indogaku Chibettogaku Kenkyū
4141:Brekke, Torkel (2007-01-01),
3923:
2700:, pp. 114, 117–118, 396.
1639:) and Majjhantika (Sanskrit:
955:Mahā Kāśyapa or Mahākāśyapa (
847:. His female counterpart was
7762:Buddhism and the Roman world
7738:Decline of Buddhism in India
7733:History of Buddhism in India
5833: Topics in
5257:Contemporary Buddhist Ethics
4759:Malalasekera, G. P. (1938),
4399:Journal of Indian Philosophy
4179:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.,
2841:. Metaphysics Research Lab,
1236:
1221:
723:
324:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
8768:Disciples of Gautama Buddha
6960:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
6700:
5479:Sangharakshita, S. (2006),
4836:Krey, Gisela (2010-09-04),
4746:; Weeraratne, W.G. (eds.),
4354:University of Chicago Press
4252:University of Hawai'i Press
3994:Richard Wagner and Buddhism
3775:Rhys Davids, Thomas William
1708:eight enlightened disciples
1666:Sanskrit textual traditions
750:
684:were the main disciples of
18:The ten principal disciples
10:
8809:
8783:5th-century Buddhist monks
8778:4th century BC in religion
8773:5th century BC in religion
7910:The unanswerable questions
5726:Cambridge University Press
5701:Princeton University Press
5539:Silk, Jonathan A. (2019),
5435:, in Jestice, P.G. (ed.),
5364:; Selbie, John Alexander;
5260:, Curzon, pp. 37–56,
5185:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
5039:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal
4581:, in Jestice, P.G. (ed.),
4538:Cambridge University Press
4489:Cambridge University Press
4464:Freedman, M. (June 1977),
4230:Princeton University Press
3624:, Mahāparinibbānasuttanta.
1949:Nishijima & Cross 2008
1522:
1447:, however, Rāhula is only
1408:
1262:
1240:
1211:
1192:sutras. For instance, the
1099:
1095:
948:
858:
727:
34:Buddha and his disciples.
8727:
8513:
8438:
8390:
8305:
8220:
7995:Buddhist temples in Korea
7918:
7820:
7703:
7400:
7328:
7155:
7028:
6968:
6603:
6558:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
6469:
6461:Three planes of existence
6409:
6254:
6146:
6076:
6068:Buddha in world religions
5930:
5875:
5847:
5765:10.1163/15728536-05701001
4885:, Institut orientaliste,
4809:Journal of Korean Studies
4754:, fascicle 3, pp. 435–441
4748:Encyclopaedia of Buddhism
4702:10.1017/S0041977X10000364
4669:Hsiang-Kuang, C. (1956),
4193:Brown, F.B., ed. (2013),
3937:Columbia University Press
3025:, Upāli; Upāli Sutta (3).
1640:
1636:
1628:
1612:
1599:post-canonical chronicles
1518:
1431:, and is therefore named
1404:
1359:
1115:
960:
870:
739:
8788:5th-century Indian monks
8658:Physical characteristics
7777:Persecution of Buddhists
6998:Four stages of awakening
6379:Three marks of existence
5965:Physical characteristics
5437:Holy People of the World
5013:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
4785:A Dictionary of Buddhism
4738:Karaluvinna, M. (2002),
4718:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
4277:Journal of Burma Studies
4159:10.1163/156852707X211564
3814:Buswell & Lopez 2013
3658:Buswell & Lopez 2013
3622:Buswell & Lopez 2013
3562:Buswell & Lopez 2013
3198:Buswell & Lopez 2013
2623:Buswell & Lopez 2013
2611:Buswell & Lopez 2013
2491:Buswell & Lopez 2013
2419:Buswell & Lopez 2013
2346:, pp. 407, 416–417.
2320:Buswell & Lopez 2013
2293:Buswell & Lopez 2013
2106:Buswell & Lopez 2013
2053:Buswell & Lopez 2013
1914:
1506:until the rising of the
1258:
1039:. He became foremost in
784:. He appears in several
754:; Tibetan: ཤཱ་རིའི་བུ་,
8555:ten principal disciples
7140:Ten principal disciples
6023:(aunt, adoptive mother)
5591:10.3406/befeo.2003.3615
5525:10.2143/JA.291.1.504707
5334:Oxford University Press
4979:10.3406/befeo.1954.5607
4842:Buddhist Studies Review
4790:Oxford University Press
4752:Government of Sri Lanka
4201:Oxford University Press
4087:10.3406/befeo.1979.4010
4058:10.3406/befeo.1962.1534
3870:, pp. 205 note 2b.
3788:Encyclopædia Britannica
3104:, pp. 2–4, 12, 14.
2928:Black & Patton 2015
2421:, pp. 7, 245, 252.
1531:ten principal disciples
1498:, self-reflection, and
682:ten principal disciples
344:Philosophical reasoning
7850:Buddhism and democracy
7363:Tibetan Buddhist canon
7358:Chinese Buddhist canon
6590:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
6585:Early Buddhist schools
5431:Sarao, K.T.S. (2004),
5209:, Counterpoint Press,
5033:Mukherjee, B. (1994),
4563:, Simon and Schuster,
4396:) in Early Buddhism",
4386:10.3406/asie.1995.1101
4373:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie
4099:Rosen Publishing Group
4013:2500 Years of Buddhism
3901:, the latter cited in
2553:, pp. 51, 57, 59.
2132:, p. 407,462-463.
1951:, p. 32 note 119.
1814:Pūrṇa Maitrāyaniputra
1582:
1570:
1557:First Buddhist Council
1552:
1537:of the early Buddhist
1490:as the first Buddhist
1381:
1322:
1314:
1299:First Buddhist Council
1294:
1083:, until the coming of
995:early Buddhist schools
987:First Buddhist Council
933:texts, as well as the
921:, during which people
718:disciples of Confucius
111:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
39:
7860:Eight Consciousnesses
5970:Life of Buddha in art
5742:Tournier, V. (2014),
5234:Oneworld Publications
5170:10.1093/jaarel/lfl026
5049:Mun-keat, C. (2000),
4985:Morrison, E. (2010),
4855:10.1558/bsrv.v27i1.17
4822:10.1353/jks.2011.0002
4426:Findly, E.B. (2003),
4303:Davids, rhys (1913),
4289:10.1353/jbs.1999.0002
4093:Baroni, H.J. (2002),
3931:Adamek, W.L. (2011),
3505:, p. 49, Ānanda.
3457:Nishijima & Cross
2833:Hershock, P. (2019).
2748:, Bodhidharma's Robe.
1975:, p. 72 note 34.
1844:Bhadrika/Mahākāśyapa
1613:Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī
1583:Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra
1504:Buddha's Dispensation
1208:Purna Maitrayaniputra
923:dedicate their merits
379:Aids to Enlightenment
204:Dependent Origination
33:
8533:Noble Eightfold Path
8337:East Asian religions
7767:Buddhism in the West
7338:Early Buddhist texts
6953:Four Right Exertions
6419:Ten spiritual realms
5912:Noble Eightfold Path
5752:Indo-Iranian Journal
5696:Relics of the Buddha
5603:History of Religions
5388:Sanvido, M. (2017),
5376:, pp. 159–162,
5282:, pp. 224–243,
5138:Taylor & Francis
4927:History of Religions
4632:on 10 September 2018
4589:, pp. 467–468,
4268:Daulton, J. (1999),
4069:Mahāparinirvānasūtra
3660:, Ānanda; Īryāpatha.
3612:, pp. 862, 872.
3588:, pp. 226, 231.
2808:, pp. 200, 207.
2334:, pp. 433, 475.
1811:Rāhula/Pilindavatsa
1738:Mahāyāna discourses
1676:wrote a draft for a
1575:Early Buddhist Texts
1279:early Buddhist texts
1277:) was, according to
965:enlightened disciple
885:shortly after that.
349:Devotional practices
172:Noble Eightfold Path
8592:Mahapajapati Gotami
8460:Religion portal
8207:Temple of the Tooth
8086:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
7125:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
6618:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
6401:Two truths doctrine
6221:Mahapajapati Gotamī
6021:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5676:, pp. 113–28,
5351:Rhys Davids, C.A.F.
5176:Ohnuma, R. (2013),
4881:] (in French),
4606:(5 November 2007),
4532:Harvey, P. (2013),
4472:McMaster University
4450:Frasch, T. (1996),
4352:] (in French),
4246:Clarke, S. (2014),
3997:, UniversityMedia,
3885:, pp. 121–122.
3739:, pp. 93, 210.
3648:, pp. 398–399.
3459:, p. 32 n.119.
3128:, pp. 126–127.
2977:, pp. 210–211.
2911:Sangharakshita 2006
2843:Stanford University
2823:, pp. 339–340.
2784:, pp. 114–115.
2676:, pp. 540–541.
2601:, pp. 62, 115.
2481:, pp. 110–112.
2079:, p. 31-32,57.
1734:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa
1713:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa
1609:Mahāpajāpati Gotamī
1439:. According to the
1283:monastic discipline
1057:monastic discipline
1027:, but later called
522:Buddhism by country
284:Sanskrit literature
8572:Great Renunciation
8567:Eight Great Events
8382:Western philosophy
7980:Dzong architecture
7802:Vipassana movement
7797:Buddhist modernism
7225:Emperor Wen of Sui
6993:Pratyekabuddhayāna
6926:Threefold Training
6728:Vipassana movement
6444:Hungry Ghost realm
6264:Avidyā (Ignorance)
6211:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
5960:Great Renunciation
5955:Eight Great Events
5837:
5585:, 90–91: 273–287,
5203:Pine, Red (2009),
5009:Buswell, Robert E.
4900:Malalasekera, G.P.
4744:Malalasekera, G.P.
4716:Irons, E. (2008),
4412:10.1007/BF00157758
4011:Bapat, P. (1956),
3897:, p. 23) and
3684:, p. 235–236.
3248:, pp. 139–40.
2930:, p. 126-127.
2493:, Bhadra-Kapilānī.
2397:, p. 262–263.
2228:, p. 131-133.
2216:, p. 105-106.
2192:, p. 414-415.
2180:, p. 473-474.
2043:, p. 416-417.
2002:, p. 376-377.
1579:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1214:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1168:Jetavana Monastery
1021:ordained as a monk
977:monastic community
895:monastic community
703:Vimalakīrti-nideśa
136:Buddhist modernism
40:
8755:
8754:
8528:Four Noble Truths
8468:
8467:
8106:Om mani padme hum
7812:Women in Buddhism
7728:Buddhist councils
7598:Western countries
7386:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
7147:Shaolin Monastery
6724:Samatha-vipassanā
6334:Pratītyasamutpāda
6138:Metteyya/Maitreya
6056:
6048:
6040:
6032:
6024:
6016:
6008:
5885:Four Noble Truths
5790:978-0-7914-8705-1
5735:978-0-521-27787-7
5710:978-0-691-11764-5
5683:978-0-8248-1699-5
5550:978-90-04-29937-5
5512:Journal asiatique
5492:978-81-208-2948-0
5472:978-0-415-35918-4
5457:Shaw, S. (2006),
5374:T. & T. Clark
5355:"Love (Buddhist)"
5243:978-1-78074-476-6
5216:978-1-58243-953-2
5206:The Diamond Sutra
5147:978-1-351-59225-3
5111:Otto Harrassowitz
5087:978-1-886439-38-2
5000:978-90-04-18301-8
4910:Pali Text Society
4799:978-0-19-157917-2
4772:978-81-206-1823-7
4731:978-0-8160-5459-6
4577:Heim, M. (2004),
4570:978-0-86171-381-3
4547:978-0-521-85942-4
4525:978-0-7103-0444-5
4498:978-0-521-89986-4
4261:978-0-8248-3647-4
4239:978-0-691-15786-3
4218:Buswell, R.E. Jr.
4210:978-0-19-972103-0
4186:978-1-4094-4012-3
4108:978-0-8239-2240-6
4004:978-3-906000-00-8
3946:978-0-231-52792-7
3840:, pp. 42–43.
3696:, pp. 534–5.
3546:Malalasekera 1937
3403:Malalasekera 1937
3355:, pp. 482–3.
3183:, pp. 122–4.
3152:, pp. 56–57.
3114:Hsiang-Kuang 1956
3085:, pp. 22–23.
3023:Malalasekera 1937
3011:Malalasekera 1937
2875:Malalasekera 1938
2772:, pp. 45–46.
2724:, pp. 84–85.
2637:, pp. 74–75.
2565:, pp. 17–19.
2245:Malalasekera 1937
1912:
1911:
1796:Piṇḍolabhāradvāja
1469:Wolfgang Schumann
1399:American Buddhism
1305:princes received
1041:ascetic practices
1037:Buddhist teaching
748:
678:
677:
167:Four Noble Truths
16:(Redirected from
8800:
8745:
8744:
8735:
8734:
8631:pilgrimage sites
8626:Mahabodhi Temple
8495:
8488:
8481:
8472:
8471:
8458:
8457:
8446:
8445:
8285:Sacred languages
8133:Maya Devi Temple
8096:Mahabodhi Temple
7900:Secular Buddhism
7865:Engaged Buddhism
6705:
6553:Tibetan Buddhism
6504:Vietnamese Thiền
6103:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
6054:
6046:
6038:
6030:
6022:
6014:
6006:
5855:
5854:
5842:
5832:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5775:
5773:
5748:
5738:
5713:
5686:
5661:
5634:
5593:
5575:
5569:
5561:
5535:
5533:
5519:(1–2): 173–219,
5508:
5495:
5475:
5453:
5427:
5425:
5394:
5384:
5359:
5346:
5321:
5312:
5292:
5270:
5246:
5219:
5199:
5197:
5182:
5172:
5150:
5123:
5098:
5096:
5079:
5067:
5045:
5029:
5003:
4991:Brill Publishing
4981:
4964:
4950:
4920:
4895:
4866:
4857:
4832:
4802:
4775:
4755:
4734:
4712:
4681:
4665:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4625:, archived from
4612:
4599:
4573:
4562:
4550:
4536:(2nd ed.),
4528:
4501:
4474:
4460:
4455:
4446:
4422:
4388:
4366:
4337:
4327:10.1515/0031.145
4309:
4299:
4274:
4264:
4242:
4213:
4189:
4169:
4137:
4111:
4089:
4060:
4041:
4027:
4007:
3991:App, U. (2011),
3987:
3971:
3970:
3949:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3871:
3865:
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3835:
3829:
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3817:
3811:
3805:
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3793:
3792:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3694:Witanachchi 1965
3691:
3685:
3682:von Hinüber 2007
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3634:Obeyesekere 2017
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3515:Witanachchi 1965
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3416:
3410:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3298:, pp. 34–5.
3293:
3287:
3286:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3201:
3195:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2963:
2957:
2948:
2942:
2931:
2925:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2467:Karaluvinna 2002
2464:
2458:
2455:Rhys Davids 1914
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
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2242:
2229:
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2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2144:, p. 68-69.
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2120:, p. 56-57.
2115:
2109:
2103:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1741:Pāli discourses
1727:
1726:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1614:
1477:
1441:Mūlasarvāstivāda
1361:
1126:
1117:
973:ascetic practice
962:
872:
753:
743:
741:
714:
670:
663:
656:
374:Sublime abidings
65:
42:
41:
21:
8808:
8807:
8803:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8798:
8797:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8723:
8509:
8499:
8469:
8464:
8452:
8434:
8386:
8301:
8216:
7953:Ordination hall
7914:
7816:
7787:Buddhist crisis
7699:
7396:
7348:Mahayana sutras
7324:
7320:Thích Nhất Hạnh
7151:
7024:
6964:
6914:Bodhisattva vow
6599:
6465:
6405:
6364:Taṇhā (Craving)
6299:Five hindrances
6250:
6142:
6072:
5926:
5871:
5843:
5826:
5796:
5791:
5771:
5746:
5736:
5711:
5684:
5659:
5563:
5562:
5551:
5531:
5506:
5493:
5473:
5451:
5423:
5392:
5372:, vol. 8,
5362:Hastings, James
5357:
5344:
5310:
5290:
5268:
5244:
5217:
5195:
5180:
5148:
5128:Obeyesekere, G.
5121:
5107:Pali Literature
5094:
5088:
5077:
5065:
5027:
5001:
4962:
4893:
4800:
4773:
4750:, vol. 6,
4732:
4663:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4610:
4604:von Hinüber, O.
4597:
4571:
4560:
4548:
4526:
4499:
4444:
4364:
4272:
4262:
4240:
4222:Lopez, D.S. Jr.
4211:
4187:
4135:
4109:
4039:
4005:
3947:
3926:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3893:
3889:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
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3735:
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3723:
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3422:
3417:
3413:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3353:Saddhasena 2003
3351:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3215:Saddhasena 2003
3213:
3204:
3196:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3148:
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3136:
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3086:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2934:
2926:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2877:, p. 1235.
2873:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2835:"Chan Buddhism"
2831:
2827:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2625:, Council, 1st.
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2108:, p. 1903.
2104:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:, p. 1904.
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1921:
1917:
1858:Kaphiṇa/Ānanda
1694:
1686:Jonathan Harvey
1527:
1521:
1471:
1413:
1407:
1267:
1261:
1245:
1239:
1233:by the Buddha.
1224:
1216:
1210:
1178:loving-kindness
1134:worthy of gifts
1104:
1098:
1085:Maitreya Buddha
1017:Bhadda Kapilani
993:in a number of
953:
947:
879:ordain as monks
865:Maudgalyāyana (
863:
857:
786:Mahayana sutras
732:
726:
674:
642:Buddhism Portal
634:
633:
524:
514:
513:
464:
454:
453:
419:
409:
408:
314:
304:
303:
274:Mahayana Sutras
254:
244:
243:
184:Five Aggregates
162:
161:
141:
140:
131:Later Buddhists
96:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8806:
8796:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8749:
8739:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8719:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8687:
8686:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8606:
8605:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8547:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8523:Core teachings
8520:
8514:
8511:
8510:
8506:Gautama Buddha
8498:
8497:
8490:
8483:
8475:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8462:
8450:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8396:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8333:
8332:
8327:
8317:
8311:
8309:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8297:
8292:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8226:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8203:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8017:Greco-Buddhist
8009:
8008:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7968:Burmese pagoda
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7924:
7922:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7826:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7750:Greco-Buddhism
7747:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7709:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7697:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7683:United Kingdom
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7628:Czech Republic
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7588:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7507:
7502:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7406:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7392:Abhidharmadīpa
7389:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7334:
7332:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7310:B. R. Ambedkar
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7230:Songtsen Gampo
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7161:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7034:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6974:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6909:Eight precepts
6906:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6788:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6697:
6687:
6682:
6680:Five Strengths
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6620:
6615:
6609:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6475:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6421:
6415:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6319:Mental factors
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6260:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6171:Mahamoggallāna
6168:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6086:Avalokiteśvara
6082:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6050:
6042:
6034:
6026:
6018:
6010:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5825:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5802:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5776:
5739:
5734:
5714:
5709:
5687:
5682:
5662:
5657:
5635:
5616:10.1086/462775
5610:(4): 390–406,
5594:
5576:
5549:
5536:
5496:
5491:
5476:
5471:
5454:
5449:
5443:, p. 49,
5428:
5385:
5366:Gray, Louis H.
5347:
5342:
5322:
5293:
5288:
5271:
5266:
5247:
5242:
5220:
5215:
5200:
5173:
5164:(4): 861–901,
5151:
5146:
5124:
5119:
5099:
5086:
5068:
5063:
5046:
5030:
5025:
5004:
4999:
4982:
4973:(2): 405–554,
4951:
4940:10.1086/462575
4921:
4896:
4892:90-683-1-100-X
4891:
4867:
4833:
4816:(1): 119–150,
4803:
4798:
4776:
4771:
4756:
4735:
4730:
4713:
4696:(2): 269–283,
4682:
4666:
4661:
4641:
4600:
4595:
4574:
4569:
4551:
4546:
4529:
4524:
4506:Gombrich, R.F.
4502:
4497:
4475:
4470:(PhD thesis),
4461:
4447:
4442:
4423:
4406:(3): 253–273,
4389:
4380:(1): 335–369,
4367:
4362:
4338:
4321:(2): 145–170,
4310:
4300:
4283:(1): 101–128,
4265:
4260:
4243:
4238:
4214:
4209:
4190:
4185:
4170:
4153:(3): 270–303,
4138:
4133:
4112:
4107:
4090:
4061:
4052:(2): 229–274,
4028:
4008:
4003:
3988:
3972:
3961:(1): 207–250,
3950:
3945:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3917:, p. 179.
3907:
3899:Lamotte (1988)
3887:
3872:
3857:
3855:, p. 162.
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3804:, p. 115.
3794:
3783:Chisholm, Hugh
3753:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3686:
3674:
3672:, p. 164.
3662:
3650:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3600:, p. 457.
3598:Mukherjee 1994
3590:
3578:
3576:, p. 377.
3566:
3554:
3538:
3526:
3517:, p. 530.
3507:
3495:
3480:
3478:, p. 142.
3468:
3449:
3430:
3411:
3395:
3393:, p. 121.
3383:
3374:, p. 116.
3364:
3345:
3336:, p. 115.
3326:
3317:, p. 110.
3307:
3288:
3269:
3267:, p. 120.
3257:
3238:
3236:, p. 119.
3226:
3217:, p. 481.
3202:
3185:
3173:
3164:, p. 139.
3154:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3116:, p. 207.
3106:
3094:
3083:Przyluski 1932
3075:
3073:, p. 278.
3063:
3061:, p. 365.
3051:
3039:
3027:
3015:
3003:
3001:, p. 262.
2991:
2989:, p. 357.
2979:
2964:
2962:, p. 4-5.
2949:
2932:
2915:
2913:, p. 121.
2903:
2892:obo.genaud.net
2879:
2864:
2862:, p. 137.
2852:
2825:
2810:
2798:
2796:, p. 168.
2786:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2712:, p. 468.
2702:
2690:
2688:, p. 253.
2678:
2663:
2661:, p. 226.
2651:
2649:, p. 254.
2639:
2627:
2615:
2613:, Mahākāśyapa.
2603:
2591:
2589:, p. 110.
2579:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2541:, p. 106.
2531:
2529:, p. 107.
2519:
2517:, p. 343.
2507:
2505:, p. 112.
2495:
2483:
2471:
2469:, p. 435.
2459:
2457:, p. 160.
2447:
2445:, p. 117.
2435:
2433:, p. 416.
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2385:, p. 371.
2375:
2360:
2358:, p. 222.
2348:
2336:
2324:
2322:, p. 499.
2309:
2307:, p. 273.
2297:
2285:
2283:, p. 426.
2273:
2261:
2249:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2204:, p. 275.
2194:
2182:
2170:
2168:, p. 414.
2158:
2156:, p. 471.
2146:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2093:
2091:, p. 104.
2081:
2069:
2067:, p. 411.
2057:
2045:
2033:
2031:, p. 416.
2021:
2019:, p. 413.
2004:
1992:
1990:, p. 410.
1977:
1965:
1963:, p. 298.
1953:
1938:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:Mahākātyāyana
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1803:Mahākātyāyana
1801:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1769:Maudgalyāyana
1767:
1766:Maudgalyāyana
1764:
1763:Maudgalyāyana
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1710:(found in the
1693:
1690:
1674:Richard Wagner
1649:Third Councils
1523:Main article:
1520:
1517:
1425:Pāli tradition
1409:Main article:
1406:
1403:
1263:Main article:
1260:
1257:
1241:Main article:
1238:
1235:
1223:
1220:
1212:Main article:
1209:
1206:
1190:Prajñāpāramitā
1176:meditating on
1142:araṇavihārīnaṃ
1138:dakkhiṇeyyānaṃ
1100:Main article:
1097:
1094:
979:following the
949:Main article:
946:
943:
929:and sometimes
919:ghost festival
859:Main article:
856:
853:
841:Dhammasenāpati
837:Dharmasenapati
833:monastic rules
728:Main article:
725:
722:
686:Gautama Buddha
676:
675:
673:
672:
665:
658:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
636:
635:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
525:
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
465:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
441:
439:Pratyekabuddha
436:
431:
426:
420:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
401:
396:
394:Buddhist chant
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
315:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
252:Buddhist texts
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
180:
179:
169:
163:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
97:
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
80:
75:
67:
66:
58:
57:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8805:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8748:
8740:
8738:
8730:
8729:
8726:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8691:
8690:Buddha in art
8688:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8607:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8548:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8512:
8507:
8503:
8496:
8491:
8489:
8484:
8482:
8477:
8476:
8473:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8449:
8441:
8440:
8437:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8393:
8389:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8304:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8222:Miscellaneous
8219:
8213:
8212:Vegetarianism
8210:
8208:
8205:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8034:Buddha in art
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8010:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7825:
7823:
7819:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7702:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7688:United States
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7245:Padmasambhava
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7157:Major figures
7154:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7104:
7103:Western tulku
7101:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6958:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6904:Five precepts
6902:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6882:Dhamma vicaya
6880:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6650:Buddhābhiṣeka
6648:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6294:Enlightenment
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6284:Dhamma theory
6282:
6280:
6279:Buddha-nature
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6118:Samantabhadra
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5823:
5818:
5816:
5811:
5809:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5792:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5759:(1–2): 1–60,
5758:
5754:
5753:
5745:
5740:
5737:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5718:Tambiah, S.J.
5715:
5712:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5658:9788120811546
5654:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5477:
5474:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5452:
5450:1-85109-649-3
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5391:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5343:0-19-507202-2
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5297:Przyluski, J.
5294:
5291:
5289:0-415-33227-3
5285:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5269:
5267:0-7007-1278-X
5263:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5245:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5152:
5149:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5120:3-447-02285-X
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5076:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5064:3-447-04232-X
5060:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5028:
5026:0-02-865720-9
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5002:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4969:(in French),
4968:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4740:"Mahākassapa"
4736:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4722:Facts on File
4719:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4664:
4662:9788120809550
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4596:1-85109-649-3
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4572:
4566:
4559:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4443:9788120819566
4439:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:0-226-20403-0
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4317:(in German),
4316:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4266:
4263:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4136:
4134:0-415-33227-3
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4110:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:(1): 45–103,
4080:
4077:(in French),
4076:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4048:(in French),
4047:
4046:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3916:
3911:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3895:Tambiah (1984
3891:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3839:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3798:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3770:public domain
3757:
3750:
3745:
3738:
3733:
3727:, p. 69.
3726:
3721:
3714:
3713:Hirakawa 1993
3709:
3701:
3695:
3690:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3536:, p. 12.
3535:
3530:
3522:
3516:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3477:
3476:Mun-keat 2000
3472:
3464:
3458:
3453:
3445:
3440:, p. 41.
3439:
3438:Nakagawa 2005
3434:
3426:
3420:
3415:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3330:
3322:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3279:, p. 46.
3278:
3277:Schumann 2004
3273:
3266:
3261:
3253:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3230:
3222:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3169:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3140:, p. 29.
3139:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3037:, p. 58.
3036:
3035:Freedman 1977
3031:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2995:
2988:
2987:Gombrich 1995
2983:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2947:, p. 58.
2946:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2758:Tournier 2014
2754:
2747:
2742:
2736:, p. 23.
2735:
2734:Morrison 2010
2730:
2723:
2722:Hirakawa 1993
2718:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2577:, p. 57.
2576:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2306:
2305:Skilling 2003
2301:
2295:, p. 77.
2294:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2271:, p. 19.
2270:
2265:
2259:, p. 65.
2258:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1936:, p. 22.
1935:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:Mahākoṭṭhita
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1692:Similar lists
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1620:enlightenment
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:later sources
1442:
1438:
1437:enlightenment
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:Diamond Sutra
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1164:Anāthapiṇḍika
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1045:enlightenment
1043:and attained
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
958:
952:
942:
940:
936:
935:Dharmaguptaka
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
900:
896:
891:
886:
884:
883:enlightenment
880:
876:
868:
862:
861:Maudgalyāyana
855:Maudgalyāyana
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:
777:
773:
772:Maudgalyāyana
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
746:
737:
731:
721:
719:
715:
709:
705:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
671:
666:
664:
659:
657:
652:
651:
649:
648:
643:
640:
639:
638:
637:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
523:
518:
517:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
463:
458:
457:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
418:
413:
412:
405:
404:Vegetarianism
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
359:Recollections
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Five precepts
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
313:
308:
307:
300:
297:
295:
294:Chinese canon
292:
290:
289:Tibetan canon
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
253:
248:
247:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
145:
144:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
95:
90:
89:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
37:
32:
19:
8554:
8400:Bodhisattvas
8320:Christianity
8315:Baháʼí Faith
8180:Dharmachakra
8170:Prayer wheel
8160:Prayer beads
7928:Architecture
7807:969 Movement
7591:Saudi Arabia
7569:Central Asia
7562:South Africa
7384:
7367:
7300:Panchen Lama
7205:Buddhapālita
7139:
6801:Satipatthana
6796:Mindful Yoga
6709:Recollection
6623:Brahmavihara
6494:Japanese Zen
6489:Chinese Chan
6449:Animal realm
6256:Key concepts
6078:Bodhisattvas
5890:Three Jewels
5780:
5756:
5750:
5721:
5695:
5691:Strong, J.S.
5673:
5666:Strong, J.S.
5643:
5639:Strong, J.S.
5607:
5601:
5598:Strong, J.S.
5580:
5540:
5516:
5510:
5481:
5458:
5436:
5400:
5396:
5369:
5329:
5306:
5301:
5275:
5256:
5228:
5205:
5188:
5184:
5161:
5155:
5132:
5106:
5103:Norman, K.R.
5073:
5055:Harrassowitz
5050:
5042:
5038:
5017:Thomson Gale
5012:
4986:
4970:
4966:
4934:(1): 60–73,
4931:
4925:
4904:
4878:
4874:
4848:(1): 17–40,
4845:
4841:
4813:
4807:
4784:
4761:
4747:
4717:
4693:
4689:
4670:
4648:
4645:Hirakawa, A.
4636:23 September
4634:, retrieved
4627:the original
4614:
4582:
4556:
4533:
4510:
4483:
4466:
4457:
4428:
4403:
4397:
4393:
4377:
4371:
4349:
4345:
4318:
4314:
4305:
4280:
4276:
4247:
4225:
4195:
4175:
4150:
4146:
4120:
4117:Williams, P.
4094:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4049:
4043:
4012:
3993:
3983:
3979:
3958:
3954:
3932:
3910:
3890:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3786:
3756:
3744:
3737:Lamotte 1988
3732:
3725:Bechert 2005
3720:
3708:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3586:Prebish 2005
3581:
3569:
3557:
3541:
3529:
3510:
3498:
3471:
3452:
3433:
3414:
3398:
3386:
3367:
3348:
3329:
3310:
3291:
3272:
3260:
3241:
3229:
3176:
3157:
3150:Prebish 2000
3145:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3097:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2906:
2895:. Retrieved
2891:
2882:
2855:
2838:
2828:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2659:Prebish 2005
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2563:Analayo 2010
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2515:Sanvido 2017
2510:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2221:
2214:Daulton 1999
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2089:Daulton 1999
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
1995:
1968:
1956:
1934:Tambiah 1984
1786:Mahākāśyapa
1783:Mahākāśyapa
1777:Mahākāśyapa/
1733:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1682:Wagner Dream
1669:
1659:
1652:
1617:
1602:
1595:commentaries
1591:
1560:
1553:Sūtra-Piṭaka
1540:Sutta-Piṭaka
1538:
1528:
1484:
1467:. Historian
1465:act of truth
1461:naturalistic
1448:
1432:
1429:renunciation
1421:early period
1414:
1395:Sarvāstivāda
1390:
1371:
1364:vinayadharas
1363:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1268:
1252:
1249:satipatthana
1246:
1225:
1217:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1156:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1123:
1105:
1074:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1028:
1024:
1010:
1008:
980:
954:
911:filial piety
908:
890:Buddhist art
887:
864:
840:
836:
829:Buddhist art
822:
806:
779:
775:
763:
759:
733:
711:
701:
698:Central Asia
681:
679:
354:Merit making
319:Three Jewels
259:Buddhavacana
189:Impermanence
177:Dharma wheel
8702:Iconography
8695:life in art
8562:Four sights
8245:Dharma talk
8074:Asalha Puja
7870:Eschatology
7673:Switzerland
7653:New Zealand
7581:Middle East
7490:Philippines
7410:Afghanistan
7215:Bodhidharma
7200:Buddhaghosa
7120:Householder
7030:Monasticism
6983:Bodhisattva
6838:Prostration
6791:Mindfulness
6719:Anapanasati
6702:Kammaṭṭhāna
6499:Korean Seon
6439:Asura realm
6434:Human realm
6374:Ten Fetters
6329:Parinirvana
6231:Uppalavanna
6196:Mahākaccana
6181:Mahākassapa
6113:Kṣitigarbha
6108:Ākāśagarbha
6005:Suddhodāna
5950:Four sights
5877:Foundations
4871:Lamotte, E.
3976:Analayo, B.
3883:Strong 1997
3826:Ambros 2016
3646:Strong 1977
3610:Ohnuma 2006
3574:Findly 2003
3491:Powers 2013
3391:Strong 1997
3372:Crosby 2013
3334:Crosby 2013
3315:Crosby 2013
3265:Strong 1997
3234:Strong 1997
3181:Strong 1997
3138:Norman 1983
3102:Frasch 1996
3071:Huxley 2010
3059:Baroni 2002
3047:Mrozik 2004
2999:Bareau 1962
2975:Eliade 1982
2960:Davids 1913
2770:Strong 2007
2746:Adamek 2011
2686:Findly 1992
2647:Findly 1992
2635:Bareau 1979
2599:Strong 1994
2575:Wilson 2003
2551:Ohnuma 2013
2527:Clarke 2014
2503:Clarke 2014
2479:Clarke 2014
2407:Strong 1994
2395:Harvey 2013
2371:Mrozik 2004
2356:Gethin 2011
2202:Brekke 2007
1973:Mather 1968
1641:Madhyāntika
1635:(Sanskrit:
1629:Mahākāśyapa
1627:(Sanskrit:
1625:Mahākassapa
1611:(Sanskrit:
1581:(Sanskrit:
1508:next Buddha
1492:novice monk
1472: [
1382:parinirvāṇa
1373:parinibbāna
1360:Mahākāśyapa
1352:Mahākassapa
1253:Lord Buddha
1204:worldview.
1155:(Sanskrit:
1110:: Subhūti;
1081:Kukkuṭapāda
1066:parinirvāṇa
1029:Mahākāśyapa
982:paranirvāṇa
961:Mahākassapa
951:Mahākāśyapa
945:Mahākāśyapa
794:Heart Sutra
734:Śāriputra (
694:Mogao Caves
589:New Zealand
444:Bodhisattva
429:Four Stages
384:Monasticism
364:Mindfulness
334:Perfections
264:Early Texts
38:, Sri Lanka
8762:Categories
8622:Bodhi Tree
8587:Śuddhodana
8538:Middle Way
8502:The Buddha
8362:Psychology
8342:Gnosticism
8330:Comparison
8325:Influences
8307:Comparison
8190:Bhavacakra
8148:Kushinagar
8123:Pilgrimage
8069:Māgha Pūjā
8024:Bodhi Tree
7840:Buddhology
7830:Abhidharma
7822:Philosophy
7755:Menander I
7623:Costa Rica
7574:Uzbekistan
7415:Bangladesh
7369:Dhammapada
7353:Pali Canon
7315:Ajahn Chah
7295:Dalai Lama
7195:Kumārajīva
7190:Vasubandhu
7165:The Buddha
7073:Zen master
7008:Sakadagami
6988:Buddhahood
6919:Pratimokṣa
6734:Shikantaza
6690:Meditation
6665:Deity yoga
6536:Madhyamaka
6429:Deva realm
6324:Mindstream
6274:Bodhicitta
6186:Aṅgulimāla
6053:Devadatta
6029:Yaśodharā
5932:The Buddha
5922:Middle Way
5500:Silk, J.A.
5224:Powers, J.
4686:Huxley, A.
4479:Gethin, R.
4342:Eliade, M.
4065:Bareau, A.
4032:Bareau, A.
3924:References
3749:Sarao 2004
3670:Keown 2004
3534:Keown 2004
3503:Sarao 2004
3421:, passim..
3419:Meeks 2016
3246:Meeks 2016
3162:Meeks 2016
3126:Bapat 1956
2897:2020-05-04
2821:Faure 1995
2674:Migot 1954
2431:Migot 1954
2383:Brown 2013
2344:Migot 1954
2332:Migot 1954
2281:Migot 1954
2178:Migot 1954
2154:Migot 1954
2130:Migot 1954
1961:Keown 2004
1864:Aniruddha
1850:Mahācunda
1831:Aniruddha
1755:Śāriputra
1752:Śāriputra
1749:Śāriputra
1670:bhikkhunis
1637:Śāṇakavāsī
1604:bhikkhunis
1307:ordination
1130:the Buddha
931:Abhidharma
927:meditation
871:Moggallāna
781:Abhidharma
776:Moggallāna
768:the Buddha
462:Traditions
399:Pilgrimage
339:Meditation
299:Post-canon
279:Pāli Canon
209:Middle Way
106:The Buddha
8747:Wikiquote
8683:footprint
8618:Bodh Gaya
8597:Yaśodharā
8550:Disciples
8430:Festivals
8410:Buddhists
8372:Theosophy
8175:Symbolism
8165:Hama yumi
8138:Bodh Gaya
7905:Socialism
7880:Evolution
7855:Economics
7693:Venezuela
7608:Australia
7603:Argentina
7527:Sri Lanka
7522:Singapore
7440:Indonesia
7402:Countries
7343:Tripiṭaka
7305:Ajahn Mun
7180:Nagarjuna
7175:Aśvaghoṣa
7058:Anagārika
7053:Śrāmaṇerī
7048:Śrāmaṇera
7043:Bhikkhunī
7003:Sotāpanna
6892:Passaddhi
6833:Offerings
6808:Nekkhamma
6685:Iddhipada
6605:Practices
6575:Theravada
6548:Vajrayana
6541:Yogachara
6511:Pure Land
6424:Six Paths
6411:Cosmology
6191:Anuruddha
6166:Sāriputta
6156:Kaundinya
6148:Disciples
6123:Vajrapāṇi
5975:Footprint
5940:Tathāgata
5632:161597822
5559:909251257
5463:Routledge
5417:2385-3042
5382:614111002
5326:Ray, R.A.
5280:Routledge
5252:Keown, D.
4955:Migot, A.
4948:162382526
4918:837021145
4873:(1988) ,
4864:0265-2897
4830:144724198
4780:Keown, D.
4710:154570006
4679:553968893
4623:1342-7377
4579:"Kassapa"
4420:169332149
4335:171036201
4297:161183926
4167:1568-5276
4125:Routledge
4025:851201287
3903:Ray (1994
3802:Shaw 2006
3777:(1911). "
3751:, Ānanda.
3564:, Ānanda.
3493:, Ānanda.
3296:Péri 1918
3200:, Rāhula.
2945:Pine 2009
2888:"Subhuti"
2806:Silk 2003
2794:Deeg 1999
2710:Heim 2004
2269:Krey 2010
2190:Silk 2019
2166:Silk 2019
2065:Silk 2019
2041:Silk 2019
2029:Silk 2019
2017:Silk 2019
1988:Silk 2019
1893:Devadatta
1779:Gavāṃpati
1688:in 2007.
1480:Noël Péri
1449:conceived
1386:Ceylonese
1331:preceptor
1297:) on the
1243:Anuruddha
1237:Anuruddha
1227:Kātyāyana
1222:Katyayana
1198:emptiness
1153:emptiness
1136:" (Pali:
1106:Subhūti (
991:patriarch
899:Devadatta
875:Śāriputra
825:Theravada
802:emptiness
760:Sāriputta
751:Śāriputra
745:romanized
740:शारिपुत्र
730:Śāriputra
724:Śāriputra
609:Sri Lanka
599:Singapore
554:Indonesia
494:Vajrayāna
469:Theravāda
424:Awakening
312:Practices
269:Tripiṭaka
239:Cosmology
214:Emptiness
194:Suffering
8717:Hinduism
8653:Prophecy
8643:Birthday
8638:Miracles
8518:Buddhism
8448:Category
8377:Violence
8347:Hinduism
8295:Sanskrit
8250:Hinayana
8235:Amitābha
8195:Swastika
8064:Uposatha
8054:Holidays
8039:Calendar
7885:Humanism
7723:Kanishka
7713:Timeline
7537:Thailand
7505:Kalmykia
7500:Buryatia
7485:Pakistan
7470:Mongolia
7465:Maldives
7460:Malaysia
7425:Cambodia
7290:Shamarpa
7285:Nichiren
7235:Xuanzang
7170:Nagasena
7088:Rinpoche
6818:Pāramitā
6660:Devotion
6580:Navayana
6568:Dzogchen
6531:Nichiren
6479:Mahayana
6471:Branches
6349:Saṅkhāra
6098:Mañjuśrī
6055:(cousin)
6047:(cousin)
6015:(mother)
6007:(father)
5995:Miracles
5945:Birthday
5862:Glossary
5835:Buddhism
5769:archived
5720:(1984),
5693:(2007),
5668:(1997),
5641:(1994),
5566:citation
5529:archived
5502:(2003),
5441:ABC-CLIO
5433:"Ānanda"
5421:archived
5368:(eds.),
5353:(1914),
5328:(1994),
5299:(1926),
5226:(2013),
5193:archived
5105:(1983),
5092:archived
4957:(1954),
4902:(1937),
4782:(2004),
4647:(1993),
4587:ABC-CLIO
4508:(1995),
4344:(1982),
4224:(2013),
4034:(1962),
3915:Ray 1994
3868:Ray 1994
3853:Ray 1994
3838:App 2011
3049:, Upāli.
3013:, Upāli.
2860:Kim 2011
2847:Archived
2782:Ray 1994
2698:Ray 1994
2587:Ray 1994
2539:Ray 1994
2443:Ray 1994
2226:Ray 1994
1828:/Rāhula
1800:Subhūti
1794:Subhūti/
1722:eighteen
1678:libretto
1633:Sāṇavāsī
1567:Sanskrit
1549:Sanskrit
1500:not-self
1415:Rāhula (
1378:Sanskrit
1356:Sanskrit
1319:Sanskrit
1291:Sanskrit
1271:Sanskrit
1202:Mahayana
1149:Mahayana
1023:, named
969:foremost
967:, being
839:; Pali:
818:Jetavana
798:Mahayana
790:Hinayana
764:Upatissa
736:Sanskrit
713:shih-che
690:Mahāyāna
619:Thailand
579:Mongolia
574:Malaysia
539:Cambodia
504:Navayana
484:Hinayana
479:Mahāyāna
389:Lay life
219:Morality
199:Not-self
157:Concepts
116:Councils
101:Timeline
73:Glossary
55:Buddhism
47:a series
45:Part of
8737:Commons
8614:Lumbini
8543:Sayings
8425:Temples
8405:Buddhas
8367:Science
8357:Judaism
8352:Jainism
8270:Lineage
8230:Abhijñā
8200:Thangka
8143:Sarnath
8128:Lumbini
8049:Funeral
8044:Cuisine
7920:Culture
7895:Reality
7845:Creator
7835:Atomism
7705:History
7678:Ukraine
7638:Germany
7557:Senegal
7547:Vietnam
7475:Myanmar
7275:Shinran
7265:Karmapa
7240:Shandao
7210:Dignāga
7135:Śrāvaka
7115:Donchee
7110:Kappiya
7068:Sayadaw
7038:Bhikkhu
7013:Anāgāmi
6970:Nirvana
6936:Samadhi
6823:Paritta
6764:Tonglen
6759:Mandala
6714:Smarana
6695:Mantras
6643:Upekkha
6613:Bhavana
6563:Shingon
6516:Tiantai
6369:Tathātā
6359:Śūnyatā
6354:Skandha
6344:Saṃsāra
6339:Rebirth
6314:Kleshas
6304:Indriya
6206:Subhūti
6091:Guanyin
6045:Ānanda
6037:Rāhula
5917:Nirvana
5857:Outline
5624:1062638
5319:2753753
5254:(ed.),
5011:(ed.),
4119:(ed.),
4071:],
3785:(ed.).
3772::
1908:Ānanda
1889:Ānanda
1878:Revata
1875:Rāhula
1835:Kaphiṇa
1718:sixteen
1696:In the
1269:Upāli (
1180:(Pali:
1173:arahant
1157:Śūnyatā
1116:須菩提/须菩提
1112:Chinese
1102:Subhuti
1096:Subhuti
1070:lineage
1061:brahmin
1025:Kāśyapa
1012:brahmin
774:(Pali:
747::
629:Vietnam
584:Myanmar
499:Tibetan
489:Chinese
417:Nirvāṇa
234:Saṃsāra
229:Rebirth
94:History
83:Outline
8673:Cetiya
8668:Relics
8609:Places
8602:Rāhula
8577:Family
8420:Sutras
8415:Suttas
8280:Siddhi
8265:Koliya
8240:Brahmā
8155:Poetry
8101:Mantra
8091:Kasaya
7963:Pagoda
7943:Kyaung
7938:Vihāra
7933:Temple
7875:Ethics
7718:Ashoka
7668:Sweden
7663:Poland
7658:Norway
7648:Mexico
7633:France
7618:Canada
7613:Brazil
7552:Africa
7532:Taiwan
7495:Russia
7420:Bhutan
7380:Vinaya
7260:Naropa
7250:Saraha
7185:Asanga
6941:Prajñā
6850:Refuge
6813:Nianfo
6774:Tertön
6769:Tantra
6754:Ganana
6744:Tukdam
6670:Dhyāna
6638:Mudita
6633:Karuṇā
6526:Risshū
6521:Huayan
6454:Naraka
6394:Anattā
6389:Dukkha
6384:Anicca
6289:Dharma
6241:Channa
6176:Ānanda
6161:Assaji
6128:Skanda
6031:(wife)
6000:Family
5980:Relics
5905:Sangha
5900:Dharma
5895:Buddha
5787:
5732:
5707:
5680:
5655:
5630:
5622:
5557:
5547:
5489:
5469:
5447:
5415:
5380:
5340:
5317:
5309:]
5286:
5264:
5240:
5213:
5144:
5117:
5084:
5061:
5023:
4997:
4946:
4916:
4889:
4862:
4828:
4796:
4769:
4728:
4708:
4677:
4659:
4621:
4593:
4567:
4544:
4522:
4495:
4440:
4418:
4394:saddhā
4360:
4333:
4295:
4258:
4236:
4207:
4183:
4165:
4131:
4105:
4023:
4001:
3986:: 1–28
3943:
3781:". In
3779:Ānanda
3766:
3550:Ānanda
3407:Rāhula
1861:Upāli
1654:stūpas
1645:Second
1597:, and
1587:Saṅgha
1571:Dharma
1562:Dhamma
1525:Ānanda
1519:Ānanda
1488:ordain
1453:Buddha
1433:Rāhula
1411:Rāhula
1405:Rāhula
1391:vinaya
1344:vinaya
1339:vinaya
1335:vinaya
1329:. His
1327:vinaya
1325:) and
1323:Dharma
1315:Dhamma
1295:vinaya
1231:Vinaya
1147:). In
1125:Xūpútí
1122::
1120:pinyin
1114::
1049:Ānanda
939:relics
915:merits
897:after
845:wisdom
814:Sangha
710::
708:pinyin
614:Taiwan
594:Russia
534:Brazil
529:Bhutan
449:Buddha
369:Wisdom
152:Dharma
8707:Films
8678:tooth
8663:Death
8648:Modak
8392:Lists
8260:Kalpa
8255:Iddhi
8118:Music
8113:Mudra
8079:Vassa
8059:Vesak
8029:Budai
7975:Candi
7958:Stupa
7890:Logic
7643:Italy
7542:Tibet
7480:Nepal
7450:Korea
7445:Japan
7435:India
7430:China
7375:Sutra
7330:Texts
7280:Dōgen
7270:Hōnen
7255:Atiśa
7220:Zhiyi
7130:Achar
7098:Tulku
7093:Geshe
7078:Rōshi
7063:Ajahn
7018:Arhat
6978:Bodhi
6948:Vīrya
6865:Sacca
6860:Satya
6855:Sādhu
6843:Music
6786:Merit
6779:Terma
6739:Zazen
6675:Faith
6628:Mettā
6309:Karma
6269:Bardo
6236:Asita
6226:Khema
6216:Upāli
6201:Nanda
6039:(son)
6013:Māyā
5990:Films
5867:Index
5772:(PDF)
5747:(PDF)
5628:S2CID
5620:JSTOR
5532:(PDF)
5507:(PDF)
5424:(PDF)
5393:(PDF)
5360:, in
5358:(PDF)
5311:(PDF)
5305:[
5196:(PDF)
5181:(PDF)
5095:(PDF)
5078:(PDF)
4963:(PDF)
4944:S2CID
4877:[
4826:S2CID
4742:, in
4706:S2CID
4630:(PDF)
4611:(PDF)
4561:(PDF)
4416:S2CID
4348:[
4331:S2CID
4293:S2CID
4273:(PDF)
4147:Numen
4040:(PDF)
1915:Notes
1826:Nanda
1703:Udāna
1700:text
1535:texts
1496:truth
1476:]
1457:karma
1303:Sakya
1265:Upāli
1259:Upāli
1186:merit
1182:mettā
1089:cults
904:karma
849:Khema
810:arhat
624:Tibet
564:Korea
559:Japan
549:India
544:China
509:Newar
434:Arhat
224:Karma
78:Index
36:Kandy
8582:Maya
8290:Pāḷi
8275:Māra
8185:Flag
7586:Iran
7510:Tuva
7455:Laos
7083:Lama
6931:Śīla
6899:Śīla
6887:Pīti
6877:Sati
6828:Puja
6749:Koan
6655:Dāna
6246:Yasa
6133:Tārā
5785:ISBN
5730:ISBN
5705:ISBN
5678:ISBN
5653:ISBN
5572:link
5555:OCLC
5545:ISBN
5487:ISBN
5467:ISBN
5445:ISBN
5413:ISSN
5378:OCLC
5338:ISBN
5315:OCLC
5284:ISBN
5262:ISBN
5238:ISBN
5211:ISBN
5142:ISBN
5115:ISBN
5082:ISBN
5059:ISBN
5021:ISBN
4995:ISBN
4914:OCLC
4887:ISBN
4860:ISSN
4794:ISBN
4767:ISBN
4726:ISBN
4675:OCLC
4657:ISBN
4638:2018
4619:ISSN
4591:ISBN
4565:ISBN
4542:ISBN
4520:ISBN
4493:ISBN
4438:ISBN
4358:ISBN
4256:ISBN
4234:ISBN
4205:ISBN
4181:ISBN
4163:ISSN
4129:ISBN
4103:ISBN
4021:OCLC
3999:ISBN
3941:ISBN
3700:help
3521:help
3463:help
3444:help
3425:help
3378:help
3359:help
3340:help
3321:help
3302:help
3283:help
3252:help
3221:help
3168:help
3089:help
1905:N/A
1902:N/A
1899:11.
1886:N/A
1883:10.
1872:N/A
1730:No.
1698:Pāli
1662:foil
1647:and
1545:Pāli
1512:nuns
1417:Pāli
1368:Pāli
1311:Pali
1289:and
1287:Pāli
1275:Pāli
1273:and
1145:aggo
1108:Pali
1033:robe
1001:and
999:Chan
957:Pali
867:Pali
756:Pali
680:The
569:Laos
474:Pāli
8012:Art
7948:Wat
6484:Zen
5761:doi
5612:doi
5587:doi
5521:doi
5517:291
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