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puppets' heads. Thus, they were not seen by the audience when the shadow was created. Pekingese puppets were more delicate and smaller. They were created out of thin, translucent leather (usually taken from the belly of a donkey). They were painted with vibrant paints, thus they cast a very colourful shadow. The thin rods which controlled their movements were attached to a leather collar at the neck of the puppet. The rods ran parallel to the bodies of the puppet and then turned at a ninety degree angle to connect to the neck. While these rods were visible when the shadow was cast, they laid outside the shadow of the puppet; thus they did not interfere with the appearance of the figure. The rods are attached at the necks to facilitate the use of multiple heads with one body. When the heads were not being used, they were stored in a muslin book or fabric-lined box. The heads were always removed at night. This was in keeping with the old superstition that if left intact, the puppets would come to life at night. Some puppeteers went so far as to store the heads in one book and the bodies in another, to further reduce the possibility of reanimating puppets. Shadow puppetry is said to have reached its highest point of artistic development in the eleventh century before becoming a tool of the government.
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720:. Finding its origins in rural, agricultural rituals dedicated to Dionysus, the satyr play eventually found its way to Athens in its most well-known form. Satyr's themselves were tied to the god Dionysus as his loyal woodland companions, often engaging in drunken revelry and mischief at his side. The satyr play itself was classified as tragicomedy, erring on the side of the more modern burlesque traditions of the early twentieth century. The plotlines of the plays were typically concerned with the dealings of the pantheon of Gods and their involvement in human affairs, backed by the chorus of
3031:
1711:, round with no place for the actors to prepare for the next act and with no "theatre manners", the theatre house became transformed into a place of refinement, with a stage in front and stadium seating facing it. Since seating was no longer all the way around the stage, it became prioritized—some seats were obviously better than others. The king would have the best seat in the house: the very middle of the theatre, which got the widest view of the stage as well as the best way to see the point of view and vanishing point that the stage was constructed around.
2274:
743:
583:(384–322 BCE), the first theoretician of theatre, are to be found in the festivals that honoured Dionysus. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10,000–20,000 people. The stage consisted of a dancing floor (orchestra), dressing room and scene-building area (skene). Since the words were the most important part, good acoustics and clear delivery were paramount. The actors (always men) wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts.
437:
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have their own theatre venue, perform at rental theatres or at presenting theatres. Both rental and presenting theatres have no full-time resident companies. They do, however, sometimes have one or more part-time resident companies, in addition to other independent partner companies who arrange to use the space when available. A rental theatre allows the independent companies to seek out the space, while a presenting theatre seeks out the independent companies to support their work by presenting them on their stage.
3900:. This substitution, he suggests, produces a similar effect: "The 'historic' events evoked by the chorus, recounted by the messenger and interpreted by Darius' ghost are presented on stage in a legendary atmosphere. The light that the tragedy sheds upon them is not that in which the political happenings of the day are normally seen; it reaches the Athenian theatre refracted from a distant world of elsewhere, making what is absent seem present and visible on the stage"; Vernant and Vidal-Naquet (1988, 245).
1040:" is "holder of the strings or threads". The performers were trained rigorously in vocal and physical technique. There were no prohibitions against female performers; companies were all-male, all-female, and of mixed gender. Certain sentiments were considered inappropriate for men to enact, however, and were thought better suited to women. Some performers played characters their own age, while others played ages different from their own (whether younger or older). Of all the elements of theatre, the
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skilled carpenters, painters, electricians, stagehands, stitchers, wigmakers, and the like. This modern form of stagecraft is highly technical and specialized: it comprises many subdisciplines and a vast trove of history and tradition. The majority of stagecraft lies between these two extremes. Regional theatres and larger community theatres will generally have a technical director and a complement of designers, each of whom has a direct hand in their respective designs.
7966:
1734:), but on the other hand, it was still very new and revolutionary that they were on the stage, and some said they were unladylike, and looked down on them. Charles II did not like young men playing the parts of young women, so he asked that women play their own parts. Because women were allowed on the stage, playwrights had more leeway with plot twists, like women dressing as men, and having narrow escapes from morally sticky situations as forms of comedy.
74:
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3871:, a torchlight procession carried the statue back to the temple, a symbolic re-creation of the god's arrival into Athens, as well as a reminder of the inclusion of the Boeotian town into Attica. As the name Eleutherae is extremely close to eleutheria, 'freedom', Athenians probably felt that the new cult was particularly appropriate for celebrating their own political liberation and democratic reforms."
856:
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3917:: "Comedy, as we have said, is a representation of inferior people, not indeed in the full sense of the word bad, but the laughable is a species of the base or ugly. It consists in some blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster, an obvious example being the comic mask which is ugly and distorted but not painful'."
3153:
In its most basic form, stagecraft is managed by a single person (often the stage manager of a smaller production) who arranges all scenery, costumes, lighting, and sound, and organizes the cast. At a more professional level, for example in modern
Broadway houses, stagecraft is managed by hundreds of
3162:
There are many modern theatre movements which produce theatre in a variety of ways. Theatrical enterprises vary enormously in sophistication and purpose. People who are involved vary from novices and hobbyists (in community theatre) to professionals (in
Broadway and similar productions). Theatre can
1375:
Cantonese shadow puppets were the larger of the two. They were built using thick leather which created more substantial shadows. Symbolic colour was also very prevalent; a black face represented honesty, a red one bravery. The rods used to control
Cantonese puppets were attached perpendicular to the
3696:
Goldhill argues that although activities that form "an integral part of the exercise of citizenship" (such as when "the
Athenian citizen speaks in the Assembly, exercises in the gymnasium, sings at the symposium, or courts a boy") each have their "own regime of display and regulation", nevertheless
3324:
are needed. When a theatre company is the sole company in residence at a theatre venue, this theatre (and its corresponding theatre company) are called a resident theatre or a producing theatre, because the venue produces its own work. Other theatre companies, as well as dance companies, who do not
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Repertory theatre generally involves a group of similarly accomplished actors, and relies more on the reputation of the group than on an individual star actor. It also typically relies less on strict control by a director and less on adherence to theatrical conventions, since actors who have worked
2766:
are recognized as the first teachers of improvisation in modern times, with
Johnstone exploring improvisation as an alternative to scripted theatre and Spolin and her successors exploring improvisation principally as a tool for developing dramatic work or skills or as a form for situational comedy.
1493:
is an ancient form of storytelling that renowned for its elaborate puppet/human and complex musical styles. The earliest evidence is from the late 1st millennium CE, in medieval-era texts and archeological sites. The oldest known record that concerns wayang is from the 9th century. Around 840 AD an
3149:
Stagecraft is a generic term referring to the technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and
590:-drama that formed an important part of the theatrical culture of the city-state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE (from the end of which it began to spread throughout the Greek world), and continued to be popular until the beginning of the
2547:
Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude: in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the
1767:
French comedy to create some of the longest lasting and most influential satiric comedies. Tragedies were similarly victorious in their sense of righting political power, especially poignant because of the recent
Restoration of the Crown. They were also imitations of French tragedy, although the
1005:
account of the origin of theatre. In doing so, it provides indications about the nature of actual theatrical practices. Sanskrit theatre was performed on sacred ground by priests who had been trained in the necessary skills (dance, music, and recitation) in a . Its aim was both to educate and to
1726:. The beliefs in this paper were mainly held by non-theatre goers and the remainder of the Puritans and very religious of the time. The main question was if seeing something immoral on stage affects behaviour in the lives of those who watch it, a controversy that is still playing out today.
4045:). All forms of improvisation take their cue from their immediate response to one another, their characters' situations (which are sometimes established in advance), and, often, their interaction with the audience. The classic formulations of improvisation in the theatre originated with
3013:
seem to be common sense and self-evident testifies to its hegemonic success. Actors frequently employ his basic concepts without knowing they do so. Thanks to its promotion and elaboration by acting teachers who were former students and the many translations of his theoretical writings,
4165:
In 1902, Stanislavski wrote that "the author writes on paper. The actor writes with his body on the stage" and that the "score of an opera is not the opera itself and the script of a play is not drama until both are made flesh and blood on stage"; quoted by
Benedetti (1999a,
3854:
in 508–07 BCE—and the cult-image of
Dionysus Eleuthereus was moved to its new home. Athenians re-enacted the incorporation of the god's cult every year in a preliminary rite to the City Dionysia. On the day before the festival proper, the cult-statue was removed from the
1768:
French had a larger distinction between comedy and tragedy, whereas the
English fudged the lines occasionally and put some comedic parts in their tragedies. Common forms of non-comedic plays were sentimental comedies as well as something that would later be called
1348:
first emerged as a recognized form of theatre in China. There were two distinct forms of shadow puppetry, Pekingese (northern) and
Cantonese (southern). The two styles were differentiated by the method of making the puppets and the positioning of the rods on the
1009:
3014:
Stanislavski's 'system' acquired an unprecedented ability to cross cultural boundaries and developed an international reach, dominating debates about acting in Europe and the United States. Many actors routinely equate his 'system' with the North American
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in 480 BCE—is the notable exception in the surviving drama. When Aeschylus won first prize for it at the City Dionysia in 472 BCE, he had been writing tragedies for more than 25 years, yet its tragic treatment of recent history is the earliest example of
643:
of plays (though the individual works were not necessarily connected by story or theme), which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play. The performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE; official records
3336:. Non-traditional venues can be used to create more immersive or meaningful environments for audiences. They can sometimes be modified more heavily than traditional theatre venues, or can accommodate different kinds of equipment, lighting and sets.
1502:
mentions three sorts of performers: atapukan, aringgit, and abanol. Aringgit means Wayang puppet show, Atapukan means Mask dance show, and abanwal means joke art. Ringgit is described in an 11th-century Javanese poem as a leather shadow figure.
3764:—is a 4th-century play by an unknown author; modern scholarship agrees with the classical authorities and ascribes the play to Euripides; see Walton (1997, viii, xix). (This uncertainty accounts for Brockett and Hildy's figure of 31 tragedies.)
3150:
recording and mixing of sound. Stagecraft is distinct from the wider umbrella term of scenography. Considered a technical rather than an artistic field, it relates primarily to the practical implementation of a designer's artistic vision.
2810:
and practices. Some are related to political or spiritual ideologies, while others are based purely on "artistic" concerns. Some processes focus on a story, some on theatre as event, and some on theatre as catalyst for social change. The
2831:) is the earliest-surviving example and its arguments have influenced theories of theatre ever since. In it, he offers an account of what he calls "poetry" (a term which in Greek literally means "making" and in this context includes
899:
and before the development of theatre in other parts of Asia. It emerged sometime between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE and flourished between the 1st century CE and the 10th, which was a period of relative peace in the
3277:
companies rehearse multiple shows at one time. These companies are able to perform these various pieces upon request and often perform works for years before retiring them. Most dance companies operate on this repertory system. The
1729:
The seventeenth century had also introduced women to the stage, which was considered inappropriate earlier. These women were regarded as celebrities (also a newer concept, thanks to ideas on individualism that arose in the wake of
1745:
Comedies were full of the young and very much in vogue, with the storyline following their love lives: commonly a young roguish hero professing his love to the chaste and free minded heroine near the end of the play, much like
3739:. If not attaining the quality and stature of the fifth-century 'classics', original tragedies nonetheless continued to be written and produced and competed with in large numbers throughout the remaining life of the
3661:
incarnates a fictional world by means of signs, such that by the end of the process of signification and symbolization the spectator has reconstructed a theoretical and aesthetic model that accounts for the dramatic
335:
are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the experience. Places, normally buildings, where performances regularly take place are also called "theatres" (or "theaters"), as derived from the
311:, to present experiences of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of
5136:
5040:
1755:. Many of the comedies were fashioned after the French tradition, mainly Molière, again hailing back to the French influence brought back by the King and the Royals after their exile.
3005:'s contribution should be respected as that of only one of an ensemble of creative artists. His innovative contribution to modern acting theory has remained at the core of mainstream
1357:
performed by the puppets. Both styles generally performed plays depicting great adventure and fantasy, rarely was this very stylized form of theatre used for political propaganda.
904:
during which hundreds of plays were written. The wealth of archeological evidence from earlier periods offers no indication of the existence of a tradition of theatre. The ancient
4946:
3163:
be performed with a shoestring budget or on a grand scale with multimillion-dollar budgets. This diversity manifests in the abundance of theatre subcategories, which include:
2744:
Improvisation has been a consistent feature of theatre, with the Commedia dell'arte in the sixteenth century being recognized as the first improvisation form. Popularized by
701:
is conventionally divided into three periods, "Old Comedy", "Middle Comedy", and "New Comedy". Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the eleven surviving plays of
2566:
Aristotle's phrase "several kinds being found in separate parts of the play" is a reference to the structural origins of drama. In it the spoken parts were written in the
7232:
597:
No tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived. We have complete texts
8543:
728:, satyr actors did not always perform typical satyr actions and would break from the acting traditions assigned to the character type of a mythical forest creature.
3273:
While most modern theatre companies rehearse one piece of theatre at a time, perform that piece for a set "run", retire the piece, and begin rehearsing a new show,
3328:
Some performance groups perform in non-theatrical spaces. Such performances can take place outside or inside, in a non-traditional performance space, and include
2678:
reworkings of the tragic canon, tragedy has remained an important site of cultural experimentation, negotiation, struggle, and change. In the wake of Aristotle's
1344:
to produce a form of drama that was primarily musical. That is why actors are commonly called "Children of the Pear Garden". During the dynasty of Empress Ling,
5074:
4964:""Wayang puppet theatre", Inscribed in 2008 (3.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (originally proclaimed in 2003)"
552:, both of which were understood as analogous to the theatre and increasingly came to absorb its dramatic vocabulary. The Greeks also developed the concepts of
5819:"Actors' Equity Association joins other arts, entertainment and media industry unions To Announce Legislative Push To Advance Diversity, Equity and Inclusion"
3634:
1441:, theatre performances have become an important part of local culture, theatre performances in Indonesia have been developed for thousands of years. Most of
3022:
approach, which explores character and action both from the 'inside out' and the 'outside in' and treats the actor's mind and body as parts of a continuum.
5159:
3370:
6672:
Peterson, Richard A. (1982). "Five Constraints on the Production of Culture: Law, Technology, Market, Organizational Structure and Occupational Careers".
5125:
3758:, a satyr play by Euripides. Some critics since the 17th century have argued that one of the tragedies that the classical tradition gives as Euripides'—
713:. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of laughable people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster.
1658:. Theatre (among other arts) exploded, with influence from French culture, since Charles had been exiled in France in the years previous to his reign.
1393:, with a four- or five-act structure. Yuan drama spread across China and diversified into numerous regional forms, one of the best known of which is
1581:
639:). As contestants in the City Dionysia's competition (the most prestigious of the festivals to stage drama) playwrights were required to present a
7019:. Trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem and Helen R. Lane. London and New York: Continuum, 2004. Vol. 1. New Accents Ser. London and New York: Methuen.
3697:
the term "performance" provides "a useful heuristic category to explore the connections and overlaps between these different areas of activity".
6870:
8408:
5449:
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The Italian Comedy: The Improvisation Scenarios Lives Attributes Portraits and Masks of the Illustrious Characters of the Commedia dell'Arte
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is an independent theatre or dance company that travels, often internationally, being presented at a different theatre venue in each city.
5790:
3735:, and regularly honoured their plays with revivals, tragedy itself was not merely a 5th-century phenomenon, the product of a short-lived
516:
3382:
961:), a compendium whose date of composition is uncertain (estimates range from 200 BCE to 200 CE) and whose authorship is attributed to
4935:
283:
3826:
offers the following argument as evidence that tragedy was not institutionalised until 501 BCE: "The specific cult honoured at the
2767:
Spolin also became interested in how the process of learning improvisation was applicable to the development of human potential.
1759:
was one of the top comedic playwrights of the time, revolutionizing the way comedy was written and performed by combining Italian
3679:: all the dramatists who were later regarded as classics were active at Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE (the time of the
3379:, an Australian union created in 1992 as a merger of the unions covering actors, journalists and entertainment industry employees
2425:
7216:. Ed. Raymond Geuss and Ronald Speirs. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy ser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2259:, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance; performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience.
1718:
Because of the turmoil before this time, there was still some controversy about what should and should not be put on the stage.
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4156:. Taxidou, however, reads epic theatre as an incorporation of tragic functions and its treatments of mourning and speculation.
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3018:, although the latter's exclusively psychological techniques contrast sharply with Stanislavski's multivariant, holistic and
2481:
775:. Beacham argues that they had been familiar with "pre-theatrical practices" for some time before that recorded contact. The
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The Actors remonstrance or complaint for the silencing for their profession, and banishment from their severall play-houses
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1652:
The Actors remonstrance or complaint for the silencing of their profession, and banishment from their severall play-houses
1028:
Under the patronage of royal courts, performers belonged to professional companies that were directed by a stage manager (
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1340:
is sometimes known as "The Age of 1000 Entertainments". During this era, Ming Huang formed an acting school known as The
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together in multiple productions can respond to each other without relying as much on convention or external direction.
2806:
Having been an important part of human culture for more than 2,500 years, theatre has evolved a wide range of different
7057:
1776:—that is, the tragedy of common life—were more popular in England because they appealed more to English sensibilities.
7374:
6699:. European Studies in English Literature series. Translated by John Halliday. Cambridige: Cambridge University Press.
5517:
2600:. That tradition has been multiple and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a powerful effect of
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as an audience member (or even as a participant in the theatrical productions) in particular—was an important part of
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Beushausen, Katrin (2018). "From Audience to Public: Theatre, Theatricality and the People before the Civil Wars".
2528:. Theatre expressing bleak, controversial or taboo subject matter in a deliberately humorous way is referred to as
2122:
1712:
1646:(1633), the most notorious attack on theatre prior to the ban. Viewing theatre as sinful, the Puritans ordered the
823:
of the highest quality for the stage. The only surviving plays from the Roman Empire are ten dramas attributed to
327:, though live theatre has now been joined by modern recorded forms. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and
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8386:
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were formerly often travelling, the idea of the national theatre gained support in the 18th century, inspired by
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in the 3rd century BCE had a profound and energizing effect on Roman theatre and encouraged the development of
340:θέατρον (théatron, "a place for viewing"), itself from θεάομαι (theáomai, "to see", "to watch", "to observe").
7284:
4963:
3706:
Taxidou notes that "most scholars now call 'Greek' tragedy 'Athenian' tragedy, which is historically correct".
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in the fictional mode). In effect, theatre makes the sources of the words visual and concrete: it indicates
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3308:
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2375:(1943), musicals moved in a more dramatic direction. Famous musicals over the subsequent decades included
1707:
One of the big changes was the new theatre house. Instead of the type of the Elizabethan era, such as the
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We have seven by Aeschylus, seven by Sophocles, and eighteen by Euripides. In addition, we also have the
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1715:
was one of the most influential set designers of the time because of his use of floor space and scenery.
1647:
1282:
716:
In addition to the categories of comedy and tragedy at the City Dionysia, the festival also included the
440:
6973:
Carnicke, Sharon Marie (2000). "Stanislavsky's System: Pathways for the Actor". In Hodge, Alison (ed.).
6514:. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World series. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 379–393.
4520:
4121:, in the narrow sense, cuts across the traditional division between comedy and tragedy in an anti- or a-
2407:
1445:
oldest theatre forms are linked directly to local literary traditions (oral and written). The prominent
891:, earliest-surviving fragments of which date from the 1st century CE. It began after the development of
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6657:. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World series. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 83–102.
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4129:
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1966:, American and British musicals, the collective creations of companies of actors and directors such as
1828:
1737:
1328:
1136:
705:, while Middle Comedy is largely lost (preserved only in relatively short fragments in authors such as
500:
6653:
Pelling, Christopher (2005). "Tragedy, Rhetoric, and Performance Culture". In Gregory, Justina (ed.).
3063:, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The production of
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3633:, Pavis goes on to suggest that "the specificity of theatrical signs may lie in their ability to use
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popularized improvisational theatre as a theatrical art form when he founded, as its first director,
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1931:
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6371:. Cambridge Companions to Literature series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–68.
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Aristotle argues that tragedy consists of six qualitative parts, which are (in order of importance)
1264:
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contains the earliest reference to what may have been the seeds of Sanskrit drama. This treatise on
62:
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Poetics with Tractatus Coislinianus, Reconstruction of Poetics II and the Fragments of the On Poets
6183:. Cambridge Companions to Literature series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–35.
5997:
The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: Volume 3: The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century
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3367:, for many kind of performing artists as well as designers, directors, and stage managers in the UK
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2003:
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160:
32:
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1607:
Theatre took on many alternative forms in the West between the 15th and 19th centuries, including
1485:, which uses actors. Some wayang golek performances, however, also present Muslim stories, called
7491:
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7237:
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While there is some dispute among theatre historians, it is probable that the plays by the Roman
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explains, "almost every detail about his seminal work has aroused divergent opinions." Important
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816:
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Brandon, James R. (1993) . "Introduction". In Baumer, Rachel Van M.; Brandon, James R. (eds.).
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A theatre company is an organisation that produces theatrical performances, as distinct from a
3279:
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1802:
1751:
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Old Javanese (Kawi) inscriptions called Jaha Inscriptions issued by Maharaja Sri Lokapala from
1089:
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227:
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The Art of the Actor: The Essential History of Acting, From Classical Times to the Present Day
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musicals of the early 20th century, and comedies in the 1920s and 1930s (such as the works of
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wrote that the Romans first experienced theatre in the 4th century BCE, with a performance by
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1955:
1760:
1655:
1626:
1609:
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is a certain traditional Chinese comedic performance in the forms of monologue or dialogue.
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improvisational theatre continues to evolve with many different streams and philosophies.
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is a form of theatre that also combines music, spoken dialogue, and dance. It emerged from
1892:
1860:
1731:
1454:
1442:
1412:
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musicals often include lavish costumes and sets supported by multimillion-dollar budgets.
8:
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7855:
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7213:
6352:. American University Studies, Ser. 26 Theatre Arts. Vol. 29. New York: Peter Lang.
5131:
5075:"From pandemics to puritans: when theatre shut down through history and how it recovered"
3971:
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3481:
3461:
3426:
3406:
3321:
3196:
3030:
2939:
2820:
2680:
2641:
2558:
2532:. Black Comedy can have several genres like slapstick humour, dark and sarcastic comedy.
2187:
2151:
2096:
2048:
1840:
1060:
986:
932:
684:
121:
6367:
Goldhill, Simon (1997). "The Audience of Athenian Tragedy". In Easterling, P. E. (ed.).
6139:
Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present
2083:, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The
1650:. On 24 January 1643, the actors protested against the ban by writing a pamphlet titled
1087:'s greatest Sanskrit dramatist. Three famous romantic plays written by Kālidāsa are the
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The Idea of a Theater: A Study of Ten Plays, The Art of Drama in a Changing Perspective
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2076:
1975:
1512:
1383:, there were many popular plays involving acrobatics and music. These developed in the
1221:
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in the world) contain no hint of it (although a small number are composed in a form of
808:
556:
and theatre architecture. Actors were either amateur or at best semi-professional. The
553:
496:
426:
368:
247:
136:
39:
8646:
6386:
Goldhill, Simon (2004). "Programme Notes". In Goldhill, Simon; Osborne, Robin (eds.).
461:
A depiction of actors playing the roles of a master (right) and his slave (left) in a
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7900:
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2127:
2029:
1935:
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1864:
1787:. The major promoter of the idea of the national theatre in Germany, and also of the
1681:
1677:
1289:
1140:
1099:
1032:), who may also have acted. This task was thought of as being analogous to that of a
994:
742:
666:
662:
598:
508:
352:
7197:. Theater: Theory/Text/Performance Series. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
7010:
6638:. Translated by Christine Shantz. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.
4261:
3610:
3009:
performance training for much of the last century. That many of the precepts of his
1963:
1654:. This stagnant period ended once Charles II came back to the throne in 1660 in the
8682:
8355:
7969:
7921:
7835:
7782:
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7590:
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7532:
7357:
7308:
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6176:
6175:
Cartledge, Paul (1997). "'Deep Plays': Theatre as Process in Greek Civic Life". In
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that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of
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2471:
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2232:
1971:
1908:
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1122:
945:
901:
884:
877:
836:
820:
725:
492:
484:
364:
207:
3986:
See the entries for "opera", "musical theatre, American", "melodrama" and "Nō" in
3111:
and technical director. Depending on the production, this team may also include a
2672:
2273:
1848:
1477:. These tales also provide source material for the wayang wong (human theatre) of
436:
8360:
8350:
8309:
8261:
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7792:
7731:
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7605:
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5290:
4986:
4198:
4050:
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3827:
3803:
3798:
3574:
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3302:
3298:(or acting company), which is a group of theatrical performers working together.
3245:
3084:
3006:
2979:
2959:
2951:
2911:
2807:
2787:
2775:
2759:
2609:
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2383:
2326:
2268:
2220:
2163:
2060:
1987:
1967:
1888:
1883:
1872:
1789:
1625:
and toward a more naturalistic prose style of dialogue, especially following the
1614:
1565:
1495:
1126:
1064:
1002:
679:
652:
529:
528:
Participation in the city-state's many festivals—and mandatory attendance at the
414:
398:
390:(or acting company), which is a group of theatrical performers working together.
372:
356:
304:
242:
237:
168:
94:
3683:), and all the surviving plays date from this period". "The dominant culture of
3313:
8243:
8227:
7890:
7802:
7797:
7761:
7736:
7726:
7625:
7471:
7394:
7228:
7182:
Theater: Theory/Text/Performance Ser. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
7006:
6874:(Supplement, with appendix) (20) (2nd ed.). University of London: iii–190.
6763:
Richmond, Farley P.; Swann, Darius L. & Zarrilli, Phillip B., eds. (1993).
6610:
Studies in Islamic History and Civilization in Honour of Professor David Ayalon
6121:
4133:
3754:
3537:
3523:
3329:
3295:
3230:
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2419:
2413:
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1995:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1876:
1844:
1784:
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1719:
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1534:
1446:
1354:
1022:
990:
888:
796:
784:
780:
569:
462:
394:
387:
371:
of theatre as synonymous expressions that differentiate theatre from the other
7274:
7015:
5050:
613:. The origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was
8676:
8466:
7931:
7384:
6627:
5286:
5278:
4085:
3760:
3048:
3015:
2967:
2675:
2567:
2401:
2208:
2196:
2192:
2068:
2044:
1991:
1983:
1943:
1912:
1900:
1896:
1764:
1708:
1693:
1661:
1642:
1552:
1080:
812:
457:
386:
is an organisation that produces theatrical performances, as distinct from a
360:
337:
257:
98:
4084:(1892), even though it was produced eight years before the beginning of the
2512:
as a vehicle to tell a story qualify as comedies. This may include a modern
2183:
8595:
8521:
8516:
8428:
8293:
8281:
8065:
7885:
7817:
7807:
7741:
7640:
7595:
7516:
7290:
6782:
6605:
4141:
4137:
4054:
3943:
3885:
3856:
3646:
3205:
3201:
3120:
3100:
3088:
2975:
2963:
2848:
2763:
2717:
2697:
2645:
2529:
2463:
2377:
2338:
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2252:
2244:
2142:
1999:
1920:
1856:
1499:
1458:
1450:
1394:
1384:
1380:
1337:
1186:
969:
is the most complete work of dramaturgy in the ancient world. It addresses
962:
953:
927:
800:
761:
709:). New Comedy is known primarily from the substantial papyrus fragments of
702:
657:
116:
7989:
7086:. Directors in Perspective series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6510:
Kovacs, David (2005). "Text and Transmission". In Gregory, Justina (ed.).
5428:
2628:
2,500 years ago, from which there survives only a fraction of the work of
1001:, the organisation of companies, the audience, competitions, and offers a
937:
8370:
8338:
8299:
8144:
8070:
7630:
7582:
7511:
7404:
7030:
6492:
Our Musicals, Ourselves: A Social History of the American Musical Theatre
3892:
substitutes for the usual temporal distance between the audience and the
3851:
3650:
3345:
3076:
2955:
2852:
2713:
2693:
2649:
2571:
2330:
2248:
2204:
encompassed all theatrical plays, tragic, comic, or anything in between.
2138:
2105:
2040:
1904:
1832:
1794:
1622:
1621:. The general trend was away from the poetic drama of the Greeks and the
1520:
1474:
1426:
1345:
1341:
1018:
850:
614:
533:
465:
212:
102:
8663:
5980:. Sidcup, Kent: Stanislavski Centre Rose Bruford College. pp. 6–9.
1632:
Theatre took a big pause during 1642 and 1660 in England because of the
1170:. Among these three, the last two cover between them the entire epic of
8331:
8256:
8222:
8149:
8134:
8122:
8090:
8051:
7577:
7379:
6160:. Russian Theatre Archive series. London: Harwood Academic Publishers.
4521:"Theatre | Chambers Dictionary of World History – Credo Reference"
3831:
3116:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3042:
3002:
2998:
2844:
2771:
2617:
2346:
2342:
2080:
2072:
2055:, "to do" or "to act". The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by
1538:
1529:
1524:
1400:
1148:
982:
914:
from between 1500 and 1000 BCE that are among the earliest examples of
865:
788:
717:
573:
376:
328:
202:
177:
140:
112:
8629:
6390:(New ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–29.
4783:
4781:
2896:
1756:
1722:, a preacher, was one of the heads in this movement through his piece
678:
analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of
73:
8315:
8304:
8266:
8159:
7926:
7840:
7751:
7600:
7426:
7409:
6714:
6445:
5079:
4907:
3889:
3863:
and taken to a temple on the road to Eleutherae. That evening, after
3823:
3807:
3793:
3780:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3654:
3638:
3274:
2856:
2815:
2709:
2705:
2668:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2574:, these discrepancies reflecting the differing religious origins and
2553:
2486:
2371:
2236:
2146:
2117:
1836:
1813:
1636:
Interregnum. The rising anti-theatrical sentiment among Puritans saw
1618:
1590:
1586:
1438:
1430:
1196:
1180:
827:(4 BCE–65 CE), the Corduba-born Stoic philosopher and tutor of Nero.
675:
640:
636:
610:
606:
602:
580:
521:
131:
82:
3320:
In order to put on a piece of theatre, both a theatre company and a
2120:
are among the masterpieces of the art of drama. A modern example is
1369:
1231:
413:, costumes and staging. They were influential in the development of
130:, an ancient Indian form of performing art that originated in early
53:
8343:
8232:
8154:
8100:
8075:
7860:
7721:
5844:
4778:
3626:
3456:
3112:
2990:
2971:
2749:
2738:
2224:
2064:
1724:
A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage
1633:
1470:
1191:
1033:
919:
860:
855:
710:
624:
586:
Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of
537:
347:, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into
332:
232:
6608:(1986). "Live Theater in Medieval Islam". In Sharon, Moshe (ed.).
6244:. Translated by Randolph T. Weaver. New York: Dover Publications.
6200:
Signs of Performance: An Introduction to Twentieth-Century Theatre
6141:(Expanded ed.). Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
5788:
Non-traditional venues can inspire art, or just great performances
3565:. From around 1550 to 1700 or later, the most common spelling was
3531:
2734:
1178:(606–648) is credited with having written three plays: the comedy
8326:
8276:
8250:
8080:
7486:
7180:
To Act, To Do, To Perform: Drama and the Phenomenology of Action.
6350:
Lear's Daughters: The Studios of the Moscow Art Theatre 1905–1927
6079:(Rev. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
5869:
5189:
4153:
4004:
3967:
3835:
3783:
adds a fourth, anonymous playwright to those whose work survives.
3642:
3143:
3139:
2884:
2864:
2840:
2792:
2585:
2541:
2321:), as were some of the actors' responses and their 'solo songs' (
2296:
2166:. The use of "drama" in the narrow sense to designate a specific
2087:
2036:
2033:
1821:
1014:
941:
804:
792:
753:
565:
541:
488:
312:
7150:
Systems of Rehearsal: Stanislavsky, Brecht, Grotowski and Brook.
6850:. The World's Classics series. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5333:
3896:
a spatial distance between the Western audience and the Eastern
2470:, and elsewhere, but it often includes spectacle. For instance,
1469:—draw much of their repertoire from indigenized versions of the
1332:
Public performance in Jade Dragon Snow Mountain Open Air Theatre
8365:
8237:
8095:
7506:
7501:
7481:
7295:
5316:"7028 end. Tartu Saksa Teatrihoone Vanemuise 45a, 1914–1918.a."
4908:
Don Rubin; Chua Soo Pong; Ravi Chaturvedi; et al. (2001).
4694:
3839:
3396:
2689:
2578:
of the parts that were fused into a new entity, the theatrical
2509:
2503:
2322:
2134:
2091:
1543:
1516:
1490:
1361:
1350:
1175:
1121:
and is the most famous. It was the first to be translated into
970:
923:
846:
721:
444:
410:
402:
182:
127:
106:
6721:. Theatre Production Studies. London and New York: Routledge.
5582:
4718:
4682:
4639:
4567:
4501:
4016:". See the entries on "Seneca" and "Byron (George George)" in
2292:
and theatre have had a close relationship since ancient times—
1576:
760:
Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the
487:
is where Western theatre originated. It was part of a broader
8571:
8117:
8020:
7496:
7466:
6793:(3rd ed.). Evanston, Il: Northwestern University Press.
6428:
The Purpose of Playing: Modern Acting Theories in Perspective
6037:(2nd, rev. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5744:
5507:
5505:
4122:
4118:
4034:
3830:
was that of Dionysus Eleuthereus, the god 'having to do with
3732:
3080:
2902:
2878:
2860:
2832:
2685:
2593:
2513:
2313:
2304:
2300:
2289:
2216:
2212:
2056:
2025:
2020:
1879:
1868:
1817:
1084:
1083:
in the 1st century BCE, is arguably considered to be ancient
978:
974:
906:
873:
869:
772:
748:
671:
587:
561:
480:
406:
348:
324:
320:
316:
308:
222:
217:
197:
192:
6569:
The Theatricality of Greek Tragedy: Playing Space and Chorus
5106:. January 24, 1643 – via Early English Books Online –
4911:
The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific
3517:
3130:
2700:) or at the scale of the drama (where tragedy is opposed to
944:
from 140 BCE provides a feasible date for the beginnings of
6911:
Theatre as Sign-System: A Semiotics of Text and Performance
5708:
5042:
Theatre, Theatricality and the People before the Civil Wars
4627:
4328:
4326:
4324:
3946:, is not primarily a composition in the verbal medium; the
3868:
3687:", Goldhill writes, "can be said to have invented theatre".
2318:
2243:, for example). In certain periods of history (the ancient
2228:
2137:
in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the
1569:
literature, though they were less common than puppetry and
1482:
1478:
1389:
911:
811:. Although Rome had a native tradition of performance, the
765:
632:
619:
7300:
7137:. Ed. and trans. Edward Braun. Rev. ed., London: Methuen.
6102:
The Drama 100: A Ranking of the Greatest Plays of All Time
6056:(Ninth, International ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
5976:
Benedetti, Jean (2008). Dacre, Kathy; Fryer, Paul (eds.).
5698:
5696:
5657:
5635:
5633:
5558:
5502:
4879:
4877:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4812:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4766:
4603:
4213:
4211:
3846:
annexed Eleutherae—most likely after the overthrow of the
648:) begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced.
536:. Civic participation also involved the evaluation of the
8544:
List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field
8107:
6868:(1967). "Monuments Illustrating Tragedy and Satyr Play".
6848:
Specimens of English Dramatic Criticism XVII–XX Centuries
6588:
Modern Theories of Performance: From Stanislavski to Boal
5756:
5490:
5466:
4369:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
3802:
in 438 BCE. There were also separate competitions at the
2859:). He examines its "first principles" and identifies its
2240:
1684:. Performances were held in converted buildings, such as
1672:. Opened in May 1663, it is the oldest theatre in London.
1548:
1365:
1158:). He is said to have written the following three plays:
343:
Modern Western theatre comes, in large measure, from the
6995:
Sidcup, Kent: Stanislavski Centre Rose Bruford College.
6634:
Dictionary of the Theatre: Terms, Concepts, and Analysis
5732:
5669:
5606:
5372:
5362:
5360:
5234:
5005:
4651:
4429:
4321:
3603:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
8170:
6931:
Trans. John Osborne. London and New York: Verso, 1998.
5720:
5693:
5630:
5594:
4991:. Harvard University Press. pp. 143–145, 352–353.
4874:
4853:
4836:
4793:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4591:
4446:
4444:
4208:
674:
to survive. More than 130 years later, the philosopher
579:
The origins of theatre in ancient Greece, according to
7195:
The Player's Passion: Studies in the Science of Acting
6286:. New Accents series. London and New York: Routledge.
5645:
5570:
5546:
5478:
5454:
4555:
4461:
4459:
4417:
4338:
4311:
4309:
4307:
3962:
remarks, 'the poet, or "maker" should be the maker of
7296:
Music Hall and Theatre History of Britain and Ireland
7233:"The Best Theater of 2021: The Curtain Goes Up Again"
6762:
6312:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
5768:
5408:
5396:
5384:
5357:
5190:"Women's Lives Surrounding Late 18th Century Theatre"
5017:
4824:
4787:
4615:
4405:
4393:
3966:
rather than of verses; since he is a poet because he
2640:, through its singular articulations in the works of
2462:
Musical theatre may be produced on an intimate scale
1676:
In 1660, two companies were licensed to perform, the
1079:). Actors may have specialized in a particular type.
951:
The major source of evidence for Sanskrit theatre is
6452:. Translated by Janko, Richard. Cambridge: Hackett.
6052:
Brockett, Oscar G. & Hildy, Franklin J. (2003).
5681:
4754:
4742:
4663:
4579:
4543:
4441:
4179:
3513:
3371:
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees
2429:(1986), as well as more contemporary hits including
2235:
or musical accompaniment underscoring the dialogue (
1059:
Its drama is regarded as the highest achievement of
38:"Theatrical" redirects here. For the racehorse, see
6571:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
6408:
Lazzi: The Comic Routines of the Commedia dell'Arte
6219:
Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan
5618:
4889:
4730:
4456:
4304:
1256:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
431:
6977:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 11–36.
6944:What is Theatre?: An Introduction and Exploration.
6786:
6744:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
6631:
6590:. Basingstoke, Hampshire, and New York: Palgrave.
6305:
6262:Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski
6237:
6099:
5345:
5124:
4706:
4531:
2708:era, tragedy has also been defined against drama,
2311:whose parts were sung (to the accompaniment of an
930:do not appear to have developed into theatre. The
779:was a thriving and diverse art form, ranging from
409:are also theatre and use many conventions such as
4491:"Introduction to Theatre – Ancient Greek Theatre"
4471:
4381:
3950:result, as one might put it, from the underlying
3355:(AEA), for actors and stage managers in the U.S.)
3157:
2570:whereas the choral (recited or sung) ones in the
665:response to news of their military defeat at the
8674:
6018:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xvii–xx.
5166:. CWU Department of Theatre Arts. Archived from
4984:
3842:that had a sanctuary to Dionysus. At some point
3593:). Recent dictionaries of American English list
2485:Theatrical masks of Tragedy and Comedy. Mosaic,
7100:Leach, Robert, and Victor Borovsky, eds. 1999.
6959:Writing & Staging A New Musical: A Handbook
6533:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
5045:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–112.
2178:. Drama in this sense refers to a play that is
7287:British Library & University of Sheffield.
6871:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
3942:writes that "a drama, as distinguished from a
3792:Exceptions to this pattern were made, as with
2671:meditations on death, loss and suffering, and
1506:
651:Most Athenian tragedies dramatize events from
8409:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
8036:
7316:
6327:Gassner, John & Allen, Ralph G. (1992) .
6051:
5339:
4901:
4724:
4700:
4688:
4645:
4633:
4609:
4573:
4507:
3850:tyranny in 510 and the democratic reforms of
3034:A theatre stage building in the backstage of
2692:in general (where the tragic divides against
1527:productions) and live passion plays known as
277:
6326:
5803:, July 7, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
4772:
4256:
4254:
2200:(1887). In Ancient Greece however, the word
1056:), though the major focus is on the latter.
1048:), which consists of two styles: realistic (
7070:. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7037:Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
6430:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
6265:. Florence, Kentucky: Heinle & Heinle.
5923:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5272:
1577:Early modern and modern theatre in the West
1117:). The last was inspired by a story in the
8043:
8029:
7323:
7309:
6585:
6388:Performance Culture and Athenian Democracy
5738:
5038:
4978:
4914:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 184–186.
4037:' or rough outlines of scenic action (see
3383:Stage Directors and Choreographers Society
3282:in London performs on a repertory system.
623:) held as part of festivities celebrating
284:
270:
6991:Dacre, Kathy, and Paul Fryer, eds. 2008.
6831:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
6765:Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance
6612:. Cana, Leiden: Brill. pp. 565–601.
6550:Makers of Modern Theatre: An Introduction
6466:
6300:
6235:
6174:
5975:
5956:
5937:
5904:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5750:
5600:
5588:
5378:
5119:
5117:
4597:
4363:
4332:
4279:
4251:
4228:
4226:
4058:
4042:
4029:Some forms of improvisation, notably the
3599:Random House Webster's College Dictionary
2684:(335 BCE), tragedy has been used to make
2624:puts it. From its obscure origins in the
1316:Learn how and when to remove this message
7291:University of Bristol Theatre Collection
7210:The Birth of Tragedy and Other Writings.
6909:Aston, Elaine, and George Savona. 1991.
6878:
6735:
6671:
6385:
6369:The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy
6366:
6197:
6181:The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy
6155:
6130:Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism
5774:
5762:
5726:
5714:
5702:
5663:
5651:
5612:
5496:
5484:
5472:
4883:
4868:
4847:
4423:
4399:
4375:
4351:
4234:"Theatre company definition and meaning"
3577:, but was either retained or revived in
3373:(IATSE), for designers and technicians).
3307:
3255:
3134:The rotating auditorium of the open air
3129:
3029:
2867:constitutes the core of the discussion.
2791:
2733:
2480:
2317:—an instrument comparable to the modern
2272:
2051:", which is derived from the verb δράω,
1807:
1736:
1660:
1580:
1420:
1387:into a more sophisticated form known as
1327:
1008:
854:
741:
456:
435:
393:Modern theatre includes performances of
7117:Approaches to Acting: Past and Present.
7104:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6864:
6826:
6694:
6652:
6136:
6120:
6032:
6013:
5918:
5576:
5552:
5511:
5426:
5366:
4830:
4818:
4806:
4760:
4748:
4736:
4561:
4435:
4411:
4185:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4092:(FrasrWeb 2007, accessed May 12, 2011).
2989:Stanislavski treated the theatre as an
2796:Village feast with theatre performance
14:
8675:
6781:
6528:
6509:
6495:. Hanover: Brandeis University Press.
6425:
6404:
6258:
5897:
5862:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5675:
5639:
5523:
5460:
5114:
5034:
5032:
5023:
4956:
4621:
4450:
4223:
4062:
4038:
4017:
3987:
3377:Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance
3251:
3067:usually involves contributions from a
2906:or "spectacle". "Although Aristotle's
2688:distinctions, whether at the scale of
2251:) some dramas have been written to be
1533:, where actors re-enact episodes from
1519:theatre (which included hand puppets,
8496:National Endowment for the Humanities
8481:Humanities, arts, and social sciences
8024:
7304:
6807:
6626:
6604:
6547:
6488:
6444:
6411:. New York: Performing Arts Journal.
6347:
6070:
5994:
5687:
5624:
5564:
5414:
5240:
5139:from the original on January 11, 2022
5011:
4676:
4657:
4585:
4549:
4465:
4315:
4217:
4088:; see, for example, Fraser Charlton,
3635:the three possible functions of signs
3221:Regional theatre in the United States
1741:Billing for a British theatre in 1829
1700:and built on the site of the present
1406:
1203:
746:Roman mosaic depicting actors and an
420:
8578:
8491:Moscow University for the Humanities
8462:Arts and Humanities Research Council
8419:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
7975:
6845:
6810:Drama: A Guide to the Study of Plays
6713:
6472:Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre
6279:
6216:
6097:
6035:The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre
5402:
5390:
5351:
5157:
4895:
4712:
4477:
4387:
4110:
3544:
3289:
3025:
2863:and basic elements; his analysis of
2182:a comedy nor a tragedy—for example,
1461:(leather shadow-puppet play) of the
1254:adding citations to reliable sources
1225:
1147:The next great Indian dramatist was
1135:(in English translation) influenced
491:of theatricality and performance in
359:, and plot elements. Theatre artist
27:Collaborative form of performing art
7995:
7068:The Oxford Companion to the Theatre
6586:Milling, Jane; Ley, Graham (2001).
6566:
6221:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5806:
5252:
5029:
4788:Richmond, Swann & Zarrilli 1993
4537:
4002:were not intended to be performed.
3359:Canadian Actors' Equity Association
2910:is universally acknowledged in the
2548:proper purgation of these emotions.
1930:These trends continued through the
307:that uses live performers, usually
24:
6929:The Origin of German Tragic Drama.
6913:. London and New York: Routledge.
6902:
6688:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1982.1451443.x
6474:(Rev. ed.). London: Methuen.
6283:The Semiotics of Theatre and Drama
6202:. London and New York: Routledge.
5942:(Rev. ed.). London: Methuen.
5921:The Roman Theatre and Its Audience
5890:
5213:
4952:from the original on June 3, 2021.
2262:
1831:, the popular theatrical forms of
1648:closure of London theatres in 1642
1372:developed in the 17th century CE.
752:player (House of the Tragic Poet,
25:
8704:
7254:
6236:Duchartre, Pierre Louis (1966) .
5222:. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia
3675:"was essentially the creation of
1105:Pertaining to Vikrama and Urvashi
830:
544:evidenced in performances in the
8655:
8638:
8621:
8604:
8587:
8004:
7994:
7984:
7974:
7965:
7964:
7152:London and New York: Routledge.
7119:London and New York: Continuum.
6975:Twentieth-Century Actor Training
6697:The Theory and Analysis of Drama
6259:Dukore, Bernard F., ed. (1974).
5837:
5780:
5533:
5160:"The English Theatre, 1642–1800"
4159:
4152:respectively) against models of
4095:
3834:', a town on the border between
3597:as a less common variant, e.g.,
3530:
3516:
2723:
1713:Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg
1593:, two stock characters from the
1453:(wooden rod-puppet play) of the
1230:
1044:gives most attention to acting (
731:
432:Classical and Hellenistic Greece
81:
72:
61:
52:
8539:Humanities in the United States
8387:American Journal of Archaeology
8005:
7115:Meyer-Dinkgräfe, Daniel. 2001.
6886:. London: Chatto & Windus.
6829:Tragedy, Modernity and Mourning
6330:Theatre and Drama in the Making
6156:Carnicke, Sharon Marie (1998).
6033:Brandon, James R., ed. (1997).
6016:Sanskrit Theatre in Performance
5442:
5420:
5308:
5255:"The Drama in the 18th Century"
5246:
5207:
5182:
5151:
5094:
5067:
4928:
4513:
4483:
4287:"Troupe definition and meaning"
4068:
4023:
3992:
3980:
3933:
3920:
3903:
3874:
3817:
3786:
3767:
3746:
3715:Cartledge writes that although
3709:
3700:
3690:
3665:
2604:and historical continuity—"the
2231:; and some forms of drama have
1241:needs additional citations for
795:'s broadly appealing situation
91:Clockwise, from left to right:
8414:Journal of Controversial Ideas
8050:
6767:. University of Hawaii Press.
6742:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre
6675:The Journal of Popular Culture
6077:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre
5940:Stanislavski: His Life and Art
5901:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre
5283:Dictionary of German Biography
5108:University of Michigan Library
4191:
4078:" is usually considered to be
3619:
3607:New Oxford American Dictionary
3551:
3158:Subcategories and organisation
2746:1997 Nobel Prize in Literature
2223:generally include both spoken
2219:is generally sung throughout;
1559:. Secular plays were known as
1397:which is still popular today.
1174:. The powerful Indian emperor
13:
1:
7208:Speirs, Ronald, trans. 1999.
7102:A History of Russian Theatre.
6789:Improvisation for the Theater
6531:The Making of Theatre History
5898:Banham, Martin, ed. (1998) .
5194:English 3621 Writing by Women
5126:"London's 10 oldest theatres"
4033:, improvise on the basis of '
3264:
2825:
2797:
2508:Theatre productions that use
2361:that began in the 1890s, the
2299:, for example, was a form of
2207:Drama is often combined with
2156:
2123:Long Day's Journey into Night
2110:
1152:
1115:The Recognition of Shakuntala
689:
469:
8434:Revue des Études Arméniennes
7285:Theatre Archive Project (UK)
6961:. Kindle Direct Publishing.
6946:Boston and Oxford: Focal P.
6655:A Companion to Greek Tragedy
6512:A Companion to Greek Tragedy
6333:. New York: Applause Books.
5995:Black, Joseph, ed. (2010) .
5919:Beacham, Richard C. (1996).
5216:"Moliere – French Dramatist"
4173:
2620:, in a common activity", as
2522:or a classical play such as
1692:, known as Theatre Royal in
1353:, as opposed to the type of
864:or the demon as depicted in
560:consisted of three types of
511:, athletics and gymnastics,
7:
7330:
6942:Brown, John Russell. 1997.
6740:. In Banham, Martin (ed.).
6106:. New York: Facts on File.
6075:. In Banham, Martin (ed.).
5999:. Canada: Broadview Press.
5429:"History of Stage Musicals"
5319:Kultuurimälestiste register
3970:, and what he imitates are
3685:Athens in the fifth century
3389:
3057:structure of dramatic texts
2818:, in his seminal treatise,
2813:classical Greek philosopher
2781:
2077:structure of dramatic texts
1946:, the political theatre of
1507:Medieval Islamic traditions
323:. It is the oldest form of
303:is a collaborative form of
10:
8709:
6736:Richmond, Farley (1998) .
6695:Pfister, Manfred (2000) .
6348:Gauss, Rebecca B. (1999).
5823:Actors' Equity Association
5259:Moonstruch Drama Bookstore
4291:Collins English Dictionary
4238:Collins English Dictionary
3731:"as the nonpareils of the
3719:of the 4th century judged
3612:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
3507:
3353:Actors' Equity Association
3051:modes of production and a
3040:
2785:
2727:
2539:
2535:
2501:
2266:
2255:rather than performed. In
2071:modes of production and a
2018:
1907:'s drawing-room comedies;
1812:The "Little House" of the
1696:, London, was designed by
1541:plays revolved around the
1410:
1207:
844:
834:
735:
519:, weddings, funerals, and
450:
424:
29:
8549:Outline of the humanities
8529:Criticism of mass culture
8509:
8501:National Humanities Medal
8454:
8379:
8210:
8058:
7960:
7944:
7914:
7816:
7775:
7704:
7673:
7664:
7576:
7525:
7459:
7338:
7275:Resources in your library
6489:Jones, John Bush (2003).
6217:Deal, William E. (2007).
5938:Benedetti, Jean (1999) .
5800:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
5340:Brockett & Hildy 2003
5051:10.1017/9781316850411.004
4988:Theatre in Southeast Asia
4985:James R. Brandon (2009).
4725:Brockett & Hildy 2003
4701:Brockett & Hildy 2003
4689:Brockett & Hildy 2003
4646:Brockett & Hildy 2003
4634:Brockett & Hildy 2003
4610:Brockett & Hildy 2003
4574:Brockett & Hildy 2003
4525:search.credoreference.com
4508:Brockett & Hildy 2003
3585:, 2nd ed., 2009, CD-ROM:
3583:Oxford English Dictionary
3569:. Between 1720 and 1750,
3442:List of theatre directors
3437:List of theatre festivals
3432:List of theatre personnel
3422:List of awards in theatre
3339:
3261:Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
2497:
2133:Considered as a genre of
1702:Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
1666:Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
1601:Museo Teatrale alla Scala
1036:—the literal meaning of "
558:theatre of ancient Greece
453:Theatre of ancient Greece
441:Greek theatre of Taormina
379:and the arts in general.
345:theatre of ancient Greece
8534:Educational essentialism
8171:Interdisciplinary fields
7616:Theatrical superstitions
7165:Stanislavski In Practise
7048:Harrison, Martin. 1998.
6812:. New York: Peter Lang.
6198:Counsell, Colin (1996).
6137:Carlson, Marvin (1993).
6098:Burt, Daniel S. (2008).
5957:Benedetti, Jean (2005).
4773:Gassner & Allen 1992
4150:Theatre of the Oppressed
4076:Edwardian musical comedy
4012:is a good example of a "
3609:, third edition (2010);
3059:, unlike other forms of
3011:system of actor training
2984:Robert Wilson (director)
2754:Upright Citizens Brigade
2752:and troupes such as the
2612:, in one cultural form;
2426:The Phantom of the Opera
2359:Edwardian musical comedy
2162:); the earliest work of
2079:, unlike other forms of
2043:. The term comes from a
2014:
2009:
2004:Theatre of the Oppressed
1925:Edwardian musical comedy
724:. However, according to
367:, stage writing and the
33:Theatre (disambiguation)
7238:The Wall Street Journal
7193:Roach, Joseph R. 1985.
7050:The Language of Theatre
6426:Gordon, Robert (2006).
4266:www.merriam-webster.com
3930:is "to carry forwards".
3926:The literal meaning of
3810:and, after 488–87 BCE,
3806:for the performance of
3477:Theatre for development
3417:Illusionistic tradition
3344:There are many theatre
3136:Pyynikki Summer Theatre
3055:form of reception. The
2928:Konstantin Stanislavski
2730:Improvisational theatre
2367:Rodgers and Hammerstein
2075:form of reception. The
1799:Hamburgische Entreprise
1563:, recorded in medieval
777:theatre of ancient Rome
738:Theatre of ancient Rome
363:defines theatricality,
143:, a character from the
8322:Liberal arts education
7611:Theatrical constraints
7148:Mitter, Shomit. 1992.
7082:Leach, Robert (1989).
6993:Stanislavski on Stage.
6827:Taxidou, Olga (2004).
6548:Leach, Robert (2004).
6071:Brown, Andrew (1998).
6054:History of the Theatre
5739:Milling & Ley 2001
5427:Kenrick, John (2003).
5164:Scott R. Robinson Home
4262:"Definition of Troupe"
4146:Non-Aristotelian drama
3653:), or as symbol (as a
3631:Charles Sanders Peirce
3605:, 4th edition (2006);
3361:, for actors in Canada
3317:
3280:Royal National Theatre
3270:
3241:Theatre and disability
3146:
3089:scenic or set designer
3038:
2803:
2741:
2564:
2494:
2286:
1824:
1803:Seyler Theatre Company
1752:The School for Scandal
1742:
1673:
1604:
1513:medieval Islamic world
1434:
1333:
1095:Mālavikā and Agnimitra
1025:
880:
841:Indian classical drama
764:. The Roman historian
757:
707:Athenaeus of Naucratis
476:
448:
228:Professional wrestling
8398:History of Humanities
7851:Theatrical technician
7757:Theatrical Technician
7717:Electrician (theatre)
7691:Production management
7231:(December 13, 2021).
7178:Rayner, Alice. 1994.
7167:. London: Routledge.
7163:O'Brien, Nick. 2010.
7052:. London: Routledge.
6808:Styan, J. L. (2000).
6552:. London: Routledge.
6529:Kuritz, Paul (1988).
6158:Stanislavsky in Focus
5978:Stanislavski on Stage
5281:, "Seyler, Abel", in
4201:always "theatre", in
4090:"What are EdMusComs?"
3952:structure of incident
3649:(in the situation of
3467:Site-specific theatre
3334:site-specific theatre
3311:
3259:
3226:Site-specific theatre
3133:
3033:
3001:and one in which the
2920:theatre practitioners
2914:critical tradition",
2795:
2737:
2656:, to the more recent
2588:refers to a specific
2545:
2484:
2276:
1956:Theatre of the Absurd
1915:in the late works of
1811:
1740:
1664:
1627:Industrial Revolution
1584:
1424:
1331:
1156: 7th century CE
1012:
983:dramatic construction
954:A Treatise on Theatre
858:
825:Lucius Annaeus Seneca
803:, verbally elaborate
745:
460:
439:
8554:Renaissance humanism
8486:Master of Humanities
7871:Light board operator
7656:Costume construction
7135:Meyerhold on Theatre
6719:Greek Tragic Theatre
6567:Ley, Graham (2007).
6405:Gordon, Mel (1983).
5591:, pp. 124, 202.
5567:, pp. xx, 7–10.
4936:"Pengetahuan Teater"
4126:deterritorialization
3236:Summer stock theatre
3047:Theatre presupposes
2598:Western civilisation
2335:Gilbert and Sullivan
1893:Gilbert and Sullivan
1732:Renaissance Humanism
1686:Lisle's Tennis Court
1413:Theatre of Indonesia
1250:improve this article
1067:, such as the hero (
1052:) and conventional (
868:, a form of musical
791:, to the staging of
787:, nude dancing, and
31:For other uses, see
8473:Geisteswissenschaft
8439:Teaching Philosophy
8218:Abductive reasoning
7906:Wardrobe supervisor
7876:Lighting technician
7767:Wardrobe supervisor
7712:Carpenter (theatre)
7651:Theatrical property
7621:Technical rehearsal
7370:English Renaissance
7214:Friedrich Nietzsche
7131:Meyerhold, Vsevolod
7035:Rethinking Tragedy.
6957:Bryant, Jye (2018).
6846:Ward, A.C (2007) .
6280:Elam, Keir (1980).
6126:"Psychic Polyphony"
5961:. London: Methuen.
5825:. February 11, 2021
5753:, pp. 147–148.
5514:, pp. 193–209.
5342:, pp. 293–426.
5243:, pp. 533–535.
5158:Robinson, Scott R.
5014:, pp. 565–601.
4821:, pp. 516–517.
4660:, pp. 441–447.
4495:novaonline.nvcc.edu
4220:, pp. 345–346.
4205:normally "theater".
3881:Jean-Pierre Vernant
3861:theatre of Dionysus
3779:was not written by
3673:ancient Greek drama
3655:semiological system
3557:Originally spelled
3482:Theater (structure)
3427:List of playwrights
3407:Black light theatre
3252:Repertory companies
3197:Interactive theatre
2940:Edward Gordon Craig
2349:genres of the late
1974:, experimental and
1841:Victorian burlesque
1797:, the owner of the
1770:tragédie bourgeoise
1425:Rama and Shinta in
1061:Sanskrit literature
401:. The art forms of
365:theatrical language
309:actors or actresses
122:Journey to the West
8560:Studia Humanitatis
8010:Outline of theatre
7881:Spotlight operator
7846:Technical director
7831:Production manager
7747:Spotlight operator
7696:Company management
7686:Technical director
7375:Spanish Golden Age
7364:Commedia dell'arte
7084:Vsevolod Meyerhold
6302:Fergusson, Francis
5793:2010-09-03 at the
5786:Alice T. Carter, "
5717:, pp. 1, 167.
5543:1447a13 (1987, 1).
5253:Matthew, Brander.
4703:, pp. 13, 15.
4031:Commedia dell'arte
3681:Athenian democracy
3671:Brown writes that
3510:Outline of theatre
3472:Theatre consultant
3318:
3316:, a modern theatre
3271:
3147:
3109:production manager
3083:, and a technical
3039:
3036:Vienna State Opera
2932:Vsevolod Meyerhold
2804:
2742:
2626:theatres of Athens
2495:
2491:Capitoline Museums
2489:, 2nd century CE.
2287:
2101:classical Athenian
1976:postmodern theatre
1825:
1761:commedia dell'arte
1743:
1674:
1610:commedia dell'arte
1605:
1596:commedia dell'arte
1435:
1407:Indonesian theatre
1360:Japanese forms of
1334:
1222:Theatre of Vietnam
1204:East Asian theatre
1110:Abhijñānaśākuntala
1026:
1013:Performer playing
883:The first form of
881:
758:
661:—which stages the
592:Hellenistic period
554:dramatic criticism
550:political assembly
477:
449:
427:History of theatre
421:History of theatre
351:, and many of its
248:Street performance
146:Commedia dell'arte
137:Eduardo De Filippo
40:Theatrical (horse)
8688:Stage terminology
8569:
8568:
8289:General knowledge
8272:Cultural literacy
8206:
8205:
8140:Religious studies
8076:Classical studies
8018:
8017:
7940:
7939:
7788:Lighting designer
7380:French Classicism
7261:Library resources
7203:978-0-472-08244-5
7188:978-0-472-10537-3
7173:978-0-415-56843-2
7158:978-0-415-06784-3
7143:978-0-413-38790-5
7125:978-0-8264-7879-5
7110:978-0-521-03435-7
7093:978-0-521-31843-3
7076:978-0-19-211546-1
7064:Hartnoll, Phyllis
6984:978-0-415-19452-5
6952:978-0-240-80232-9
6919:978-0-415-04932-0
6880:Williams, Raymond
6866:Webster, T. B. L.
6857:978-1-4086-3115-7
6819:978-0-8204-4489-5
6774:978-0-8248-1322-2
6706:978-0-521-42383-0
6645:978-0-8020-8163-6
6597:978-0-333-77542-4
6578:978-0-226-47757-2
6559:978-0-415-31241-7
6540:978-0-13-547861-5
6481:978-0-7136-8701-9
6459:978-0-87220-033-3
6437:978-0-472-06887-6
6397:978-0-521-60431-4
6359:978-0-8204-4155-9
6293:978-0-415-03984-0
6272:978-0-03-091152-1
6228:978-0-19-533126-4
6209:978-0-415-10643-6
6177:Easterling, P. E.
6113:978-0-8160-6073-3
6073:"Greece, Ancient"
6044:978-0-521-58822-5
6025:978-81-208-0772-3
6006:978-1-55111-611-2
5987:978-1-903454-01-5
5930:978-0-674-77914-3
5678:, pp. 37–40.
5666:, pp. 24–25.
5499:, pp. 13–84.
5475:, pp. 14–16.
5393:, pp. 30–35.
5295:Walter de Gruyter
4998:978-0-674-02874-6
4921:978-0-415-26087-9
4727:, pp. 15–16.
4691:, pp. 15–17.
4648:, pp. 13–15.
4576:, pp. 32–33.
4510:, pp. 15–19.
4438:, pp. 83–84.
4378:, pp. 20–xx.
3940:Francis Fergusson
3591:978-0-19-956383-8
3545:Explanatory notes
3502:World Theatre Day
3497:Theatrical troupe
3487:Theatre technique
3447:Lists of theatres
3402:Antitheatricality
3290:Other terminology
3192:Immersive theater
3177:Community theatre
3093:lighting designer
3026:Technical aspects
2602:cultural identity
2468:regional theatres
2145:modes ever since
1917:August Strindberg
1814:Vanemuine Theatre
1537:. In particular,
1429:performance near
1326:
1325:
1318:
1300:
1168:Uttar Ramacharita
1100:Vikramuurvashiiya
1090:Mālavikāgnimitram
667:Battle of Salamis
617:in competitions (
615:institutionalized
501:religious rituals
294:
293:
107:eponymous tragedy
16:(Redirected from
8700:
8668:
8667:from Wikiversity
8660:
8659:
8658:
8651:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8634:
8626:
8625:
8624:
8617:
8609:
8608:
8607:
8600:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8580:
8356:Self-realization
8168:
8167:
8045:
8038:
8031:
8022:
8021:
8008:
8007:
7998:
7997:
7988:
7978:
7977:
7968:
7967:
7922:Musical ensemble
7783:Costume designer
7681:Stage management
7671:
7670:
7646:Set construction
7325:
7318:
7311:
7302:
7301:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7097:
6988:
6925:Benjamin, Walter
6897:
6875:
6861:
6842:
6823:
6804:
6792:
6778:
6759:
6732:
6710:
6691:
6668:
6649:
6637:
6623:
6601:
6582:
6563:
6544:
6525:
6506:
6485:
6468:Johnstone, Keith
6463:
6441:
6422:
6401:
6382:
6363:
6344:
6323:
6311:
6297:
6276:
6255:
6243:
6232:
6213:
6194:
6171:
6152:
6133:
6117:
6105:
6094:
6067:
6048:
6029:
6010:
5991:
5972:
5953:
5934:
5915:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5815:
5804:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5765:, pp. 1, 8.
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5537:
5531:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5500:
5494:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5424:
5418:
5417:, pp. 4–11.
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5312:
5306:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5214:Bermel, Albert.
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5128:
5121:
5112:
5111:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5036:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
5002:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4940:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4872:
4866:
4851:
4845:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4791:
4785:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4454:
4448:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4366:, pp. 3, 6.
4361:
4355:
4349:
4336:
4330:
4319:
4313:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4230:
4221:
4215:
4206:
4203:American English
4195:
4189:
4183:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4130:mid-19th century
4099:
4093:
4072:
4066:
4027:
4021:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3937:
3931:
3924:
3918:
3907:
3901:
3878:
3872:
3821:
3815:
3790:
3784:
3776:Prometheus Bound
3773:The theory that
3771:
3765:
3750:
3744:
3743:—and beyond it".
3713:
3707:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3677:classical Athens
3669:
3663:
3625:Drawing on the "
3623:
3617:
3579:American English
3555:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3492:Theatrical style
3462:Reader's theatre
3412:Culinary theatre
3312:Interior of the
3269:
3266:
3216:Playback theatre
3211:Off-off-Broadway
3172:West End theatre
3168:Broadway theatre
3097:costume designer
3087:that includes a
2882:or "character",
2830:
2827:
2802:
2799:
2622:Raymond Williams
2562:
2363:Princess Theatre
2307:that employed a
2284:London Palladium
2233:incidental music
2161:
2158:
2115:
2112:
2028:is the specific
1972:Theatre Workshop
1954:, the so-called
1855:gave way to the
1774:domestic tragedy
1698:Thomas Killigrew
1690:West End theatre
1417:Balinese theatre
1321:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1258:
1234:
1226:
1218:Theater in Korea
1214:Theatre of Japan
1210:Theatre of China
1157:
1154:
1065:stock characters
1023:Sanskrit theatre
946:theatre in India
902:history of India
889:Sanskrit theatre
837:Theatre of India
821:Latin literature
783:performances of
694:
691:
493:classical Greece
474:
471:
357:stock characters
315:, speech, song,
286:
279:
272:
156:
155:
85:
76:
65:
56:
43:
36:
21:
8708:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8693:Performing arts
8673:
8672:
8671:
8661:
8656:
8654:
8644:
8639:
8637:
8627:
8622:
8620:
8610:
8605:
8603:
8593:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8579:sister projects
8576:at Knowledge's
8570:
8565:
8505:
8450:
8375:
8361:Self-reflection
8351:Moral character
8310:Human condition
8262:Critical theory
8202:
8166:
8113:Performing arts
8054:
8049:
8019:
8014:
7956:
7936:
7910:
7896:Property master
7812:
7793:Scenic designer
7771:
7732:Property master
7700:
7660:
7636:Lighting design
7581:
7572:
7521:
7477:Musical theatre
7455:
7334:
7329:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7257:
7252:
7243:
7241:
7229:Teachout, Terry
7227:
7094:
7081:
7007:Deleuze, Gilles
6985:
6972:
6905:
6903:Further reading
6900:
6894:
6858:
6839:
6820:
6801:
6775:
6756:
6729:
6707:
6665:
6646:
6620:
6598:
6579:
6560:
6541:
6522:
6503:
6482:
6460:
6438:
6419:
6398:
6379:
6360:
6341:
6320:
6294:
6273:
6252:
6229:
6210:
6191:
6168:
6149:
6122:Carlson, Marvin
6114:
6091:
6064:
6045:
6026:
6007:
5988:
5969:
5950:
5931:
5912:
5893:
5891:General sources
5888:
5878:
5876:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5853:
5851:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5828:
5826:
5817:
5816:
5807:
5795:Wayback Machine
5785:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5713:
5709:
5701:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5662:
5658:
5650:
5646:
5642:, p. 1032.
5638:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5551:
5547:
5538:
5534:
5522:
5518:
5510:
5503:
5495:
5491:
5483:
5479:
5471:
5467:
5463:, p. 1118.
5459:
5455:
5448:S. H. Butcher,
5447:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5425:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5381:, pp. 2–3.
5377:
5373:
5365:
5358:
5350:
5346:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5291:Rudolf Vierhaus
5277:
5273:
5263:
5261:
5251:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5220:Discover France
5212:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5123:
5122:
5115:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5037:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5010:
5006:
4999:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4875:
4867:
4854:
4846:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4809:, p. xvii.
4805:
4794:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4699:
4695:
4687:
4683:
4675:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4644:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4584:
4580:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4506:
4502:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4457:
4449:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4339:
4335:, pp. 3–5.
4331:
4322:
4314:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4242:
4240:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4216:
4209:
4199:British English
4196:
4192:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4100:
4096:
4073:
4069:
4057:in the US; see
4051:Keith Johnstone
4047:Joan Littlewood
4028:
4024:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3938:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3908:
3904:
3898:Persian culture
3883:argues that in
3879:
3875:
3822:
3818:
3791:
3787:
3772:
3768:
3751:
3747:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3670:
3666:
3624:
3620:
3575:British English
3573:was dropped in
3556:
3552:
3547:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3506:
3452:Performance art
3392:
3342:
3303:touring company
3292:
3267:
3254:
3246:Touring theatre
3160:
3085:production team
3045:
3028:
2980:Keith Johnstone
2960:Jerzy Grotowski
2952:Joan Littlewood
2900:or "song", and
2828:
2800:
2790:
2788:Dramatic theory
2784:
2776:The Second City
2760:Keith Johnstone
2732:
2726:
2563:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2506:
2500:
2390:The Fantasticks
2384:West Side Story
2327:musical theatre
2271:
2269:Musical theatre
2265:
2263:Musical theatre
2215:: the drama in
2174:dates from the
2164:dramatic theory
2159:
2113:
2023:
2017:
2012:
1968:Joan Littlewood
1889:musical theatre
1884:Gesamtkunstwerk
1845:well-made plays
1790:Sturm und Drang
1781:theatre troupes
1615:Italian theatre
1579:
1547:(martyrdom) of
1511:Theatre in the
1509:
1496:Mataram Kingdom
1447:puppet theatres
1419:
1411:Main articles:
1409:
1346:shadow puppetry
1322:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1235:
1224:
1208:Main articles:
1206:
1164:Mahaviracharita
1155:
853:
843:
835:Main articles:
833:
740:
734:
699:Athenian comedy
692:
680:dramatic theory
653:Greek mythology
472:
455:
434:
429:
423:
415:musical theatre
399:musical theatre
384:theatre company
373:performing arts
290:
243:Stand-up comedy
169:Performing arts
154:
153:
152:
151:
95:Sarah Bernhardt
88:
87:
86:
78:
77:
68:
67:
66:
58:
57:
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
18:Theater company
15:
12:
11:
5:
8706:
8696:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8670:
8669:
8652:
8650:from Wikibooks
8635:
8633:from Wikiquote
8618:
8601:
8572:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8563:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8513:
8511:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8464:
8458:
8456:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8448:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8394:
8389:
8383:
8381:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8336:
8335:
8334:
8329:
8319:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8247:
8244:Belles-lettres
8240:
8235:
8230:
8228:Antipositivism
8225:
8220:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8207:
8204:
8203:
8201:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8174:
8172:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8110:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8083:
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7891:Sound operator
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7803:Sound engineer
7800:
7798:Sound designer
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7762:Technical crew
7759:
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7737:Pyrotechnician
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7727:Make-up artist
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7256:
7255:External links
7253:
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7206:
7191:
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7128:
7113:
7098:
7092:
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7058:978-0878300877
7046:
7028:
7011:Félix Guattari
7004:
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6884:Modern Tragedy
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6682:(2): 143–153.
6669:
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6628:Pavis, Patrice
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5751:Benedetti 2005
5743:
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5719:
5707:
5692:
5680:
5668:
5656:
5644:
5629:
5617:
5615:, p. 162.
5605:
5601:Benedetti 2008
5593:
5589:Benedetti 1999
5581:
5569:
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5532:
5516:
5501:
5489:
5477:
5465:
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5407:
5395:
5383:
5379:Fergusson 1968
5371:
5356:
5344:
5332:
5307:
5305:, p. 308.
5297:editor, 2005,
5271:
5245:
5233:
5206:
5181:
5170:on May 2, 2012
5150:
5113:
5093:
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5028:
5026:, p. 305.
5016:
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4997:
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4927:
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4900:
4898:, p. 276.
4888:
4886:, p. 518.
4873:
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4852:
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4835:
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4693:
4681:
4679:, p. 442.
4662:
4650:
4638:
4626:
4624:, p. 379.
4614:
4602:
4598:Cartledge 1997
4590:
4588:, p. 444.
4578:
4566:
4564:, p. 104.
4554:
4552:, p. 140.
4542:
4540:, p. 206.
4530:
4512:
4500:
4482:
4470:
4455:
4440:
4428:
4416:
4404:
4392:
4380:
4368:
4364:Cartledge 1997
4356:
4337:
4333:Cartledge 1997
4320:
4318:, p. 441.
4303:
4278:
4250:
4222:
4207:
4190:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4134:Bertolt Brecht
4132:onwards. Both
4094:
4067:
4059:Johnstone 2007
4053:in the UK and
4043:Duchartre 1966
4022:
3991:
3979:
3932:
3919:
3902:
3873:
3816:
3785:
3766:
3745:
3708:
3699:
3689:
3664:
3660:
3618:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:Society portal
3527:
3524:Theatre portal
3508:Main article:
3505:
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3330:street theatre
3296:theatre troupe
3291:
3288:
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3249:
3248:
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3238:
3233:
3231:Street theatre
3228:
3223:
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3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Fringe theatre
3184:
3182:Dinner theater
3179:
3174:
3159:
3156:
3125:fight director
3121:video designer
3101:sound designer
3041:Main article:
3027:
3024:
3020:psychophysical
2948:Antonin Artaud
2944:Bertolt Brecht
2936:Jacques Copeau
2916:Marvin Carlson
2894:or "diction",
2888:or "thought",
2829: 335 BCE
2786:Main article:
2783:
2780:
2770:Spolin's son,
2728:Main article:
2725:
2722:
2714:the tragicomic
2550:
2540:Main article:
2537:
2534:
2525:As You Like It
2502:Main article:
2499:
2496:
2420:Into the Woods
2408:Les Misérables
2267:Main article:
2264:
2261:
2188:Thérèse Raquin
2160: 335 BCE
2128:Eugene O'Neill
2114: 429 BCE
2067:, presupposes
2047:word meaning "
2019:Main article:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
1996:Tomson Highway
1964:Eugène Ionesco
1960:Samuel Beckett
1952:Bertolt Brecht
1948:Erwin Piscator
1785:Ludvig Holberg
1720:Jeremy Collier
1682:King's Company
1678:Duke's Company
1638:William Prynne
1603:, Milan, Italy
1578:
1575:
1557:Husayn ibn Ali
1535:Muslim history
1508:
1505:
1433:temple complex
1408:
1405:
1324:
1323:
1238:
1236:
1229:
1205:
1202:
1160:Malati-Madhava
1063:. It utilised
885:Indian theatre
832:
831:Indian theatre
829:
785:street theatre
736:Main article:
733:
730:
693: 335 BCE
495:that included
451:Main article:
433:
430:
425:Main article:
422:
419:
388:theatre troupe
305:performing art
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111:The character
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8619:
8616:from Wikinews
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8467:Human science
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8183:Environmental
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8086:Language arts
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7945:Miscellaneous
7943:
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7932:Pit orchestra
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7836:Stage manager
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7492:Improvisation
7490:
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7262:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7222:0-521-63987-5
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7059:
7055:
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7044:
7043:0-8018-8740-2
7040:
7036:
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7029:
7026:
7025:0-416-72060-9
7022:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7008:
7005:
7002:
7001:1-903454-01-8
6998:
6994:
6990:
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6976:
6971:
6968:
6967:9781730897412
6964:
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6941:
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6937:1-85984-899-0
6934:
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6895:
6893:0-7011-1260-3
6889:
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6859:
6853:
6849:
6844:
6840:
6838:0-7486-1987-9
6834:
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6815:
6811:
6806:
6802:
6800:0-8101-4008-X
6796:
6791:
6790:
6784:
6783:Spolin, Viola
6780:
6776:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6755:0-521-43437-8
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6734:
6730:
6728:0-415-11894-8
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6676:
6670:
6666:
6664:1-4051-7549-4
6660:
6656:
6651:
6647:
6641:
6636:
6635:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6619:965-264-014-X
6615:
6611:
6607:
6606:Moreh, Shmuel
6603:
6599:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6551:
6546:
6542:
6536:
6532:
6527:
6523:
6521:1-4051-7549-4
6517:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6502:1-58465-311-6
6498:
6494:
6493:
6487:
6483:
6477:
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6469:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6420:
6418:0-933826-69-9
6414:
6410:
6409:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6378:0-521-42351-1
6374:
6370:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6340:1-55783-073-8
6336:
6332:
6331:
6325:
6321:
6319:0-691-01288-1
6315:
6310:
6309:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6285:
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6278:
6274:
6268:
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6263:
6257:
6253:
6251:0-486-21679-9
6247:
6242:
6241:
6234:
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6220:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6190:0-521-42351-1
6186:
6182:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6167:90-5755-070-9
6163:
6159:
6154:
6150:
6148:0-8014-8154-6
6144:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6124:(Fall 1986).
6123:
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6103:
6096:
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6090:0-521-43437-8
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6069:
6065:
6063:0-205-41050-2
6059:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6017:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5998:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5968:0-413-77336-1
5964:
5960:
5955:
5951:
5949:0-413-52520-1
5945:
5941:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5911:0-521-43437-8
5907:
5903:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5783:
5776:
5775:Peterson 1982
5771:
5764:
5763:Carnicke 1998
5759:
5752:
5747:
5740:
5735:
5729:, p. 24.
5728:
5727:Counsell 1996
5723:
5716:
5715:Carnicke 1998
5711:
5705:, p. 25.
5704:
5703:Counsell 1996
5699:
5697:
5690:, p. 29.
5689:
5684:
5677:
5672:
5665:
5664:Counsell 1996
5660:
5653:
5652:Carnicke 1998
5648:
5641:
5636:
5634:
5626:
5621:
5614:
5613:Carnicke 1998
5609:
5602:
5597:
5590:
5585:
5579:, p. 16.
5578:
5573:
5566:
5561:
5555:, p. 19.
5554:
5549:
5542:
5536:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5513:
5508:
5506:
5498:
5497:Williams 1966
5493:
5487:, p. 16.
5486:
5485:Williams 1966
5481:
5474:
5473:Williams 1966
5469:
5462:
5457:
5450:
5445:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5404:
5399:
5392:
5387:
5380:
5375:
5369:, p. 11.
5368:
5363:
5361:
5354:, p. 98.
5353:
5348:
5341:
5336:
5321:(in Estonian)
5320:
5317:
5311:
5304:
5303:3-11-096629-8
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5287:Walther Killy
5284:
5280:
5279:Wilhelm Kosch
5275:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5237:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5132:The Telegraph
5127:
5120:
5118:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5097:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5062:
5060:9781107181458
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5035:
5033:
5025:
5020:
5013:
5008:
5000:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4981:
4965:
4959:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4931:
4923:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4885:
4884:Richmond 1998
4880:
4878:
4870:
4869:Richmond 1998
4865:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4849:
4848:Richmond 1998
4844:
4842:
4840:
4833:, p. 70.
4832:
4827:
4820:
4815:
4808:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4790:, p. 12.
4789:
4784:
4782:
4775:, p. 93.
4774:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4750:
4745:
4738:
4733:
4726:
4721:
4715:, p. 15.
4714:
4709:
4702:
4697:
4690:
4685:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4659:
4654:
4647:
4642:
4636:, p. 15.
4635:
4630:
4623:
4618:
4611:
4606:
4600:, p. 33.
4599:
4594:
4587:
4582:
4575:
4570:
4563:
4558:
4551:
4546:
4539:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4479:
4474:
4468:, p. ix.
4467:
4462:
4460:
4453:, p. 31.
4452:
4447:
4445:
4437:
4432:
4426:, p. 25.
4425:
4424:Goldhill 2004
4420:
4414:, p. 83.
4413:
4408:
4401:
4400:Goldhill 2004
4396:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4376:Goldhill 2004
4372:
4365:
4360:
4354:, p. 54.
4353:
4352:Goldhill 1997
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4188:, p. 36.
4187:
4182:
4178:
4162:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4140:define their
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4091:
4087:
4086:Edwardian era
4083:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4019:
4015:
4014:dramatic poem
4011:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3923:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3899:
3895:
3894:age of heroes
3891:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3828:City Dionysia
3825:
3820:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3804:City Dionysia
3801:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3703:
3693:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3554:
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3528:
3525:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:, including:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3322:theatre venue
3315:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3262:
3258:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3105:stage manager
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:collaborative
3044:
3037:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2968:Eugenio Barba
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2724:Improvisation
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2676:postmodernist
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:poetic metres
2573:
2572:Doric dialect
2569:
2568:Attic dialect
2561:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:Boeing Boeing
2515:
2511:
2505:
2492:
2488:
2487:Roman artwork
2483:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:The Lion King
2434:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:A Chorus Line
2398:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2257:improvisation
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:and Japanese
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:collaborative
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:August Wilson
1989:
1985:
1984:Robert Lepage
1981:
1980:Robert Wilson
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:Lee Strasberg
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:Expressionism
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:W. S. Gilbert
1898:
1897:F. C. Burnand
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:problem plays
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1816:from 1918 in
1815:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:Globe Theatre
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:Covent Garden
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1643:Histriomastix
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:Hasan ibn Ali
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1320:
1317:
1309:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267: –
1266:
1262:
1261:Find sources:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1239:This article
1237:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1150:
1145:
1144:(1808–1832).
1143:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:), or clown (
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:
903:
898:
897:Roman theatre
894:
890:
886:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
857:
852:
848:
842:
838:
828:
826:
822:
818:
817:Roman culture
814:
813:Hellenization
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
755:
751:
750:
744:
739:
732:Roman theatre
729:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
687:
686:
681:
677:
673:
668:
664:
660:
659:
654:
649:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:City Dionysia
526:
524:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
467:
464:
459:
454:
446:
442:
438:
428:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:Patrice Pavis
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
338:Ancient Greek
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
287:
282:
280:
275:
273:
268:
267:
265:
264:
259:
258:Ventriloquism
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
188:Circus skills
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
174:
173:
170:
167:
166:
162:
158:
157:
148:
147:
142:
138:
135:
133:
129:
126:
124:
123:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
92:
84:
75:
64:
55:
46:
41:
34:
19:
8662:
8645:
8628:
8611:
8599:from Commons
8594:
8573:
8558:
8522:Philistinism
8517:Antihumanism
8471:
8443:
8429:Nova Religio
8396:
8314:
8294:Hermeneutics
8249:
8242:
8127:
8066:Anthropology
7818:Running crew
7808:Video design
7742:Running crew
7641:Sound design
7596:Curtain Call
7517:Variety show
7444:20th century
7439:19th century
7385:Neoclassical
7362:
7331:
7265:
7242:. Retrieved
7236:
7209:
7194:
7179:
7164:
7149:
7134:
7116:
7101:
7083:
7067:
7066:, ed. 1983.
7049:
7034:
7033:, ed. 2008.
7031:Felski, Rita
7014:
6992:
6974:
6958:
6943:
6928:
6910:
6883:
6869:
6847:
6828:
6809:
6788:
6764:
6741:
6718:
6696:
6679:
6673:
6654:
6633:
6609:
6587:
6568:
6549:
6530:
6511:
6491:
6471:
6449:
6427:
6407:
6387:
6368:
6349:
6329:
6307:
6282:
6261:
6239:
6218:
6199:
6180:
6157:
6138:
6129:
6101:
6076:
6053:
6034:
6015:
5996:
5977:
5958:
5939:
5920:
5900:
5879:February 25,
5877:. Retrieved
5873:
5864:
5852:. Retrieved
5848:
5839:
5827:. Retrieved
5798:
5782:
5770:
5758:
5746:
5741:, p. 1.
5734:
5722:
5710:
5683:
5671:
5659:
5654:, p. 1.
5647:
5627:, p. 2.
5620:
5608:
5603:, p. 6.
5596:
5584:
5577:Carlson 1993
5572:
5560:
5553:Carlson 1993
5548:
5540:
5535:
5519:
5512:Taxidou 2004
5492:
5480:
5468:
5456:
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5432:. Retrieved
5422:
5410:
5398:
5386:
5374:
5367:Pfister 2000
5347:
5335:
5323:. Retrieved
5318:
5310:
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5274:
5262:. Retrieved
5258:
5248:
5236:
5224:. Retrieved
5219:
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5197:. Retrieved
5193:
5184:
5172:. Retrieved
5168:the original
5163:
5153:
5141:. Retrieved
5130:
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5096:
5086:December 17,
5084:. Retrieved
5078:
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4968:. Retrieved
4958:
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4910:
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4891:
4831:Brandon 1997
4826:
4819:Brandon 1997
4814:
4807:Brandon 1993
4768:
4763:, p. 3.
4761:Beacham 1996
4756:
4751:, p. 2.
4749:Beacham 1996
4744:
4737:Webster 1967
4732:
4720:
4708:
4696:
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4653:
4641:
4629:
4617:
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4605:
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4569:
4562:Taxidou 2004
4557:
4545:
4533:
4524:
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4503:
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4480:, p. 1.
4473:
4436:Pelling 2005
4431:
4419:
4412:Pelling 2005
4407:
4402:, p. 1.
4395:
4390:, p. 3.
4383:
4371:
4359:
4296:December 14,
4294:. Retrieved
4290:
4281:
4269:. Retrieved
4265:
4243:December 14,
4241:. Retrieved
4237:
4193:
4186:Carlson 1986
4181:
4161:
4142:epic theatre
4138:Augusto Boal
4115:Taxidou 2004
4107:Pfister 2000
4103:Carlson 1993
4097:
4079:
4070:
4055:Viola Spolin
4025:
4003:
3994:
3982:
3977:" (1949, 8).
3935:
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3922:
3910:
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3886:The Persians
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3206:Off West End
3202:Off-Broadway
3161:
3152:
3148:
3046:
2988:
2976:Viola Spolin
2964:Augusto Boal
2924:20th century
2907:
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2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2849:lyric poetry
2847:—as well as
2819:
2805:
2778:in Chicago.
2769:
2764:Viola Spolin
2758:
2743:
2718:epic theatre
2679:
2658:naturalistic
2646:Lope de Vega
2610:Elizabethans
2584:
2579:
2565:
2557:
2546:
2530:black comedy
2523:
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2464:Off-Broadway
2461:
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2378:My Fair Lady
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2167:
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2090:
2085:early modern
2052:
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2000:Augusto Boal
1988:postcolonial
1940:Stanislavski
1932:20th century
1929:
1921:Henrik Ibsen
1895:'s operas);
1882:
1829:19th century
1827:Through the
1826:
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1765:neoclassical
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1521:shadow plays
1510:
1500:Central Java
1486:
1459:wayang kulit
1451:wayang golek
1436:
1399:
1395:Peking Opera
1388:
1385:Yuan dynasty
1381:Song dynasty
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1338:Tang dynasty
1335:
1312:
1306:January 2024
1303:
1293:
1286:
1279:
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1260:
1248:Please help
1243:verification
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1187:Priyadarsika
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1071:), heroine (
1068:
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1027:
1003:mythological
987:architecture
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963:Bharata Muni
958:
952:
950:
931:
928:Vedic period
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882:
859:
759:
747:
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703:Aristophanes
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658:The Persians
656:
650:
645:
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585:
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520:
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383:
381:
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300:
296:
295:
252:
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120:
117:Peking opera
45:
8371:Work of art
8339:Metaphysics
8300:Historicism
8145:Visual arts
8071:Archaeology
8059:Disciplines
8000:WikiProject
7866:Electrician
7631:Performance
7583:Scenography
7512:Radio drama
7405:Romanticism
7390:Restoration
7016:Anti-Œdipus
5676:Gordon 2006
5640:Banham 1998
5524:Gordon 2006
5461:Banham 1998
5024:Kuritz 1988
4970:October 10,
4622:Kovacs 2005
4451:Dukore 1974
4074:The first "
4063:Spolin 1999
4039:Gordon 1983
4018:Banham 1998
3988:Banham 1998
3909:Aristotle,
3852:Cleisthenes
3651:enunciation
3643:mimetically
3268: 1821
2956:Peter Brook
2876:or "plot",
2853:epic poetry
2801: 1600
2660:tragedy of
2642:Shakespeare
2453:(2015) and
2331:comic opera
2247:and modern
2106:Oedipus Rex
2097:Shakespeare
2041:performance
2037:represented
1990:theatre of
1905:Oscar Wilde
1891:(including
1833:Romanticism
1795:Abel Seyler
1793:poets, was
1656:Restoration
1623:Renaissance
1585:Statues of
1475:Mahabharata
1443:Indonesia's
1427:Wayang Wong
1342:Pear Garden
1119:Mahabharata
1054:natyadharmi
1019:Koodiyattam
1006:entertain.
959:Nātyaśāstra
851:Koodiyattam
646:didaskaliai
534:citizenship
466:phlyax play
369:specificity
103:Shakespeare
97:in 1899 as
8677:Categories
8630:Quotations
8332:Quadrivium
8257:Creativity
8223:Aesthetics
8150:Filmmaking
8135:Philosophy
8091:Literature
8052:Humanities
7990:Wiktionary
7674:Management
7578:Stagecraft
7432:Postmodern
7417:Naturalism
6715:Rehm, Rusj
5870:"About Us"
5854:January 8,
5688:Leach 2004
5625:Gauss 1999
5565:Janko 1987
5539:Aristotle
5526:, p.
5415:Jones 2003
5293:, Vol. 9,
5241:Black 2010
5012:Moreh 1986
4677:Brown 1998
4658:Brown 1998
4586:Brown 1998
4550:Styan 2000
4466:Janko 1987
4316:Brown 1998
4218:Pavis 1998
4144:projects (
3915:line 1449a
3832:Eleutherae
3808:dithyrambs
3737:golden age
3662:universe."
3263:, London,
3069:playwright
3061:literature
3053:collective
3043:Stagecraft
3003:playwright
2999:literature
2995:autonomous
2855:, and the
2845:satyr play
2843:, and the
2772:Paul Sills
2704:). In the
2662:Strindberg
2618:Christians
2353:and early
2347:music hall
2343:vaudeville
2325:). Modern
2191:(1873) or
2095:(1601) by
2081:literature
2073:collective
2063:before an
1861:Naturalism
1748:Sheridan's
1525:marionette
1401:Xiangsheng
1276:newspapers
1190:, and the
1149:Bhavabhuti
1050:lokadharmi
1038:sutradhara
1030:sutradhara
933:Mahābhāṣya
922:) and the
916:literature
866:Yakshagana
845:See also:
801:high-style
789:acrobatics
718:Satyr Play
574:satyr play
572:, and the
481:city-state
473: 350
377:literature
329:stagecraft
203:Gymnastics
178:Acrobatics
141:Pulcinella
113:Sun Wukong
8664:Resources
8647:Textbooks
8404:Humanitas
8316:Humanitas
8305:Historism
8267:Criticism
8160:Sculpture
7927:Orchestra
7915:Musicians
7856:Carpenter
7841:Stagehand
7752:Stagehand
7705:Technical
7666:Personnel
7601:Rehearsal
7543:Indonesia
7427:Modernism
7410:Melodrama
6785:(1999) .
6470:(2007) .
6446:Aristotle
6304:(1968) .
5403:Rehm 1992
5391:Burt 2008
5352:Elam 1980
5264:August 7,
5226:August 7,
5199:August 7,
5174:August 6,
5080:The Stage
4943:Kemdikbud
4896:Deal 2007
4713:Rehm 1992
4478:Ward 2007
4388:Rehm 1992
4174:Citations
4128:from the
4111:Elam 1980
3960:Aristotle
3956:character
3890:Aeschylus
3865:sacrifice
3859:near the
3824:Rush Rehm
3794:Euripides
3781:Aeschylus
3741:democracy
3729:Euripides
3725:Sophocles
3721:Aeschylus
3717:Athenians
3627:semiotics
3275:repertory
3117:dramaturg
2857:dithyramb
2816:Aristotle
2710:melodrama
2669:modernist
2666:Beckett's
2638:Euripides
2634:Sophocles
2630:Aeschylus
2590:tradition
2554:Aristotle
2372:Oklahoma!
2237:melodrama
2193:Chekhov's
2147:Aristotle
2118:Sophocles
1909:Symbolism
1837:melodrama
1619:melodrama
1599:, in the
1591:Harlequin
1587:Pantalone
1573:theatre.
1544:istishhād
1515:included
1455:Sundanese
1439:Indonesia
1431:Prambanan
1265:"Theatre"
1197:Nagananda
1181:Ratnavali
1132:Śakuntalā
1034:puppeteer
991:costuming
938:Patañjali
805:tragedies
799:, to the
676:Aristotle
655:, though
641:tetralogy
637:fertility
611:Euripides
607:Sophocles
603:Aeschylus
581:Aristotle
546:law-court
497:festivals
132:Tamilakam
8455:Academia
8424:Leonardo
8392:Daedalus
8380:Journals
8344:Ontology
8233:The arts
8155:Painting
8101:Rhetoric
7970:Category
7952:Glossary
7861:Fly crew
7826:Call boy
7722:Fly crew
7449:timeline
7395:Augustan
7358:Medieval
7244:March 3,
7133:. 1991.
7013:. 1972.
6927:. 1928.
6882:(1966).
6717:(1992).
6630:(1998).
6448:(1987).
6132:: 35–47.
5791:Archived
5405:, 150n7.
5325:June 23,
5143:April 6,
5137:Archived
4966:. UNESCO
4947:Archived
4538:Ley 2007
4271:June 15,
3928:abhinaya
3812:comedies
3799:Alcestis
3601:(1991);
3457:Puppetry
3390:See also
3113:composer
3073:director
2993:that is
2991:art-form
2972:Dario Fo
2926:include
2808:theories
2782:Theories
2750:Dario Fo
2739:Dario Fo
2673:Müller's
2654:Schiller
2614:Hellenes
2608:and the
2551:—
2516:such as
2476:West End
2472:Broadway
2459:(2018).
2450:Hamilton
2447:(2003),
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2435:(1994),
2417:(1981),
2411:(1980),
2405:(1975),
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2393:(1960),
2387:(1957),
2381:(1956),
2369:), with
2323:monodies
2294:Athenian
2249:Romantic
2225:dialogue
2221:musicals
2141:and the
2130:(1956).
2103:tragedy
2099:and the
2065:audience
1911:; proto-
1880:operatic
1877:Wagner's
1843:and the
1801:and the
1680:and the
1670:West End
1551:'s sons
1530:ta'ziyeh
1471:Ramayana
1467:Balinese
1463:Javanese
1192:Buddhist
1172:Ramayana
1137:Goethe's
1081:Kālidāsa
1077:vidusaka
1046:abhinaya
1042:Treatise
1021:form of
967:Treatise
920:dialogue
887:was the
861:Rakshasa
797:comedies
781:festival
770:Etruscan
711:Menander
625:Dionysus
538:rhetoric
522:symposia
505:politics
475:/340 BCE
333:lighting
331:such as
233:Puppetry
161:a series
159:Part of
8683:Theatre
8574:Theatre
8510:Related
8445:more...
8327:Trivium
8277:Culture
8251:Bildung
8193:Medical
8178:Digital
8128:Theatre
8081:History
7980:Commons
7901:Dresser
7526:Regions
7487:Tragedy
7422:Realism
7340:History
7332:Theatre
7266:Theatre
6746:516–525
6738:"India"
6179:(ed.).
6081:441–447
5845:"About"
5829:May 29,
5541:Poetics
5434:May 26,
5285:, eds.
4154:tragedy
4123:generic
4081:In Town
4005:Manfred
3972:actions
3968:imiates
3911:Poetics
3836:Boeotia
3755:Cyclops
3595:theatre
3571:theater
3567:theater
3559:theatre
3144:Finland
3140:Tampere
3007:western
2922:of the
2912:Western
2908:Poetics
2885:dianoia
2865:tragedy
2841:tragedy
2821:Poetics
2748:winner
2681:Poetics
2586:Tragedy
2559:Poetics
2542:Tragedy
2536:Tragedy
2339:variety
2297:tragedy
2282:at the
2180:neither
2152:Poetics
2143:lyrical
2088:tragedy
2034:fiction
1936:realism
1934:in the
1903:'s and
1873:Feydeau
1865:Realism
1822:Estonia
1757:Molière
1668:in the
1634:Puritan
1571:ta'ziya
1561:akhraja
1379:In the
1351:puppets
1290:scholar
1123:English
1107:), and
1017:in the
1015:Sugriva
995:make-up
942:grammar
926:of the
924:rituals
793:Plautus
754:Pompeii
726:Webster
685:Poetics
663:Persian
566:tragedy
542:orators
489:culture
447:, Italy
313:gesture
301:theater
297:Theatre
253:Theatre
115:at the
8366:Wisdom
8298:
8238:Beauty
8211:Themes
8198:Public
8188:Health
8096:Poetry
7776:Design
7568:Poland
7563:Persia
7507:Circus
7502:Ballet
7482:Comedy
7400:Weimar
7263:about
7220:
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4000:Seneca
3857:temple
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3840:Attica
3761:Rhesus
3727:, and
3645:), as
3614:(2011)
3589:
3563:teatre
3397:Acting
3365:Equity
3346:unions
3340:Unions
3332:, and
3081:actors
3016:Method
2873:mythos
2861:genres
2837:comedy
2716:, and
2706:modern
2702:comedy
2690:poetry
2652:, and
2650:Racine
2606:Greeks
2510:humour
2504:Comedy
2498:Comedy
2493:, Rome
2456:Frozen
2444:Wicked
2345:, and
2309:chorus
2197:Ivanov
2184:Zola's
2135:poetry
2092:Hamlet
2057:actors
2049:action
1998:, and
1986:, the
1923:; and
1869:farces
1867:; the
1853:Sardou
1849:Scribe
1779:While
1640:write
1617:, and
1517:puppet
1491:Wayang
1370:Kyōgen
1368:, and
1362:Kabuki
1292:
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1271:
1263:
1220:, and
1194:drama
1176:Harsha
1127:German
1073:nayika
1069:nayaka
971:acting
965:. The
847:Koothu
809:Seneca
773:actors
762:Romans
722:Satyrs
609:, and
599:extant
570:comedy
517:poetry
485:Athens
445:Sicily
411:acting
403:ballet
353:themes
349:genres
319:, and
238:Speech
183:Ballet
128:Koothu
99:Hamlet
8596:Media
8123:Music
8118:Dance
7606:Stage
7558:Korea
7553:Japan
7548:Italy
7538:India
7533:China
7497:Opera
7467:Drama
7460:Types
7353:Roman
7348:Greek
4950:(PDF)
4939:(PDF)
4166:124).
4119:Drama
4035:lazzi
4010:Byron
3964:plots
3958:. As
3948:words
3944:lyric
3869:hymns
3733:genre
3647:index
3637:: as
3629:" of
3385:(SDC)
3065:plays
2997:from
2903:opsis
2897:melos
2891:lexis
2879:ethos
2833:drama
2698:lyric
2686:genre
2594:drama
2580:drama
2514:farce
2466:, in
2314:aulos
2305:drama
2301:dance
2290:Music
2245:Roman
2229:songs
2217:opera
2213:dance
2209:music
2202:drama
2116:) by
2061:stage
2059:on a
2045:Greek
2026:Drama
2021:Drama
2015:Drama
2010:Types
1818:Tartu
1772:, or
1613:from
1487:menak
1297:JSTOR
1283:books
1141:Faust
1085:India
999:props
979:music
975:dance
912:hymns
907:Vedas
893:Greek
878:India
876:from
874:drama
870:dance
749:aulos
682:—his
672:drama
627:(the
588:dance
562:drama
513:music
463:Greek
407:opera
395:plays
325:drama
321:dance
317:music
223:Opera
218:Music
208:Magic
198:Dance
193:Clown
119:from
8613:News
8282:High
7472:Play
7246:2022
7218:ISBN
7199:ISBN
7184:ISBN
7169:ISBN
7154:ISBN
7139:ISBN
7121:ISBN
7106:ISBN
7088:ISBN
7072:ISBN
7054:ISBN
7039:ISBN
7021:ISBN
7009:and
6997:ISBN
6979:ISBN
6963:ISBN
6948:ISBN
6933:ISBN
6915:ISBN
6888:ISBN
6852:ISBN
6833:ISBN
6814:ISBN
6795:ISBN
6769:ISBN
6750:ISBN
6723:ISBN
6701:ISBN
6659:ISBN
6640:ISBN
6614:ISBN
6592:ISBN
6573:ISBN
6554:ISBN
6535:ISBN
6516:ISBN
6497:ISBN
6476:ISBN
6454:ISBN
6432:ISBN
6413:ISBN
6392:ISBN
6373:ISBN
6354:ISBN
6335:ISBN
6314:ISBN
6288:ISBN
6267:ISBN
6246:ISBN
6223:ISBN
6204:ISBN
6185:ISBN
6162:ISBN
6143:ISBN
6108:ISBN
6085:ISBN
6058:ISBN
6039:ISBN
6020:ISBN
6001:ISBN
5982:ISBN
5963:ISBN
5944:ISBN
5925:ISBN
5906:ISBN
5881:2021
5874:MEAA
5856:2023
5831:2022
5436:2009
5327:2020
5299:ISBN
5289:and
5266:2012
5228:2012
5201:2012
5176:2012
5145:2020
5088:2020
5055:ISBN
4993:ISBN
4972:2014
4916:ISBN
4298:2021
4273:2020
4245:2021
4148:and
4136:and
4101:See
4061:and
4049:and
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