1721:
771:
476:
343:
883:
827:
66:
168:
25:
791:
230:
357:. Theatre organ consoles were typically decorated with brightly colored stop tabs, with built-in console lighting. Organs in the UK had a common feature: large translucent surrounds extending from both sides of the console, with internal colored lighting. Theatre organs began to be installed in other venues, such as civic auditoriums, sports arenas, private residences, and churches.
302:
874:, the horseshoe console now allowed the organist to reach any stop or control while playing any piece of music, eliminating the need to move around awkwardly on the bench. The smaller stop tabs also permitted the addition of many more stops on the console than could be added on a traditional console.
786:
As in a traditional pipe organ, a theatre organ uses pressurized air to produce musical tones. Unification and extension give the theatre organ its unique flexibility. A rank is extended by adding pipes above and below the original pitch, allowing the organist to play that rank at various pitches by
360:
There were over 7,000 such organs installed in
America and elsewhere from 1915 to 1933, but fewer than 40 instruments remain in their original venues. Though there are few original instruments, hundreds of theatre pipe organs are installed in public venues throughout the world today, while many more
869:
A traditional organ console was not adequate to control a theatre organ, as the large number of draw knobs required made the console so huge an organist could not possibly reach all of them while playing. Thus, the horseshoe console was born. Based on a curved French console design and using stop
822:
to operate the pipe valves, and solenoids and pistons to control and operate the various stop tabs, controls, keys and pedals on the console. This action allowed the console to be physically detached from the organ. All signals from the console were transmitted by an electric cable to an
394:
Company of North
Tonawanda, New York. A new type of instrument, the Wurlitzer Hope Jones Unit-Orchestra, or simply theatre organ, was born. Soon, hundreds of instruments were being ordered from Wurlitzer and other manufacturers who copied the design for their own theatre organs.
1103:
The earliest unit orchestras utilized a separate wind supply to the console to operate combination pistons, which at that time were pneumatically operated. Later designs electrified the combination action, eliminating the need for the console wind
432:
After the development of sound movies, theatre organs remained installed in many theatres to provide live music between features. After the "golden years" of the 1920s and 1930s, many were scrapped or sold to churches, private homes, museums,
861:
Wurlitzer added other effects, such as drums, cymbals, wood blocks and other non-chromatic percussions and effects to allow the theatre organ to accompany silent movies. Examples of sound effects included
380:
The earliest concepts of the theatre organ were modified pianos with a few ranks of pipes and various sound effects, housed in one cabinet, and typically located in the pit area. These were
244:
463:
In the 1950s, the development of high-fidelity recording and the LP phonograph record created new interest in the theatre organ. This period also saw the formation of the
1192:
1113:
Various builders of church organs, notably Möller, Austin, Aeolian-Skinner and
Kimball, added a limited number of chromatic percussions to their church instruments.
838:
Another feature of theatre organs is the addition of chromatic, or tuned percussions. Hope-Jones added pneumatically and electrically operated instruments such as
406:
became an almost generic term for the theatre organ. After some major disagreements with the
Wurlitzer management, Robert Hope-Jones committed suicide in 1914.
894:
So-called "new" organs have been recently built, mainly from parts of other theatre organs, with construction of new pipework, windchests and consoles.
1602:
1572:
695:
1720:
818:, except in the case of tubular pneumatic, where all actions were operated by air pressure. Hope-Jones' electro-pneumatic action used electric
353:
Theatre organs have horseshoe-shaped arrangements of stop tabs (tongue-shaped switches) above and around the instrument's keyboards on their
2026:
248:
491:
These were the major builders of theatre organs, listed in order of production. The numbers listed here are for theatre organs only.
1525:
313:
2430:
1199:
948:
130:
484:
102:
193:
1993:
1567:
288:
270:
211:
149:
109:
52:
927:
2019:
252:
182:
770:
1983:
464:
116:
87:
83:
38:
1058:
1622:
1577:
1518:
998:
720:
645:
457:
802:
was invented by Robert Hope-Jones. Up to the turn of the 20th century, all pipe organs were operated by a
98:
1657:
1642:
1229:
521:
2420:
2012:
1867:
449:
402:
licensed his name and patents, was the most well-known manufacturer of theatre organs, and the phrase
1632:
922:
708:
390:'s concept, which he called a "unit orchestra", was developed and promoted, initially by the Rudolph
1042:
2305:
1962:
1462:
1355:
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799:
2415:
2345:
2073:
1827:
1802:
1511:
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1324:
76:
373:
in larger houses, and pit pianists in small venues. The first organs installed in theatres were
239:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
1957:
1822:
2241:
1782:
1617:
1597:
546:
2208:
1988:
1912:
1807:
1737:
1652:
1587:
1457:
1404:
1389:
1364:
1329:
1185:
779:
731:
683:
571:
347:
306:
123:
1167:
814:
action, where the keys and pedals were physically connected to the pipe valves via wooden
8:
2425:
2213:
2203:
2093:
2039:
1703:
1693:
1672:
1452:
1409:
1379:
1212:
901:
relays replaced with electronic or computerized relays and modern, electronic consoles.
753:
310:
823:
electro-pneumatic relay, and from there to the pipes and effects in the organ chambers.
2373:
1647:
1562:
1369:
1294:
671:
658:
178:
44:
2332:
2315:
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1607:
1341:
919:, an automatic piano and orchestra used by smaller theatres to accompany silent films
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189:
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2004:
1922:
1857:
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1792:
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1259:
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421:
409:
In Europe, the theatre organ appeared in cinemas after World War I. Some came from
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1221:
887:
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609:
438:
475:
377:. These organs were ill-suited to accompanying the film and the performance.
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1932:
1917:
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251:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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1937:
1897:
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1492:
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1442:
1424:
1156:
916:
851:
847:
794:
Marimba in the Solo
Chamber at Ann Arbor's Michigan Theatre (3/13 Barton)
621:
381:
336:
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1967:
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1017:
467:(ATOS), originally the American Theatre Organ Enthusiasts (ATOE).
2150:
2068:
1503:
1384:
1059:"List of All Known Australian Theatre Organs - Past and Present"
2177:
2113:
1612:
981:
967:(November/December), citing The Hollywood Theatre, Detroit, MI
843:
584:
790:
2155:
1127:
The Beer
Wurlitzer - Oldest Wurlitzer theatre organ in the UK
346:
Console of the
Rhinestone Barton theatre organ, installed in
1141:
858:
to reproduce the orchestral versions of these instruments.
301:
1172:
897:
Some of these refurbished organs have had their original
445:
1162:
456:
was used for broadcasts in 1936 from across the road at
1131:
470:
886:
Avalon Casino's Page Organ console with portraits of
2034:
1168:
Saenger
Theatre Organ/Pensacola restoration project
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1089:Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard, eds. (2006).
913:, home of Australia's second largest theatre organ
2407:
1012:
1010:
448:bought and installed its first organ in 1933 in
1072:
946:Steven Ball. The Story of The Hollywood Barton.
413:, but there were European organ builders like
2020:
1519:
1193:
1007:
965:Journal of the American Theatre Organ Society
483:factory in New York, previously known as the
999:Leslie Spurling. 'The Organ of the Future',
1163:Scottish Theatre Organ Preservation Society
196:of quality, and to make it neutral in tone.
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2027:
2013:
1526:
1512:
1200:
1186:
1088:
327:, or, especially in the United Kingdom, a
289:Learn how and when to remove this message
271:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1003:, Issue 681, 18th Oct 1936, pp. 8 and 42
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341:
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398:The Rudolph Wurlitzer company, to whom
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1207:
369:Originally, films were accompanied by
2008:
1507:
1181:
877:
765:
485:North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory
223:
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
696:Hill, Norman & Beard (Christie)
471:Manufacturers and production totals
13:
1994:Theatre Organ Society of Australia
1533:
1173:Theatre Organ Society of Australia
14:
2442:
1120:
830:Percussion on a Wurlitzer at the
34:This article has multiple issues.
1719:
1093:. Psychology Press. p. 253.
1056:
928:Wurlitzers in the United Kingdom
446:British Broadcasting Corporation
228:
166:
64:
23:
1107:
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1984:American Theatre Organ Society
1159:by Ivor Buckingham (1945–2008)
1132:American Theatre Organ Society
1097:
1066:
1050:
1035:
992:
986:American Theatre Organ Society
974:
940:
787:selecting separate stop tabs.
604:1887-1911, sold to Wurlitzer.
465:American Theatre Organ Society
1:
361:exist in private residences.
339:from the 1900s to the 1920s.
2431:American musical instruments
933:
774:View inside pipe chamber at
253:Knowledge's inclusion policy
7:
1142:The Theatre Organ Home Page
1045:. The Cinema Organ Society.
904:
10:
2447:
1091:The Organ: An Encyclopedia
1018:"Searchable Opus Database"
450:Broadcasting House, London
364:
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2196:
2046:
1976:
1728:
1717:
1686:
1550:
1541:
1433:
1350:
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1137:Cinema Organ Society (UK)
1079:Retrieved 27 October 2015
1075:"Gaumont Palace in Paris"
1063:Retrieved 27 October 2015
1047:Retrieved 27 October 2015
923:Winter Gardens, Blackpool
1603:Hill, Norman & Beard
1022:barton.theatreorgans.com
834:in Green Bay, Wisconsin.
800:electro-pneumatic action
2346:Piano Technicians Guild
1152:The Wurlitzer Opus List
982:"Theatre Organ Locator"
452:. The first full-scale
335:developed to accompany
1823:Graham W. Jackson, Sr.
891:
835:
812:pneumatic Barker-lever
795:
783:
488:
350:
316:
309:Theatre Pipe Organ at
177:may be written from a
1073:cinematreasures.org.
885:
829:
793:
773:
478:
345:
304:
183:neutral point of view
2367:Amplifiers, speakers
2209:Generalized keyboard
2040:keyboard instruments
1989:Cinema Organ Society
1913:Samuel Roxy Rothafel
1738:Bernie Anderson, Jr.
1563:Balcom & Vaughan
1061:. theatreorgans.com.
780:Green Bay, Wisconsin
441:, and restaurants.
429:in the Netherlands.
416:M. Welte & Söhne
348:Theatre Cedar Rapids
305:Console of the 3/13
84:improve this article
2214:Isomorphic keyboard
2204:Enharmonic keyboard
2094:Electronic keyboard
1410:Trompette militaire
1281:Combination action
479:The offices of the
179:fan's point of view
2374:Keyboard amplifier
2294:Piano construction
1463:Historical Society
892:
890:and Bob Salisbury.
878:New and old organs
836:
796:
784:
672:Balcom and Vaughan
489:
351:
317:
16:Type of pipe organ
2421:Silent film music
2403:
2402:
2002:
2001:
1768:Cameron Carpenter
1715:
1714:
1628:Marr & Colton
1501:
1500:
1290:Tubular-pneumatic
1285:Electro-pneumatic
1147:Theatre Organs UK
899:electro-pneumatic
808:tubular pneumatic
766:Technical aspects
763:
762:
597:Robert Hope-Jones
454:BBC Theatre Organ
400:Robert Hope-Jones
388:Robert Hope-Jones
323:(also known as a
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1923:Richard Simonton
1858:Sandy MacPherson
1853:Leonard MacClain
1793:Florence De Jong
1763:Oswell Blakeston
1723:
1548:
1547:
1528:
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1514:
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1260:Expression pedal
1240:Eight-foot pitch
1202:
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1157:The Compton List
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951:. Archived from
944:
870:tabs instead of
494:
493:
458:St George's Hall
425:in Germany, and
404:Mighty Wurlitzer
314:Michigan Theatre
294:
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192:to conform to a
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2399:
2383:
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2327:
2289:
2256:
2247:Manual keyboard
2228:
2192:
2173:Piano accordion
2042:
2033:
2003:
1998:
1972:
1778:Doreen Chadwick
1730:
1724:
1711:
1682:
1537:
1532:
1502:
1497:
1429:
1346:
1301:
1255:Crescendo pedal
1216:
1206:
1123:
1118:
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559:Marr and Colton
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331:) is a type of
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243:Please help by
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99:"Theatre organ"
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2416:Organs (music)
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2395:Prepared piano
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2379:Leslie speaker
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2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:Miscellaneous
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2354:
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2259:
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2250:
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2222:
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2212:
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2207:
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2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Digital piano
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2144:Theatre organ
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Hammond organ
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Bowed clavier
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2007:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:George Wright
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Carl Stalling
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Dudley Savage
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
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1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Rod Blackmore
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:E. M. Skinner
1661:
1659:
1658:Robert Morton
1656:
1654:
1651:
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1626:
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1426:
1423:
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1418:
1416:
1413:
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1398:
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1128:
1125:
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1053:
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1038:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1004:
1002:
995:
987:
983:
977:
970:
966:
955:on 2012-02-08
954:
950:
949:"Steven Ball"
943:
939:
929:
926:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
911:Capri Theatre
909:
908:
902:
900:
895:
889:
884:
875:
873:
867:
865:
859:
857:
856:glockenspiels
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:
832:Meyer Theatre
828:
824:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
792:
788:
781:
777:
776:Meyer Theatre
772:
759:
757:
755:
752:
751:
748:
746:
744:
741:
740:
737:
735:
733:
730:
729:
726:
724:
722:
719:
718:
715:
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685:
682:
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656:
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649:
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635:
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619:
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613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
598:
595:
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586:
583:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
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562:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
523:
522:Robert Morton
520:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
496:
495:
492:
486:
482:
477:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
430:
428:
424:
423:
418:
417:
412:
407:
405:
401:
396:
393:
389:
385:
383:
378:
376:
375:church organs
372:
362:
358:
356:
349:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:theater organ
322:
321:theatre organ
315:
312:
308:
303:
293:
290:
275:
272:
264:
254:
250:
246:
240:
237:This article
235:
226:
225:
216:
213:
205:
195:
191:
185:
184:
180:
175:This article
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2224:Short octave
2143:
2104:Harmonichord
1948:Sidney Torch
1928:Fela Sowande
1888:Korla Pandit
1878:Reginald New
1873:Gerald Moore
1868:Bob Mitchell
1848:Arnold Loxam
1843:Edwin Lemare
1838:Phil Kelsall
1828:Dennis James
1813:Horace Finch
1803:Martin Ellis
1753:Ronald Binge
1668:Welte-Mignon
1534:
1487:
1415:Voix céleste
1405:Registration
1375:Tibia Clausa
1222:Construction
1109:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1068:
1052:
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:
1000:
994:
985:
976:
969:Detroit News
968:
964:
957:. Retrieved
953:the original
942:
896:
893:
868:
860:
852:chrysoglotts
848:sleigh bells
837:
811:
807:
803:
797:
785:
743:Welte-Mignon
497:Manufacturer
490:
462:
443:
439:rollatoriums
431:
426:
420:
414:
408:
403:
397:
386:
382:photoplayers
379:
368:
359:
352:
337:silent films
329:cinema organ
328:
324:
320:
318:
285:
267:
258:
245:spinning off
238:
208:
202:October 2022
199:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2333:Maintenance
2306:Innovations
2252:Split sharp
2242:Frequencies
2183:Synthesizer
2109:Harpsichord
2047:Instruments
1958:Pearl White
1938:Walt Strony
1898:Bob Ralston
1883:Nigel Ogden
1633:Midmer-Losh
1551:Traditional
1425:Zimbelstern
1209:Pipe organs
1043:"UK organs"
1027:November 4,
1001:Radio Times
917:Photoplayer
709:Midmer-Losh
529:1920s-1931
311:Ann Arbor's
190:clean it up
2426:Pipe organ
2410:Categories
2270:Expression
2139:Reed organ
2134:Pipe organ
2099:Fortepiano
2079:Clavichord
1968:Jess Yates
1863:Al Melgard
1783:Buddy Cole
1608:Hope-Jones
1478:Repertoire
1448:Fairground
1420:Vox humana
1395:Ophicleide
1315:En chamade
959:2013-08-23
840:xylophones
703:1926-1938
666:1922-1930
653:1914-1932
579:1918-1931
566:1915-1932
516:1911-1942
513:over 2,234
503:Timeframe
500:Production
333:pipe organ
249:relocating
110:newspapers
39:improve it
2301:Acoustics
2089:Claviharp
1833:Stan Kann
1808:Lee Erwin
1678:Wurlitzer
1468:Portative
1400:Plein-jeu
1272:Swell box
1267:Tremulant
934:Footnotes
872:drawknobs
864:car horns
820:solenoids
650:about 130
638:about 130
626:about 170
614:about 175
551:about 700
539:about 700
526:about 900
509:Wurlitzer
481:Wurlitzer
435:ice rinks
427:Standaart
411:Wurlitzer
392:Wurlitzer
45:talk page
2188:Virginal
2119:Melodica
2064:Carillon
2059:Calliope
1908:Rosa Rio
1743:Ena Baga
1573:Christie
1543:Builders
1473:Positive
1230:Builders
905:See also
816:trackers
713:about 50
688:about 57
676:about 75
663:over 100
355:consoles
2316:Aliquot
2280:Sustain
2197:Layouts
2151:Orphica
2069:Celesta
2036:Musical
1731:artists
1729:Notable
1704:Rodgers
1687:Digital
1618:Kimball
1598:Hinners
1578:Compton
1488:Theatre
1390:Mixture
1385:Gedackt
1365:Bourdon
1330:Voicing
1325:Scaling
1277:Tracker
1235:Console
1104:supply.
804:tracker
721:Compton
589:200-300
576:250-350
563:500-600
547:Kimball
422:Walcker
365:History
188:Please
124:scholar
2356:Wrench
2351:Tuning
2341:Action
2311:Wiring
2262:Pedals
2178:Spinet
2114:Keytar
1977:Groups
1708:Walker
1653:Reuter
1643:Morton
1638:Möller
1613:Kilgen
1588:Geneva
1568:Barton
1558:Austin
1458:German
1453:French
1438:Barrel
1380:Cornet
1342:Tuning
1250:Pedals
1245:Manual
1057:IanM.
844:chimes
732:Geneva
700:>52
684:Reuter
634:Austin
585:Kilgen
572:Barton
535:Möller
307:Barton
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
2321:Cross
2156:Piano
2124:Organ
2074:Chime
1694:Allen
1673:Wicks
1583:Estey
1493:Water
1483:Shoes
1443:Crawl
1370:Tibia
1352:Stops
1307:Pipes
810:, or
778:, in
754:Wicks
622:Estey
131:JSTOR
117:books
2275:Soft
2234:Keys
2038:and
1699:Conn
1648:Page
1623:Link
1356:List
1337:Reed
1320:Flue
1295:Stop
1213:list
1029:2013
854:and
798:The
659:Page
646:Link
444:The
419:and
103:news
601:246
247:or
86:by
2412::
1020:.
1009:^
984:.
850:,
846:,
806:,
460:.
437:,
384:.
319:A
48:.
2028:e
2021:t
2014:v
1527:e
1520:t
1513:v
1358:)
1354:(
1215:)
1211:(
1201:e
1194:t
1187:v
1077:.
1031:.
988:.
962:.
782:.
487:.
292:)
286:(
274:)
268:(
263:)
259:(
255:.
241:.
215:)
209:(
204:)
200:(
186:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
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