62:
4807:
1140:
38:
1070:
668:
657:
1298:
1436:
1039:
684:
8232:
367:, and their names corresponded to the military units that had existed in those areas. The theme system reached its apogee in the 9th and 10th centuries, as older themes were split up and the conquest of territory resulted in the creation of new ones. The original theme system underwent significant changes in the 11th and 12th centuries, but the term remained in use as a provincial and financial circumscription until the very end of the Empire.
1279:
old theme-based defensive system deprived the
Byzantine defensive system of any strategic depth. Coupled with increasing reliance on foreign mercenaries and the forces of allied and vassal states, as well as the revolts and civil wars resulting from the widening rift between the civilian bureaucracy in Constantinople and the land-holding military elites (the
1536:, they did not own the land they worked as it was still controlled by the state. Therefore, for its use the soldiers' pay was reduced. By accepting this proposition, the participants agreed that their descendants would also serve in the military and work in a theme, thus simultaneously reducing the need for unpopular
639:
Tied to the question of chronology is also the issue of a corresponding social and military transformation. The traditional view, championed by
Ostrogorsky, holds that the establishment of the themes also meant the creation of a new type of army. In his view, instead of the old force, heavily reliant
703:
What is clear is that at some point in the mid-7th century, probably in the late 630s and 640s, the Empire's field armies were withdrawn to
Anatolia, the last major contiguous territory remaining to the Empire, and assigned to the districts that became known as the themes. Territorially, each of the
1278:
gained in importance over the old thematic armies (and fleets) of the interior, which soon began to be neglected. Indeed, from the early 11th century military service was increasingly commuted to cash payments. While the frontier ducates were able to meet most local threats, the dissolution of the
612:
mentioning the arrival of
Heraclius "in the lands of the themes" for the year 622. According to Ostrogorsky, this "shows that the process of establishing troops (themes) in specific areas of Asia Minor has already begun at this time." This view has been objected to by other historians however, and
1081:
Despite the prominence of the themes, it was some time before they became the basic unit of the imperial administrative system. Although they had become associated with specific regions by the early 8th century, it took until the end of the 8th century for the civil fiscal administration to begin
1340:. The themes followed the Kommenian era trend of greater imperial centralization with the governors being members of the imperial family, owing their allegiance solely to the emperor. This eroded the old independent character of the once large Anatolian themes. The new military governors (called
1356:
foreigners in military service could be regulated and counteracted in cases of uprising. The governorships were specifically reserved for relatives of the
Komnenian family alone and though efficient emergency measures, it successfully turned the empire into a dependency on foreign mercenaries,
1317:, marking a decisive break with the thematic system. The new army was highly centralized in the person of the emperor and the ruling dynasty, and provided an element of stability which characterized the Komnenian restoration. It was noticeably more reliant on mercenaries such as the
1003:
Thus, by the turning of the century, the themes had become the dominant feature of imperial administration. Their large size and power however made their generals prone to revolt, as had been evidenced in the turbulent period 695–715, and would again during the great revolt of
1470:
dynasty and the weakening of central authority made the themes increasingly irrelevant in the late 12th century. Regional civil authorities such as the 'despotates' grew in power as central authority collapsed, rendering the themes moribund by the onset of the
648:). More recent scholars however have posited that the formation of the themes did not constitute a radical break with the past, but rather a logical extension of pre-existing, 6th-century trends, and that its direct social impact was minimal.
704:
new themes encompassed several of the older provinces, and with a few exceptions, seems to have followed the old provincial boundaries. The first four themes were those of the
Armeniacs, Anatolics and Thracesians, and the Opsician theme. The
1200:
While well suited for defence, the "Armenian" themes were incapable of responding to major invasions or undertake sustained offensive campaigns on their own. Thus, from the 960s, more and more professional regiments, both from the old
1415:
never managed to field the manpower of the themes in their heyday, and the new system proved more expensive to maintain in the long run. It also relied on a succession of strong soldier-emperors to be effective. With the death of
1757:
This list includes the large "traditional" themes established in the period from the inception of the theme system in c. 660 to the beginning of the great conquests in c. 930 and the creation of the new, smaller themes.
1403:
who after
Alexios's tax reforms could formalize the various illegally acquired towns and communes as long as they could secure the full taxation of their new domains by the fisc, a process worse fueled by the extensive
912:
contested control of the
Mediterranean with the Empire. In the event, the Carabisians would prove unsatisfactory in that role, and by 720 they had been disbanded in favour of a fully fledged naval theme, that of the
635:
originally seems to have referred exclusively to the armies themselves, and only in the later 7th or early 8th centuries did it come to be transferred to the districts where these armies were encamped as well.
1567:
set up in the
Hellenistic Seleucid and Mithridatric Kingdoms respectively, which were military in origin and organization as well, where provincial governors had also commanded the armies in their area.
1101:
At the same time, the need to protect the
Anatolian heartland of Byzantium from the Arab raids led to the creation, in the later 8th and early 9th centuries, of a series of small frontier districts, the
1325:
increasingly lost power as the empire centralized. The emperors often appointed relatives to the governorships, reducing their autonomous character and solidifying centralized imperial administration.
1112:("defiles, enclosures"). The term was previously used to signify strategically important, fortified mountain passages, and was now expanded to entire districts which formed separate commands under a
1272:
The series of soldier-emperors culminating in Basil II led to a situation where by 1025 Byzantium was more powerful than any of its enemies. At the same time, the mobile, professional forces of the
6401:
507:) with combined authority at the head of each of its old provinces instead. The empire maintained this precedent structure until the 640s, when the eastern part of the Empire faced the
1547:
The commander of a theme, however, did not only command his soldiers. He united the civil and military jurisdictions in the territorial area in question. Thus the division set up by
450:(r. 284–305). Said administrative restructurings also found a precedent in Justinian's broad reorganization in the western conquests, denoting combined powers to the newly established
8541:
1136:(r. 976–1025), newly gained territories were also incorporated into themes, although these were generally smaller than the original themes established in the 7th and 8th centuries.
4765:
a minor theme comprising the territories in Asia Minor south of the Maeander valley, created from parts of the Cibyrrhaeot and Thracesian themes. Its existence continued under the
1205:
and newly raised formations, were stationed along the border. To command them as well as coordinate the forces of the small frontier themes, a number of large regional commands ("
1082:
being organized around them, instead of following the old provincial system. This process, resulting in unified control over both military and civil affairs of each theme by its
8777:
7111:
1512:
was ambiguous, referring both to a form of military tenure and to an administrative division. A theme was an arrangement of plots of land given for farming to the soldiers "
8271:
1524:" which were taxed for rapid and continuous revenue for the state with an easy and simple handling for a more direct control of the empire by the emperor alone or his
640:
on foreign mercenaries, the new Byzantine army was based on native farmer-soldiers living on state-leased military estates (compare the organization of the Sasanian
515:. The rapid Muslim conquest of Syria and Egypt and consequent Byzantine losses in manpower and territory meant that the Empire found itself struggling for survival.
240:
1540:
as well as cheaply maintaining the military. It also allowed for the settling of conquered lands, as there was always a substantial addition made to public lands "
3935:
These were the new major or minor themes (provinces), established during the Byzantine conquests, in the East (the so-called "Armenian" themes or generalships,
560:
was divided into four large themes, and although some elements of the earlier civil administration survived, they were subordinated to the governing general or
8534:
1396:. The pronoiars became the bulk of the imperial tagmata's reserves, slowly taking their place side by side with the totally lawless landed monasteries and the
7344:
1559:
etc.) was abolished, and the Empire returned to a system much more similar to that of the Republic or the Principate and directly linkeable to the system of
4659:
Formed as a theme after the Byzantine conquest in 949, ceded to David III of Tao in 979, recovered in 1000, it became the capital of the theme of Iberia.
481:, Diocletian's main administrative structure, but more importantly, he had also created the exceptional combined military-civilian circumscription of the
592:("placement"). The date of their creation is also uncertain. For most of the 20th century, the establishment of the themes was attributed to the Emperor
4729:
4270:
4075:
1189:, either indigenous or settled there by the Byzantine authorities. One of their peculiarities was the extremely large number of officers (the theme of
1116:, tasked with guerrilla warfare and locally countering small to mid-scale incursions and raids. Gradually, most of these were elevated to full themes.
8527:
6324:
4069:
and the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire in 1018. It was based on the wider regions of Skopje and Ohrid (modern North Macedonia and south Serbia).
5558:
5509:
8264:
4788:
created from the northern Thracesian theme as part of Manuel Komnenos' reorganization of the Asiatic frontier. Its existence continued under the
4575:
477:) of the eastern provinces plagued by brigandage and foreign invasions with military and administrative powers, formally abolishing the empire's
1185:
by the Armenians) as a commander and about 1,000 men, chiefly infantry, as their garrison. As their name reveals, they were mostly populated by
8220:
6574:
6475:
4665:
7908:
6485:
6418:
61:
446:. These developments overturned the strict division of civil and military offices, which had been one of the cornerstones of the reforms of
6433:
6428:
281:
774:. Together, these two themes formed the first tier of defence of Byzantine Anatolia, bordering Muslim Armenia and Syria respectively. The
7509:
6495:
6470:
4291:
4133:
3994:
3988:
in 979, recovered after David's death in 1000 and subordinated to the catepanate of Iberia. The town was destroyed by the Turks in 1049.
1306:
8257:
7860:
7843:
6500:
6480:
1532:
and fiscal administrative principle adapted for war times. The soldiers were still technically a military unit, under the command of a
1124:
With the beginning of the Byzantine offensives in the East and the Balkans in the 10th century, especially under the warrior-emperors
8772:
7559:
7405:
7377:
7021:
7013:
6490:
6423:
4549:
544:", being appointed by the emperor alone. Their main function around each was the collection of taxes from the different communities "
8642:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8600:
8595:
8590:
7755:
7116:
344:
250:
212:
1008:
in 741–742. The suppression of Artabasdos' revolt heralded the first significant changes in the Anatolian themes: the over-mighty
8767:
8568:
7604:
8084:
7609:
8008:
6768:
6761:
6317:
6293:
6222:
6192:
6039:
6002:
5962:
4925:
4882:
597:
420:, largely unopposed. In order to face the mounting pressure, in the more distant provinces of the West, recently regained by
7760:
7619:
6907:
336:
894:. It never formed a theme proper, but occupied parts of the southern coast of Asia Minor and the Aegean Islands, with its
6751:
8089:
7502:
2752:
1357:
yielding the mass of native Greeks and making it unprecedentedly subordinate to the will of its European counterparts.
1289:
in 1071, the Byzantine army was already undergoing a severe crisis and collapsed completely in the battle's aftermath.
951:
8573:
8249:
8190:
6756:
6270:
6249:
6152:
6128:
6107:
6086:
6062:
5917:
5593:
5534:
5485:
5458:
5384:
4681:
490:
7253:
6310:
274:
220:
114:
8225:
8047:
6579:
6347:
4199:
1447:
1050:
451:
5977:
The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos
8711:
8195:
8185:
8057:
7978:
7796:
7664:
7236:
7180:
7101:
6968:
6077:
1707:
1500:
with military and civic powers centered around forts and major passes, relegating all minor tasks to deputies.
1412:
1310:
1246:
1104:
459:
101:
8052:
8042:
7957:
7712:
7497:
687:
The Byzantine themata in Asia Minor as they existed in c. 780, following the creation of the Bucellarian and
41:
Map showing the extent of the Byzantine Empire in c. 600 and c. 900, including the themes for the latter date
6932:
1086:, was complete by the mid-9th century, and is the "classical" thematic model mentioned in such works as the
518:
In order to respond to this unprecedented crisis, the Empire was drastically reorganized. As established by
8126:
8094:
7998:
7707:
7679:
7487:
7026:
583:
17:
1350:
indiscriminately) assumed strongly centralized roles on the emperor's behalf so that the influx of landed
1229:, were set up. In the East, the three original such commands, set up by John Tzimiskes, were those of the
7850:
7492:
7339:
7096:
6847:
601:
363:. In their origin, the first themes were created from the areas of encampment of the field armies of the
267:
183:
131:
1163:) appear, which Byzantine sources clearly differentiate from the traditional "great" or "Roman" themes (
556:" as well as the management of fast and flexible provincial armies. The remaining imperial territory in
8706:
8170:
8116:
7855:
7727:
7717:
7417:
7106:
6994:
6806:
6746:
4224:
A minor theme, the administration of Derzene was often entrusted to officials of the theme of Chaldia.
1495:
942:
threat, although for a time the command over Thrace appears to have been exercised by the Count of the
885:
245:
720:), first mentioned in 667, was the successor of the Army of Armenia. It occupied the old areas of the
8661:
8030:
7554:
7410:
7195:
7086:
6973:
6241:
5574:"Historians and the Economy: Zosimos and Prokopios on Fifth- and Sixth- Century Economie Development"
4345:, which he bequeathed to Basil II. The date of establishment is disputed among scholars. United with
4098:
3715:
3622:
1659:
1571:
The following table illustrates the thematic structure as found in the Thracesian Theme, c. 902-936:
216:
576:
The origin and early nature of the themes has been heavily disputed amongst scholars. The very name
352:
8583:
7329:
7081:
6568:
6447:
4642:
4594:
became a theme in 966/7 and remained a Byzantine province until lost to the Turks after Manzikert.
4591:
3473:
2111:
1094:
613:
more recent scholarship dates their creation later, to the period from the 640s to the 660s, under
609:
235:
187:
966:
too was formed as a theme by the end of the 7th century, but the imperial possessions in mainland
8554:
8235:
7659:
7385:
7205:
7091:
5910:
A Byzantine Government in Exile: Government and Society Under the Laskarids of Nicaea (1204–1261)
4811:
2956:
2103:
1020:, while the role of imperial guard was assumed by a new type of professional force, the imperial
254:
141:
6144:
Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4: The East
8160:
7750:
7592:
7036:
6842:
6816:
6811:
6584:
6560:
6556:
6523:
4752:
3594:
938:
under Byzantine control was probably constituted as a theme at about 680, as a response to the
523:
508:
348:
208:
8622:
7878:
7732:
6922:
6832:
6796:
6681:
6411:
6406:
4105:
was limited to Calabria, but retained its original name until the middle of the 10th century
3901:
2833:
1329:
360:
3913:
3501:
8671:
8519:
8446:
8121:
8104:
7925:
7684:
7649:
7532:
7469:
7464:
6999:
6942:
3728:
2385:
2378:
519:
439:
8618:
4874:
HISTORY OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE from the death of theodosius i to the death of justinian
617:(r. 641–668). It has further been shown that, contrary to Ostrogorsky's conception of the
8:
8626:
8476:
8464:
8458:
8363:
8351:
7031:
6947:
6937:
6801:
6564:
6552:
6439:
6162:
6138:
5975:
4247:
4230:
3403:
3316:
3263:
3026:
2964:
2653:
2186:
1869:
1337:
1286:
1258:
1242:
909:
890:
484:
443:
6120:
Die byzantinische Armee im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert: Studien zur Organisation der Tagmata
6099:
The Byzantine Province in Change: On the Threshold Between the 10th and the 11th Century
8411:
8316:
8109:
8099:
7973:
7644:
7527:
7444:
7307:
6659:
6639:
6619:
6609:
6375:
6176:
5552:
5503:
4685:
4311:
4066:
3353:
3255:
2848:
2694:
2162:
2127:
1957:
1953:
1913:
1788:
1529:
1478:
The now irrelevant micro provinces under imperial control were organized directly into
1314:
605:
8279:
8578:
8470:
8434:
8393:
8375:
8345:
8231:
8165:
8070:
8003:
7983:
7951:
7883:
7870:
7791:
7786:
7537:
7302:
7152:
6671:
6624:
6614:
6604:
6289:
6266:
6245:
6218:
6188:
6181:
6148:
6124:
6103:
6082:
6072:
6058:
6035:
5998:
5981:
5958:
5930:(1960), "Recherches sur l'administration de l'empire byzantin aux IX-XIème siècles",
5913:
5589:
5540:
5530:
5491:
5481:
5454:
5421:
5380:
4921:
4888:
4878:
3980:
3755:
3509:
3369:
3065:
2972:
2914:
2500:
2484:
2416:
2178:
2054:
1417:
1013:
947:
914:
791:
755:
425:
8512:
Thrace and Macedonia were counted among the Eastern themes for hierarchical purposes
4314:", a region between Lykandos and Melitene. It apparently was also an episcopal see.
1169:). Most consisted merely of a fortress and its surrounding territory, with a junior
37:
8500:
8387:
8369:
8327:
8284:
8035:
7828:
7776:
7722:
7689:
7639:
7432:
7422:
7200:
6888:
6780:
6703:
6686:
6664:
6649:
6634:
6548:
6333:
6231:
5939:
5927:
5581:
5446:
5413:
4913:
4519:
4043:
3985:
3849:
3628:
3558:
3198:
2802:
2596:
2566:
2099:
1965:
1865:
1274:
1129:
1022:
975:
775:
381:
340:
136:
89:
5950:
1265:. In the same vein, the "Armenian" themes seem to have been placed under a single
1249:
in the early 11th century, these were complemented or replaced by the commands of
1139:
1069:
884:"), first mentioned in 680, was probably formed of the remains of the Army of the
667:
8494:
8440:
8180:
8013:
7993:
7988:
7943:
7933:
7893:
7888:
7838:
7833:
7614:
7220:
7137:
7132:
6872:
6862:
6698:
6692:
6676:
6654:
6644:
6629:
6283:
6260:
6235:
6210:
6166:
6142:
6118:
6097:
6052:
6029:
4633:
4378:
4253:
4178:
4092:
4016:
3682:
2348:
2329:
2275:
2021:
1560:
1318:
987:
721:
405:
385:
364:
151:
126:
76:
31:
1309:
saw a brief restoration of the empire's fortunes as the force now known as the '
656:
8550:
8482:
8452:
8428:
8399:
8312:
8306:
8018:
7898:
7631:
7390:
7284:
7270:
7069:
6773:
6528:
5573:
4907:
4816:
4789:
4766:
4743:
4456:
4320:
4102:
3824:
3820:
3792:
3784:
3764:
3602:
3246:
2741:
2706:
2633:
2516:
2213:
2046:
1989:
1893:
1250:
959:
928:
905:
811:
790:), first mentioned clearly as late as c. 740, was the successor of the Army of
737:
705:
428:(r. 582–602) combined supreme civil and military authority in the person of an
389:
307:
169:
146:
53:
5985:
5585:
4917:
4892:
4421:
Part of the territories inherited from David III of Tao, it was the seat of a
8761:
8676:
8405:
8289:
7938:
7815:
7781:
7519:
7454:
7427:
7312:
6927:
6867:
5425:
3545:
3427:
2839:
2548:
2520:
2166:
2034:
2025:
1125:
1088:
725:
478:
6171:(in French), Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
5544:
5495:
1297:
623:
being established from the outset as distinct, well-defined regions where a
408:
raided Thrace, Macedonia, Illyricum, and southern Greece and settled in the
7699:
7674:
7654:
7459:
7437:
7292:
6540:
6535:
6369:
6279:
5440:
4338:
4111:
3815:
3749:
3417:
3308:
3121:
3006:
2774:
2728:
2496:
2439:
1537:
1479:
1190:
868:
156:
6302:
5943:
5450:
563:
8488:
8200:
8175:
7669:
7479:
7246:
6852:
6837:
6048:
5417:
4697:
3373:
3344:
3291:
3055:
3010:
2860:
2852:
2778:
2675:
2208:
2090:
2013:
Chaldia (by 842), Charsianon (863), Koloneia (863), Paphlagonia (by 826)
1945:
1652:
1634:
1472:
1405:
1386:
840:
826:), first mentioned in 680, was constituted from the imperial retinue (in
661:
614:
503:
421:
401:
6288:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
5401:
1435:
1390:
fulfilling the same civic and military roles now widely in the hands of
1038:
8320:
7474:
7334:
7324:
7157:
7147:
6857:
5971:
4746:
period, which eventually became part of the southern Thracesian theme.
4590:
A dependency of the Empire since the early 10th century, the region of
4465:
3889:
3841:
3541:
3489:
3411:
3377:
3117:
2995:
2951:
2508:
2466:
2340:
2335:
2301:
2029:
1840:
1686:
1548:
1254:
1005:
729:
683:
557:
447:
356:
343:. They were established in the mid-7th century in the aftermath of the
192:
173:
4872:
4539:
Established in 1018 at the northwestern part of the Bulgarian Empire (
4010:
A minor theme, it survived until conquered by the Turks in the 1050s.
8741:
8731:
8716:
8339:
8023:
7903:
7395:
7263:
7210:
7142:
4775:
4625:
4405:
3936:
3917:
3837:
3829:
3670:
3654:
3304:
3300:
3251:
3240:
3214:
3190:
3125:
3113:
3104:
3091:
2790:
2641:
2629:
2584:
2512:
2504:
2458:
2400:
2226:
2174:
1941:
1885:
1873:
1616:
1564:
1533:
1525:
1186:
1017:
996:
689:
593:
532:
527:
512:
94:
6012:
5524:
5475:
3129:
8721:
8701:
8686:
8381:
8333:
7549:
7449:
7400:
7258:
7190:
6978:
4629:
4600:
4493:
4483:
4435:
4155:
3897:
3780:
3772:
3674:
3658:
3646:
3637:
3497:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3173:
3137:
3109:
2960:
2944:
2922:
2906:
2782:
2770:
2756:
2645:
2624:
2492:
2453:
2158:
2107:
2042:
1981:
1949:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1815:
1811:
1675:
1641:
1490:
1369:
1345:
1333:
1321:
than the previous army, reducing the importance of the themes. The
1225:
1133:
979:
836:
695:
676:
413:
397:
119:
6147:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
2698:
2690:
2078:
Paphlagonia (in part), Cappadocia (in part), Charsianon (in part)
8691:
8357:
7915:
7801:
7742:
7241:
7215:
6893:
6031:
Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture
4208:
4193:
3893:
3776:
3666:
3650:
3642:
3589:
3583:
3493:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3385:
3361:
3339:
3169:
3100:
3049:
3018:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2828:
2786:
2766:
2737:
2684:
2680:
2574:
2374:
2293:
2285:
2270:
2265:
2238:
2230:
2119:
2115:
2086:
1977:
1973:
1961:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1877:
1836:
1467:
1398:
1391:
1381:
1368:, whose authorities was both military and civil, subdivided into
1352:
1281:
1238:
1234:
939:
844:
771:
643:
537:
435:
409:
106:
1332:
required a new system to manage the severely weakened themes of
754:), first mentioned in 669, was the successor of the Army of the
8726:
8696:
8656:
7544:
7319:
7185:
4540:
4060:
4033:
3875:
3720:
3709:
3662:
3633:
3550:
3449:
3357:
3349:
3296:
3286:
3160:
3096:
3001:
2893:
2879:
2844:
2794:
2762:
2748:
2588:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2488:
2476:
2391:
2320:
2281:
2257:
2217:
2081:
2038:
2016:
1881:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1623:
1375:
991:
963:
935:
927:), which encompassed the southern coasts of Asia Minor and the
848:
807:
770:). It covered southern central Asia Minor, and its capital was
733:
430:
178:
5402:"Kinship and the Distribution of Power in Komnenian Byzantium"
3444:
Cibyrrhaeots, raised from independent drungariate of the Gulf
8746:
4395:
4149:
A minor theme covering the area of the Bingöl Dağ mountains.
3962:
3884:
3880:
3760:
3535:
3461:
3455:
3365:
3178:
3165:
2618:
2579:
2532:
2470:
2462:
2449:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2289:
2222:
2170:
2150:
1969:
1861:
1828:
1164:
1158:
1152:
983:
967:
955:
918:
901:
879:
873:
858:
852:
827:
821:
815:
803:
799:
795:
748:
741:
715:
709:
417:
393:
8549:
1752:
1151:
At this time, a new class of themes, the so-called "minor" (
866:
In addition, the great naval division of the Carabisians or
27:
Military and administrative division of the Byzantine Empire
8666:
7823:
6054:
Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204
6017:(in French), Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor
5442:
Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204
4342:
3833:
3768:
3485:
3182:
3014:
2888:
2637:
2480:
2095:
608:
who based this opinion on an extract from the chronicle of
5526:
The late Byzantine army : arms and society, 1204-1453
5477:
The late Byzantine army : arms and society, 1204-1453
1292:
1147:
of the Byzantine Empire, at the death of Basil II in 1025.
351:
of parts of Byzantine territory, and replaced the earlier
8681:
4346:
4202:
from 688 until the definite Byzantine reconquest in 965.
2540:
1341:
1262:
1219:
604:. Most notable amongst the supporters of this thesis was
496:
6168:
Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles
6136:
5856:
5844:
5832:
5820:
5808:
5796:
5784:
5772:
5760:
5748:
5717:
5705:
5693:
5681:
5628:
5326:
1029:
4065:
established by Emperor Basil II after the victory over
1012:
was broken up with the creation of two new themes, the
794:, and covered the central western coast of Asia Minor (
5997:(in French), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France,
4909:
Politics, Philosophy, and Empire in the Fourth Century
1180:
8778:
Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire
4706:
1174:
1119:
641:
582:
is of uncertain etymology, but most scholars follow
6205:(in Italian). Rome: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.
5912:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
4700:, it lasted until overrun by the Turks after 1071.
1805:Cibyrrhaeots, raised from independent droungariate
958:invaders, and to the establishment of the theme of
6180:
5995:Le Monde Byzantin II: L'Empire byzantin (641–1204)
1408:of different institutions granted by the monarch.
1301:Map of themes within the Byzantine Empire in 1045.
970:remained under the exarch of Ravenna or the local
629:held joint military and civil authority, the term
530:, power had been concentrated in military leaders
3930:
950:in Greece also led to the recovery of control of
380:During the late 6th and early 7th centuries, the
8759:
6081:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
5377:The Development of the Kommenian Army: 1081-1180
5322:
5320:
851:. Uniquely, its commander retained his title of
5379:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 242.
4688:, ceded his realm to the Empire. Governed by a
1516:coexisting with different villages and towns, "
6693:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
4906:Heather, Peter; Moncur, David (January 2001).
4337:Formed out of the territories of David III of
946:. Successive campaigns by the emperors of the
384:was under frequent attack from all sides. The
8625:(Super-Prefecture, Prefectural Department) *
8535:
8265:
6318:
6102:. Belgrade: Institute for Byzantine Studies.
5624:
5622:
5317:
4905:
4781:
4758:
4735:
4673:
4612:
4531:
4478:
4413:
4328:
4278:
4242:
4055:
275:
30:"Themata" redirects here. For the album, see
6237:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
5557:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5508:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5259:
5257:
5172:
5170:
4650:
4583:
4557:
4501:
4443:
4390:
4361:
4303:
4216:
4163:
4141:
4119:
4087:
4028:
4002:
3970:
3865:
3804:
3740:
3694:
3614:
3570:
3521:
3439:
3397:
3328:
3275:
3230:
3149:
3077:
3038:
2984:
2934:
2872:
2814:
2722:
2665:
2608:
2560:
2432:
2368:
2313:
2250:
2198:
2139:
2070:
2005:
1905:
1800:
908:facing the new Arab fleets, which after the
586:, who records that it originates from Greek
6332:
6175:
6161:
5374:
4993:
2734:Cephallenia (by 809), Peloponnese (by 811)
1212:
1206:
895:
830:
785:
779:
765:
759:
630:
624:
618:
587:
577:
561:
494:
482:
330:
324:
315:
300:
8542:
8528:
8272:
8258:
6325:
6311:
6095:
6014:Administration de l'Asie Mineure byzantine
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5687:
5675:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5619:
3157:Bucellarians (by 768), Optimates (by 775)
2205:Langobardia (by 910), ?Nicopolis (by 899)
651:
282:
268:
6258:
6230:
6203:Constantino Porphyrogenito: De Thematibus
5926:
5399:
5350:
5311:
5299:
5254:
5236:
5224:
5167:
5005:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4912:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
2569:from c. 828 until Byz. reconquest in 961
1753:List of the themes between c. 660 and 930
1423:
1420:in 1180, a new period of decline set in.
6209:
4264:, until conquered by the Turks in 1086.
1296:
1138:
1068:
693:themes out of the original theme of the
682:
666:
655:
345:Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe
36:
7581:
6278:
6200:
6071:
6010:
5992:
5949:
5723:
5646:
5287:
5212:
5200:
5188:
5149:
5101:
5077:
5053:
5029:
4981:
4957:
4940:
4858:
4834:
3575:Cibyrrhaeots, from early 9th century a
2377:in the 8th century, Byz. rule rest. by
1293:Change and decline: 11th–12th centuries
835:). It covered northwestern Asia Minor (
14:
8760:
6047:
6027:
5907:
5892:
5880:
5868:
5857:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5845:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5833:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5821:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5809:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5797:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5785:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5773:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5761:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5749:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5718:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5706:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5694:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5682:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5629:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5613:
5438:
5362:
5338:
5327:McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001
5275:
5263:
5248:
5176:
5161:
5137:
5125:
5113:
5089:
5065:
5041:
5017:
4969:
4946:
4934:
4846:
4624:after the Byzantine reconquest of the
4425:, later probably a subordinate of the
3333:Hellas in part, in part new territory
1193:alone counted 22 senior and 47 junior
489:and following the norm, abolished the
8523:
8253:
8149:
7580:
7365:
7057:
6724:
6345:
6306:
5955:Les institutions de l'empire byzantin
5932:Bulletin de correspondance hellénique
5571:
4870:
4513:after the Byzantine conquest in 958.
1528:, which ultimately, was a simplified
1030:Height of the theme system, 780s–950s
7366:
6116:
5970:
5736:
5669:
5657:
5640:
5529:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
5480:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3621:Calabria (remaining territory after
2144:Armeniacs, part of the Bucellarians
1910:Former Field Army of the East/Syria
1430:
1033:
7068:
5980:. London: Oxford University Press.
1413:Byzantine army of the Komnenian era
806:), with its capital most likely at
24:
6078:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5993:Cheynet, Jean-Claude, ed. (2006),
5957:(in French), Paris: Albin Michel,
5522:
5473:
3281:Armeniacs, Bucellarians (in part)
469:Justinian also endowed governors (
25:
8789:
8191:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
6285:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025
6123:(in German), Vienna: Fassbänder,
4707:Later themes, 12th–13th centuries
4565:Minor theme attested only in the
4368:Minor theme attested only in the
1120:Decline of the system, 960s–1070s
552:" and from the different states "
8773:Types of administrative division
8230:
6262:Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081
4805:
4475:, Θέμα Παριστρίου/Παραδούναβον)
4451:Became an imperial curatorship (
3941:), in Italy and in the Balkans.
3458:coast (shared with Thracesians)
1434:
1037:
60:
6580:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
6402:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
5886:
5874:
5862:
5850:
5838:
5826:
5814:
5802:
5790:
5778:
5766:
5754:
5742:
5711:
5699:
5663:
5634:
5607:
5565:
5516:
5467:
5432:
5393:
5368:
5356:
5344:
5332:
5305:
5293:
5281:
5269:
5242:
5230:
5218:
5206:
5194:
5182:
5155:
5143:
5131:
5119:
5107:
5095:
5083:
5071:
5059:
5047:
5035:
5023:
5011:
4999:
4987:
4349:in 1045 and with Kars in 1064.
4025:, Θέμα Βολεροῦ/Νέου Στρυμῶνος)
1555:etc.) and military commanders (
1503:
8768:Themes of the Byzantine Empire
8569:Decentralised Admninistrations
7665:Great Palace of Constantinople
7406:Patriarchate of Constantinople
6725:
6183:History of the Byzantine State
6034:, Cambridge University Press,
4975:
4963:
4899:
4864:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4636:, became a theme in the 930s.
3978:A minor theme attested in the
3931:List of new themes, 930s–1060s
2719:, Θέμα τῆς Ἑλλάδος/Ἑλλαδικῶν)
1715:1 "Vanguard" + 1 "Rear Guard"
904:. It provided the bulk of the
520:Hellenistic political practice
388:was pressing from the east on
13:
1:
6265:, Stanford University Press,
6259:Treadgold, Warren T. (1998),
6137:McGeer, Eric; Nesbitt, John;
6011:Cheynet, Jean-Claude (2008),
5572:Ziche, Hartmut (2017-01-01),
5406:The English Historical Review
5239:, pp. 28–29, 71, 99, 210
4822:
4609:, Θέμα Τεφρικῆς/Λεωντοκώμης)
4473:thema Paristriou/Paradoùnavon
4310:Minor theme, its name means "
4256:in 1032, it became seat of a
3454:Southeastern Aegean islands,
2747:Initially E. Peloponnese and
2010:Former Field Army of Armenia
1797:, Θέμα τοῦ Αἰγαίου Πελάγους)
1360:Each Theme was overseen by a
1245:. As Byzantium expanded into
452:Praetorian prefects of Africa
375:
335:) were the main military and
8127:University of Constantinople
7708:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
7058:
6858:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
6547:Byzantine successor states (
6187:, Rutgers University Press,
5400:Frankopan, P. (2007-02-01).
4772:
4749:
4726:
4712:
4662:
4639:
4597:
4572:
4546:
4516:
4490:
4462:
4432:
4402:
4375:
4352:
4317:
4288:
4267:
4227:
4205:
4175:
4152:
4130:
4108:
4072:
4040:
4023:thema Voleroù/Nèou Strymōnos
4013:
3991:
3959:
3945:
3937:
3924:Originally established as a
3918:
3870:Former Field Army of Thrace
3846:
3789:
3725:
3679:
3599:
3555:
3506:
3424:
3382:
3313:
3260:
3211:
3134:
3062:
3023:
2969:
2919:
2857:
2799:
2703:
2650:
2593:
2545:
2446:Aegean Sea, Samos, Seleucia
2413:
2365:, Θέμα Χερσῶνος/τὰ Κλίματα)
2345:
2324:), part of the Bucellarians
2298:
2235:
2183:
2124:
2051:
1986:
1890:
1785:
1762:
986:and the imperial exclave of
853:
822:
749:
716:
584:Constantine Porphyrogennetos
438:, forming the exarchates of
7:
8574:Autonomous Monastic Society
7797:Saint Catherine's Monastery
6853:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
6848:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
6346:
6117:Kühn, Hans-Joachim (1991),
6096:Krsmanović, Bojana (2008).
5580:, BRILL, pp. 462–474,
5523:C., Bartusis, Mark (1997).
5474:C., Bartusis, Mark (1997).
5439:Haldon, John (2020-07-08).
4812:Byzantine Empire portal
4798:
4632:, renamed Leontokome under
4607:thema Tephrikēs/Leontokōmēs
3154:Imperial Praesental Armies
1596:Number of subordinate units
1181:
1175:
962:there between 687 and 695.
786:
766:
631:
619:
578:
331:
316:
301:
81:'Classical' Byzantine army
10:
8794:
8421:Western or European themes
8186:Neo-Byzantine architecture
8150:
6807:Comes sacrarum largitionum
5901:
5375:Birkenmeier, John (2002).
3394:, Θέμα Φασιανῆς/Δερζηνῆς)
2877:Cephallenia (originally a
1576:
1336:due to the catastrophe of
1165:
1159:
1153:
982:in 698. At the same time,
934:The part of the region of
919:
880:
874:
859:
816:
742:
710:
571:
370:
29:
8649:
8613:
8561:
8510:
8420:
8298:
8213:
8156:
8145:
8066:
7966:
7924:
7869:
7814:
7769:
7756:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
7741:
7698:
7630:
7600:
7591:
7587:
7576:
7518:
7376:
7372:
7361:
7283:
7229:
7168:
7125:
7077:
7064:
7053:
7012:
6987:
6956:
6915:
6906:
6881:
6825:
6789:
6742:
6735:
6731:
6720:
6593:
6509:
6456:
6387:
6358:
6354:
6341:
6242:Stanford University Press
5586:10.1163/9789004344877_036
4918:10.3828/978-0-85323-106-6
4877:. CHARLES RIVER EDITORS.
4099:Muslim conquest of Sicily
3623:Muslim conquest of Sicily
2429:, Θέμα τῶν Κυβυρραιωτῶν)
2067:, Θέμα τῶν Βουκελλαρίων)
1551:between civil governors (
1269:in the mid-11th century.
1213:
1207:
888:or, more likely, the old
780:
760:
596:(r. 610–641), during the
325:
311:
8555:administrative divisions
7330:Droungarios of the Fleet
6240:. Stanford, California:
6217:, Taylor & Francis,
6028:Haldon, John F. (1990),
5908:Angold, Michael (1975).
5365:, pp. 85, pp. 90–93
3392:thema Phasianēs/Derzēnēs
2318:Armeniacs (originally a
2255:Armeniacs (originally a
1157:) or "Armenian" themes (
1095:De Administrando Imperio
610:Theophanes the Confessor
337:administrative divisions
188:Droungarios of the Fleet
8299:Eastern or Asian themes
7844:Early Byzantine mosaics
7206:Domestic of the Schools
4275:(Παρευφρατίδαι Πόλεις)
3801:, Θέμα Θράκης/Θρᾳκῷον)
3700:Macedonia, raised from
2002:, Θέμα τῶν Ἀρμενιακῶν)
1902:, Θέμα των Ἀνατολικῶν)
652:First themes: 640s–770s
642:
602:Byzantine–Sassanid Wars
255:Walls of Constantinople
142:Domestic of the Schools
48:Part of a series on the
8161:Byzantine commonwealth
6923:Praetorian prefectures
6843:Logothetes tou genikou
6817:Quaestor sacri palatii
6812:Comes rerum privatarum
6585:Fall of Constantinople
6524:Sack of Constantinople
6215:Byzantine civilisation
5643:, pp. 64, 187–188
5278:, pp. 79, 84, 114
4753:Mylasa and Melanoudion
4714:Theme (name in Greek)
4372:, location uncertain.
3947:Theme (name in Greek)
3227:, Θέμα τῶν Ὀπτιμάτων)
2149:Koron Fortress, later
1795:thema Aigaiou Pelàgous
1764:Theme (name in Greek)
1466:The neglect under the
1380:, now each ruled by a
1302:
1285:), by the time of the
1148:
1078:
896:
831:
732:, with its capital at
700:
680:
664:
625:
588:
562:
495:
483:
424:(r. 527–565), Emperor
213:revolts and civil wars
42:
8657:archontia/archontaton
8619:General Admnistration
7861:Komnenian renaissance
7856:Macedonian period art
7761:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
7733:Walls of Thessaloniki
6833:Logothetes tou dromou
6448:Twenty Years' Anarchy
6412:Valentinianic dynasty
6407:Constantinian dynasty
6057:. London: UCL Press.
5944:10.3406/bch.1960.1551
5451:10.1201/9781003070832
4782:between 1162 and 1173
4742:a minor theme of the
4509:Became the seat of a
4455:) after conquered by
4172:An "Armenian theme".
3754:roughly modern Greek
3737:, Θέμα Θεσσαλονίκης)
3714:roughly modern Greek
3408:Duchy of Mesopotamia
3325:, Θέμα Πελοποννήσου)
3082:probably raised from
3046:Duchy of Mesopotamia
3035:, Θέμα Μεσοποταμίας)
2869:, Θέμα Λογγοβαρδίας)
2824:by early 9th century
1488:each also ruled by a
1374:encompassing the old
1330:Komnenian restoration
1313:' was established by
1300:
1142:
1072:
686:
670:
659:
540:in their respective "
361:Constantine the Great
40:
8631:Municipal Department
8058:Units of measurement
7792:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
7685:Pammakaristos Church
7533:Corpus Juris Civilis
7484:Missionary activity
6943:Exarchate of Ravenna
6769:Imperial bureaucracy
6201:Pertusi, A. (1952).
6163:Oikonomides, Nicolas
6139:Oikonomides, Nicolas
4300:(Ἑξακωμία/Ἑξάπολις)
4017:Boleron/Neos Strymon
3404:Theme of Mesopotamia
3336:?Nicopolis (by 899)
3272:, Θέμα Παφλαγονίας)
3146:, Θέμα τοῦ Ὀψικίου)
2751:, after 809 eastern
2433:by 697/698 or c. 720
2195:, Θέμα Κεφαλληνίας)
2136:, Θέμα Καππαδοκίας)
1077:in Anatolia, c. 950.
900:seat most likely at
847:), and was based at
464:Eparchos tes Italías
456:Eparchos tes Afrikís
228:Strategy and tactics
115:Palaiologan-era army
8639:Municipal Community
8635:Communal Department
7582:Culture and society
7445:Ecumenical councils
6948:Exarchate of Africa
6938:Quaestura exercitus
6802:Magister officiorum
6797:Praetorian prefects
6440:Byzantine Dark Ages
6177:Ostrogorsky, George
5578:Byzantine Narrative
4871:BURY., J.B (2018).
4682:Seneqerim-Hovhannes
4601:Tephrike/Leontokome
4312:six villages/cities
4166:, possibly 948/952
4052:, Θέμα Βουλγαρίας)
3735:thema Thessalonikēs
3567:, Θέμα Σελευκείας)
3518:, Θέμα Σεβαστείας)
3086:of the Peloponnese
3074:, Θέμα Νικοπόλεως)
2981:, Θέμα Μακεδονίας)
2423:thema Kibyrrhaiotōn
1779:Original territory
1591:Number of personnel
1544:during a conquest.
1287:Battle of Manzikert
994:formed independent
925:Thema Kibyrrhaiotōn
910:Battle of the Masts
891:quaestura exercitus
485:quaestura exercitus
7999:Flags and insignia
7645:Baths of Zeuxippus
7528:Codex Theodosianus
7418:Oriental Orthodoxy
6376:Later Roman Empire
6073:Kazhdan, Alexander
5859:, pp. 170–171
5847:, pp. 161–162
5835:, pp. 168–170
5811:, pp. 160–161
5799:, pp. 156–160
5775:, pp. 153–154
5763:, pp. 166–168
5751:, pp. 152–153
5720:, pp. 162–164
5708:, pp. 150–152
5418:10.1093/ehr/cel378
5116:, pp. 216–217
5068:, pp. 73, 112
5044:, pp. 212–216
5020:, pp. 214–215
4984:, pp. 151–152
4686:king of Vaspurakan
4387:, Θέμα Λευκανίας)
4084:, Θέμα Καλαβρίας)
4067:Samuel of Bulgaria
3862:, Θέμα Θρᾳκησίων)
3691:, Θέμα Στρυμῶνος)
3402:New territory and
3386:Phasiane (Derzene)
3323:thema Peloponnēsou
3270:thema Paphlagonias
3245:Bithynia opposite
3033:thema Mesopotamias
2867:thema Longobardias
2817:, probably c. 842
2811:, Θέμα Κολωνείας)
2662:, Θέμα Δυρραχίου)
2605:, Θέμα Δαλματίας)
2563:(?), again in 961
2469:, Aegean Islands,
2310:, Θέμα Χαρσιανοῦ)
2193:thema Kephallēnias
2061:thema Boukellarion
1601:Officer in command
1446:. You can help by
1315:Alexios I Komnenos
1303:
1149:
1079:
1049:. You can help by
978:until the fall of
701:
681:
665:
606:George Ostrogorsky
528:Orthodox doctrines
416:occupied northern
102:Komnenian-era army
69:Structural history
43:
8755:
8754:
8517:
8516:
8394:Cibyrrhaeot Theme
8346:Bucellarian Theme
8247:
8246:
8209:
8208:
8166:Byzantine studies
8141:
8140:
8137:
8136:
7952:Alexander Romance
7810:
7809:
7787:Nea Moni of Chios
7650:Blachernae Palace
7572:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7538:Code of Justinian
7386:Eastern Orthodoxy
7357:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7279:
7278:
7153:Scholae Palatinae
7049:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7014:Foreign relations
7008:
7007:
6902:
6901:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6515:(1204–1453)
6295:978-0-520-20496-6
6232:Treadgold, Warren
6224:978-0-416-70380-1
6194:978-0-8135-1198-6
6041:978-0-521-31917-1
6004:978-2-13-052007-8
5964:978-2-226-04722-9
5928:Ahrweiler, Hélène
5672:, pp. 58, 63
4927:978-0-85323-106-6
4884:978-1-61430-462-3
4837:, pp. 98–101
4796:
4795:
4704:
4703:
4680:Established when
4647:(Θεοδοσιούπολις)
4567:Escorial Taktikon
4370:Escorial Tactikon
3981:Escorial Taktikon
3907:
3906:
3756:Central Macedonia
3716:Eastern Macedonia
3611:, Θέμα Σικελίας)
3144:Thema of Opsikion
2931:, Θέμα Λυκάνδου)
2660:thema Dyrrhachiou
2437:Created from the
2179:Heraclea Cybistra
2134:thema Kappadokias
1770:Established from
1750:
1749:
1577:Structure of the
1464:
1463:
1418:Manuel I Komnenos
1179:by the Arabs and
1132:(r. 969–976) and
1067:
1066:
1014:Bucellarian Theme
948:Heraclian dynasty
920:Θέμα Κιβυρραιωτῶν
878:, "people of the
353:provincial system
323:
292:
291:
16:(Redirected from
8785:
8544:
8537:
8530:
8521:
8520:
8328:Thracesian Theme
8285:Byzantine Empire
8274:
8267:
8260:
8251:
8250:
8234:
8147:
8146:
8090:Imperial Library
8036:Byzantine Greeks
7777:Daphni Monastery
7728:Panagia Chalkeon
7723:Hagios Demetrios
7690:Prison of Anemas
7640:Basilica Cistern
7598:
7597:
7589:
7588:
7578:
7577:
7433:West Syriac Rite
7423:Alexandrian Rite
7374:
7373:
7367:Religion and law
7363:
7362:
7298:Maritime themata
7254:Palaiologan army
7107:Military manuals
7075:
7074:
7066:
7065:
7055:
7054:
6913:
6912:
6889:Megas logothetes
6740:
6739:
6733:
6732:
6722:
6721:
6595:By modern region
6516:
6463:
6462:(717–1204)
6394:
6356:
6355:
6343:
6342:
6334:Byzantine Empire
6327:
6320:
6313:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6275:
6255:
6227:
6211:Runciman, Steven
6206:
6197:
6186:
6172:
6158:
6133:
6113:
6092:
6068:
6044:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6007:
5989:
5967:
5946:
5923:
5896:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5617:
5616:, pp. 86–87
5611:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5556:
5548:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5507:
5499:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5353:, pp. 35–36
5348:
5342:
5341:, pp. 84–85
5336:
5330:
5324:
5315:
5314:, pp. 80–84
5309:
5303:
5302:, pp. 33–37
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5252:
5251:, pp. 83–84
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5227:, pp. 26–29
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4994:Ostrogorsky 1997
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4868:
4862:
4861:, pp. 93–98
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4783:
4760:
4737:
4711:
4710:
4675:
4653:, again in 1000
4652:
4628:principality of
4614:
4585:
4559:
4533:
4528:, Θέμα Σιρμίου)
4503:
4480:
4445:
4415:
4392:
4363:
4330:
4305:
4280:
4271:Euphrates Cities
4244:
4239:, Θέμα Ἐδέσσης)
4218:
4165:
4143:
4121:
4089:
4057:
4050:thema Boulgarias
4030:
4004:
3986:David III of Tao
3972:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3922:, θέμα ναυτικόν)
3921:
3867:
3856:thema Thrakēsiōn
3806:
3781:Diocletianopolis
3742:
3697:, probably 840s
3696:
3616:
3572:
3565:thema Seleukeias
3523:
3516:thema Sebasteias
3441:
3399:
3330:
3277:
3232:
3151:
3079:
3072:thema Nikopoleōs
3040:
2986:
2979:thema Makedonias
2936:
2874:
2816:
2724:
2667:
2610:
2562:
2434:
2370:
2315:
2308:thema Charsianoù
2252:
2247:, Θέμα Χαλδίας)
2200:
2141:
2100:Heraclea Pontica
2072:
2007:
1996:thema Armeniakōn
1907:
1900:thema Anatolikōn
1866:Alexandria Troas
1802:
1773:Later divisions
1761:
1760:
1702:Pentekontarches
1689:/Hekatontarches
1683:10 Kontoubernia
1579:Thema Thrakēsiōn
1574:
1573:
1475:dynasty's rule.
1459:
1456:
1438:
1431:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1184:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1130:John I Tzimiskes
1062:
1059:
1041:
1034:
976:Byzantine Africa
922:
921:
899:
883:
882:
877:
876:
862:
861:
856:
834:
825:
819:
818:
789:
787:Théma Thrakēsiōn
783:
782:
776:Thracesian Theme
769:
763:
762:
752:
745:
744:
719:
717:Théma Armeniakōn
713:
712:
647:
634:
628:
622:
591:
581:
567:
500:
491:Diocese of Egypt
488:
466:) respectively.
382:Byzantine Empire
349:Muslim conquests
341:Byzantine Empire
334:
328:
327:
321:
319:
313:
304:
284:
277:
270:
246:Military manuals
202:Campaign history
137:Magister militum
64:
45:
44:
21:
8793:
8792:
8788:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8783:
8782:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8645:
8643:Local Community
8609:
8557:
8548:
8518:
8513:
8506:
8495:Cherson/Klimata
8416:
8294:
8278:
8248:
8243:
8240:
8205:
8181:Cyrillic script
8152:
8133:
8078:
8062:
7962:
7944:Digenes Akritas
7920:
7865:
7806:
7770:Other locations
7765:
7737:
7694:
7626:
7615:Cross-in-square
7583:
7564:
7514:
7368:
7349:
7275:
7225:
7221:Varangian Guard
7164:
7138:East Roman army
7133:Late Roman army
7121:
7060:
7041:
7004:
6983:
6952:
6898:
6877:
6873:Epi ton deeseon
6863:Epi tou eidikou
6821:
6785:
6727:
6708:
6695:
6598:
6596:
6589:
6575:Palaiologan era
6517:
6514:
6505:
6476:Nikephorian era
6464:
6461:
6452:
6395:
6393:(330–717)
6392:
6383:
6363:
6350:
6337:
6331:
6296:
6273:
6252:
6225:
6195:
6155:
6141:, eds. (2001).
6131:
6110:
6089:
6065:
6042:
6020:
6018:
6005:
5965:
5920:
5904:
5899:
5891:
5887:
5879:
5875:
5867:
5863:
5855:
5851:
5843:
5839:
5831:
5827:
5819:
5815:
5807:
5803:
5795:
5791:
5783:
5779:
5771:
5767:
5759:
5755:
5747:
5743:
5735:
5724:
5716:
5712:
5704:
5700:
5692:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5668:
5664:
5656:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5627:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5570:
5566:
5550:
5549:
5537:
5521:
5517:
5501:
5500:
5488:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5437:
5433:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5373:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5333:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5286:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5262:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5148:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5100:
5096:
5088:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5064:
5060:
5052:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4968:
4964:
4956:
4947:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4904:
4900:
4885:
4869:
4865:
4857:
4853:
4845:
4841:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4709:
4670:(Βαασπρακανία)
4669:
4656:Theodosiopolis
4646:
4634:Leo VI the Wise
4604:
4579:
4553:
4523:
4497:
4470:
4439:
4429:of Vaspurakan.
4409:
4385:thema Leukanias
4382:
4357:
4334:Theodosiopolis
4325:(θέμα Ἰβηρίας)
4324:
4299:
4274:
4254:George Maniakes
4234:
4212:
4198:Byzantine-Arab
4187:, Θέμα Κύπρου)
4182:
4159:
4137:
4127:A minor theme.
4115:
4103:Theme of Sicily
4101:, from 902 the
4082:thema Kalavrias
4079:
4047:
4020:
3998:
3966:
3933:
3923:
3912:
3853:
3796:
3732:
3689:thema Strymōnos
3686:
3606:
3562:
3513:
3431:
3389:
3320:
3278:, prob. c. 820
3267:
3221:thema Optimàtōn
3218:
3141:
3069:
3030:
2976:
2926:
2864:
2809:thema Kolōneias
2806:
2710:
2657:
2603:thema Dalmatias
2600:
2557:, Θέμα Κρήτης)
2552:
2420:
2359:thema Chersōnos
2356:
2305:
2242:
2190:
2167:Loulon Fortress
2131:
2058:
1993:
1897:
1792:
1755:
1699:5 Kontoubernia
1506:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1444:needs expansion
1429:
1424:Late Byzantine
1319:Varangian guard
1295:
1247:Greater Armenia
1160:ἀρμενικὰ θέματα
1122:
1110:kleisourarchiai
1063:
1057:
1054:
1047:needs expansion
1032:
743:Θέμα Ἀνατολικῶν
711:Θέμα Ἀρμενιακῶν
654:
574:
386:Sassanid Empire
378:
373:
365:East Roman army
355:established by
288:
152:Stratopedarches
127:Varangian Guard
77:East Roman army
35:
32:Themata (album)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8791:
8781:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8653:
8651:
8647:
8646:
8617:
8615:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8607:
8606:
8605:
8604:
8603:
8596:Municipal Unit
8588:
8587:
8586:
8576:
8571:
8565:
8563:
8559:
8558:
8547:
8546:
8539:
8532:
8524:
8515:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8504:
8497:
8491:
8485:
8479:
8473:
8467:
8461:
8455:
8449:
8443:
8437:
8431:
8424:
8422:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8408:
8402:
8396:
8390:
8384:
8378:
8372:
8366:
8360:
8354:
8348:
8342:
8336:
8334:Opsician Theme
8330:
8324:
8313:Armeniac Theme
8309:
8307:Anatolic Theme
8302:
8300:
8296:
8295:
8277:
8276:
8269:
8262:
8254:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8228:
8223:
8217:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8143:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8119:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8081:
8079:
8077:
8076:
8073:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7970:
7968:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7955:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7936:
7930:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7875:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7820:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7773:
7771:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7747:
7745:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7713:Byzantine Bath
7710:
7704:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7636:
7634:
7632:Constantinople
7628:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7622:
7617:
7607:
7601:
7595:
7585:
7584:
7574:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7530:
7524:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7391:Byzantine Rite
7382:
7380:
7370:
7369:
7359:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7271:Grand domestic
7268:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7237:Komnenian army
7233:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7135:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7112:Military units
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7082:Battle tactics
7078:
7072:
7062:
7061:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7018:
7016:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6919:
6917:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6774:Medieval Greek
6766:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6743:
6737:
6729:
6728:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6601:
6599:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6529:Fourth Crusade
6520:
6518:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6486:Macedonian era
6483:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6419:Theodosian era
6416:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6398:
6396:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6366:
6364:
6359:
6352:
6351:
6339:
6338:
6330:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6294:
6276:
6271:
6256:
6250:
6228:
6223:
6207:
6198:
6193:
6173:
6159:
6153:
6134:
6129:
6114:
6108:
6093:
6087:
6075:, ed. (1991).
6069:
6063:
6045:
6040:
6025:
6008:
6003:
5990:
5968:
5963:
5951:Bréhier, Louis
5947:
5924:
5918:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5885:
5883:, p. 248f
5873:
5861:
5849:
5837:
5825:
5813:
5801:
5789:
5777:
5765:
5753:
5741:
5722:
5710:
5698:
5686:
5674:
5662:
5645:
5633:
5618:
5606:
5594:
5564:
5535:
5515:
5486:
5466:
5459:
5431:
5392:
5385:
5367:
5355:
5351:Treadgold 1998
5343:
5331:
5316:
5312:Treadgold 1998
5304:
5300:Treadgold 1998
5292:
5290:, p. 1132
5280:
5268:
5253:
5241:
5237:Treadgold 1998
5229:
5225:Treadgold 1998
5217:
5205:
5193:
5191:, p. 2079
5181:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5106:
5104:, p. 2080
5094:
5082:
5070:
5058:
5046:
5034:
5022:
5010:
5006:Treadgold 1997
4998:
4986:
4974:
4962:
4960:, p. 2034
4945:
4943:, p. 2035
4933:
4926:
4898:
4883:
4863:
4851:
4839:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4817:Roman province
4814:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4790:Nicaean Empire
4786:
4784:
4779:
4771:
4770:
4767:Nicaean Empire
4763:
4761:
4756:
4748:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4678:
4676:
4671:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4648:
4643:Theodosiopolis
4638:
4637:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4534:
4529:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4504:
4499:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4461:
4460:
4457:John Kourkouas
4449:
4446:
4441:
4431:
4430:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4351:
4350:
4335:
4332:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4266:
4265:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4188:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4161:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4116:(Χαρπεζίκιον)
4107:
4106:
4097:Following the
4095:
4090:
4085:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3990:
3989:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3932:
3929:
3919:thema nautikon
3905:
3904:
3887:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3845:
3844:
3827:
3825:Constantinople
3821:Eastern Thrace
3818:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3788:
3787:
3758:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3698:
3692:
3678:
3677:
3640:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3609:thema Sikelias
3598:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3568:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3524:
3519:
3505:
3504:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3436:, Θέμα Σάμου)
3423:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3395:
3381:
3380:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3312:
3311:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3259:
3258:
3249:
3247:Constantinople
3243:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3210:
3209:
3176:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3133:
3132:
3107:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3043:New territory
3041:
3036:
3022:
3021:
3004:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2968:
2967:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2939:New territory
2937:
2932:
2929:thema Lykàndou
2918:
2917:
2900:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2870:
2856:
2855:
2842:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2812:
2798:
2797:
2759:
2753:Central Greece
2745:
2735:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2713:thema Hellàdos
2702:
2701:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2670:New territory
2668:
2663:
2649:
2648:
2627:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2613:New territory
2611:
2606:
2592:
2591:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2544:
2543:
2474:
2456:
2447:
2444:
2435:
2430:
2412:
2411:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2311:
2297:
2296:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2253:
2248:
2245:thema Chaldias
2234:
2233:
2220:
2214:Ionian Islands
2211:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2182:
2181:
2156:
2155:SW Cappadocia
2153:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2123:
2122:
2093:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2050:
2049:
2047:Comana Pontica
2032:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1985:
1984:
1935:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1889:
1888:
1851:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:2 Kentarchiai
1665:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1505:
1502:
1462:
1461:
1441:
1439:
1428:
1422:
1311:Komnenian army
1294:
1291:
1166:ῥωμαϊκά θέματα
1128:(r. 963–969),
1121:
1118:
1114:kleisourarchēs
1065:
1064:
1044:
1042:
1031:
1028:
952:Central Greece
929:Aegean islands
906:Byzantine navy
823:Théma Opsikiou
812:Opsician Theme
781:Θέμα Θρᾳκησίων
738:Anatolic Theme
706:Armeniac Theme
653:
650:
573:
570:
511:of the Muslim
377:
374:
372:
369:
339:of the middle
290:
289:
287:
286:
279:
272:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
251:Fortifications
248:
243:
238:
230:
229:
225:
224:
221:Constantinople
204:
203:
199:
198:
197:
196:
190:
181:
176:
170:Byzantine navy
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
154:
149:
147:Grand Domestic
144:
139:
129:
124:
123:
122:
112:
111:
110:
99:
98:
97:
92:
87:
79:
71:
70:
66:
65:
57:
56:
54:Byzantine army
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8790:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8707:kephalatikion
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8592:
8589:
8585:
8584:Regional Unit
8582:
8581:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8545:
8540:
8538:
8533:
8531:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8509:
8502:
8498:
8496:
8492:
8490:
8486:
8484:
8480:
8478:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8460:
8456:
8454:
8450:
8448:
8444:
8442:
8438:
8436:
8432:
8430:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8413:
8409:
8407:
8403:
8401:
8397:
8395:
8391:
8389:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8377:
8373:
8371:
8367:
8365:
8361:
8359:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8347:
8343:
8341:
8337:
8335:
8331:
8329:
8325:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8308:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8297:
8292:
8291:
8290:De Thematibus
8287:according to
8286:
8282:
8275:
8270:
8268:
8263:
8261:
8256:
8255:
8252:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8212:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8155:
8148:
8144:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8085:Encyclopedias
8083:
8082:
8080:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8009:Hellenization
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7967:Everyday life
7965:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7939:Acritic songs
7937:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7917:
7914:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7782:Hosios Loukas
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7768:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7740:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7579:
7575:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7511:
7508:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7455:Monophysitism
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7428:Armenian Rite
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7364:
7360:
7346:
7345:Naval battles
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7272:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7056:
7052:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6905:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6868:Protasekretis
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6719:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6592:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6496:Komnenian era
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6446:
6441:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6434:Heraclian era
6432:
6430:
6429:Justinian era
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6391:
6386:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6335:
6328:
6323:
6321:
6316:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6297:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6280:Whittow, Mark
6277:
6274:
6272:0-8047-3163-2
6268:
6264:
6263:
6257:
6253:
6251:0-8047-2630-2
6247:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6196:
6190:
6185:
6184:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6154:0-88402-282-X
6150:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6132:
6130:3-900538-23-9
6126:
6122:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6109:9789603710608
6105:
6101:
6100:
6094:
6090:
6088:0-19-504652-8
6084:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6064:1-85728-495-X
6060:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6026:
6016:
6015:
6009:
6006:
6000:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5934:(in French),
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5919:0-19-821854-0
5915:
5911:
5906:
5905:
5895:, p. 246
5894:
5889:
5882:
5877:
5871:, p. 247
5870:
5865:
5858:
5853:
5846:
5841:
5834:
5829:
5823:, p. 161
5822:
5817:
5810:
5805:
5798:
5793:
5787:, p. 156
5786:
5781:
5774:
5769:
5762:
5757:
5750:
5745:
5738:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5719:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5696:, p. 150
5695:
5690:
5684:, p. 149
5683:
5678:
5671:
5666:
5659:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5642:
5637:
5631:, p. 148
5630:
5625:
5623:
5615:
5610:
5597:
5595:9789004344877
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5536:0-8122-1620-2
5532:
5528:
5527:
5519:
5511:
5505:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5487:0-8122-1620-2
5483:
5479:
5478:
5470:
5462:
5460:9781003070832
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5435:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5412:(495): 1–34.
5411:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5388:
5386:9789004117105
5382:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5329:, p. 143
5328:
5323:
5321:
5313:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5289:
5284:
5277:
5272:
5265:
5260:
5258:
5250:
5245:
5238:
5233:
5226:
5221:
5215:, p. 146
5214:
5209:
5203:, p. 911
5202:
5197:
5190:
5185:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5164:, p. 216
5163:
5158:
5152:, p. 155
5151:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5128:, p. 217
5127:
5122:
5115:
5110:
5103:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5067:
5062:
5056:, p. 177
5055:
5050:
5043:
5038:
5032:, p. 152
5031:
5026:
5019:
5014:
5008:, p. 316
5007:
5002:
4996:, p. 101
4995:
4990:
4983:
4978:
4972:, p. 215
4971:
4966:
4959:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4942:
4937:
4929:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4867:
4860:
4855:
4849:, p. 210
4848:
4843:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4803:
4802:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4655:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4530:
4527:
4526:thema Sirmiou
4522:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4468:/Paradounavon
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4285:Minor theme.
4284:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4238:
4237:thema Edēssēs
4233:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4168:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4124:Charpezikion
4123:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3799:thema Thrakēs
3795:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Armenia Minor
3543:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Armenia Minor
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:Idassa/Iadera
2617:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:Halicarnassus
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2427:Kibyrrhaiotai
2424:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2373:ruled by the
2372:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:Armenia Minor
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1782:Other cities
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1737:"Rear Guard"
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Kontoubernion
1706:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:kephalatikion
1483:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1442:This section
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1384:instead of a
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:Komnenian era
1299:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:Nikephoros II
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1089:Klētorologion
1085:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1045:This section
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
916:
911:
907:
903:
898:
893:
892:
887:
871:
870:
864:
855:
850:
846:
843:and parts of
842:
838:
833:
829:
824:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
777:
773:
768:
757:
753:
751:
739:
735:
731:
728:and northern
727:
726:Armenia Minor
723:
718:
707:
698:
697:
692:
691:
685:
678:
674:
669:
663:
658:
649:
646:
645:
637:
633:
627:
621:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
585:
580:
569:
566:
565:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:who acted as
535:
534:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
505:
499:
498:
492:
487:
486:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
318:
309:
305:
303:
297:
285:
280:
278:
273:
271:
266:
265:
263:
262:
256:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
241:Siege warfare
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
227:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:
201:
200:
194:
191:
189:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
128:
125:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
80:
78:
75:
74:
73:
72:
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
52:
51:
47:
46:
39:
33:
19:
8736:
8702:katepanikion
8591:Municipality
8447:Thessalonica
8288:
8280:
7950:
7718:Hagia Sophia
7700:Thessalonica
7675:Hagia Sophia
7655:Chora Church
7593:Architecture
7470:Great Schism
7460:Paulicianism
7438:Miaphysitism
7297:
7293:Karabisianoi
7175:
6963:
6597:or territory
6557:Thessalonica
6541:Latin Empire
6536:Frankokratia
6511:
6471:Isaurian era
6458:
6389:
6374:
6370:Roman Empire
6360:
6284:
6261:
6236:
6214:
6202:
6182:
6167:
6143:
6119:
6098:
6076:
6053:
6049:Haldon, John
6030:
6019:, retrieved
6013:
5994:
5976:
5954:
5938:(1): 1–111,
5935:
5931:
5909:
5888:
5876:
5864:
5852:
5840:
5828:
5816:
5804:
5792:
5780:
5768:
5756:
5744:
5739:, p. 64
5713:
5701:
5689:
5677:
5665:
5660:, p. 63
5636:
5609:
5599:, retrieved
5577:
5567:
5525:
5518:
5476:
5469:
5441:
5434:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5376:
5370:
5358:
5346:
5334:
5307:
5295:
5288:Kazhdan 1991
5283:
5271:
5266:, p. 84
5244:
5232:
5220:
5213:Cheynet 2006
5208:
5201:Kazhdan 1991
5196:
5189:Kazhdan 1991
5184:
5179:, p. 87
5157:
5150:Cheynet 2006
5145:
5140:, p. 77
5133:
5121:
5109:
5102:Kazhdan 1991
5097:
5092:, p. 73
5085:
5080:, p. 90
5078:Kazhdan 1991
5073:
5061:
5054:Kazhdan 1991
5049:
5037:
5030:Cheynet 2006
5025:
5013:
5001:
4989:
4982:Cheynet 2006
4977:
4965:
4958:Kazhdan 1991
4941:Kazhdan 1991
4936:
4908:
4901:
4873:
4866:
4859:Bréhier 2000
4854:
4842:
4835:Bréhier 2000
4830:
4774:
4751:
4728:
4693:
4689:
4666:Vaasprakania
4664:
4641:
4621:
4620:Formed as a
4606:
4599:
4574:
4566:
4548:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4492:
4472:
4464:
4452:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4410:(Ματζικέρτ)
4404:
4384:
4377:
4369:
4354:
4319:
4296:
4290:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4252:Captured by
4236:
4229:
4207:
4185:thema Kyprou
4184:
4177:
4154:
4138:(Χαυζίζιον)
4132:
4112:Charpezikion
4110:
4081:
4074:
4049:
4042:
4022:
4015:
3999:(Ἀσμόσατον)
3993:
3979:
3961:
3934:
3925:
3909:
3908:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3816:Arcadiopolis
3798:
3791:
3750:Thessalonica
3734:
3729:Thessalonica
3727:
3701:
3688:
3681:
3608:
3601:
3595:Claudiopolis
3576:
3564:
3557:
3527:
3515:
3508:
3433:
3426:
3391:
3384:
3322:
3315:
3309:Pompeiopolis
3269:
3262:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3143:
3136:
3122:Dryinoupolis
3083:
3071:
3064:
3032:
3025:
3007:Didymoteicho
2996:Adrianopolis
2978:
2971:
2928:
2921:
2878:
2866:
2859:
2821:
2808:
2801:
2761:(after 809)
2744:(after 809)
2729:Karabisianoi
2727:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2659:
2652:
2602:
2595:
2567:Arab emirate
2555:thema Krētēs
2554:
2547:
2440:Karabisianoi
2438:
2426:
2422:
2417:Cibyrrhaeots
2415:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2319:
2307:
2300:
2256:
2244:
2237:
2192:
2185:
2133:
2126:
2104:Claudiopolis
2065:Boukellàrioi
2064:
2060:
2055:Bucellarians
2053:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1899:
1892:
1794:
1787:
1756:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1538:conscription
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1504:Organization
1496:
1489:
1485:
1481:katepanakias
1480:
1477:
1465:
1455:January 2012
1452:
1448:adding to it
1443:
1425:
1410:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1371:Katepanakias
1370:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1327:
1322:
1304:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1217:"), under a
1202:
1199:
1194:
1191:Charpezikion
1170:
1154:μικρὰ θέματα
1150:
1144:
1123:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1055:
1051:adding to it
1046:
1021:
1009:
1002:
995:
971:
943:
933:
924:
915:Cibyrrhaeots
889:
875:Kαραβισιάνοι
869:Karabisianoi
867:
865:
863:, "count").
817:Θέμα Ὀψικίου
747:
702:
694:
688:
672:
638:
575:
553:
549:
545:
541:
531:
524:philosophies
517:
502:
474:
470:
468:
463:
455:
429:
379:
299:
295:
293:
157:Protostrator
84:
18:Theme system
8489:Longobardia
8477:Dyrrhachium
8465:Cephallenia
8459:Peloponnese
8364:Mesopotamia
8352:Paphlagonia
8201:Megali Idea
8176:Byzantinism
7879:Agriculture
7670:Hagia Irene
7503:Kievan Rus'
7480:Mount Athos
7303:Cibyrrhaeot
7247:Vestiaritai
7102:Mercenaries
6979:Catepanates
6838:Sakellarios
6757:Family tree
6682:Mesopotamia
6501:Angelid era
6481:Amorian era
5972:Bury, J. B.
5893:Angold 1975
5881:Angold 1975
5869:Angold 1975
5614:Haldon 1999
5363:Haldon 1999
5339:Haldon 1999
5276:Haldon 1999
5264:Haldon 1999
5249:Haldon 1999
5177:Haldon 1999
5162:Haldon 1990
5138:Haldon 1999
5126:Haldon 1990
5114:Haldon 1990
5090:Haldon 1999
5066:Haldon 1999
5042:Haldon 1990
5018:Haldon 1990
4970:Haldon 1990
4847:Haldon 1990
4554:(Τάραντας)
4498:(Σαμόσατα)
4484:Dorostrolon
4453:kouratoreia
4440:(Μελιτηνή)
4331:or c. 1023
4200:condominium
3984:. Ceded to
3914:naval theme
3850:Thracesians
3809:?Opsicians
3647:Tavromènion
3526:Armeniacs,
3502:Adramyttion
3434:thema Samou
3345:Peloponnese
3317:Peloponnese
3292:Paphlagonia
3264:Paphlagonia
3256:Chrysopolis
3168:, Northern
3056:Euphratesia
3027:Mesopotamia
3011:Mosynopolis
2861:Longobardia
2853:Neocaesarea
2820:Armeniacs,
2779:Thermopylae
2676:Dyrrhachium
2654:Dyrrhachium
2209:Cephallenia
2187:Cephallenia
2091:Paphlagonia
2028:, northern
1946:Philomelion
1746:Tetrarches
1732:Pentarches
1723:"Vanguard"
1653:Droungarios
1635:Tourmarches
1631:6 Droungoi
1542:proasteion"
1530:Hellenistic
1514:stratiotai"
1473:Palaiologos
1406:chrysobulas
1387:Tourmarches
1243:Mesopotamia
1214:catepanates
1195:tourmarchai
841:Paphlagonia
662:Sergiopolis
615:Constans II
504:stratelates
475:stratelates
422:Justinian I
8762:Categories
8722:naukrareia
8697:exarchaton
8672:despotaton
8650:Historical
8623:Prefecture
8553:terms for
8499:(omitted:
8412:Aegean Sea
8321:Charsianon
8317:Cappadocia
8196:Third Rome
8122:University
8105:Philosophy
8095:Inventions
7958:Historians
7926:Literature
7909:Varangians
7751:San Vitale
7680:Hippodrome
7660:City Walls
7560:Mutilation
7555:Hexabiblos
7475:Bogomilism
7465:Iconoclasm
7335:Megas doux
7325:Greek fire
7308:Aegean Sea
7181:Kleisourai
7158:Excubitors
7148:Bucellarii
7000:Despotates
6969:Kleisourai
6908:Provincial
6752:Coronation
6726:Governance
6491:Doukid era
6424:Leonid era
6021:2009-12-04
5986:1046639111
5601:2022-03-13
4893:1193333944
4823:References
4736:after 1204
4466:Paristrion
4418:Manzikert
4260:, later a
4213:(Δερζηνῆ)
4164:before 956
4160:(Χόζανον)
4146:Chavzizin
4007:Asmosaton
3938:strategiai
3916:(in Greek
3890:Hierapolis
3860:Thrakēsioi
3842:Rhaedestus
3812:Macedonia
3542:Cappadocia
3530:by c. 900
3490:Clazomenae
3416:source of
3412:Arsamosata
3378:Monemvasia
3358:Lacedaemon
3235:Opsicians
3172:, Western
3039:by 899-911
2952:Cappadocia
2915:Callipolis
2907:Brindesion
2717:Helladikoi
2634:Aspalathos
2509:Sagalassus
2467:Dodecanese
2379:Theophilos
2341:Charsianon
2336:Cappadocia
2302:Charsianon
2290:Polemonion
2128:Cappadocia
2112:Iuliopolis
2071:by 767/768
2030:Cappadocia
2006:by 667/668
2000:Armeniakoi
1914:Cappadocia
1906:by 669/670
1886:Callipolis
1841:Hellespont
1801:by 842/843
1789:Aegean Sea
1718:Dekarchos
1687:Kentarches
1676:Kentarchia
1613:4 Tourmai
1565:Strategiai
1549:Diocletian
1255:Vaspurakan
1105:kleisourai
1073:Byzantine
1006:Artabasdos
997:archontiai
750:Anatolikōn
730:Cappadocia
671:Byzantine
558:Asia Minor
554:proasteion
493:putting a
448:Diocletian
376:Background
357:Diocletian
193:Megas doux
174:Greek fire
8742:toparchia
8732:strategis
8727:satrapeia
8712:kleisoura
8677:dioikesis
8601:Community
8471:Nicopolis
8435:Macedonia
8376:Sebasteia
8340:Optimates
8024:Octoechos
7904:Silk Road
7396:Hesychasm
7264:Paramonai
7211:Hetaireia
7143:Foederati
7032:Diplomacy
7027:Diplomats
6933:Provinces
6762:Empresses
6565:Trebizond
6361:Preceding
5953:(2000) ,
5737:Kühn 1991
5670:Kühn 1991
5658:Kühn 1991
5641:Kühn 1991
5553:cite book
5504:cite book
5426:0013-8266
4776:Neokastra
4730:Maiandros
4723:Comments
4626:Paulician
4622:kleisoura
4617:Tephrike
4562:Tarantas
4511:strategos
4506:Samosata
4448:Melitene
4423:strategos
4406:Manzikert
4297:Hexapolis
4292:Hexakomia
4258:strategos
4221:Chozanon
4169:Chozanon
4142:after 940
4134:Chavzizin
3995:Asmosaton
3956:Comments
3926:kleisoura
3838:Perinthus
3830:Selymbria
3823:, except
3702:kleisoura
3671:Lilybaeum
3577:kleisoura
3536:Sebasteia
3528:kleisoura
3510:Sebasteia
3362:Korinthos
3305:Kastamonè
3301:Ionopolis
3252:Chalcedon
3241:Nicomedia
3225:Optimatoi
3215:Optimates
3191:Dorylaion
3126:Nicopolis
3114:Buthrotum
3105:Acarnania
3092:Naupaktos
3066:Nicopolis
2973:Macedonia
2957:Arabissos
2947:Fortress
2849:Nicopolis
2827:Duchy of
2822:kleisoura
2791:Demetrias
2695:Apollonia
2642:Tragyrion
2623:Coast of
2585:Rethymnon
2513:Telmissus
2505:Anemurium
2459:Pamphylia
2401:Theodosia
2271:Trebizond
2264:Duchy of
2227:Zakynthos
2175:Nazianzus
2075:Opsikion
1990:Armeniacs
1966:Antiochia
1958:Sozopolis
1942:Polybotos
1894:Anatolics
1874:Lampsakos
1810:possibly
1617:Strategos
1561:Eparchies
1553:praesides
1534:strategos
1508:The term
1393:pronoiars
1362:Katepanos
1347:Katepanos
1338:Manzikert
1323:strategoi
1267:strategos
1187:Armenians
1171:stratēgos
1084:strategos
1018:Optimates
974:, as did
897:stratēgos
886:Illyricum
832:Obsequium
690:Optimatoi
679:, c. 750.
660:Ruins at
626:stratēgos
594:Heraclius
564:stratēgos
533:strategoi
513:Caliphate
509:onslaught
322:singular:
207:Lists of
95:Hetaireia
8692:eparchia
8687:droungos
8682:doukaton
8627:Province
8501:Dalmatia
8388:Seleucia
8382:Lykandos
8370:Koloneia
8293:(c. 950)
8117:Scholars
8110:Rhetoric
8100:Medicine
8075:Learning
7974:Calendar
7851:Painters
7550:Basilika
7488:Bulgaria
7450:Arianism
7401:Hayhurum
7378:Religion
7340:Admirals
7259:Allagion
7191:Droungos
7097:Generals
7059:Military
7022:Treaties
6928:Dioceses
6747:Emperors
6660:Sardinia
6640:Dalmatia
6620:Bulgaria
6610:Anatolia
6569:Theodoro
6563: /
6559: /
6551: /
6282:(1996).
6234:(1997).
6213:(1975),
6179:(1997),
6165:(1972),
6051:(1999).
5974:(1911).
5545:40455898
5496:40455898
4799:See also
4720:Capital
4694:katepano
4630:Tephrike
4580:(Ταρών)
4550:Tarantas
4536:Sirmium
4494:Samosata
4459:in 934.
4436:Melitene
4194:Leukosia
4156:Chozanon
4076:Calabria
4044:Bulgaria
3967:(Ἄρτζε)
3953:Capital
3902:Laodikea
3898:Thyatira
3773:Ierissos
3710:Neapolis
3675:Drepanum
3659:Leontini
3651:Panormos
3638:Calabria
3629:Syracuse
3588:Western
3584:Seleucia
3559:Seleucia
3498:Pergamon
3474:Magnesia
3297:Amastris
3203:Kotyaion
3195:Nakoleia
3187:Malagina
3174:Bithynia
3138:Opsikion
3110:Ioannina
3000:Western
2992:Strymon
2961:Cocyssos
2945:Lykandos
2923:Lykandos
2903:Tarantas
2834:Koloneia
2803:Koloneia
2783:Plataeae
2771:Pharsala
2757:Thessaly
2740:, later
2685:Albanian
2646:Scardona
2625:Dalmatia
2597:Dalmatia
2493:Phaselis
2485:Cibyrrha
2454:Attaleia
2452:, later
2405:Bosporos
2330:Caesarea
2294:Paiperta
2286:Cerasous
2159:Podandus
2043:Euchaita
1982:Pessinus
1950:Akroinon
1858:Mytilene
1854:Methymna
1849:Cyclades
1845:Sporades
1816:Methymna
1812:Mytilene
1776:Capital
1649:2 Banda
1642:Droungos
1526:viceroys
1334:Anatolia
1226:katepano
1173:(called
1134:Basil II
1092:and the
1058:May 2008
1016:and the
1010:Opsikion
980:Carthage
944:Opsikion
881:κᾱ́ρᾰβοι
837:Bithynia
696:Opsikion
677:Anatolia
538:viceroys
501:(Greek:
479:dioceses
414:Lombards
398:Anatolia
184:Admirals
132:Generals
8614:Defunct
8441:Strymon
8358:Chaldia
8315:(incl.
8283:of the
8226:Outline
8171:Museums
8071:Science
8048:Slavery
8004:Gardens
7984:Cuisine
7916:Dynatoi
7884:Coinage
7871:Economy
7839:Mosaics
7802:Mystras
7743:Ravenna
7605:Secular
7493:Moravia
7242:Pronoia
7216:Akritai
7201:Tagmata
7176:Themata
7117:Revolts
7087:Battles
6995:Kephale
6964:Themata
6894:Mesazon
6736:Central
6672:Maghreb
6625:Corsica
6615:Armenia
6605:Albania
6348:History
5902:Sources
4744:Nicaean
4613:934/944
4520:Sirmium
4379:Lucania
4358:(Κάμα)
4329:c. 1001
4279:c. 1032
4217:948/952
4209:Derzene
4093:Rhegion
3894:Sardeis
3777:Moglena
3683:Strymon
3667:Mazzara
3655:Akragas
3590:Cilicia
3551:Dazimon
3494:Phocaea
3482:Lebedos
3478:Tralles
3470:Miletus
3466:Ephesos
3370:Methòne
3340:Corinth
3207:Midaeum
3170:Phrygia
3130:Himarra
3101:Aetolia
3050:Kamacha
3019:Maronia
2989:Thrace
2898:Lucania
2829:Chaldia
2787:Euripus
2767:Larissa
2738:Corinth
2681:Illyria
2630:Ragousa
2575:Chandax
2501:Selinus
2397:Sougdea
2386:Cherson
2375:Khazars
2363:Klimata
2354:Klimata
2349:Cherson
2314:863–873
2266:Chaldia
2239:Chaldia
2231:Leucate
2120:Gordion
2116:Lagania
2087:Galatia
1974:Laranda
1962:Thebasa
1954:Synnada
1938:Iconium
1933:Isauria
1929:Pisidia
1925:Phrygia
1920:Amorium
1878:Cyzicus
1837:Tenedos
1518:Komai",
1497:Kephale
1491:Katepan
1468:Angeloi
1426:themata
1399:dynatoi
1382:Praktor
1377:Tourmas
1353:pronoia
1282:dynatoi
1275:tagmata
1239:Chaldia
1235:Antioch
1208:ducates
1203:tagmata
1182:zoravar
1145:themata
1075:themata
1023:tagmata
990:in the
988:Cherson
845:Galatia
772:Amorium
767:Anatolē
761:Aνατολῆ
673:themata
644:aswārān
620:thémata
600:of the
572:Origins
471:eparchs
440:Ravenna
436:viceroy
426:Maurice
410:Balkans
371:History
317:thémata
302:thémata
236:Tactics
217:battles
120:allagia
107:pronoia
90:tagmata
8747:tourma
8662:bandon
8579:Region
8562:Modern
8483:Sicily
8453:Hellas
8429:Thrace
8400:Cyprus
8281:Themes
8236:Portal
8151:Impact
8031:People
7979:Cities
7829:Enamel
7610:Sacred
7545:Ecloga
7411:Saints
7320:Dromon
7196:Bandon
7186:Tourma
7169:Middle
7092:Beacon
6974:Bandon
6957:Middle
6826:Middle
6781:Senate
6704:Thrace
6687:Serbia
6665:Sicily
6650:Greece
6635:Cyprus
6553:Epirus
6549:Nicaea
6459:Middle
6336:topics
6292:
6269:
6248:
6221:
6191:
6151:
6127:
6106:
6085:
6061:
6038:
6001:
5984:
5961:
5916:
5592:
5543:
5533:
5494:
5484:
5457:
5424:
5383:
4924:
4891:
4881:
4674:1021/2
4541:Syrmia
4321:Iberia
4248:Edessa
4231:Edessa
4179:Cyprus
4088:c. 950
4034:Serres
4003:c. 938
3975:Artze
3910:Notes:
3876:Chonae
3866:by 687
3805:by 680
3793:Thrace
3785:Servia
3765:Edessa
3761:Beroia
3741:by 824
3721:Serres
3704:(709)
3695:by 899
3663:Himera
3643:Katàne
3634:Sicily
3615:by 700
3603:Sicily
3571:by 934
3522:by 911
3456:Ionian
3450:Smyrna
3440:by 899
3398:by 935
3350:Patrae
3329:by 811
3287:Gangra
3276:by 826
3231:by 775
3199:Krasos
3179:Prussa
3161:Nicaea
3150:by 680
3097:Epirus
3084:tourma
3078:by 899
3054:Upper
3002:Thrace
2985:by 802
2965:Comana
2935:by 916
2911:Hydrus
2894:Apulia
2889:Barion
2880:tourma
2873:by 892
2845:Satala
2838:North
2815:by 863
2795:Stagoi
2763:Athens
2749:Attica
2742:Thebes
2723:c. 690
2707:Hellas
2699:Lissos
2687:coast
2666:by 842
2609:by 899
2589:Gortys
2561:by 767
2537:Cnidus
2529:Mylasa
2525:Iassus
2517:Patara
2489:Limyra
2477:Rhodes
2473:coast
2471:Ionian
2443:fleet
2409:Galita
2392:Crimea
2390:South
2321:tourma
2282:Rhizus
2278:coast
2276:Pontic
2258:tourma
2251:c. 840
2218:Apulia
2199:by 809
2140:by 830
2108:Cratea
2082:Ancyra
2039:Amisus
2035:Sinope
2022:Pontus
2017:Amasea
1978:Isaura
1916:(830)
1882:Sestos
1870:Abydos
1833:Imbros
1825:Lemnos
1821:Lesbos
1670:Komes
1660:Bandon
1628:2,400
1624:Tourma
1610:9,600
1607:Thema
1259:Edessa
1251:Iberia
1231:doukes
1211:" or "
1176:zirwar
992:Crimea
972:doukes
964:Sicily
960:Hellas
956:Slavic
940:Bulgar
936:Thrace
849:Nicaea
810:. The
808:Chonae
792:Thrace
736:. The
734:Amasea
722:Pontus
589:thesis
458:) and
444:Africa
431:exarch
412:. The
396:, and
312:θέματα
296:themes
215:, and
179:Dromon
85:themes
8737:thema
8717:meris
8667:demos
8551:Greek
8406:Samos
8221:Index
8053:Death
8043:Women
8014:Music
7994:Dress
7989:Dance
7934:Novel
7894:Trade
7889:Mints
7834:Glass
7824:Icons
7620:Domes
7498:Serbs
7313:Samos
7126:Early
6916:Early
6790:Early
6699:Syria
6677:Malta
6655:Italy
6645:Egypt
6630:Crete
6561:Morea
6390:Early
5410:CXXII
4717:Date
4592:Taron
4584:966/7
4576:Taron
4396:Tursi
4061:Scupi
3963:Artze
3950:Date
3885:Ionia
3881:Lydia
3834:Bizye
3462:Samos
3428:Samos
3366:Helos
3354:Argos
3166:Mysia
3118:Rogoi
3015:Aenos
2775:Lamia
2691:Aulon
2638:Polae
2580:Crete
2549:Crete
2533:Selge
2463:Lycia
2450:Samos
2223:Corfu
2171:Tyana
2163:Nyssa
2151:Tyana
1970:Derbe
1862:Chios
1829:Chios
1767:Date
1557:duces
1522:Chora
1510:thema
984:Crete
968:Italy
954:from
902:Samos
860:κόμης
854:kómēs
828:Latin
804:Caria
800:Lydia
796:Ionia
632:théma
579:théma
550:komai
546:chora
542:théma
460:Italy
418:Italy
406:Avars
402:Slavs
394:Egypt
390:Syria
332:théma
308:Greek
8493:12.
8487:11.
8481:10.
8410:17.
8404:16.
8398:15.
8392:14.
8386:13.
8380:12.
8374:11.
8368:10.
8319:and
8019:Lyra
7899:silk
7510:Jews
7285:Navy
7230:Late
7070:Army
7037:Wars
6988:Late
6882:Late
6512:Late
6290:ISBN
6267:ISBN
6246:ISBN
6219:ISBN
6189:ISBN
6149:ISBN
6125:ISBN
6104:ISBN
6083:ISBN
6059:ISBN
6036:ISBN
5999:ISBN
5982:OCLC
5959:ISBN
5914:ISBN
5590:ISBN
5559:link
5541:OCLC
5531:ISBN
5510:link
5492:OCLC
5482:ISBN
5455:ISBN
5422:ISSN
5381:ISBN
4922:ISBN
4889:OCLC
4879:ISBN
4759:1143
4690:doux
4558:970s
4532:1018
4479:1020
4444:970s
4427:doux
4414:1000
4362:970s
4355:Kama
4343:Tayk
4304:970s
4262:doux
4243:1032
4190:965
4056:1018
4029:970s
3971:970s
3769:Dion
3636:and
3544:and
3486:Teos
3418:Aras
3374:Elis
3183:Kios
2755:and
2497:Side
2481:Myra
2096:Tios
1847:and
1743:n/a
1729:n/a
1680:100
1664:200
1646:400
1586:Name
1563:and
1411:The
1366:Doux
1342:Doux
1328:The
1305:The
1261:and
1241:and
1220:doux
1143:The
802:and
756:East
598:last
548:", "
526:and
442:and
434:, a
404:and
359:and
347:and
326:θέμα
294:The
209:wars
8475:9.
8469:8.
8463:7.
8457:6.
8451:5.
8445:4.
8439:3.
8433:2.
8427:1.
8362:9.
8356:8.
8350:7.
8344:6.
8338:5.
8332:4.
8326:3.
8311:2.
8305:1.
7816:Art
7520:Law
5940:doi
5582:doi
5447:doi
5414:doi
4914:doi
4698:Van
4696:at
4651:949
4502:958
4391:968
4347:Ani
4339:Tao
4295:or
4120:949
3540:NE
2950:SE
2541:Kos
2369:833
2334:NW
1814:or
1712:10
1696:50
1494:or
1484:or
1450:.
1364:or
1344:or
1263:Ani
1233:of
1223:or
1197:).
1108:or
1053:.
675:in
497:dux
298:or
8764::
8641:*
8637:*
8633:*
8629:*
8621:*
6244:.
5936:84
5725:^
5648:^
5621:^
5588:,
5576:,
5555:}}
5551:{{
5539:.
5506:}}
5502:{{
5490:.
5453:.
5445:.
5420:.
5408:.
5404:.
5319:^
5256:^
5169:^
4948:^
4920:.
4887:.
4792:.
4769:.
4684:,
4569:.
4543:)
3900:,
3896:,
3892:,
3883:,
3858:,
3840:,
3836:,
3832:,
3783:,
3779:,
3775:,
3771:,
3767:,
3763:,
3673:,
3669:,
3665:,
3661:,
3657:,
3653:,
3649:,
3645:,
3625:)
3500:,
3496:,
3492:,
3488:,
3484:,
3480:,
3476:,
3472:,
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3372:,
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3360:,
3356:,
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3307:,
3303:,
3299:,
3254:,
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3197:,
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2851:,
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2644:,
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2098:,
2089:,
2063:,
2045:,
2041:,
2037:,
2024:,
1998:,
1980:,
1976:,
1972:,
1968:,
1964:,
1960:,
1956:,
1952:,
1948:,
1944:,
1940:,
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1740:4
1726:5
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1098:.
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931:.
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798:,
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392:,
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6567:–
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