Themistocles - Knowledge

1658:"But when Egypt revolted with Athenian aid...and Cimon's mastery of the sea forced the King to resist the efforts of the Hellenes and to hinder their hostile growth...messages came down to Themistocles saying that the King commanded him to make good his promises by applying himself to the Hellenic problem; then, neither embittered by anything like anger against his former fellow-citizens, nor lifted up by the great honor and power he was to have in the war, but possibly thinking his task not even approachable, both because Hellas had other great generals at the time, and especially because Cimon was so marvelously successful in his campaigns; yet most of all out of regard for the reputation of his own achievements and the trophies of those early days; having decided that his best course was to put a fitting end to his life, he made a sacrifice to the gods, then called his friends together, gave them a farewell clasp of his hand, and, as the current story goes, drank bull's blood, or as some say, took a quick poison, and so died in Magnesia, in the sixty-fifth year of his life...They say that the King, on learning the cause and the manner of his death, admired the man yet more, and continued to treat his friends and kindred with kindness." 941:, to Xerxes, with a message proclaiming that Themistocles was "on the king's side, and prefers that your affairs prevail, not the Hellenes'." Themistocles claimed that the Allied commanders were infighting, that the Peloponnesians were planning to evacuate that very night, and that to gain victory all the Persians needed to do was to block the straits. In performing this subterfuge, Themistocles seems to have been trying to lure the Persian fleet into the Straits. The message also had a secondary purpose: In the event of an Allied defeat, the Athenians might receive some degree of mercy from Xerxes (having indicated their readiness to submit). At any rate, this was exactly the kind of news that Xerxes wanted to hear. Xerxes evidently took the bait, and the Persian fleet was sent out to effect the block. Perhaps overconfident and expecting no resistance, the Persian navy sailed into the Straits, only to find that, far from disintegrating, the Allied navy was ready for battle. 782: 1170: 1098:

fortress. Themistocles urged the citizens to build the fortifications as quickly as possible, then went to Sparta as an ambassador to answer the charges levelled by the Spartans. There, he assured them that no building work was on-going, and urged them to send emissaries to Athens to see for themselves. By the time the ambassadors arrived, the Athenians had finished building, and then detained the Spartan ambassadors when they complained about the presence of the fortifications. By delaying in this manner, Themistocles gave the Athenians enough time to fortify the city, and thus ward off any Spartan attack aimed at preventing the re-fortification of Athens. Furthermore, the Spartans were obliged to repatriate Themistocles in order to free their own ambassadors. However, this episode may be seen as the beginning of the Spartan mistrust of Themistocles, which would return to haunt him.

925:, where the Athenian ships helped with the final evacuation of Athens. The Peloponnesian contingents wanted to sail to the coast of the Isthmus to concentrate forces with the army. However, Themistocles tried to convince them to remain in the Straits of Salamis, invoking the lessons of Artemisium; "battle in close conditions works to our advantage". After threatening to sail with the whole Athenian people into exile in Sicily, he eventually persuaded the other Allies, whose security after all relied on the Athenian navy, to accept his plan. Therefore, even after Athens had fallen to the Persians, and the Persian navy had arrived off the coast of Salamis, the Allied navy remained in the Straits. Themistocles appears to have been aiming to fight a battle that would cripple the Persian navy, and thus guarantee the security of the Peloponnesus. 1002: 1504: 527:. Like many contemporaries, little is known of his early years. Some authors report that he was unruly as a child and was consequently disowned by his father. Plutarch considers this to be false. Plutarch indicates that, on account of his mother's background, Themistocles was considered something of an outsider; furthermore the family appear to have lived in an immigrant district of Athens, Cynosarges, outside the city walls. However, in an early example of his cunning, Themistocles persuaded "well-born" children to exercise with him in Cynosarges, thus breaking down the distinction between "alien and legitimate". Plutarch further reports that Themistocles was preoccupied, even as a child, with preparing for public life. His teacher is said to have told him: 1369: 1054: 1342: 945: 1586: 1022:"Themistocles once declared to the people that he had devised a certain measure which could not be revealed to them, though it would be helpful and salutary for the city, and they ordered that Aristides alone should hear what it was and pass judgment on it. So Themistocles told Aristides that his purpose was to burn the naval station of the confederate Hellenes, for that in this way the Athenians would be greatest, and lords of all. Then Aristides came before the people and said of the deed which Themistocles purposed to do, that none other could be more advantageous, and none more unjust. On hearing this, the Athenians ordained that Themistocles cease from his purpose." 1197:. Themistocles's flight probably only served to convince his accusers of his guilt, and he was declared a traitor in Athens, his property to be confiscated. Both Diodorus and Plutarch considered that the charges were false, and made solely for the purposes of destroying Themistocles. The Spartans sent ambassadors to Admetus, threatening that the whole of Greece would go to war with the Molossians unless they surrendered Themistocles. Admetus, however, allowed Themistocles to escape, giving him a large sum of gold to aid him on his way. Themistocles then fled from Greece, apparently never to return, thus effectively bringing his political career to an end. 689:, the hero of the battle, was seriously wounded in an abortive attempt to capture Paros. Taking advantage of his incapacitation, the powerful Alcmaeonid family arranged for him to be prosecuted. The Athenian aristocracy, and indeed Greek aristocrats in general, were loath to see one person pre-eminent, and such maneuvers were commonplace. Miltiades was given a massive fine for the crime of 'deceiving the Athenian people', but died weeks later as a result of his wound. In the wake of this prosecution, the Athenian people chose to use a new institution of the democracy, which had been part of Cleisthenes' reforms, but remained so far unused. This was ' 1066: 1396:

Themistocles returned to the king's court, he appears to have made an immediate impact, and "he attained ... very high consideration there, such as no Hellene has ever possessed before or since". Plutarch recounts that "honors he enjoyed were far beyond those paid to other foreigners; nay, he actually took part in the King's hunts and in his household diversions". Themistocles advised the king on his dealings with the Greeks, although it seems that for a long period, the king was distracted by events elsewhere in the empire, and thus Themistocles "lived on for a long time without concern". He was made governor of the district of

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which admit of little or of no deliberation, and the best prophet of the future, even to its most distant possibilities. An able theoretical expositor of all that came within the sphere of his practice, he was not without the power of passing an adequate judgment in matters in which he had no experience. He could also excellently divine the good and evil which lay hid in the unseen future. In fine, whether we consider the extent of his natural powers, or the slightness of his application, this extraordinary man must be allowed to have surpassed all others in the faculty of intuitively meeting an emergency.

1078: 982: 49: 615:, with the support of Cleomenes. On a personal level, Cleisthenes wanted to return to Athens; however, he also probably wanted to prevent Athens becoming a Spartan client state. Outmaneuvering the other nobles, he proposed to the Athenian people a radical program in which political power would be invested in the people—a "democracy". The Athenian people thus overthrew Isagoras, repelled a Spartan attack under Cleomenes, and invited Cleisthenes to return to Athens and put his plan into action. The establishment of the democracy was to radically change Athens: 755:. At the time, Athens was embroiled in a long-running war with the Aeginetans, and building a fleet would allow the Athenians to finally defeat them at sea. As a result, Themistocles's motion was carried easily, although only 100 triremes were to be built. Aristides refused to countenance this; conversely Themistocles was not pleased that only 100 ships would be built. Tension between the two camps built over the winter, so that the ostracism of 482 BC became a direct contest between Themistocles and Aristides. In what has been characterized as the first 1684: 1224: 883:"What precise heights of oratory he attained, what stirring and memorable phrases he pronounced, we have no way of knowing...only by the effect it had on the assembly can we gauge what surely must have been its electric and vivifying quality—for Themistocles's audacious proposals, when put to the vote, were ratified. The Athenian people, facing the gravest moment of peril in their history, committed themselves once and for all to the alien element of the sea, and put their faith in a man whose ambitions many had long profoundly dreaded." 671:. Although further away from Athens, Piraeus offered three natural harbours, and could be easily fortified. Since Athens was to become an essentially maritime power during the 5th century BC, Themistocles's policies were to have huge significance for the future of Athens, and indeed Greece. In advancing naval power, Themistocles was probably advocating a course of action he thought essential for the long-term prospects of Athens. However, as Plutarch implies, since naval power relied on the mass mobilisation of the common citizens ( 1638: 1481: 1121: 998:

Aegina. Furthermore, although the admirals all voted for Themistocles in second place, they all voted for themselves in first place, so that no-one won the prize for individual achievement. In response, realising the importance of the Athenian fleet to their security, and probably seeking to massage Themistocles's ego, the Spartans brought Themistocles to Sparta. There, he was awarded a special prize "for his wisdom and cleverness", and won high praise from all. Furthermore, Plutarch reports that at the next Olympic Games:

845: 1936: 1333:. Since there was a bounty on Themistocles's head, this acquaintance devised a plan to safely convey Themistocles to the Persian king in the type of covered wagon that the King's concubines travelled in. All three chroniclers agree that Themistocles's next move was to contact the Persian king; in Thucydides, this is by letter, while Plutarch and Diodorus have a face-to-face meeting with the king. The spirit is, however, the same in all three: Themistocles introduces himself to the king and seeks to enter his service: 1206: 1564: 697:) the name of a politician that they wished to see exiled for a period of ten years. This may have been triggered by Miltiades' prosecution, and used by the Athenians to try to stop such power-games among the noble families. Certainly, in the years (487 BC) following, the heads of the prominent families, including the Alcmaeonids, were exiled. The career of a politician in Athens thus became fraught with more difficulty, since displeasing the population was likely to result in exile. 1321:, which an Athenian fleet was in the process of besieging. Desperate to avoid the legal authorities, Themistocles, who had been traveling under an assumed identity, revealed himself to the captain and said that if he did not reach safety he would tell the Athenians that he'd bribed the ship to take him. According to Thucydides, who wrote within living memory of the events, the ship eventually landed safely at Ephesus, where Themistocles disembarked. Plutarch has the ship docking at 961:

Themistocles that the Persian fleet had encircled the Allies, which greatly pleased Themistocles, as he now knew that the Persians had walked into his trap. The Allied commanders seem to have taken this news rather uncomplainingly, and Holland therefore suggests that they were party to Themistocles's ruse all along. Either way, the Allies prepared for battle, and Themistocles delivered a speech to the marines before they embarked on the ships. In the ensuing

9816: 9826: 1185:. However, perceiving that they now had a prime opportunity to bring Themistocles down for good, the Spartans again levelled accusations of Themistocles's complicity in Pausanias's treason. They demanded that he be tried by the 'Congress of Greeks', rather than in Athens, although it seems that in the end he was actually summoned to Athens to stand trial. Perhaps realising he had little hope of surviving this trial, Themistocles fled, first to 1864: 9836: 900:

Artemisium after a significant delay, Eurybiades, who both Herodotus and Plutarch suggest was not the most inspiring commander, wished to sail away without fighting. At this point Themistocles accepted a large bribe from the local people for the fleet to remain at Artemisium, and he used some of it to bribe Eurybiades to remain, while pocketing the rest. From this point on, Themistocles appears to have been more or less in charge of the

929: 5155: 6058: 1267: 1956:, the zenith of Athenian power and influence. Themistocles seems to have deliberately set Athens up as a rival to Sparta in the aftermath of Xerxes' invasion, basing this strategy on Athenian naval power (contrasted with the power of the Spartan army). Tension grew throughout the century between Athens and Sparta, as they competed to be the leading state in Greece. Finally, in 431 BC, this tension erupted into the 717: 1231: 1249: 1968:

the commanders, his city all the other Greek states, and the Greeks the barbarians? In whose term as general have the resources been more inferior and the dangers they faced greater? Who, facing the united might of all Asia, has found himself at the side of his city when its inhabitants had been driven from their homes, and still won the victory?

759:, Aristides was ostracised, and Themistocles's policies were endorsed. Indeed, becoming aware of the Persian preparations for the coming invasion, the Athenians voted for the construction of more ships than Themistocles had initially asked for. In the run-up to the Persian invasion, Themistocles had thus become the foremost politician in Athens. 973:

Themistocles's long-standing advocacy of Athenian naval power enabled the Allied fleet to fight, and his stratagem brought about the Battle of Salamis, it is probably not an exaggeration to say, as Plutarch does, that Themistocles, "...is thought to have been the man most instrumental in achieving the salvation of Hellas."

736:, had continued the preparations for the invasion of Greece. Themistocles seems to have realised that for the Greeks to survive the coming onslaught required a Greek navy that could hope to face up to the Persian navy, and he therefore attempted to persuade the Athenians to build such a fleet. Aristides, as champion of the 1010:" Themistocles entered the stadium, the audience neglected the contestants all day long to gaze on him, and pointed him out with admiring applause to visiting strangers, so that he too was delighted, and confessed to his friends that he was now reaping in full measure the harvest of his toils in behalf of Hellas." 1884:

as to offer a rationale for the length at which he discusses him: "Now on the subject of the high merits of Themistocles, even if we have dwelt over-long on the subject in this digression, we believed it not seemly that we should leave his great ability unrecorded." Indeed, Diodorus, whose history includes

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of his deeds. His relationship with power was of a particularly personal nature; while he undoubtedly desired the best for Athens, many of his actions also seem to have been made in self-interest. He also appears to have been corrupt (at least by modern standards), and was known for his fondness of bribes.

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It is possible to draw some conclusions about Themistocles's character. Perhaps his most evident trait was his massive ambition; "In his ambition he surpassed all men"; "he hankered after public office rather as a man in delirium might crave a cure". He was proud and vain, and anxious for recognition

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The new system of government in Athens opened up a wealth of opportunity for men like Themistocles, who previously would have had no access to power. Moreover, the new institutions of the democracy required skills that had previously been unimportant in government. Themistocles was to prove himself a

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Thucydides and Plutarch say that Themistocles asked for a year's grace to learn the Persian language and customs, after which he would serve the king, and Artaxerxes granted this. Plutarch reports that, as might be imagined, Artaxerxes was elated that such a dangerous and illustrious foe had come to

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was to command the Athenian fleet, and Aristides the land forces. Though Themistocles was no doubt politically and militarily active for the rest of the campaign, no mention of his activities in 479 BC is made in the ancient sources. In the summer of that year, after receiving an Athenian ultimatum,

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To bring about this battle, Themistocles used a cunning mix of subterfuge and misinformation, psychologically exploiting Xerxes' desire to finish the invasion. Xerxes' actions indicate that he was keen to finish the conquest of Greece in 480 BC, and to do this, he needed a decisive victory over

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In 481 BC a congress of Greek city-states was held, during which 30 or so states agreed to ally themselves against the forthcoming invasion. The Spartans and Athenians were foremost in this alliance, being sworn enemies of the Persians. The Spartans claimed the command of land forces, and since

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Themistocles, with his power-base firmly established among the poor, moved naturally to fill the vacuum left by Miltiades' death, and in that decade became the most influential politician in Athens. However, the support of the nobility began to coalesce around the man who would become Themistocles's

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Undoubtedly the greatest achievement of Themistocles's career was his role in the defeat of Xerxes' invasion of Greece. Against overwhelming odds, Greece survived, and classical Greek culture, so influential in Western civilization, was able to develop unabated. Moreover, Themistocles's doctrine of

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But if any man, putting envy aside, will estimate closely not only the man's natural gifts but also his achievements, he will find that on both counts Themistocles holds first place among all of whom we have record. Therefore, one may well be amazed that the Athenians were willing to rid themselves

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in the 450s BC, and by the time Herodotus wrote his history, Themistocles was once again seen as a hero. Thucydides evidently held Themistocles in some esteem, and is uncharacteristically flattering in his praise for him (see above). Diodorus also extensively praises Themistocles, going as far

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Timodemus of Aphidnae, who was one of Themistocles's enemies but not a man of note, was crazed with envy and spoke bitterly to Themistocles of his visit to Lacedaemon, saying that the honors he had from the Lacedaemonians were paid him for Athens' sake and not for his own. This he kept saying until

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During the winter, the Allies held a meeting at Corinth to celebrate their success, and award prizes for achievement. However, perhaps tired of the Athenians pointing out their role at Salamis, and of their demands for the Allies to march north, the Allies awarded the prize for civic achievement to

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to the Persians made their continued presence at Artemisium irrelevant, and the Allies thus evacuated. According to Herodotus, Themistocles left messages at every place where the Persian fleet might stop for drinking water, asking the Ionians in the Persian fleet to defect, or at least fight badly.

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mentions Cleophantus as a most excellent horseman, but no equal to his father in deeds or virtue. And Themistocles had two sons older than these three, Neocles and Diocles. Neocles died when he was young, bitten by a horse, and Diocles was adopted by his grandfather, Lysander. Themistocles had many

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by ordering the re-fortification of Athens. A move counter to Spartan and Persian regional interests, usurpers initated a casus belli; his fore-bearers detractors amassing, and the democratic circle declared corrupted without singular authoritarian overseeing to cleanse the adjudication of maligned

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What other man, while Sparta still had the superior strength and the Spartan Eurybiades held the supreme command of the fleet, could by his single-handed efforts have deprived Sparta of that glory? Of what other man have we learned from history that by a single act he caused himself to surpass all

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During his lifetime, Themistocles is known to have erected two statues to himself, one in Athens, and the other in Magnesia, which would lend credence to the possibility that he also illustrated himself on his coins. The Themistocles statue in Magnesia was illustrated on the reverse of some of the

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by the Achaemenids, the Athenians began rebuilding their city under the guidance of Themistocles in the autumn of 479 BC. They wished to restore the fortifications of Athens, but the Spartans objected on the grounds that no place north of the Isthmus should be left that the Persians could use as a

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Themistocles was a man who exhibited the most indubitable signs of genius; indeed, in this particular he has a claim on our admiration quite extraordinary and unparalleled. By his own native capacity, alike unformed and unsupplemented by study, he was at once the best judge in those sudden crises

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Themistocles also now returned to his naval policy, and more ambitious undertakings that would increase the dominant position of his native state. He further extended and fortified the port complex at Piraeus, and "fastened the city to the Piraeus, and the land to the sea". Themistocles probably

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According to Herodotus, after the Persian navy began its maneuvers, Aristides arrived at the Allied camp from Aegina. Aristides had been recalled from exile along with the other ostracised Athenians on the order of Themistocles, so that Athens might be united against the Persians. Aristides told

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Themistocles was undoubtedly intelligent, but also possessed natural cunning; "the workings of his mind infinitely mobile and serpentine". Themistocles was evidently sociable and appears to have enjoyed strong personal loyalty from his friends. At any rate, it seems to have been Themistocles's

1337:"I, Themistocles, am come to you, who did your house more harm than any of the Hellenes, when I was compelled to defend myself against your father's invasion—harm, however, far surpassed by the good that I did him during his retreat, which brought no danger for me but much for him." (Thucydides) 972:

in general. While the battle did not end the Persian invasion, it effectively ensured that all Greece would not be conquered, and allowed the Allies to go on the offensive in 479 BC. A number of historians believe that Salamis is one of the most significant battles in human history. Since

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Thus, in August 480 BC, when the Persian army was approaching Thessaly, the Allied fleet sailed to Artemisium, and the Allied army marched to Thermopylae. Themistocles himself took command of the Athenian contingent of the fleet and went to Artemisium. When the Persian fleet finally arrived at

637:"he wooed the poor; and they, not used to being courted, duly loved him back. Touring the taverns, the markets, the docks, canvassing where no politician had thought to canvas before, making sure never to forget a single voter's name, Themistocles had set his eyes on a radical new constituency" 455:

Themistocles died in 459 BC, probably of natural causes. His reputation was posthumously rehabilitated, and he was re-established as a hero of the Athenian, and indeed Greek, cause. Themistocles can still reasonably be thought of as "the man most instrumental in achieving the salvation of

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in 478 BC, uniting the naval power of the Aegean Islands and Ionia under Athenian leadership. Themistocles introduced tax breaks for merchants and artisans, to attract both people and trade to the city to make Athens a great mercantile centre. He also instructed the Athenians to build 20

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On the identification with Artemisia: "...Above the ships of the victorious Greeks, against which Artemisia, the Xerxes' ally, sends fleeing arrows...". Original German description of the painting: "Die neue Erfindung, welche Kaulbach für den neuen hohen Beschützer zu zeichnen gedachte, war

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At some point in his travels, Themistocles's wife and children were extricated from Athens by a friend, and joined him in exile. His friends also managed to send him many of his belongings, although up to 100 talents worth of his goods were confiscated by the Athenians. When, after a year,

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to attempt to complete the conquest. Mardonius wintered in Boeotia and Thessaly, and the Athenians were thus able to return to their city, which had been burnt and razed by the Persians, for the winter. For the Athenians, and Themistocles personally, the winter would be a testing one. The

1161:("of good counsel") near his home, a blatant reference to his own role in delivering Greece from the Persian invasion. Eventually, in either 472 or 471 BC, he was ostracised. In itself, this did not mean that Themistocles had done anything wrong; ostracism, in the words of Plutarch, 641:

However, he took care to ensure that he did not alienate the nobility of Athens. He began to practice law, the first person in Athens to prepare for public life in this way. His ability as attorney and arbitrator, used in the service of the common people, gained him further popularity.

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in 480 BC. Due to his subterfuge, the Allies successfully lured the Persian fleet into the Straits of Salamis, and the decisive Greek victory there was the turning point of the war. The invasion was conclusively repulsed the following year after the Persian defeat at the land

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per year, to ensure that their dominance in naval matters continued. Plutarch reports that Themistocles also secretly proposed to destroy the beached ships of the other Allied navies to ensure complete naval dominance—but was overruled by Aristides and the council of Athens.

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Whatever the cause of Themistocles's unpopularity in 479 BC, it obviously did not last long. Both Diodorus and Plutarch suggest he was quickly restored to the favour of the Athenians. Indeed, after 479 BC, he seems to have enjoyed a relatively long period of popularity.

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As Plato tells it, the heckler hails from the small island of Seriphus; Themistocles retorts that it is true that he would not have been famous if he had come from that small island, but that the heckler would not have been famous either if he had been born in Athens.

1948:, in which Athens was the dominant power. This was essentially a maritime alliance of Athens and her colonies, the Aegean islands, and the Ionian cities. The Delian league took the war to Persia, eventually invading Persian territory and dominating the Aegean. Under 878:

To do this, every able-bodied Athenian male would be required to man the ships. This in turn meant that the Athenians must prepare to abandon Athens. Persuading the Athenians to take this course was one of the highlights of Themistocles's career. As Holland has it:

1329:, and Diodorus has Themistocles making his way to Asia in an undefined manner. Diodorus and Plutarch next recount a similar tale, namely that Themistocles stayed briefly with an acquaintance (Lysitheides or Nicogenes) who was also acquainted with the Persian king, 4773:

Thémistocle, tragédie lyrique en trois actes, paroles de Mr Morel, représentée, pour la première fois devant leurs Majestés à Fontainebleau le 13 8bre 1785 et à Paris sur le théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique le mardi 23 Mai 1786... Mise en musique par A. D.

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However, as happened to many prominent individuals in the Athenian democracy, Themistocles's fellow citizens grew jealous of his success, and possibly tired of his boasting. It is probable that in early 479 BC, Themistocles was stripped of his command; instead,

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Both Herodotus and Plato record variations of an anecdote in which Themistocles responded with subtle sarcasm to an undistinguished man who complained that the great politician owed his fame merely to the fact that he came from Athens. As Herodotus tells it:

663:, the highest government office in the following year (493 BC). Themistocles's archonship saw the beginnings of a major theme in his career; the advancement of Athenian sea-power. Under his guidance, the Athenians began the building of a new port at 3989:"A rare silver fraction recently identified as a coin of Themistocles from Magnesia even has a bearded portrait of the great man, making it by far the earliest datable portrait coin. Other early portraits can be seen on the coins of Lycian dynasts." 1944:

Athenian naval power, and the establishment of Athens as a major power in the Greek world, were of enormous consequence during the 5th century BC. In 478 BC, the Hellenic alliance was reconstituted without the Peloponnesian states into the

751:, while Aristides suggested it should instead be distributed among the Athenian citizens. Themistocles avoided mentioning Persia, deeming that it was too distant a threat for the Athenians to act on, and instead focused their attention on 1551:, already current in the Greek world, and at the same time wield the dynastic power of an Achaemenid dynast who could issue his own coins and illustrate them as he wished. Still, there is some doubt that his coins may have represented 891:, safely inside the Peloponnesus. He was then able to travel to a meeting of the Allies, at which he proposed his strategy; with the Athenian fleet fully committed to the defence of Greece, the other Allies accepted his proposals. 731:

During the decade, Themistocles continued to advocate the expansion of Athenian naval power. The Athenians were certainly aware throughout this period that the Persian interest in Greece had not ended; Darius' son and successor,

1630:, from natural causes. However, perhaps inevitably, there were also rumours surrounding his death, saying that unwilling to follow the Great King's order to make war on Athens, he committed suicide by taking poison, or drinking 5139:

The Battle of Waterloo: Containing the Accounts Published by Authority, British and Foreign, and Other Relevant Documents, with Circumstantial Details, Previous and After the Battle, from a Variety of Authentic and Original

1911:

Royal Highness, – Exposed to the factions which divide my country, and to the enmity of the great Powers of Europe, I have terminated my political career; and I come, like Themistocles, to throw myself upon the hospitality

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warned them that the vale could be bypassed in several ways and that the army of Xerxes was overwhelmingly large, and the Greeks retreated. Shortly afterwards, they received the news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont.

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Themistocles probably turned 30 in 494 BC, which qualified him to become an archon, the highest of the magistracies in Athens. On the back of his popularity, he evidently decided to run for this office and was elected

633:, a down-market part of Athens. This move marked him out as a 'man of the people', and allowed him to interact more easily with ordinary citizens. He began building up a support base among these newly empowered citizens: 1131:

It seems clear that, towards the end of the decade, Themistocles had begun to accrue enemies, and had become arrogant; moreover his fellow citizens had become jealous of his prestige and power. The Rhodian poet

591:. Hipparchus was murdered in 514 BC, and in response to this, Hippias became paranoid and started to rely increasingly on foreign mercenaries to keep a hold on power. The head of the powerful but exiled 1667:. The Magnesians built a "splendid tomb" in their marketplace for Themistocles, which still stood during the time of Plutarch, and continued to dedicate part of their revenues to the family of Themistocles. 1662:

It was rumored that after his death, Themistocles's bones were transported to Attica in accordance with his wishes, and buried in his native soil in secret, it being illegal to bury an Athenian traitor in

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wahrscheinlich „die Schlacht von Salamis". Ueber den Schiffen der siegreichen Griechen, gegen welche Artemisia, des Xerxes Bundesgenossin, fliehend Pfeile sendet, sieht man in Wolken die beiden Ajaxe" in

1879:

Themistocles died with his reputation in tatters, a traitor to the Athenian people; the "saviour of Greece" had turned into the enemy of liberty. However, his reputation in Athens was rehabilitated by

1745:. One of the descendants of Cleophantus still issued a decree in Lampsacus around 200 BC mentioning a feast for his own father, also named Themistocles, who had greatly benefited the city. Later, 1901:

Plutarch offers a more nuanced view of Themistocles, with more of a critique of Themistocles's character. He does not detract from Themistocles's achievements, but also highlights his failings.

875:, Themistocles had to show them that the Athenians were willing to do everything necessary for the success of the alliance. In short, the entire Athenian fleet must be dispatched to Artemisium. 399:

of 480–479 BC, Themistocles became the most prominent politician in Athens. He continued to advocate for a strong Athenian navy, and in 483 BC he persuaded the Athenians to build a fleet of 200

836:

was dispatched under the command of the Spartan polemarch Euenetus and Themistocles to the Vale of Tempe, which they believed the Persian army would have to pass through. However, once there,

2244: 859:

Themistocles now developed a second strategy. The route to southern Greece (Boeotia, Attica and the Peloponnesus) would require the army of Xerxes to travel through the very narrow pass of

607:

to launch a full-scale attack on Athens, which succeeded in overthrowing Hippias. However, in the aftermath, the other noble ('eupatrid') families of Athens rejected Cleisthenes, electing

813:

and Aegina, refused to give command to the Athenians, and Themistocles pragmatically backed down. Instead, as a compromise, the Spartans (an insignificant naval power), in the person of

4354:"The history and coinage of Themistokles as lord of Ionian Magnesia ad Maeandrum and of his son and successor, Archepolis, is illustrated by among other things, coins of Magnesia." in 1916:) of the British people. I claim from your Royal Highness the protections of the laws, and throw myself upon the most powerful, the most constant, and the most generous of my enemies. 809:

the Greek (hereafter referred to as "Allied") fleet would be dominated by Athens, Themistocles tried to claim command of the naval forces. However, the other naval powers, including

1543:

of actual rulers only appears in the 5th century BC. Themistocles was probably the first ruler ever to issue coinage with his personal portrait, as he became Achaemenid Governor of

1727:

in Magnesia, with the title of "Mother of the Gods". Mnesiptolema would eventually marry her half-brother Archeptolis, homopatric (but not homometric) marriages being permitted in

904:

at Artemisium. Over three days of battle, the Allies held their own against the much larger Persian fleet, but sustained significant losses. However, the loss of the simultaneous

4771: 705:. Aristides cast himself as Themistocles's opposite—virtuous, honest and incorruptible—and his followers called him "the just". Plutarch suggests that, according the philosopher 867:, despite the overwhelming numbers of Persians; furthermore, to prevent the Persians bypassing Thermopylae by sea, the Athenian and allied navies could block the straits of 871:. However, after the Tempe debacle, it was uncertain whether the Spartans would be willing to march out from the Peloponnesus again. To persuade the Spartans to defend 9885: 1148:, the Spartans tried to implicate Themistocles in the plot; he was, however, acquitted of these charges. In Athens itself, he lost favour by building a sanctuary of 909:

Even if this did not work, Themistocles apparently intended that Xerxes would at least begin to suspect the Ionians, thereby sowing dissension in the Persian ranks.

1972:

Modern scholars have endorsed this view, seeing Themistocles as a quintessential leader and strategist able to transform his city in pursuit of his naval doctrine.

1165:"was not a penalty, but a way of pacifying and alleviating that jealousy which delights to humble the eminent, breathing out its malice into this disfranchisement." 1720:

in exchange for the maintenance of their territorial grant. Themistocles and his son formed what some authors have called "a Greek dynasty in the Persian Empire".

4287:

Plutarch's Lives of Themistocles, Pericles, Aristides, Alcibiades, and Coriolanus, Demosthenes, and Cicero, Caesar and Antony: In the Translation Called Dryden's

994:

Peloponnesians refused to countenance marching north of the Isthmus to fight the Persian army; the Athenians tried to shame them into doing so, with no success.

4532: 3782: 3738: 3726: 3695: 3683: 3637: 3589: 3572: 3521: 3349: 3278: 2905: 2601: 2405: 5618: 2702: 2543: 2360: 2232: 965:, the cramped conditions in the Straits hindered the much larger Persian navy, which became disarrayed, and the Allies took advantage to win a famous victory. 629:

master of the new system; "he could infight, he could network, he could spin... and crucially, he knew how to make himself visible." Themistocles moved to the

1614:

followed towards the end of the 5th century as the most prolific and unambiguous producers of coins displaying the portrait of their rulers. From the time of

2196:"Legend says that Themistocles poisoned himself rather than follow the Great King's order to make war on Athens. But he probably died of natural causes." in 3290: 3259: 1798:

in the 1st century AD indicates that he met in Athens a lineal descendant of Themistocles (also called Themistocles) who was still being paid revenues from

4595: 4188: 3664: 3616: 3555: 3509: 3485: 3470: 3424: 3409: 3382: 3220: 3163: 3142: 3130: 3024: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2959: 2947: 2917: 781: 2841: 917:

In the aftermath of Thermopylae, Boeotia fell to the Persians, who then began to advance on Athens. The Peloponnesian Allies prepared to now defend the

619:"And so it was that the Athenians found themselves suddenly a great power... they gave vivid proof of what equality and freedom of speech might achieve" 566:

and married another daughter, Nicomache (with her brothers' consent). Phrasicles then took charge of her sister Asia, the youngest of all ten children.

4544: 1716:. Archeptolis also minted his own silver coinage as he ruled Magnesia, and it is probable that part of his revenues continued to be handed over to the 1001: 1765:

in old age, after 412 BC, when the Achaemenids took again firm control of the Greek cities of Asia, and they may have been expelled by the Achaemenid

1671:

in the 1st century BC wrote about a statue of Themistocles visible in the forum of Magnesia. The statue also appears on a coin type of Roman Emperor

4376:

Themistokles und Archepolis: Eine griechische Dynastie im Perserreich und ihre Münzprägung, JNG 48/49, 1998/1999, 29–70. (zusammen mit A. Wenninger)

1846:

I would not have been honored in this way by the Spartans, nor would you, sir, for all you are a man of Athens.' Such was the end of that business.

2252: 1734:

Themistocles also had several other daughters, named Nicomache, Asia, Italia, Sybaris, and probably Hellas, who married the Greek exile in Persia

6963: 1169: 403:; these proved crucial in the forthcoming conflict with Persia. During the second invasion, he commanded the Greek allied navy at the battles of 1464:. In general, those were generously welcomed by the Achaemenid kings, and received land grants to support them, and ruled on various cities of 1014:

After returning to Athens in the winter, Plutarch reports that Themistocles made a proposal to the city while the Greek fleet was wintering at

989:

The Allied victory at Salamis ended the immediate threat to Greece, and Xerxes now returned to Asia with part of the army, leaving his general

4126:"The earliest attempts at portraiture appear to have taken place in Lycia. The heads of various dynasts appear on coins of the fifth century" 1041:, the Allies destroyed the Persian army, while apparently on the same day, the Allied navy destroyed the remnants of the Persian fleet at the 4888: 2865: 2803: 2791: 335: 4561: 3794: 3765: 3361: 1037:

the Peloponnesians finally agreed to assemble an army and march to confront Mardonius, who had reoccupied Athens in June. At the decisive

5907: 3084: 5087: 2376: 8563: 5611: 2278: 4910: 9920: 9895: 5199: 1223: 460:

describes him. His naval policies would have a lasting impact on Athens as well, since maritime power became the cornerstone of the

6244: 1749:

wrote that the sons of Themistocles "appear to have returned to Athens", and that they dedicated a painting of Themistocles in the

852: 419:

After the conflict ended, Themistocles continued his pre-eminence among Athenian politicians. However, he aroused the hostility of

5604: 5107: 5065: 5046: 5026: 5005: 4984: 4956: 4935: 4701: 2566: 2209: 2176: 2136: 2106: 2674: 2662: 677:) as rowers, such a policy put more power into the hands of average Athenians—and thus into Themistocles's own hands. 9875: 9870: 7951: 2023: 1503: 713:: "... they were rivals for the affection of the beautiful Stesilaus of Ceos, and were passionate beyond all moderation." 554:

daughters: Mnesiptolema, the product of his second marriage, married her step-brother Archeptolis and became priestess of

6956: 5523: 1723:

From a second wife, Themistocles also had a daughter named Mnesiptolema, whom he appointed as priestess of the Temple of

1577:

over a lighted altar, with scabbard of sword in sheath at waist; at feet to left, forepart of humpbacked bull lying left.

1284: 4817: 9880: 8573: 8263: 7956: 7890: 5237: 5126: 3328: 1368: 5159: 1053: 7961: 7936: 5394: 4501: 4458: 4428: 4401: 4319: 4245: 4211: 4169: 4139: 4056: 4029: 4002: 3974: 3890: 3863: 3836: 3447: 2775: 768: 396: 251: 3303: 9890: 9770: 8519: 7946: 7941: 6112: 1547:

in 465–459 BC. Themistocles may have been in a unique position in which he could transfer the notion of individual

584: 379: 239: 4661:

Platias, Athanasios; Trigkas, Vasilis (2022). "Themistocles must be destroyed: Sparta Confronts a Rising Athens".

1144:(son of Miltiades) as a rival to Themistocles. Furthermore, after the treason and disgrace of the Spartan general 887:

His proposals accepted, Themistocles issued orders for the women and children of Athens to be sent to the city of

8413: 8273: 8268: 7545: 5900: 1922: 4854: 4474: 9797: 8438: 7852: 6949: 6738: 1573:. The name of Themistocles (ΘΕΜ/ΙϹΤΟΚΛΗ/Ϲ) appears around the forearm of the statue. Themistocles is holding a 1341: 370:, having the support of lower-class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected 1531:

Coins are the only contemporary documents remaining from the time of Themistocles. Although many of the first

9915: 9905: 9792: 9349: 8842: 8358: 8278: 7976: 7686: 1741:

Themistocles also had three other sons, Diocles, Polyeucteus and Cleophantus, the latter possibly a ruler of

944: 362:. He was one of a new breed of non-aristocratic politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the 20: 9765: 8294: 7748: 6927: 6449: 1585: 8820: 8428: 8304: 7966: 7920: 7875: 7651: 7340: 6931: 6816: 6501: 6341: 5859: 790: 710: 9359: 4722: 1827:

Yet, set against these negative traits, was an apparently natural brilliance and talent for leadership:

9910: 9481: 9354: 8487: 8482: 8458: 8368: 7885: 6983: 6271: 5893: 5466: 5443: 5283: 1065: 531:"My boy, you will be nothing insignificant, but definitely something great, either for good or evil." 9839: 9782: 8738: 8541: 8526: 8448: 8383: 7703: 7598: 7072: 7006: 6704: 6434: 6412: 5799: 5434: 5325: 5311: 2044: 1982: 1401: 476:; indeed, in this particular he has a claim on our admiration quite extraordinary and unparalleled". 8350: 8330: 7528: 7186: 921:, thus abandoning Athens to the Persians. From Artemisium, the Allied fleet sailed to the island of 8536: 8499: 8433: 8099: 7986: 6102: 5764: 5684: 1544: 1397: 563: 508: 449: 182: 109: 1618:, portraiture of the issuing ruler would then become a standard, generalized, feature of coinage. 9860: 9819: 8943: 8743: 8728: 8531: 8514: 8494: 8463: 8363: 8299: 7915: 7900: 7870: 7831: 7708: 7560: 7062: 6219: 6209: 6027: 5358: 5336: 1815: 1289: 1274: 650: 562:; and Sybaris to Nicomedes the Athenian. After Themistocles died, his nephew Phrasicles went to 9865: 9777: 8780: 8551: 8509: 8443: 8408: 7860: 7844: 7540: 7481: 7330: 7325: 6890: 6514: 6306: 6199: 5926: 5532: 5367: 5230: 2096: 2065: 2060:

paraphrase of Themistocles: "I cannot fiddle, but I can make a great state from a little city."

2006: 1746: 1408:, and assigned the revenues of three cities: Magnesia (about 50 talents per year—"for bread"); 848: 837: 445: 433: 4869: 4803: 4448: 4418: 4391: 4235: 3880: 3853: 3806: 3115: 2767:

The Invention of Art History in Ancient Greece: Religion, Society and Artistic Rationalisation

2199: 2126: 1077: 599:, began to scheme to overthrow Hippias and return to Athens. In 510 BC, he persuaded the 9829: 9058: 9048: 9038: 9023: 8713: 8453: 8423: 8378: 8373: 8004: 7971: 7773: 7678: 7664: 7320: 7191: 7155: 6470: 6171: 5774: 5729: 5709: 5669: 4478: 4336: 4309: 4291: 4201: 4159: 4046: 4019: 3964: 3826: 3437: 2765: 2011: 1102:

aimed to make Athens the dominant naval power in the Aegean. Indeed, Athens would create the

1094: 1045:. These twin victories completed the Allied triumph, and ended the Persian threat to Greece. 905: 818: 686: 378:

to increase the naval power of Athens, a recurring theme in his political career. During the

5077: 4491: 981: 48: 9301: 9295: 9281: 8765: 8723: 8695: 8580: 8393: 7623: 7419: 6777: 6509: 6439: 6248: 5674: 5389: 5196: 4842: 2330: 1995: 1754: 953: 949: 901: 772: 404: 256: 3068: 2484: 2439: 8: 9432: 9402: 8790: 8685: 8680: 8117: 7432: 7345: 7315: 7269: 7032: 6699: 6346: 6017: 5869: 5769: 5316: 4788: 4756: 4393:

Household Interests: Property, Marriage Strategies, and Family Dynamics in Ancient Athens

1885: 1615: 1468:. Conversely, some Achaemenid satraps were welcomed as exiles in western courts, such as 1145: 1070: 990: 2201:

The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece -- and Western Civilization

1907:

compared himself to Themistocles after the Battle of Waterloo, in his surrender letter;

1702:. The portraits on the coinage of Archeptolis could also represent Themistocles himself. 1683: 9649: 9546: 9452: 9096: 9013: 8901: 8403: 8227: 7743: 7723: 7580: 7451: 7335: 7130: 7057: 6647: 6311: 5824: 5794: 5553: 5184: 4090: 3945: 3918: 2746: 2070: 1868: 1182: 969: 918: 429: 383: 363: 244: 5143:(2 ed.), London: printed for J. Booth and T. Ergeton; Military Library, Whitehall 9825: 9724: 9311: 8860: 8708: 8660: 8504: 8473: 8418: 8335: 8212: 8084: 7905: 7738: 7691: 7631: 7505: 7487: 7463: 7445: 7400: 7355: 7350: 7001: 6167: 6127: 5938: 5917: 5510: 5493: 5475: 5276: 5223: 5188: 5122: 5103: 5099:

The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece—and Western Civilization

5097: 5061: 5042: 5022: 5001: 4995: 4980: 4952: 4946: 4931: 4697: 4497: 4454: 4424: 4397: 4315: 4285: 4241: 4207: 4165: 4135: 4052: 4025: 3998: 3970: 3886: 3859: 3832: 3443: 2771: 2562: 2282: 2205: 2172: 2132: 2102: 1963:

Diodorus provides a rhetorical summary that reflects on Themistocles's achievements:

1957: 1637: 1508: 1445: 1293: 1038: 962: 776: 507:"no very conspicuous man at Athens". His mother is more obscure; her name was either 413: 408: 261: 195: 9654: 9186: 9151: 8968: 8825: 8703: 8590: 8585: 7910: 7865: 7696: 7603: 7219: 7052: 7037: 7027: 6422: 5997: 5789: 5749: 5627: 5563: 5452: 5385: 5332: 5176: 4850: 4689: 4270: 4113: 3707: 2053: 2036: 2031: 1843: 1480: 1449: 1120: 1042: 985:

The triumph of Themistocles after the Battle of Salamis. 19th century illustration.

832:, on the borders of Thessaly, and thereby block Xerxes' advance. A force of 10,000 747:. Themistocles proposed that the silver should be used to build a new fleet of 200 744: 660: 588: 352: 284: 215: 187: 70: 66: 53: 5885: 2168:

Greek Warfare: From the Battle of Marathon to the Conquests of Alexander the Great

2128:

Greek Warfare: From the Battle of Marathon to the Conquests of Alexander the Great

2073:) command of the Greek allied fleet against the second Persian invasion of Greece. 1960:, the first of a series of conflicts that tore Greece apart for the next century. 844: 9900: 9669: 9427: 9215: 9028: 8770: 8636: 8568: 7895: 7493: 7475: 7469: 7383: 7360: 7234: 7145: 7105: 7042: 6874: 6643: 6229: 6069: 6037: 5982: 5291: 5203: 5137: 5016: 4860: 4838: 4681: 4356: 4129: 3992: 2556: 2309: 2297: 2166: 1953: 1668: 1536: 1082: 810: 706: 465: 461: 359: 9694: 9407: 4693: 1935: 1855:

particular mix of virtues and vices that made him such an effective politician.

9551: 9491: 9486: 9442: 9223: 9171: 9161: 9141: 9131: 8875: 8870: 8865: 7718: 7517: 7511: 7499: 7299: 7274: 7047: 6972: 6709: 6612: 6558: 6214: 6032: 5596: 5514: 5421: 5353: 5262: 2049: 2000: 1977: 1842:

Themistocles replied, 'This is the truth of the matter: if I had been a man of

1672: 1604: 1592: 1570: 1524: 1318: 1205: 1190: 1174: 922: 329: 5180: 2018: 1709:, son of Themistocles, became a Governor of Magnesia after his father's death 1563: 1200: 9854: 9787: 9704: 9679: 9369: 9291: 8973: 8916: 8815: 8805: 8775: 8757: 8631: 7783: 7565: 7457: 7413: 7375: 7214: 7135: 6880: 6801: 6764: 6604: 6581: 6524: 6266: 6204: 6152: 5548: 5506: 5320: 5091:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 758–759. 5082: 4311:

Persian Interventions: The Achaemenid Empire, Athens, and Sparta, 450−386 BCE

2057: 1945: 1626:

Themistocles died at Magnesia in 459 BC, at the age of 65, according to

1595:

minted in Magnesia, on which appears the statue of Themistocles (138–161 AD).

1444:

Themistocles was one of the several Greek aristocrats who took refuge in the

1322: 1103: 968:

Salamis was the turning point in the second Persian invasion, and indeed the

829: 516: 804:, has been described as "the first true portrait of an individual European". 472:

assessed Themistocles as "a man who exhibited the most indubitable signs of

9604: 9556: 9422: 9276: 9146: 8785: 8621: 8127: 8089: 7788: 6860: 6617: 6599: 6566: 6480: 6224: 6157: 6132: 6122: 6007: 5568: 5479: 5461: 4801:

Bacon, Francis. "Of the True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates",

2313: 1769: 1688: 1569:

The statue which Themistocles erected to himself in Magnesia, on a coin of

1512: 1469: 1330: 1214: 1210: 956:

is seen shooting arrows in the direction of the Greeks led by Themistocles.

794: 786: 693:'—each Athenian citizen was required to write on a shard of pottery ( 580: 3855:

Brill's Companion to Insurgency and Terrorism in the Ancient Mediterranean

3828:

Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity

821:

is clear, however, that Themistocles commanded the fleet in all but name.

9624: 9516: 9496: 9324: 8832: 8810: 8800: 8795: 8718: 8675: 8222: 8132: 8122: 8009: 7999: 7763: 7140: 7115: 6694: 6627: 6490: 6331: 6321: 6137: 6107: 5987: 5854: 5834: 5744: 5704: 5694: 5558: 5439: 5376: 5371: 1706: 1692: 1157: 1140:. Meanwhile, the Spartans actively worked against him, trying to promote 860: 604: 596: 540: 132: 9329: 4094: 3949: 3922: 2750: 9561: 9531: 9526: 9511: 9397: 9364: 9033: 9003: 8670: 8398: 8232: 8074: 8069: 8059: 8044: 8029: 8019: 7994: 7370: 7125: 7080: 6670: 6665: 6586: 6576: 6543: 6460: 6444: 6407: 6282: 6194: 6179: 6117: 6042: 5977: 5954: 5947: 5874: 5849: 5784: 5779: 5734: 5649: 5307: 5210: 4906: 4751: 4081:

Cahn, Herbert A.; Gerin, Dominique (1988). "Themistocles at Magnesia".

3936:

Cahn, Herbert A.; Gerin, Dominique (1988). "Themistocles at Magnesia".

2737:

Cahn, Herbert A.; Gerin, Dominique (1988). "Themistocles at Magnesia".

1872: 1799: 1777: 1762: 1717: 1642: 1627: 1507:

Hemiobol of Themistocles in Magnesia, where he is seen wearing a tight

1465: 1461: 1405: 1314: 1033: 868: 814: 756: 743:

In 483 BC, a massive new seam of silver was found in the Athenian

630: 592: 500: 492: 469: 355: 158: 3909:

Cahn, HerbertA.; Gerin, Dominique (1988). "Themistocles at Magnesia".

535:

Themistocles left three sons by Archippe, the daughter of Lysander of

9536: 9462: 9447: 9417: 9412: 9344: 9268: 9253: 9238: 9181: 9081: 8733: 8665: 8237: 8217: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8142: 8137: 8107: 8054: 8014: 7793: 7659: 7613: 7593: 7224: 7095: 6850: 6836: 6832: 6806: 6782: 6660: 6655: 6591: 6548: 6485: 6402: 6316: 6296: 6291: 6189: 6184: 6142: 6022: 6012: 5809: 5804: 5759: 5754: 5689: 5664: 5654: 5644: 5639: 5430: 5349: 4865: 3064: 2480: 2435: 2317: 1863: 1788:, which in 412 BC led to the Persian conquest of the greater part of 1773: 1758: 1750: 1742: 1738:

and still had a fief in Persian Anatolia in 400/399 BC as his widow.

1724: 1453: 1433: 1417: 1297: 1238: 1133: 1086: 1073:, built by Themistocles with built-in fragments of destroyed temples. 702: 690: 524: 512: 425: 388: 226: 191: 5215: 1646: 1057:

Athenians rebuilding their city under the direction of Themistocles.

928: 709:, the rivalry between the two had begun when they competed over the 9586: 9576: 9566: 9541: 9319: 9286: 9248: 9191: 9106: 9091: 8948: 8938: 8855: 8850: 8247: 8242: 8202: 8197: 8172: 8152: 8079: 8034: 8024: 7880: 7778: 7713: 7641: 7249: 6900: 6854: 6772: 6748: 6689: 6465: 6368: 6336: 6301: 6261: 6147: 6087: 6002: 5864: 5819: 5739: 5679: 5659: 5519: 5425: 5412: 5403: 5398: 5247: 5076: 4896: 4877: 4374: 2294: 1949: 1904: 1889: 1880: 1795: 1735: 1548: 1540: 1457: 1421: 1194: 1124: 1108: 938: 825: 733: 668: 608: 579:

Themistocles grew up in a period of upheaval in Athens. The tyrant

504: 457: 441: 400: 367: 9339: 6057: 4948:

Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power

1048: 9729: 9719: 9664: 9659: 9644: 9634: 9619: 9614: 9501: 9389: 9379: 9258: 9233: 9228: 9201: 9196: 9176: 9166: 9156: 9121: 9111: 9101: 9053: 9043: 9018: 8983: 8978: 8953: 8606: 8388: 8049: 8039: 7798: 7768: 7758: 7753: 7733: 7728: 7608: 7555: 7264: 7254: 7244: 7239: 7229: 6941: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6884: 6870: 6840: 6811: 6793: 6743: 6730: 6719: 6714: 6538: 6475: 6454: 6394: 6384: 6373: 6256: 6234: 6097: 6092: 6082: 6077: 5992: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5829: 5724: 5719: 5502: 5497: 5488: 5484: 5448: 5269: 5154: 1631: 1429: 1425: 1424:, Neanthes of Cyzicus and Phanias reported two more, the city of 1186: 1153: 1149: 1137: 1015: 888: 864: 833: 748: 721: 664: 536: 496: 9674: 8988: 828:

delegation suggested that the allies could muster in the narrow

9699: 9629: 9609: 9571: 9437: 9243: 9136: 9073: 9063: 9008: 8626: 8611: 8207: 8192: 8167: 8162: 8147: 7808: 7803: 7570: 7550: 7294: 7284: 7279: 7150: 7110: 7100: 7085: 6894: 6753: 6622: 6571: 6389: 6047: 5814: 5457: 5380: 5362: 5167:

Gera, Deborah Levine (2007). "Themistocles' Persian Tapestry".

2301: 1785: 1781: 1766: 1728: 1664: 1574: 1520: 1516: 1492: 1488: 1326: 872: 752: 740:(the upper, 'hoplite-class') vigorously opposed such a policy. 725: 673: 612: 600: 555: 520: 485: 473: 420: 371: 199: 163: 4108: 4106: 4104: 2095:

Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2014).

1634:. Plutarch provides the most evocative version of this story: 317: 9709: 9684: 9581: 9521: 9506: 9374: 9334: 9086: 8998: 8993: 8963: 8958: 8933: 8616: 8157: 8112: 8064: 7636: 7588: 7289: 7259: 7206: 7181: 7120: 7090: 6844: 6681: 6426: 6357: 5839: 5714: 5699: 5470: 5416: 5407: 5340: 2372: 2305: 1789: 1650: 1611: 1539:

illustrated the images of various gods or symbols, the first

1413: 1317:. This ship was blown off course by a storm, and ended up at 1310: 1141: 716: 559: 544: 437: 375: 333: 37: 4688:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–129, 1527:. Initials Θ-Ε around portrait and on reverse. c. 465–459 BC 287: 9714: 9689: 9639: 9126: 9116: 6864: 5344: 4101: 1552: 1532: 1409: 1301: 1256: 1201:

Later life in the Achaemenid Empire, death, and descendants

549: 488: 308: 290: 4450:

The Rivals of Aristophanes: Studies in Athenian Old Comedy

4237:

The Rivals of Aristophanes: Studies in Athenian Old Comedy

2094: 1475: 1136:

was among his most eloquent enemies, composing slanderous

932:

Diagram of the approximate events of the Battle of Salamis

6926:

In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by

4521:. Vol. 3. Boston: Little, Brown. pp. 1154–1156. 1772:

sometime between 412 and 399 BC. In effect, from 414 BC,

299: 2300:

narrates two accounts which describe her as either from

1439: 1776:

had started to resent increasing Athenian power in the

1432:("for bedding and furniture for his house"), both near 824:

The congress met again in the spring of 480 BC. A

515:, and her place of origin has been given variously as 395:

In the years after Marathon, and in the run-up to the

4519:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology

1448:

following reversals at home, other famous ones being

654:

Profile view of an ancient Greek bust of Themistocles

320: 311: 302: 4600: 1645:

in Achaemenid style, c. 475 BC. Karaburun tomb near

1519:). This possibly reflects the bonnets of Achaemenid 948:

Romantic interpretation of the Battle of Salamis by

762: 583:

had died in 527 BC, passing power to his sons,

386:(490 BC), and may have been one of the ten Athenian 314: 305: 5915: 4977:

Themistokles: Sieger von Salamis. Herr von Magnesia

4807:. C. S. Francis & Company, 1857. 283. 4338:

Künker Auktion 158 - Münzen aus der Welt der Antike

3439:

Plataea 479 BC: The most glorious victory ever seen

1515:(a similar headdress can be seen on the coinage of 1213:showing Themistocles standing silently before King 444:, where he entered the service of the Persian king 296: 293: 4048:A History of the Classical Greek World: 478–323 BC 797:, Italy. The lost original of this bust, dated to 436:(r. 498–454 BC) temporarily gave him sanctuary at 4968:Plutarch's Themistocles, An Historical Commentary 2561:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 178. 1780:and had Tissaphernes enter into an alliance with 1292:, where Themistocles ruled as Governor under the 9886:Ancient Greek emigrants to the Achaemenid Empire 9852: 5626: 5014: 1930: 1495:, legend around ΘΕΜΙΣΤΟΚ-ΛΕΟΣ ("Themistokles"). 1127:with inscription: "Themistocles, son of Neocles" 569: 7177: 4680:Platias, Αthanasios; Trigkas, Vasillis (2022), 4361:. American Numismatic Society. 2005. p. 5. 2035:(1962), Themistocles is portrayed by the actor 1952:' guidance, the Delian league evolved into the 1802:, 600 years after the events in question. 1309:From Molossia, Themistocles apparently fled to 1049:Rebuilding of Athens after the Persian invasion 937:the Allied fleet. Themistocles sent a servant, 623: 432:. Themistocles thus fled from southern Greece. 16:Athenian politician and general (c. 524–459 BC) 4679: 4660: 4416: 4206:. University of California Press. p. 46. 4157: 3990: 3116:Altpreussische Monatsschrift Nene Folge p. 300 2098:The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization 2069:(2014) largely centers around Themistocles's ( 1372:Coin of Themistocles as Governor of Magnesia. 1345:Coin of Themistocles as Governor of Magnesia. 1085:, reused in building-up the North wall of the 448:(reigned 465–424 BC). He was made governor of 6957: 5901: 5612: 5231: 4682:"Themistocles: Leadership and Grand Strategy" 4496:. University of California Press. p. 5. 4446: 4371:"Eine griechishe Dynastie im Perserreich" in 4233: 4203:Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia 4199: 3885:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 101. 2558:Language and History in Ancient Greek Culture 1678: 720:A sluicing tank for silver ore, excavated at 5015:Simon Hornblower, Anthony Spawforth (1996). 3966:The Poetics of Appearance in the Attic Korai 1985:, 1851) is named in honour of Themistocles. 1181:Themistocles first went to live in exile in 863:. This could easily be blocked by the Greek 452:, and lived there for the rest of his life. 5039:Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age 4396:. Princeton University Press. p. 218. 4341:. Numismatischer Verlag Künker. p. 49. 4158:West, Shearer; Birmingham, Shearer (2004). 1875:of Athens, Greece, named after Themistocles 976: 7843: 6964: 6950: 5908: 5894: 5619: 5605: 5238: 5224: 4590: 4588: 4183: 4181: 4134:. British Museum Publications. p. 2. 3831:. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. 2770:. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. 1675:minted in Magnesia in the 2nd century CE. 495:around 524 BC, the son of Neocles, a 47: 4442: 4440: 4127: 4080: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 3969:. University of Texas Press. p. 98. 3935: 3908: 3851: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3504: 3502: 3480: 3478: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3419: 3417: 3404: 3402: 3125: 3123: 3059: 3057: 2969: 2967: 2736: 1939:Map of the Athenian Empire in 431 BC 1304:from which he also obtained his revenues. 1093:In the aftermath of the invasion and the 680: 424:authority. In 472 or 471 BC, he was 19:For other people named Themistocles, see 5074: 4647: 4645: 4626: 4624: 4417:Foster, Edith; Lateiner, Donald (2012). 3777: 3775: 3773: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3536:, Bristol Classical Press (1982), p. 406 3435: 2836: 2834: 2629: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 1934: 1862: 1858: 1814: 1682: 1636: 1502: 1479: 1367: 1340: 1204: 1168: 1119: 1076: 1064: 1052: 1000: 980: 943: 927: 853:National Archaeological Museum of Athens 843: 780: 715: 667:, to replace the existing facilities at 649: 5119:Themistocles: The Powerbroker of Athens 5095: 5055: 4993: 4818:"Film Review: '300: Rise of an Empire'" 4585: 4489: 4350: 4348: 4335:KG, Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. 4178: 4017: 3962: 3904: 3902: 3787: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3392: 3390: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3195: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2851: 2849: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2796: 2784: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2554: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2197: 2120: 2118: 1476:First portraiture of a ruler on coinage 1026: 894: 9853: 8897: 5058:The Defence of Greece 490–479 BC 4974: 4944: 4925: 4437: 4307: 4303: 4301: 4283: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4153: 4151: 4065: 4044: 3991:Carradice, Ian; Price, Martin (1988). 3878: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3743: 3594: 3539: 3499: 3475: 3456: 3414: 3399: 3354: 3213: 3186: 3135: 3120: 3077: 3054: 2964: 2952: 2858: 2763: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2657: 2655: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2355: 2353: 2351: 1921:Napoleon. (letter of surrender to the 1484:Didrachm of Themistocles in Magnesia. 558:; Italia was married to Panthoides of 366:. As a politician, Themistocles was a 9754: 8896: 8325: 7829: 7176: 6996: 6945: 5889: 5600: 5245: 5219: 5135: 5116: 5036: 4965: 4642: 4621: 4606: 4576: 4525: 4516: 4447:Harvey, David; Wilkins, John (2002). 4372: 4234:Harvey, David; Wilkins, John (2002). 4051:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. 3852:Howe, Timothy; Brice, Lee L. (2015). 3770: 3731: 3714: 3642: 3442:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 88. 3063: 2831: 2479: 2434: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2164: 2124: 1988: 1440:Greek exiles in the Achaemenid Empire 1380:: Possible portrait of Themistocles. 789:", based on a Greek original, in the 785:A Roman-era bust of Themistocles in " 9365:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 6997: 5166: 4345: 3899: 3872: 3688: 3669: 3621: 3577: 3560: 3514: 3387: 3335: 3301: 3264: 3234: 3225: 3029: 3003: 2931: 2922: 2898: 2884: 2870: 2846: 2808: 2725: 2707: 2636: 2606: 2575: 2493: 2448: 2385: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2115: 2090: 2088: 2086: 1499:Eagle with letters Μ-Α ("Magnesia"). 1173:Themistocles finds refuge with King 912: 817:, were to command the naval forces. 456:Greece" from the Persian threat, as 4510: 4389: 4298: 4290:. P.F. Collier & Son. pp. 4220: 4148: 3879:Carney, Elizabeth Donnelly (2000). 3815: 3107: 2688: 2667: 2652: 2531: 2348: 2245:"Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War" 2204:. Simon and Schuster. p. 249. 56:of Themistocles (1875 illustration) 13: 8326: 6971: 6056: 2323: 2266: 2218: 2026:based on the life of Themistocles. 1757:, the goddess of Magnesia, on the 14: 9932: 5209:Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, 5148: 4493:Pausanias Guide to Ancient Greece 3329:"Plutarch • Life of Themistocles" 2371: 2185: 2083: 2014:based on the life of Themistocles 1603:Magnesian coins of Roman Emperor 1230: 1115: 769:Second Persian invasion of Greece 763:Second Persian invasion of Greece 685:After Marathon, probably in 489, 374:in 493 BC, he convinced the 252:Second Persian invasion of Greece 9921:5th-century BC Greek politicians 9896:People of the Greco-Persian Wars 9834: 9824: 9815: 9814: 5153: 4912:History of the Peloponnesian War 4810: 4795: 4781: 4764: 4744: 4715: 4673: 4654: 4633: 4612: 4567: 4550: 4537: 4483: 4467: 4410: 4383: 4365: 4328: 4277: 4263: 4254: 4200:André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). 4193: 4120: 4038: 4011: 3983: 3956: 3929: 3845: 3799: 3700: 1584: 1562: 1428:("for clothes") and the city of 1313:, from where he took a ship for 1266: 1265: 1247: 1229: 1222: 1005:Themistocles honoured at Sparta. 380:first Persian invasion of Greece 283: 240:First Persian invasion of Greece 9835: 5075:Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). 5018:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 4827: 4663:The Historical Review of Sparta 3882:Women and Monarchy in Macedonia 3526: 3490: 3429: 3375: 3366: 3321: 3295: 3204: 3177: 3168: 3156: 3147: 3098: 3089: 3045: 3017: 2991: 2979: 2940: 2910: 2822: 2757: 2679: 2548: 2473: 2464: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2365: 2335: 2024:François-André Danican Philidor 1975:The South American plant genus 1753:and erected a bronze statue to 543:, Polyeuctus, and Cleophantus. 4752:"Temistocle. Libretto. German" 4334: 3811:. Applegate and Company. 1866. 2555:Ostwald, Martin (2011-09-21). 2288: 2237: 2158: 2145: 1805: 1761:. They may have returned from 1081:Column drums of the destroyed 1: 7436: 7423: 7404: 7387: 4970:. Princeton University Press. 4945:Hanson, Victor Davis (2001). 4240:. ISD LLC. pp. 199–201. 4018:Howgego, Christopher (2002). 2077: 1931:Political and military legacy 1892:, goes so far as to say that 1710: 1696: 1381: 1358: 977:Autumn/Winter 480/479 BC 798: 645: 574: 570:Political and military career 484:Themistocles was born in the 341: 174: 151: 21:Themistocles (disambiguation) 8564:Funeral and burial practices 7749:Military of Mycenaean Greece 5121:. Pen & Sword Military. 4284:Clough, Arthur Hugh (1909). 4131:Ancient Greek Portrait Coins 4114:"Classical Numismatic Group" 3825:Miller, Margaret C. (2004). 2165:Brice, Lee L. (2012-10-17). 2101:. OUP Oxford. p. 1506. 1810: 1691:on the Magnesian coinage of 1376:: Barley grain. ΘE to left. 1248: 624:Early years of the democracy 7: 9876:Achaemenid satraps of Lydia 9871:5th-century BC Greek people 5060:. Aris & Phillips Ltd. 5021:. Oxford University Press. 4694:10.1007/978-3-030-98431-1_5 4618:Holland, pp. xvi–xvii 4490:Habicht, Christian (1998). 4423:. OUP Oxford. p. 227. 1420:("for wine"). According to 791:Museo Archeologico Ostiense 503:, who was, in the words of 392:(generals) in that battle. 10: 9937: 8488:Greek Revival architecture 7830: 6054: 5284:On the Malice of Herodotus 5117:Smith, Jeffrey A. (2021). 4731:Plants of the World Online 4630:Holland, pp. 362–365 4164:. OUP Oxford. p. 68. 4021:Ancient History from Coins 3994:Coinage in the Greek World 3436:Shepherd, William (2012). 3396:Holland, pp. 358–359 3249:Holland, pp. 332–335 3231:Holland, pp. 327–329 3051:Holland, pp. 307–309 3042:Holland, pp. 310–315 3014:Holland, pp. 302–303 2928:Holland, pp. 257–258 2895:Holland, pp. 251–255 2881:Holland, pp. 255–257 2855:Holland, pp. 248–249 2722:Holland, pp. 219–222 2685:Holland, pp. 208–211 2649:Holland, pp. 217–219 2633:Holland, pp. 214–217 2528:Holland, pp. 164–167 2470:Holland, pp. 132–134 2461:Holland, pp. 128–131 2425:Holland, pp. 126–128 1679:Succession and descendants 1353:: Letters ΘΕ, initials of 766: 334: 38: 18: 9881:Ancient Athenian admirals 9810: 9761: 9755: 9750: 9595: 9472: 9461: 9388: 9310: 9267: 9214: 9072: 8924: 8915: 8911: 8892: 8841: 8756: 8694: 8656: 8649: 8599: 8559: 8550: 8472: 8349: 8345: 8321: 8287: 8256: 8098: 7985: 7929: 7896:Attalid kings of Pergamon 7851: 7842: 7838: 7825: 7704:Antigonid Macedonian army 7677: 7650: 7622: 7579: 7536: 7527: 7369: 7308: 7205: 7201: 7172: 7071: 7020: 7016: 6992: 6979: 6924: 6825: 6791: 6762: 6728: 6679: 6642: 6577:Queen Amoashtart (regent) 6557: 6523: 6499: 6421: 6355: 6280: 6243: 6166: 6067: 5934: 5924: 5635: 5577: 5541: 5300: 5254: 5181:10.1017/S0009838807000493 4975:Behmel, Albrecht (2000). 4390:Cox, Cheryl Anne (2014). 4314:. JHU Press. p. 22. 4024:. Routledge. p. 64. 2171:. ABC-CLIO. p. 176. 2131:. ABC-CLIO. p. 176. 1983:Johann Friedrich Klotzsch 1897:of a man of such genius. 1687:Portrait of a ruler with 1069:The northern wall of the 1027:Spring/Summer 479 BC 479: 428:, and went into exile in 272: 232: 222: 211: 206: 170: 147: 142: 138: 126: 115: 107: 97: 87: 76: 65: 61: 46: 35: 28: 4966:Frost, Frank J. (1980). 4930:. Kessinger Publishing. 4453:. ISD LLC. p. 200. 4420:Thucydides and Herodotus 4373:Nollé, Johannes (1998). 4308:Hyland, John O. (2018). 4083:The Numismatic Chronicle 3938:The Numismatic Chronicle 3911:The Numismatic Chronicle 3310:. Loeb Classical Library 3201:Strauss, pp. 1–294 2739:The Numismatic Chronicle 1621: 1264: 1246: 1228: 183:Magnesia on the Maeander 9891:Ancient Thracian Greeks 5542:Translators and editors 5169:The Classical Quarterly 5096:Strauss, Barry (2004). 5088:Encyclopædia Britannica 4926:Butler, Howard (2005). 4517:Smith, William (1867). 4128:Carradice, Ian (1978). 3304:"The Life of Aristides" 3192:Hanson, pp. 12–60 2764:Tanner, Jeremy (2006). 2198:Strauss, Barry (2005). 1695:, son of Themistocles, 1607:in the 2nd century CE. 1290:Magnesia on the Meander 397:second Persian invasion 7930:Artists & scholars 7845:List of ancient Greeks 7482:Second Athenian League 7331:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 7156:Ancient Greek colonies 6515:Alexander I of Macedon 6061: 5158:Quotations related to 5102:. Simon and Schuster. 4045:Rhodes, P. J. (2011). 3963:Stieber, Mary (2010). 3858:. Brill. p. 170. 2316:) describes her as an 2125:Brice, Lee L. (2012). 2066:300: Rise of an Empire 1970: 1940: 1928: 1914:m'asseoir sur le foyer 1899: 1876: 1820: 1703: 1660: 1654: 1528: 1523:, such as seen in the 1500: 1388: 1365: 1339: 1217: 1178: 1167: 1128: 1090: 1074: 1058: 1024: 1012: 1006: 986: 957: 933: 885: 856: 849:Decree of Themistocles 838:Alexander I of Macedon 805: 728: 681:Rivalry with Aristides 655: 639: 621: 533: 440:before he traveled to 434:Alexander I of Macedon 9049:Sybaris on the Traeis 7774:Sacred Band of Thebes 7514:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 7028:Cycladic civilization 6172:Hellespontine Phrygia 6060: 6043:Darius III Codomannus 5730:Demetrius of Phalerum 5037:Green, Peter (2007). 4994:Holland, Tom (2005). 4686:Democracy and Salamis 4358:Numismatic Literature 3997:. Seaby. p. 84. 2012:Johann Christian Bach 1965: 1938: 1909: 1894: 1866: 1859:Historical reputation 1818: 1686: 1656: 1640: 1555:rather than himself. 1506: 1483: 1371: 1344: 1335: 1208: 1172: 1163: 1123: 1095:Destruction of Athens 1080: 1068: 1056: 1020: 1008: 1004: 984: 947: 931: 906:Battle of Thermopylae 881: 847: 784: 719: 653: 635: 617: 529: 122:465 – 459 BC 83:493 – 492 BC 9916:Battle of Artemisium 9906:Ostracized Athenians 8574:mythological figures 8295:Ancient Greek tribes 7420:Peloponnesian League 6778:Hydarnes the Younger 6510:Amyntas I of Macedon 6033:Artaxerxes III Ochus 6028:Artaxerxes II Mnemon 5929:- Achaemenid Kingdom 5136:Booth, John (1815), 5078:"Themistocles" 5056:Lazenby, JF (1993). 4856:Biblioteca Historica 4777:. chez Le Duc. 1787. 2249:perseus.uchicago.edu 1819:Bust of Themistocles 1755:Artemis Leucophryene 1591:Type of the coin of 1285:class=notpageimage| 950:Wilhelm von Kaulbach 895:Battle of Artemisium 773:Battle of Artemisium 257:Battle of Artemisium 8686:Tunnel of Eupalinos 8681:Theatre of Dionysus 8305:Ancient Macedonians 7921:Tyrants of Syracuse 7433:Amphictyonic League 7033:Minoan civilization 6928:Hellenistic satraps 6826:Other known satraps 6281:Greek Governors of 6048:Artaxerxes V Bessus 6038:Artaxerxes IV Arses 5317:Alexander the Great 4928:The Story of Athens 4915:via Perseus Project 4893:via Perseus Project 4874:via Perseus Project 4757:Library of Congress 2444:. pp. 5.72–73. 2381:. pp. 93c–93e. 1886:Alexander the Great 1616:Alexander the Great 1071:Acropolis of Athens 382:, he fought at the 9360:Menestheus's Limin 9014:Pandosia (Lucania) 8902:Greek colonisation 8264:Athenian statesmen 8025:Diogenes of Sinope 7886:Kings of Macedonia 7876:Kings of Commagene 7744:Macedonian phalanx 7724:Hellenistic armies 7472:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 7336:Indo-Greek Kingdom 7058:Hellenistic Greece 6934:from around 330 BC 6932:Hellenistic rulers 6062: 5554:Arthur Hugh Clough 5202:2013-10-17 at the 4847:via Tertullian.org 4789:"The 300 Spartans" 4260:Nepos (Them. 10.3) 3534:Greek Lyric Poetry 3308:The Parallel Lives 2071:Sullivan Stapleton 2045:Lawrence of Arabia 1989:In popular culture 1941: 1877: 1869:Themistoclean Wall 1821: 1704: 1655: 1529: 1501: 1389: 1366: 1218: 1179: 1129: 1091: 1089:, by Themistocles. 1075: 1059: 1007: 987: 970:Greco-Persian Wars 958: 954:Artemisia of Caria 934: 919:Isthmus of Corinth 857: 806: 729: 656: 384:Battle of Marathon 364:Athenian democracy 245:Battle of Marathon 9911:Battle of Salamis 9848: 9847: 9806: 9805: 9746: 9745: 9742: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9312:Iberian Peninsula 9244:Lipara/Meligounis 9210: 9209: 8888: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8861:Cypriot syllabary 8752: 8751: 8661:Athenian Treasury 8645: 8644: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8312: 7906:Ptolemaic dynasty 7866:Archons of Athens 7821: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7692:Athenian military 7673: 7672: 7506:League of Corinth 7488:Thessalian League 7464:Chalcidian League 7446:Acarnanian League 7356:Ptolemaic Kingdom 7168: 7167: 7164: 7163: 6939: 6938: 6128:Cyrus the Younger 5939:Achaemenid Empire 5918:Achaemenid Empire 5883: 5882: 5594: 5593: 5581:Comparison extant 5511:Tiberius Gracchus 5277:De genio Socratis 5206:by Jona Lendering 5109:978-0-7432-4450-3 5067:978-0-85668-591-0 5048:978-0-7538-2413-9 5028:978-0-19-866172-6 5007:978-0-349-11717-1 4986:978-3-932602-72-6 4958:978-0-385-50052-4 4937:978-1-4179-7092-6 4703:978-3-030-98430-4 2948:VIII, 11–19 2568:978-0-8122-0609-8 2329:Cornelius Nepos, 2283:Bernadotte Perrin 2211:978-0-7432-7453-1 2178:978-1-61069-070-6 2138:978-1-61069-070-6 2108:978-0-19-101676-9 2022:(1785), opera by 2010:(1772), opera by 1999:(1718), opera by 1958:Peloponnesian War 1446:Achaemenid Empire 1294:Achaemenid Empire 1039:Battle of Plataea 913:Battle of Salamis 777:Battle of Salamis 414:Battle of Plataea 276: 275: 262:Battle of Salamis 9928: 9838: 9837: 9828: 9818: 9817: 9752: 9751: 9470: 9469: 8969:Heraclea Lucania 8922: 8921: 8913: 8912: 8894: 8893: 8654: 8653: 8586:Twelve Olympians 8557: 8556: 8347: 8346: 8323: 8322: 7911:Seleucid dynasty 7891:Kings of Paionia 7840: 7839: 7827: 7826: 7697:Scythian archers 7604:Graphe paranomon 7534: 7533: 7441: 7438: 7428: 7425: 7409: 7406: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7203: 7202: 7174: 7173: 7053:Classical Greece 7038:Mycenaean Greece 7018: 7017: 6994: 6993: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6943: 6942: 5998:Darius the Great 5910: 5903: 5896: 5887: 5886: 5628:Ancient Athenian 5621: 5614: 5607: 5598: 5597: 5564:Philemon Holland 5453:Cato the Younger 5333:Aratus of Sicyon 5240: 5233: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5192: 5157: 5144: 5132: 5113: 5092: 5080: 5071: 5052: 5032: 5011: 4990: 4971: 4962: 4941: 4851:Diodorus Siculus 4822: 4821: 4814: 4808: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4640: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4619: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4554: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4487: 4481: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4444: 4435: 4434: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4305: 4296: 4295: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4231: 4218: 4217: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4176: 4175: 4155: 4146: 4145: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4099: 4098: 4078: 4063: 4062: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3822: 3813: 3812: 3808:Plutarch's Lives 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3783:Themistocles, 31 3779: 3768: 3762: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3727:Themistocles, 29 3723: 3712: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3667: 3661: 3640: 3638:Themistocles, 25 3634: 3619: 3613: 3592: 3590:Themistocles, 24 3586: 3575: 3573:Themistocles, 23 3569: 3558: 3552: 3537: 3532:David Campbell, 3530: 3524: 3522:Themistocles, 20 3518: 3512: 3506: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3473: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3412: 3406: 3397: 3394: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3350:Themistocles, 22 3346: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3279:Themistocles, 17 3275: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3174:Lazenby, p. 190 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3061: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2906:Themistocles, 11 2902: 2896: 2893: 2882: 2879: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2844: 2838: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2734: 2723: 2720: 2705: 2699: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2650: 2647: 2634: 2631: 2604: 2602:Themistocles, 19 2598: 2573: 2572: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2529: 2526: 2491: 2490: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2446: 2445: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2406:Themistocles, 32 2402: 2383: 2382: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2292: 2286: 2275: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2251:. Archived from 2241: 2235: 2229: 2216: 2215: 2194: 2183: 2182: 2162: 2156: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2122: 2113: 2112: 2092: 2037:Ralph Richardson 2032:The 300 Spartans 1926: 1715: 1712: 1701: 1698: 1588: 1566: 1386: 1383: 1363: 1360: 1349:: Head of Zeus. 1269: 1268: 1251: 1250: 1233: 1232: 1226: 1209:Illustration by 1189:, and thence to 1043:Battle of Mycale 803: 800: 745:mines at Laurium 661:Archon Eponymous 350: 346: 343: 339: 338: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 207:Military service 179: 176: 156: 153: 143:Personal details 129: 120: 100: 90: 81: 67:Eponymous archon 51: 42: 41: 40: 26: 25: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9851: 9850: 9849: 9844: 9802: 9757: 9734: 9597: 9591: 9474: 9465: 9457: 9428:Melaina Korkyra 9384: 9306: 9263: 9216:Aeolian Islands 9206: 9068: 8926: 8907: 8906: 8880: 8837: 8748: 8690: 8641: 8595: 8546: 8468: 8459:Wedding customs 8341: 8340: 8309: 8300:Thracian Greeks 8283: 8274:Olympic victors 8252: 8094: 7981: 7925: 7916:Kings of Sparta 7901:Kings of Pontus 7871:Kings of Athens 7847: 7834: 7813: 7709:Army of Macedon 7669: 7646: 7618: 7575: 7523: 7496:(370–c. 230 BC) 7494:Arcadian League 7478:(c. 400–188 BC) 7476:Aetolian League 7470:Boeotian League 7452:Hellenic League 7439: 7426: 7416:(c. 650–404 BC) 7407: 7401:Italiote League 7394: 7390: 7384:Doric Hexapolis 7374: 7365: 7361:Seleucid Empire 7304: 7197: 7196: 7160: 7067: 7043:Greek Dark Ages 7012: 7011: 6988: 6975: 6970: 6940: 6935: 6920: 6875:Greater Phrygia 6821: 6787: 6758: 6724: 6675: 6638: 6553: 6519: 6495: 6417: 6351: 6276: 6239: 6230:Pharnabazus III 6162: 6063: 6052: 5983:Cyrus the Great 5936: 5930: 5920: 5914: 5884: 5879: 5631: 5625: 5595: 5590: 5573: 5537: 5524:Aemilius Paulus 5296: 5292:Pseudo-Plutarch 5250: 5244: 5204:Wayback Machine 5151: 5129: 5110: 5068: 5049: 5029: 5008: 4987: 4959: 4938: 4861:Perseus Project 4839:Cornelius Nepos 4833:Ancient sources 4830: 4825: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4800: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4678: 4674: 4659: 4655: 4651:Holland, p. 371 4650: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4586: 4582:Lazenby, p. 169 4581: 4577: 4573:Holland, p. 364 4572: 4568: 4555: 4551: 4542: 4538: 4533:Themistocles 18 4530: 4526: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4488: 4484: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4388: 4384: 4370: 4366: 4355: 4353: 4346: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4306: 4299: 4282: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4232: 4221: 4214: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4125: 4121: 4112: 4111: 4102: 4079: 4066: 4059: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3961: 3957: 3934: 3930: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3823: 3816: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3771: 3763: 3744: 3739:Themistocles 28 3736: 3732: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3696:Themistocles 27 3693: 3689: 3684:Themistocles 26 3681: 3670: 3662: 3643: 3635: 3622: 3614: 3595: 3587: 3578: 3570: 3561: 3553: 3540: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3496:Holland, p. 360 3495: 3491: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3457: 3450: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3372:Lazenby, p. 209 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3311: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210:Holland, p. 399 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183:Lazenby, p. 197 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3153:Holland, p. 316 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3121: 3112: 3108: 3104:Holland, p. 321 3103: 3099: 3095:Lazenby, p. 255 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3073:. p. 8.75. 3062: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2937:Holland, p. 276 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2885: 2880: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2839: 2832: 2828:Holland, p. 258 2827: 2823: 2819:Holland, p. 226 2818: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2762: 2758: 2735: 2726: 2721: 2708: 2700: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2663:Themistocles, 3 2660: 2653: 2648: 2637: 2632: 2607: 2599: 2576: 2569: 2553: 2549: 2544:Themistocles, 5 2541: 2532: 2527: 2494: 2489:. p. 5.78. 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2449: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416:Holland, p. 122 2415: 2411: 2403: 2386: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2349: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2310:Cornelius Nepos 2293: 2289: 2281:(translated by 2276: 2267: 2258: 2256: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2233:Themistocles, 7 2230: 2219: 2212: 2195: 2186: 2179: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2123: 2116: 2109: 2093: 2084: 2080: 2058:Francis Bacon's 1991: 1954:Athenian Empire 1933: 1927: 1925:; translation). 1920: 1861: 1813: 1808: 1713: 1699: 1681: 1641:A dignitary of 1624: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1567: 1478: 1442: 1384: 1361: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1252: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1234: 1203: 1118: 1083:Older Parthenon 1051: 1029: 979: 915: 897: 801: 779: 767:Main articles: 765: 707:Ariston of Ceos 683: 648: 626: 577: 572: 482: 462:Athenian Empire 348: 344: 286: 282: 268: 185: 181: 177: 161: 157: 154: 127: 121: 116: 98: 88: 82: 77: 57: 36: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9934: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9861:520s BC births 9846: 9845: 9843: 9842: 9832: 9822: 9811: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9748: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9601: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9478: 9476: 9467: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9394: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9316: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9273: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9220: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9162:Megara Hyblaea 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9142:Hybla Gereatis 9139: 9134: 9132:Heraclea Minoa 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9078: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8930: 8928: 8919: 8909: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8898: 8890: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8878: 8876:Attic numerals 8873: 8871:Greek numerals 8868: 8866:Greek alphabet 8863: 8858: 8853: 8847: 8845: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8762: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8700: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8647: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8603: 8601: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8520:Musical system 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8479: 8477: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8353: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8327: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7991: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7952:Mathematicians 7949: 7944: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7861:Kings of Argos 7857: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7836: 7835: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7719:Cretan archers 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7656: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7518:Achaean League 7515: 7512:Euboean League 7509: 7503: 7500:Epirote League 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7448:(c. 500–31 BC) 7443: 7430: 7417: 7411: 7398: 7380: 7378: 7376:Confederations 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7300:Lissus (Crete) 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7211: 7209: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7178: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7077: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7048:Archaic Greece 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6998: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6973:Ancient Greece 6969: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6946: 6937: 6936: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6908: 6898: 6888: 6878: 6868: 6858: 6848: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6796: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6710:Pherendates II 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6684: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6635:Abdashtart III 6633: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6613:Baalshillem II 6610: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6563: 6561: 6559:Kings of Sidon 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6360: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6215:Pharnabazus II 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6113:Artaphernes II 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6065: 6064: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5943: 5941: 5935:Kings of Kings 5932: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5916:Rulers in the 5913: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5624: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5601: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5584:Four unpaired 5582: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5526: 5517: 5515:Gaius Gracchus 5500: 5491: 5482: 5473: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5365: 5356: 5354:Cato the Elder 5347: 5330: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5280: 5266: 5263:Parallel Lives 5258: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5207: 5193: 5175:(2): 445–457. 5150: 5149:External links 5147: 5146: 5145: 5133: 5128:978-1526790453 5127: 5114: 5108: 5093: 5083:Chisholm, Hugh 5072: 5066: 5053: 5047: 5034: 5027: 5012: 5006: 4991: 4985: 4972: 4963: 4957: 4942: 4936: 4922: 4921: 4920:Modern sources 4917: 4916: 4904: 4894: 4885: 4875: 4863: 4848: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4809: 4804:Bacon's Essays 4794: 4780: 4763: 4743: 4725:Themistoclesia 4714: 4702: 4672: 4653: 4641: 4639:Butler, p. 195 4632: 4620: 4611: 4599: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4549: 4536: 4524: 4509: 4502: 4482: 4466: 4459: 4436: 4429: 4409: 4402: 4382: 4364: 4344: 4327: 4320: 4297: 4276: 4262: 4253: 4246: 4219: 4212: 4192: 4177: 4170: 4147: 4140: 4119: 4100: 4064: 4057: 4037: 4030: 4010: 4003: 3982: 3975: 3955: 3928: 3898: 3891: 3871: 3864: 3844: 3837: 3814: 3798: 3786: 3769: 3742: 3730: 3713: 3699: 3687: 3668: 3641: 3620: 3593: 3576: 3559: 3538: 3525: 3513: 3498: 3489: 3474: 3455: 3448: 3428: 3413: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3365: 3353: 3334: 3320: 3294: 3282: 3263: 3251: 3233: 3224: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3155: 3146: 3134: 3119: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3076: 3053: 3044: 3028: 3016: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2883: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2830: 2821: 2807: 2795: 2783: 2776: 2756: 2724: 2706: 2703:Themistocles 4 2687: 2678: 2666: 2651: 2635: 2605: 2574: 2567: 2547: 2530: 2492: 2472: 2463: 2447: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2384: 2364: 2361:Themistocles 1 2347: 2334: 2322: 2287: 2279:Themistocles 1 2265: 2236: 2217: 2210: 2184: 2177: 2157: 2144: 2137: 2114: 2107: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2061: 2050:T. E. Lawrence 2040: 2027: 2015: 2003: 2001:Nicola Porpora 1990: 1987: 1978:Themistoclesia 1932: 1929: 1918: 1860: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1834: 1833: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1714: 459 BCE 1680: 1677: 1673:Antoninus Pius 1623: 1620: 1610:The rulers of 1605:Antoninus Pius 1593:Antoninus Pius 1590: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1571:Antoninus Pius 1568: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1525:Herakleia head 1477: 1474: 1441: 1438: 1402:Maeander River 1283: 1282: 1272: 1271: 1263: 1254: 1253: 1245: 1236: 1235: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1202: 1199: 1138:drinking songs 1117: 1116:Fall and exile 1114: 1050: 1047: 1028: 1025: 978: 975: 914: 911: 896: 893: 764: 761: 682: 679: 647: 644: 625: 622: 576: 573: 571: 568: 481: 478: 274: 273: 270: 269: 267: 266: 265: 264: 259: 249: 248: 247: 236: 234: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 218:(until 471 BC) 213: 209: 208: 204: 203: 172: 168: 167: 149: 145: 144: 140: 139: 136: 135: 130: 124: 123: 113: 112: 105: 104: 101: 95: 94: 91: 85: 84: 74: 73: 63: 62: 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 33: 32: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9933: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9866:459 BC deaths 9864: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9841: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9821: 9813: 9812: 9809: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9760: 9753: 9749: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9594: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9340:Hemeroscopion 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9300: 9297: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8917:Magna Graecia 8914: 8910: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8791:Arcadocypriot 8789: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8755: 8745: 8744:Zeus, Olympia 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8729:Hera, Olympia 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8632:Mount Olympus 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600:Sacred places 8598: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8424:Olympic Games 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8414:Homosexuality 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7784:Seleucid army 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7526: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7458:Delian League 7456: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7434: 7431: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7414:Ionian League 7412: 7402: 7399: 7395: 560 BC 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7136:Magna Graecia 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6962: 6960: 6955: 6953: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6881:Phrataphernes 6879: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6802:Syennesis III 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6632:Abdashtart II 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6605:Baalshillem I 6603: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6582:Eshmunazar II 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6525:Kings of Tyre 6522: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6498: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6279: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6267:Mithrobuzanes 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6205:Pharnabazus I 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6153:Autophradates 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6108:Artaphernes I 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5899: 5897: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5549:Jacques Amyot 5547: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5321:Julius Caesar 5318: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5162:at Wikiquote 5161: 5156: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4951:. DoubleDay. 4950: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4883: 4882:Declamationes 4879: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4871:The Histories 4867: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4820:. 2014-03-03. 4819: 4813: 4806: 4805: 4798: 4790: 4784: 4776: 4775: 4767: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4747: 4732: 4728: 4726: 4718: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4669:(1): 129–156. 4668: 4664: 4657: 4648: 4646: 4636: 4627: 4625: 4615: 4609:, p. 57. 4608: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4579: 4570: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4520: 4513: 4505: 4503:9780520061705 4499: 4495: 4494: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4462: 4460:9781910589595 4456: 4452: 4451: 4443: 4441: 4432: 4430:9780199593262 4426: 4422: 4421: 4413: 4405: 4403:9781400864690 4399: 4395: 4394: 4386: 4378: 4377: 4368: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4349: 4340: 4339: 4331: 4323: 4321:9781421423708 4317: 4313: 4312: 4304: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4280: 4272: 4266: 4257: 4249: 4247:9781910589595 4243: 4239: 4238: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4213:9780520247314 4209: 4205: 4204: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4171:9780192842589 4167: 4163: 4162: 4154: 4152: 4143: 4141:9780714108490 4137: 4133: 4132: 4123: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4060: 4058:9781444358582 4054: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4033: 4031:9781134877843 4027: 4023: 4022: 4014: 4006: 4004:9780900652820 4000: 3996: 3995: 3986: 3978: 3976:9780292773493 3972: 3968: 3967: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3892:9780806132129 3888: 3884: 3883: 3875: 3867: 3865:9789004284739 3861: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3840: 3838:9780521607582 3834: 3830: 3829: 3821: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3639: 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2089: 2087: 2082: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2054:Peter O'Toole 2051: 2047: 2046: 2042:In the movie 2041: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2029:In the movie 2028: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:Delian League 1937: 1924: 1923:Prince Regent 1917: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1867:Ruins of the 1865: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1817: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1708: 1700: 459 BC 1694: 1690: 1685: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1594: 1587: 1576: 1572: 1565: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1435: 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7063:Roman Greece 6891:Ariobarzanes 6861:Satibarzanes 6618:Abdashtart I 6600:Tetramnestos 6567:Eshmunazar I 6471:Artemisia II 6381:Teththiweibi 6327:Themistocles 6326: 6272:Ariarathes I 6225:Artabazus II 6220:Ariobarzanes 6210:Pharnaces II 6158:Spithridates 6133:Tissaphernes 6123:Tissaphernes 6008:Artaxerxes I 5960: 5953: 5946: 5845:Themistocles 5844: 5765:Eratosthenes 5685:Callistratus 5670:Aristogeiton 5585: 5569:Thomas North 5529:Themistocles 5528: 5480:Gaius Marius 5324: 5268: 5261: 5197:Themistocles 5195:Livius.org, 5172: 5168: 5160:Themistocles 5152: 5138: 5118: 5098: 5086: 5057: 5038: 5017: 4997:Persian Fire 4996: 4976: 4967: 4947: 4927: 4911: 4900: 4890:Themistocles 4889: 4881: 4870: 4855: 4844:Themistocles 4843: 4828:Bibliography 4812: 4802: 4797: 4783: 4772: 4766: 4755: 4746: 4734:. Retrieved 4730: 4724: 4717: 4707:, retrieved 4685: 4675: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4635: 4614: 4602: 4578: 4569: 4558:The Republic 4557: 4552: 4539: 4527: 4518: 4512: 4492: 4485: 4469: 4449: 4419: 4412: 4392: 4385: 4375: 4367: 4357: 4337: 4330: 4310: 4286: 4279: 4265: 4256: 4236: 4202: 4195: 4160: 4130: 4122: 4086: 4082: 4047: 4040: 4020: 4013: 3993: 3985: 3965: 3958: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3914: 3910: 3881: 3874: 3854: 3847: 3827: 3807: 3801: 3789: 3733: 3702: 3690: 3533: 3528: 3516: 3492: 3438: 3431: 3377: 3368: 3356: 3323: 3312:. Retrieved 3307: 3297: 3285: 3254: 3227: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3158: 3149: 3137: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3079: 3069: 3047: 3019: 2993: 2981: 2954: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2860: 2824: 2798: 2786: 2766: 2759: 2742: 2738: 2681: 2675:Aristides, 2 2669: 2557: 2550: 2485: 2475: 2466: 2440: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2377: 2367: 2343:Declamations 2342: 2337: 2331:Themistocles 2325: 2290: 2257:. Retrieved 2253:the original 2248: 2239: 2200: 2167: 2160: 2152: 2147: 2127: 2097: 2064: 2043: 2030: 2017: 2005: 1994: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1942: 1913: 1910: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1878: 1853: 1849: 1835: 1826: 1822: 1794: 1770:Tissaphernes 1740: 1733: 1722: 1705: 1689:olive wreath 1661: 1657: 1632:bull's blood 1625: 1609: 1601: 1530: 1513:Olive wreath 1496: 1491:standing in 1485: 1470:Artabazos II 1443: 1426:Palaescepsis 1394: 1390: 1377: 1373: 1355:Themistocles 1354: 1350: 1346: 1336: 1331:Artaxerxes I 1308: 1288:Location of 1273: 1255: 1237: 1211:Walter Crane 1180: 1164: 1156: 1130: 1100: 1092: 1060: 1030: 1021: 1013: 1009: 996: 988: 967: 959: 935: 916: 898: 886: 882: 877: 858: 823: 807: 787:Severe style 742: 737: 730: 701:great rival— 699: 694: 684: 672: 657: 640: 636: 627: 618: 581:Peisistratos 578: 548: 534: 530: 483: 454: 446:Artaxerxes I 418: 394: 387: 279:Themistocles 278: 277: 233:Battles/wars 186:(modern-day 180:(aged 64–65) 162:(modern-day 128:Succeeded by 117: 108:Governor of 99:Succeeded by 78: 30:Themistocles 9783:Place names 9695:Salmydessus 9517:Kalos Limen 9497:Chersonesus 9487:Borysthenes 9192:Tauromenion 9004:Metapontion 8766:Proto-Greek 8719:Erechtheion 8714:Athena Nike 8676:Philippeion 8505:Mathematics 8476:and science 8359:Agriculture 8223:Stesichorus 8133:Bacchylides 8123:Archilochus 8010:Antisthenes 8000:Anaximander 7972:Seven Sages 7962:Playwrights 7942:Geographers 7937:Astronomers 7764:Pezhetairos 7391: 1100 7371:Federations 7270:Megalopolis 7207:City states 7182:City states 6792:Satraps of 6763:Satraps of 6729:Satraps of 6695:Pherendates 6680:Satraps of 6628:Evagoras II 6491:Orontobates 6450:Lygdamis II 6356:Dynasts of 6332:Archeptolis 6322:Aristagoras 6307:Eurysthenes 6200:Artabazus I 6138:Tithraustes 6068:Satraps of 5988:Cambyses II 5927:Family tree 5855:Thrasybulus 5835:Pisistratus 5745:Demosthenes 5705:Cleisthenes 5695:Chremonides 5630:politicians 5559:John Dryden 5440:Philopoemen 5377:Demosthenes 5211:Θεμιστοκλῆς 4543:Herodotus, 4161:Portraiture 3764:Thucydides 3663:Thucydides 2308:. However, 2019:Thémistocle 1806:Assessments 1718:Achaemenids 1707:Archeptolis 1693:Archeptolis 1549:portraiture 1541:portraiture 1392:serve him. 1158:Aristoboulẽ 1152:, with the 861:Thermopylae 795:Ostia, Rome 605:Cleomenes I 597:Cleisthenes 541:Archeptolis 336:Θεμιστοκλῆς 133:Archeptolis 93:Pythocritus 89:Preceded by 39:Θεμιστοκλῆς 9855:Categories 9685:Polemonion 9562:Phanagoria 9532:Kimmerikon 9527:Kerkinitis 9512:Hermonassa 9502:Dioscurias 9398:Aspalathos 9345:Kalathousa 9320:Akra Leuke 9249:Phoenicusa 9034:Scylletium 9019:Poseidonia 8939:Brentesion 8826:Pamphylian 8821:Macedonian 8739:Samothrace 8724:Hephaestus 8671:Long Walls 8650:Structures 8591:Underworld 8537:Technology 8500:Literature 8434:Philosophy 8399:Euergetism 8288:By culture 8233:Thucydides 8075:Pythagoras 8070:Protagoras 8060:Parmenides 8045:Heraclitus 8030:Empedocles 8020:Democritus 8005:Anaximenes 7995:Anaxagoras 7947:Historians 7440: 595 7427: 550 7408: 800 7393: – c. 7321:Cappadocia 7126:Ionian Sea 7116:Hellespont 7081:Aegean Sea 6700:Achaemenes 6671:Orontes II 6666:Darius III 6587:Bodashtart 6535:Boulomenus 6461:Hecatomnus 6445:Pisindelis 6435:Lygdamis I 6408:Mithrapata 6399:Artembares 6342:Amyntas II 6283:Asia Minor 6262:Ariamnes I 6249:Cappadocia 6195:Oebares II 6180:Mitrobates 6118:Pissuthnes 5978:Cambyses I 5955:Ariaramnes 5948:Achaemenes 5875:Xanthippus 5860:Thucydides 5850:Theramenes 5785:Hypereides 5780:Hyperbolus 5735:Demochares 5675:Aristophon 5650:Alcibiades 5444:Flamininus 5337:Artaxerxes 5312:Coriolanus 5308:Alcibiades 5000:. Abacus. 4979:. Ibidem. 4907:Thucydides 4887:Plutarch, 4709:2022-11-01 4607:Booth 1815 4531:Plutarch, 3737:Plutarch, 3725:Plutarch, 3694:Plutarch, 3682:Plutarch, 3636:Plutarch, 3588:Plutarch, 3571:Plutarch, 3520:Plutarch, 3381:Herodotus 3348:Plutarch, 3314:2014-12-12 3302:Plutarch. 3289:Herodotus 3277:Plutarch, 3258:Herodotus 3219:Herodotus 3162:Herodotus 3141:Herodotus 3129:Herodotus 3083:Herodotus 3023:Herodotus 2997:Herodotus 2985:Herodotus 2973:Herodotus 2958:Herodotus 2946:Herodotus 2916:Herodotus 2904:Plutarch, 2864:Herodotus 2840:Herodotus 2802:Herodotus 2790:Herodotus 2701:Plutarch, 2673:Plutarch, 2661:Plutarch, 2600:Plutarch, 2542:Plutarch, 2359:Plutarch, 2345:9–10 2341:Libanius, 2318:Acarnanian 2277:Plutarch, 2259:2018-10-02 2231:Plutarch, 2078:References 2007:Temistocle 1996:Temistocle 1981:(named by 1873:Kerameikos 1800:Asia Minor 1763:Asia Minor 1643:Asia Minor 1628:Thucydides 1466:Asia Minor 1462:Alcibiades 1406:Asia Minor 1385: 465 1362: 465 1315:Asia Minor 1215:Artaxerxes 1193:, king of 1034:Xanthippus 869:Artemisium 826:Thessalian 815:Eurybiades 757:referendum 646:Archonship 593:Alcmaeonid 585:Hipparchus 575:Background 501:Phrearrhii 493:Phrearrhii 470:Thucydides 466:golden age 442:Asia Minor 426:ostracised 405:Artemisium 356:politician 347: – c. 345: 524 212:Allegiance 159:Phrearrhii 9771:in Epirus 9720:Trapezous 9665:Mesambria 9650:Eupatoria 9620:Apollonia 9615:Anchialos 9577:Theodosia 9547:Nymphaion 9537:Myrmekion 9507:Gorgippia 9463:Black Sea 9448:Tragurion 9433:Nymphaion 9418:Epidauros 9413:Epidamnos 9403:Apollonia 9380:Zacynthos 9302:Ptolemais 9296:Apollonia 9269:Cyrenaica 9259:Therassía 9254:Strongyle 9234:Ereikousa 9157:Leontinoi 9097:Apollonia 8974:Hipponion 8771:Mycenaean 8734:Parthenon 8666:Lion Gate 8569:Mythology 8532:Sculpture 8495:Astronomy 8429:Pederasty 8404:Festivals 8389:Education 8269:Lawgivers 8238:Timocreon 8218:Sophocles 8213:Simonides 8188:Philocles 8183:Panyassis 8178:Mimnermus 8143:Herodotus 8138:Euripides 8108:Aeschylus 8055:Leucippus 8015:Aristotle 7794:Strategos 7660:Synedrion 7614:Ostracism 7594:Areopagus 7546:Free city 7341:Macedonia 7225:Byzantion 7131:Macedonia 7096:Cyrenaica 7073:Geography 7007:Geography 6837:Abrocomas 6833:Megabyzus 6807:Camisares 6783:Atropates 6739:Hystaspes 6661:Orontes I 6656:Artasyrus 6592:Yatonmilk 6549:Azemilcus 6532:Mattan IV 6502:Macedonia 6500:Kings of 6486:Pixodarus 6440:Artemisia 6403:Artumpara 6347:Philiscus 6317:Histiaeus 6297:Demaratus 6292:Miltiades 6190:Megabates 6185:Megabazus 6143:Tiribazus 6023:Darius II 6018:Sogdianus 6013:Xerxes II 5870:Timotheus 5810:Moerocles 5805:Miltiades 5760:Ephialtes 5755:Echedemos 5690:Charmides 5665:Aristides 5655:Andocides 5645:Agyrrhius 5640:Aeschines 5507:Cleomenes 5494:Sertorius 5467:Poplicola 5462:Agesilaus 5435:Marcellus 5431:Pelopidas 5368:Demetrius 5350:Aristides 5246:Works of 5189:170957241 5041:. Orion. 4866:Herodotus 4727:Klotzsch" 4594:Diodorus 4545:VIII, 125 4187:Diodorus 3917:: 13–20. 3793:Diodorus 3781:Plutarch 3615:Diodorus 3554:Diodorus 3508:Diodorus 3484:Diodorus 3469:Diodorus 3423:Diodorus 3408:Diodorus 3360:Diodorus 3291:VIII, 124 3260:VIII, 123 3070:Histories 3065:Herodotus 2486:Histories 2481:Herodotus 2441:Histories 2436:Herodotus 2404:Plutarch 2153:Aristides 2151:Plutarch 2063:The film 2056:) quotes 1811:Character 1774:Darius II 1759:Acropolis 1751:Parthenon 1747:Pausanias 1743:Lampsacus 1725:Dindymene 1537:Antiquity 1460:or later 1454:Demaratos 1434:Lampsacus 1418:Lampsacus 1298:Lampsacus 1239:Lampsacus 1146:Pausanias 1134:Timocreon 1087:Acropolis 991:Mardonius 819:Herodotus 703:Aristides 691:ostracism 687:Miltiades 631:Ceramicus 525:Acarnania 513:Abrotonum 389:strategoi 351:) was an 227:Strategos 192:Germencik 118:In office 103:Diognetus 79:In office 9820:Category 9798:Theatres 9725:Tripolis 9660:Kerasous 9655:Heraclea 9587:Tyritake 9542:Nikonion 9453:Thronion 9375:Salauris 9330:Emporion 9287:Berenice 9277:Balagrae 9229:Euonymos 9202:Tyndaris 9187:Syracuse 9182:Selinous 9152:Kamarina 9107:Casmenae 9092:Akrillai 9009:Neápolis 8944:Caulonia 8925:Mainland 8856:Linear B 8851:Linear A 8781:Dialects 8758:Language 8552:Religion 8510:Medicine 8444:Religion 8409:Folklore 8394:Emporium 8369:Clothing 8364:Calendar 8248:Xenophon 8243:Tyrtaeus 8228:Theognis 8203:Polybius 8198:Plutarch 8173:Menander 8153:Hipponax 8080:Socrates 8035:Epicurus 7881:Diadochi 7779:Sciritae 7739:Hetairoi 7714:Ballista 7679:Military 7642:Gerousia 7632:Ekklesia 7599:Ecclesia 7581:Athenian 7529:Politics 7442:–279 BC) 7429:–366 BC) 7410:–389 BC) 7346:Pergamon 7316:Bithynia 7309:Kingdoms 7250:Pergamon 7192:Military 7187:Politics 6984:Timeline 6901:Abulites 6855:Hyrcania 6773:Hydarnes 6749:Masistes 6690:Aryandes 6544:Evagoras 6466:Mausolus 6457:(satrap) 6378:Harpagus 6369:Kybernis 6337:Aridolis 6302:Gongylos 6148:Struthas 6088:Harpagus 6003:Xerxes I 5865:Timoleon 5825:Philinus 5820:Pericles 5800:Lysicles 5795:Lycurgus 5740:Democles 5710:Cleophon 5680:Autocles 5660:Archinus 5533:Camillus 5520:Timoleon 5426:Lycurgus 5413:Lysander 5404:Lucullus 5399:Pericles 5248:Plutarch 5200:Archived 4897:Plutarch 4878:Libanius 4774:Philidor 4736:17 March 4095:42668124 3950:42668124 3923:42668124 3221:VIII, 97 3143:VIII, 80 3131:VIII, 79 3085:VIII, 76 3025:VIII, 62 2999:VIII, 71 2987:VIII, 50 2975:VIII, 22 2960:VIII, 21 2918:VIII, 40 2804:VII, 161 2792:VII, 145 2751:42668124 2304:or from 2295:Plutarch 2048:(1962), 1950:Pericles 1919:— 1905:Napoleon 1890:Hannibal 1881:Pericles 1796:Plutarch 1784:against 1736:Gongylos 1545:Magnesia 1458:Gongylos 1422:Plutarch 1416:"); and 1398:Magnesia 1387:–459 BC. 1275:Magnesia 1195:Molossia 1125:Ostracon 1109:triremes 939:Sicinnus 865:hoplites 834:hoplites 749:triremes 738:zeugites 734:Xerxes I 695:ostrakon 669:Phalerum 609:Isagoras 595:family, 564:Magnesia 505:Plutarch 499:also of 497:Leontian 458:Plutarch 450:Magnesia 401:triremes 368:populist 353:Athenian 110:Magnesia 9840:Outline 9793:Temples 9730:Zaliche 9710:Thèrmae 9700:Sesamus 9670:Odessos 9645:Cytorus 9640:Cotyora 9390:Illyria 9355:Mainake 9350:Kypsela 9239:Hycesia 9197:Thermae 9177:Segesta 9167:Messana 9122:Helorus 9102:Calacte 9082:Akragas 9044:Sybaris 9029:Rhegion 8984:Krimisa 8934:Alision 8843:Writing 8816:Locrian 8806:Epirote 8776:Homeric 8709:Artemis 8696:Temples 8637:Olympia 8607:Eleusis 8542:Theatre 8527:Pottery 8454:Warfare 8449:Slavery 8384:Economy 8379:Cuisine 8374:Coinage 8351:Society 8336:Culture 8331:Society 8279:Tyrants 8118:Alcaeus 8100:Authors 8050:Hypatia 8040:Gorgias 7977:Writers 7799:Toxotai 7769:Sarissa 7759:Peltast 7754:Phalanx 7734:Hoplite 7729:Hippeis 7652:Macedon 7624:Spartan 7609:Heliaia 7556:Proxeny 7265:Larissa 7260:Kerkyra 7255:Eretria 7245:Miletus 7240:Ephesus 7235:Corinth 7230:Chalcis 7151:Taurica 7021:Periods 7002:History 6915:Babylon 6911:Mazaeus 6905:Susiana 6885:Parthia 6871:Atizyes 6841:Belesys 6817:Arsames 6812:Mazaeus 6794:Cilicia 6744:Dadarsi 6731:Bactria 6720:Mazaces 6715:Sabaces 6705:Arsames 6648:Armenia 6644:Satraps 6539:Abdemon 6476:Idrieus 6455:Adusius 6423:Dynasts 6413:Perikle 6395:Arbinas 6385:Kheriga 6374:Kuprlli 6365:Kheziga 6312:Prokles 6257:Datames 6245:Satraps 6235:Arsites 6168:Satraps 6098:Bagaeus 6093:Oroetus 6083:Mazares 6078:Tabalus 5993:Bardiya 5973:Cyrus I 5968:Teispes 5962:Arsames 5937:of the 5830:Phocion 5770:Eubulus 5725:Demades 5720:Critias 5498:Eumenes 5489:Theseus 5485:Romulus 5476:Pyrrhus 5449:Phocion 5359:Crassus 5270:Moralia 5140:Sources 5085:(ed.). 4901:Moralia 4562:I, 330a 4556:Plato, 3164:VIII 83 2866:VII,173 2842:VIII, 4 2298:1.1-1.2 1871:in the 1844:Belbina 1521:Satraps 1450:Hippias 1430:Percote 1400:on the 1364:–459 BC 1191:Admetus 1187:Kerkyra 1175:Admetus 1154:epithet 1150:Artemis 1016:Pagasae 923:Salamis 889:Troezen 855:, 13330 811:Corinth 722:Laurium 665:Piraeus 601:Spartan 589:Hippias 537:Alopece 509:Euterpe 409:Salamis 360:general 9901:Medism 9830:Portal 9778:People 9766:Cities 9705:Sinope 9690:Rhizos 9680:Phasis 9630:Bathus 9625:Athina 9610:Amisos 9572:Tanais 9567:Pityus 9492:Charax 9443:Pharos 9438:Orikon 9335:Helike 9325:Alonis 9292:Cyrene 9224:Didyme 9137:Himera 9112:Catana 9074:Sicily 9064:Thurii 9059:Terina 9024:Pixous 8979:Hydrus 8954:Croton 8786:Aeolic 8704:Aphaea 8627:Dodona 8612:Delphi 8581:Temple 8257:Others 8208:Sappho 8193:Pindar 8168:Lucian 8163:Ibycus 8148:Hesiod 8085:Thales 7853:Rulers 7832:People 7809:Xyston 7804:Xiphos 7665:Koinon 7571:Tyrant 7561:Stasis 7551:Koinon 7351:Pontus 7326:Epirus 7295:Sparta 7285:Rhodes 7280:Megara 7275:Thebes 7220:Athens 7146:Pontus 7111:Epirus 7101:Cyprus 7086:Aeolis 6895:Persis 6754:Bessus 6623:Tennes 6596:Anysos 6572:Tabnit 6390:Kherei 6285:cities 6103:Otanes 5815:Nicias 5790:Laches 5775:Hagnon 5458:Pompey 5395:Fabius 5390:Brutus 5381:Cicero 5372:Antony 5363:Nicias 5187: 5125: 5106: 5064: 5045: 5025: 5004: 4983: 4955: 4934: 4700: 4596:XI, 58 4500: 4473:Paus. 4457: 4427: 4400: 4318: 4244: 4210: 4189:XI, 58 4168: 4138: 4093: 4089:: 19. 4055: 4028: 4001: 3973: 3948: 3944:: 20. 3921: 3889: 3862: 3835: 3795:XI, 57 3766:I, 138 3665:I, 137 3617:XI, 56 3556:XI, 55 3510:XI, 43 3486:XI, 41 3471:XI, 40 3446: 3425:XI, 54 3410:XI, 39 3362:XI, 27 2774: 2749: 2745:: 19. 2565: 2302:Thrace 2208: 2175: 2135: 2105: 1786:Athens 1782:Sparta 1778:Aegean 1767:satrap 1729:Athens 1665:Attica 1647:Elmalı 1575:patera 1517:Kherei 1509:bonnet 1493:clamys 1489:Apollo 1412:("for 1327:Aeolia 963:battle 873:Attica 775:, and 753:Aegina 726:Attica 674:thetes 613:archon 556:Cybele 521:Thrace 480:Family 474:genius 421:Sparta 372:archon 216:Athens 200:Turkey 164:Greece 71:Athens 9788:Stoae 9756:Lists 9675:Oinòe 9598:coast 9596:South 9582:Tyras 9552:Olbia 9522:Kepoi 9475:coast 9473:North 9466:basin 9408:Aulon 9370:Rhode 9282:Barca 9172:Naxos 9127:Henna 9087:Akrai 9054:Taras 9039:Siris 8999:Medma 8994:Locri 8959:Cumae 8949:Chone 8927:Italy 8833:Koine 8811:Ionic 8801:Doric 8796:Attic 8617:Delos 8515:Music 8158:Homer 8113:Aesop 8065:Plato 7967:Poets 7637:Ephor 7589:Agora 7566:Tagus 7541:Boule 7290:Samos 7215:Argos 7121:Ionia 7106:Doris 7091:Crete 6851:Ochus 6845:Syria 6765:Media 6682:Egypt 6609:Baana 6427:Caria 6358:Lycia 6070:Lydia 5840:Solon 5750:Draco 5715:Cleon 5700:Cimon 5586:Lives 5471:Solon 5417:Sulla 5408:Cimon 5341:Galba 5301:Lives 5255:Works 5185:S2CID 5081:. In 4475:1.1.2 4271:"CNG" 4091:JSTOR 3946:JSTOR 3919:JSTOR 3708:"CNG" 2747:JSTOR 2373:Plato 2306:Caria 1790:Ionia 1669:Nepos 1651:Lycia 1622:Death 1612:Lycia 1533:coins 1511:with 1414:opson 1319:Naxos 1311:Pydna 1183:Argos 1142:Cimon 603:king 560:Chios 545:Plato 523:, or 486:Attic 438:Pydna 430:Argos 376:polis 330:Greek 196:Aydın 188:Tekin 9715:Tium 9482:Akra 9423:Issa 9117:Gela 8989:Laüs 8964:Elea 8622:Dion 8474:Arts 8464:Wine 8090:Zeno 7687:Wars 6930:and 6865:Aria 5531:and 5522:and 5509:and 5503:Agis 5496:and 5487:and 5478:and 5469:and 5460:and 5451:and 5442:and 5433:and 5424:and 5422:Numa 5415:and 5406:and 5397:and 5388:and 5386:Dion 5379:and 5370:and 5361:and 5352:and 5345:Otho 5339:and 5326:life 5319:and 5310:and 5123:ISBN 5104:ISBN 5062:ISBN 5043:ISBN 5023:ISBN 5002:ISBN 4981:ISBN 4953:ISBN 4932:ISBN 4859:via 4738:2021 4698:ISBN 4498:ISBN 4479:26.4 4455:ISBN 4425:ISBN 4398:ISBN 4316:ISBN 4294:–34. 4242:ISBN 4208:ISBN 4166:ISBN 4136:ISBN 4053:ISBN 4026:ISBN 3999:ISBN 3971:ISBN 3887:ISBN 3860:ISBN 3833:ISBN 3444:ISBN 2772:ISBN 2563:ISBN 2378:Meno 2206:ISBN 2173:ISBN 2133:ISBN 2103:ISBN 1888:and 1553:Zeus 1497:Rev: 1486:Obv: 1410:Myus 1323:Cyme 1302:Myus 1300:and 1257:Myus 587:and 550:Meno 489:deme 464:and 407:and 358:and 223:Rank 171:Died 148:Born 54:Herm 8419:Law 6646:of 6481:Ada 6425:of 6247:of 6170:of 5177:doi 4690:doi 4087:148 3942:148 3915:148 2743:148 2314:1.2 2155:5.3 1535:of 1404:in 1378:Rev 1374:Obv 1351:Rev 1347:Obv 1325:in 611:as 547:'s 511:or 491:of 69:of 9857:: 7437:c. 7424:c. 7405:c. 7388:c. 6839:, 6835:, 5513:/ 5505:/ 5343:/ 5335:/ 5183:. 5173:57 5171:. 4909:, 4899:, 4880:, 4868:, 4853:, 4841:, 4754:. 4729:. 4696:, 4684:, 4665:. 4644:^ 4623:^ 4587:^ 4560:, 4477:, 4439:^ 4347:^ 4300:^ 4292:33 4222:^ 4180:^ 4150:^ 4103:^ 4085:. 4067:^ 3940:. 3913:. 3901:^ 3817:^ 3772:^ 3745:^ 3716:^ 3671:^ 3644:^ 3623:^ 3596:^ 3579:^ 3562:^ 3541:^ 3501:^ 3477:^ 3458:^ 3416:^ 3401:^ 3389:^ 3337:^ 3306:. 3266:^ 3236:^ 3122:^ 3067:. 3056:^ 3031:^ 3005:^ 2966:^ 2886:^ 2872:^ 2848:^ 2833:^ 2810:^ 2741:. 2727:^ 2709:^ 2690:^ 2654:^ 2638:^ 2608:^ 2577:^ 2533:^ 2495:^ 2483:. 2450:^ 2438:. 2387:^ 2375:. 2350:^ 2268:^ 2247:. 2220:^ 2187:^ 2117:^ 2085:^ 1792:. 1731:. 1711:c. 1697:c. 1649:, 1472:. 1456:, 1452:, 1436:. 1382:c. 1359:c. 1357:. 1018:: 952:. 851:, 799:c. 793:, 771:, 724:, 539:: 519:, 468:. 416:. 342:c. 340:; 332:: 328:; 318:iː 198:, 194:, 190:, 175:c. 152:c. 9298:) 9294:( 7435:( 7422:( 7403:( 7397:) 7386:( 7373:/ 6965:e 6958:t 6951:v 6917:) 6913:( 6907:) 6903:( 6897:) 6893:( 6887:) 6883:( 6877:) 6873:( 6867:) 6863:( 6857:) 6853:( 6847:) 6843:( 5909:e 5902:t 5895:v 5620:e 5613:t 5606:v 5329:) 5323:( 5286:" 5282:" 5279:" 5275:" 5239:e 5232:t 5225:v 5191:. 5179:: 5131:. 5112:. 5070:. 5051:. 5033:. 5031:. 5010:. 4989:. 4961:. 4940:. 4903:. 4884:. 4791:. 4760:. 4740:. 4723:" 4692:: 4667:1 4564:. 4547:. 4506:. 4463:. 4433:. 4406:. 4379:. 4324:. 4273:. 4250:. 4216:. 4174:. 4144:. 4116:. 4097:. 4061:. 4034:. 4007:. 3979:. 3952:. 3925:. 3895:. 3868:. 3841:. 3710:. 3452:. 3331:. 3317:. 2780:. 2753:. 2571:. 2320:. 2312:( 2285:) 2262:. 2214:. 2181:. 2141:. 2111:. 2052:( 2039:. 1912:( 1653:. 1177:. 324:/ 321:z 315:l 312:k 309:ə 306:t 303:s 300:ɪ 297:m 294:ˈ 291:ə 288:θ 285:/ 281:( 202:) 166:) 23:.

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