Theobald of Bec - Knowledge

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died in 1151, the prior, Silvester, paid the king for the right to administer the abbey and to hold a free election for a new abbot. The monks then proceeded to elect Silvester as the new abbot, but Theobald refused to confirm the election, accusing Silvester of buying the office. Eventually, however, Pope Eugene III ordered Theobald to allow Silvester to take up the office, which Theobald did in August 1152. Theobald and St Augustine's also came into conflict over the abbey's claims of exemption from the archbishops' oversight, because it owed obedience directly to the pope. Papal documents held at Rome backed the abbey, but there were no English royal charters that gave the abbey its liberty from the archbishops. Theobald attempted to end the confusion by legal actions both at Rome and in England, but the record was mixed. The documents at Rome clearly favoured the abbey, but at a royal council held at

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did not attend were presumably also suspended although not named. Henry of Blois was singled out for special handling, as the papacy ordered that he could not be reinstated by Theobald; Eugene reserved to himself the power to restore Henry. Theobald appears to have reinstated most of the bishops quickly, as Foliot wrote later in 1148 that only the bishops of Winchester, Durham, Worcester, Bath and Exeter were still suspended. Theobald forgave the bishops of Exeter, Worcester and Bath on 11 November 1148, according to the later chronicler

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chief supporters, her half-brother Robert of Gloucester, was captured. During their flight Theobald and his fellow bishops were robbed of their horses and ecclesiastical vestments. Theobald then took a leading part in the negotiations that led to the exchange of Robert for Stephen, which happened in November 1141. Henry of Blois, having switched sides again, then held another legatine council in Westminster, which reaffirmed Stephen as king. Theobald ceremonially crowned Stephen at Canterbury during the Christmas court held there.

521: 668:, the king's eldest son, as well as other members of the nobility. The council decreed eight canons, or ecclesiastical statutes, including ones condemning the pillaging of church properties and the imposition of financial levies on the clergy. Another canon of the council stated that bishops should no longer pursue violators of church property in the royal courts, but should use ecclesiastical courts instead. The other canons dealt with procedural matters arising from excommunications for abusing church property. 691:, probably after Eustace's death, to settle William's lands and status after Henry succeeded Stephen. Pope Eugene III forced Stephen to reverse the sentence of banishment, and Theobald returned to his see. Later it was mainly Theobald and Henry of Blois who negotiated the treaty ending the civil war, as neither Stephen nor Henry of Anjou was interested in a compromise. Henry of Blois and Theobald, who had previously found working together difficult, managed to secure an end to the disorders in England. 372: 861:, or proprietary church of the king. Under King Stephen, the abbey's claims prevailed, but after Stephen's death Hilary excommunicated the abbot, who appealed to the papacy. Theobald supported the bishop, who eventually secured a trial before King Henry II. It was a minor setback for Theobald when the case was eventually decided in Battle's favour, mainly on the basis of charters that were thought at the time to be genuine, but modern historians have come to believe were forged. 566:. Before his death, Celestine forbade Theobald "to allow any change to be made in the position of the English crown, since the transfer of it had been justly denounced, and the matter was still under dispute". This became the papal policy, and was a significant change from the recognition of Stephen as king by Pope Innocent II soon after Stephen's coronation in 1135. It essentially forbade Theobald from crowning any successor to Stephen, especially while Stephen was still alive. 833:

although normally such oaths would have gone to their diocesan bishop instead. Most of these exceptions occurred because the monastic house claimed exemption from the oversight of their diocesan bishop, and had a tradition of making those oaths to Canterbury instead. Besides these events, Theobald also intervened in the elections of some abbots, although not always successfully. He attempted to secure the right of Gilbert Foliot to remain

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compromise in which St Augustine's continued to make the payments but they were specifically stated not to be for sacraments. Another dispute with St Augustine's concerned the right of the archbishops to have a say in the election of new abbots and whether or not the abbots would make a profession of obedience to the archbishops. This was eventually settled by a papal mandate of 1144 instructing the abbots to profess obedience.

276:. But as William was abbot from 1096 to 1124, that leaves a wide range of possible entry dates. Theobald was the 266th monk admitted under William, out of 346. The historian Avrom Saltman suggests that, if admissions were spaced regularly throughout William's abbacy, Theobald would have become a monk in about 1117, but qualifies his estimate with the statement that 1117 "seems to be rather late". 766:. Because of his episcopal duties, the regular running of the cathedral was the responsibility of the prior. At the time of Theobald's election there were about 140 monks in the chapter, and they seem to have expected that Theobald, being a monk himself, would take their side in disputes and continue to support their needs. Theobald began well, sending a party of monks from the cathedral to 431:, of their castles. According to most historians, Theobald took little part in the controversy that followed the council, which eventually ended with Roger's death in 1139 and Nigel and Alexander's restoration to favour. Recently however, that view has been challenged by two historians who argue that Theobald took a more active role in the council. They base their view on a 621:, who attended the council with him. Theobald had a number of reasons for defying the king: chiefly his obedience to the pope's order commanding his attendance, but also to keep the papacy from favouring the newly elected Archbishop of York, Henry Murdac, in the disputes between York and Canterbury. Murdac was known to be close to his fellow Cistercian Eugene. 885:, contested Theobald's right to consecrate Meurig and instead asserted that St Davids should be considered an archbishopric, and that Bernard should receive a pallium. This went against the last half-century of precedent that Canterbury had jurisdiction over the four Welsh sees, a precedent that dated back to Anselm's days when Anselm had consecrated 799:

stewardship of the estates be restored to Parvus. Theobald refused and the monks attempted to appeal to the papacy. Their envoys, however, were caught by agents of the archbishop and the appeal went nowhere. Theobald then deposed Parvus and appointed a new prior. Theobald's relations with the monks after this point seem to have been without incident.

313:, intervened with Hugh and persuaded him to ratify the election. Another problem then arose when Hugh demanded a written profession of obedience from Theobald, which Theobald refused to provide; no previous abbot had made such a profession. Theobald resisted for 14 months before a compromise was reached through the intercession of 1082:, who knew him, felt that he was a worthy archbishop. Theobald's legacy perhaps suffered because he was overshadowed by his successor, Becket. Modern historians have been kinder than his contemporaries; Frank Barlow says of Theobald that he was "an upright man, but quick tempered, and sometimes spoke far too rashly". 350:, were Henry's chief rivals for Stephen's favour, and Henry disliked both of them intensely. Although Theobald was pious and well-educated, he had only become abbot the year before, and his election was probably influenced by the reputation of his monastery, which had already produced two archbishops of Canterbury, 503:, Theobald did not immediately join the Empress. He claimed that he needed to talk to Stephen before switching his oath of fealty. After consulting in person with Stephen, he secured permission to accept the current conditions, and then joined Henry of Blois, who had switched sides, at Winchester in April for a 676:

Theobald crown Eustace, but the archbishop once again refused, and went into exile in Flanders. Theobald claimed that Stephen had gained the throne through perjury, implying that if the archbishop crowned Eustace, Theobald would be perpetuating this crime. The king and the archbishop reached a truce in August.

629:. Gervase also lists Hilary of Chichester as one of those forgiven by Theobald on that date, but as Hilary attended the council it is likely that this is an error. Durham may have been omitted because he was a suffragan bishop of the Archbishop of York, and his reinstatement was in his archbishop's hands. 1077:

Although Theobald was troubled by the opposition of his suffragan Henry of Blois, he regained control of the English Church, secured the rights of his see, and helped maintain the unity of the realm. Contemporaries were somewhat divided on his effectiveness and personality. Gervase of Canterbury felt

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to join his administration and advise on legal matters. Whether Vacarius actually started a school in Theobald's household is unclear, but in the 1140s he taught briefly at Oxford. Theobald was instrumental in fostering the teaching of canon law in England; the conflict that later arose between Henry

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As well as St Augustine's, the abbots of a number of other monasteries in the diocese of Canterbury are known to have professed obedience to Theobald, as the documents recording the events survive. Not only abbots and priors from within Canterbury, but some from other dioceses swore to obey Theobald,

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Theobald worked with his first prior, Jeremiah, to eliminate clerical marriage in the diocese. But Jeremiah had been elected during the vacancy before Theobald's election, and the monks had not secured papal permission for the election of a new prior, so eventually Theobald decided to remove Jeremiah

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to Matilda as Henry's heir, but when Henry I died, Stephen rushed to England and had himself crowned before either Theobald II or Matilda could react. The Norman barons accepted Stephen as Duke of Normandy, and Theobald II contented himself with his possessions in France. But Matilda was not resigned

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No documents survive from Theobald's tenure as abbot, nor is there any information on the administration of the monastery during his period of office, except that 47 monks were admitted to Bec while he was abbot. Theobald travelled to England on business for his abbey at least once during his abbacy,

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in 1148, Theobald secured the new bishop's profession of obedience to Canterbury, thus ending the efforts to remove Wales from Canterbury's jurisdiction. Also in 1148, Pope Eugene decided in favour of Canterbury and against the claims of St Davids, securing Canterbury's jurisdiction over Wales.

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as prior. Innocent II, however, appointed Henry of Blois to hear the case, and Henry sided with Jeremiah and ordered Jeremiah's reinstatement. Theobald then refused to perform any services in the cathedral until Jeremiah was removed by the chapter. The lack of services would have deprived the monks

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was elected on 26 September 1143, but he was an opponent of Stephen, and thus was not favourably inclined towards Stephen's brother Henry either. To secure appointment as legate, Theobald travelled to Rome in December 1143, arriving shortly before Celestine's death on 8 March 1144. Theobald was

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in 1148 Eugene clarified that this primacy did not affect the claims of York to be independent of Canterbury. Because of the unsettled election disputes during the 1140s over the see of York, when it was contested between William of York and Henry Murdac, Theobald faced little challenge from either

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The king was angry with Theobald for attending the council, even though the archbishop intervened with Eugene, who was displeased with the king for forbidding the bishops' attendance. Theobald persuaded Eugene against excommunicating Stephen, asking the pope to allow the king to make amends for his

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In 1138 King Stephen chose Theobald to fill the vacant archbishopric of Canterbury over Stephen's own brother Henry, the Bishop of Winchester, who had helped Stephen gain the throne of England. Stephen feared that Henry would be too powerful as archbishop, and would attempt to control the king. The

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The conflict re-surfaced in 1149, when some of the monks of St Augustine's, led by their prior and sacrist, refused to obey the interdict placed on England by Theobald and Pope Eugene III. Theobald had the two officials excommunicated and publicly flogged. When the previous abbot of St Augustine's

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Theobald called a church council at London in June 1160, which dealt partly with the issues of the papal schism; his health was poor and he had to be taken to the council in a litter. A further cause of distress to Theobald was what he saw as the ingratitude of Becket, who did not visit the ailing

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Bethune, the Bishop of Hereford, died during the council, and Eugene nominated Foliot as his successor at Theobald's urging. One of the council's last acts was to suspend the non-attending bishops from their offices. The only English bishop specifically named was Henry of Blois, but the others who

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Matilda remained in England until 1148. The disorders were at their peak between 1142 and 1148, but her cause could never secure enough support to enable her to be crowned. Nor could Stephen decisively defeat Matilda's forces, which meant that England remained divided in allegiance between the two

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held to depose Stephen and crown Matilda as queen. Attendance at the council was sparse however, and the Empress could not be crowned because she did not hold London. After the unsuccessful attempt to crown Matilda, those gathered at Winchester had to flee before Stephen's forces; one of Matilda's

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speculates that Theobald may have been a distant relative of his successor as archbishop, Thomas Becket, as Becket's family came from the same part of Normandy. The exact date of Theobald's birth is unknown; the only clue to his age is that when he died in 1161 contemporaries considered him an old

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of France, which usually saw the king's heir crowned during his father's lifetime. Although Theobald claimed papal authority for refusal, based on the prohibition by Celestine, it was more probable that he and the bishops had no desire to prolong the civil war. Stephen demanded in April 1152 that

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in 1157, Henry II ruled in favour of Theobald. As part of the settlement Silvester, as abbot, was required to make a formal profession of obedience to Theobald, something he had been attempting to avoid since his election. The struggle with Silvester was just one event in the long history of the

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for his protégé, Thomas Becket, an action that Barlow speculates happened because Theobald hoped to secure more influence with the king through Becket. If this was his hope, Barlow notes that it did not materialise. Although the king and the archbishop occasionally clashed when their interests

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At Easter, 1151, Theobald took over the management of the chapter's estates, as the new prior, Walter Parvus, was not up to the task. At first, there were no disputes, but soon the monks felt that Theobald was cheating them and imposing too rigorous a definition of poverty, and asked that the

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Theobald also had a dispute with St Augustine's Abbey over the right of the archbishop to receive annual payments, and whether those payments were for sacraments performed by the archbishop, which would have been uncanonical, or were for other reasons. The dispute was eventually settled by a

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Theobald was present at Stephen's deathbed in October 1154, and Stephen named him as regent until Henry could take up the crown. During the six weeks before Henry arrived, the archbishop had little difficulty in keeping the peace. After Henry's arrival, Theobald crowned Henry and his wife

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Although Theobald was a monk, his episcopal household was not monastic in character. As he settled into the role of archbishop, he seems to have left most of his monastic habits behind, although he continued to have a monk as a companion. His nephews and brother benefited from his

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Theobald died on 18 April 1161, after a long illness, at his palace in Canterbury. He was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, in the Holy Trinity Chapel, near the tomb of Archbishop Lanfranc. His coffin was opened in 1190 during repairs to the cathedral and his body was found to be

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as Archbishop of York in 1141, which Theobald opposed. Although Theobald spoke out against the manner of election, he took little active part in the subsequent electoral disputes, which resulted eventually in the deposition of FitzHerbert and his replacement at York by

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died in September 1159, two rival claimants for the papal throne emerged. King Henry, following the custom of his grandfather Henry I, forbade the bishops from recognising either claimant. Eventually, after Henry weighed the political factors, he recognised Pope

985:, with his nephews becoming part of his household early in his archiepiscopate. The four nephews—Guillaume, Gilbert, Roger and Lechard—were witnesses to a charter of Theobald's dated to about 1150 or 1153. After Theobald's death, Guillaume was a clerk in 395:

on 1 March 1139, which meant that Henry could now call church councils in England and had power equal to or exceeding that of Theobald. Theobald swore fealty to Stephen upon his election to Canterbury, recognising Stephen as the king of England.

577:, the abbot, consecrate the newly rebuilt abbey church and its altars. Theobald was the only bishop present at the ceremony whose diocese was not in France. Meanwhile, Henry of Blois had arrived in Rome and begun negotiations with the new pope, 977:

II and Thomas Becket had its roots in disputes that were exposed during Theobald's time in office. While still in Normandy, Theobald had made an intense study of ecclesiastical or canon law, which he continued after being elected archbishop.

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in 1142, a similar profession of obedience was made. Along with these consecrations, Theobald's legal efforts enabled him to withstand the attempts of Bernard to turn St Davids into an archbishopric, and when Bernard was succeeded by

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to the church courts, which Henry opposed. Although Theobald's position displeased the king no open rupture ensued. Theobald himself admitted to the papacy in 1154 that English custom was to try clergy for crimes in the secular courts.

653:, an adherent of the Empress. From there he conducted the ecclesiastical business of England, but Theobald's presence in the country posed a threat to Stephen's authority, and Stephen quickly settled the differences between the two. 996:

Another charter of Theobald's from about 1152 shows the usual household staff that surrounded him. It was witnessed by the archbishop's crossbearer, three of Theobald's nephews and the clerk who presumably was in charge of them, a

853:, over Hilary's claims to jurisdiction over the abbey and the abbey's counter-claims that it was exempt from episcopal supervision. The abbey had never received a papal exemption, but relied instead on its royal foundation by King 683:, Matilda's son, invaded England in pursuit of his claim to the throne, and with the death of Eustace in August 1153, Stephen gave up. Theobald was instrumental in the negotiations between Henry and Stephen that resulted in the 1073:

as a saint on the basis of that evidence were unsuccessful. He was reburied in the nave near the altar to St Mary, with his old marble tomb replaced above his new resting place. In 1787 his lead coffin was found in Canterbury.

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after Foliot's election as Bishop of Hereford, but a new abbot was elected by the monks of Gloucester. Theobald was more successful in securing the election of William, who had previously been a monk at Christ Church, to be

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For most of the remainder of Theobald's life he was occupied with ecclesiastical affairs in his diocese, as well as attending the royal court when Henry was in England. In January 1155 Theobald helped to secure the

201:, but Theobald defied the king, which resulted in the confiscation of his property and temporary exile. Theobald's relations with his cathedral clergy and the monastic houses in his archdiocese were also difficult. 1056:, later Bishop of Hereford. In all, his household produced three archbishops and six bishops. The household itself, although not formally a school, acted as one, with many going on to careers in the church. 288:

of Bec, after Boso succeeded William as abbot. Theobald became abbot in 1137, following Boso's death in June 1136. The monks of Bec unanimously elected him to be their new abbot without first consulting the

949:. Further peace between the two sees was ensured when Theobald consecrated Roger without requiring a profession of obedience, which had previously been a major bone of contention between the two. 216:

as his heir, and later Theobald was named regent of the kingdom after Stephen's death. After a long illness, Theobald died in 1161, following which unsuccessful efforts were made to have him

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Henry of Blois had lost his legateship before Celestine became pope, but it was not until about 1150 that Theobald was appointed legate by Eugene III, perhaps owing to the exhortations of

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behaviour. But Stephen was unimpressed with Theobald's intercession; he confiscated Theobald's property and banished the archbishop. In September 1148, the pope put England under

231:, or bishopric. Historians of his time and later were divided on his character and he is often overlooked in the historical record, mainly because of the fame of his successor. 901: 741:

rather than in the royal court. The crime had taken place during Stephen's reign, but Stephen's death had prevented Osbert from being tried in 1154. The delay allowed the

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man, suggesting a birth date of perhaps around 1090 to one modern historian. His father was supposedly a knight, but no contemporary reference gives his name. His brother

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The next year, the archbishop refused to crown Eustace and was again exiled by Stephen, who was attempting to secure the succession for his son by imitating the

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churches in Europe, and the consecration served the additional purpose of introducing the higher ecclesiastics of France to the new architectural style.

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William or Murdac as to the traditional dispute between Canterbury and York. When William of York died in 1154, Theobald secured York for his protégé,

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Theobald was instrumental in securing the subordination of the Welsh bishoprics to Canterbury. His first act in this area was the consecration of

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conflicted, both appear to have wished to minimise the disputes and were willing to compromise to secure good relations. As an example, when Pope

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to supervise the monastery's lands in England, a trip that took place shortly before his selection as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in 1138.

227:, and a number of other future bishops and archbishops served as his clerks. During his time as archbishop Theobald augmented the rights of his 197:

and King Stephen's younger brother, and his relationship with King Stephen was turbulent. On one occasion Stephen forbade him from attending a

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Theobald was back in Paris in May 1147 to meet with the new pope, Eugene III; among the issues probably discussed was Theobald's dispute with

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and install his own choice as prior. Jeremiah appealed to the papacy, but Theobald deposed him while the appeal was ongoing, and appointed

1009:. Theobald also at about the same time granted a mill to his baker named William and some lands to his cook William and the cook's heirs. 339: 3797: 2494:

Bollerman, Karen; Nederman, Cary J. (December 2008). "King Stephen, the English Church, and a Female Mystic: Christina of Markyate's

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over the primacy of Britain. Theobald obtained a vague confirmation of his see's primacy from Celestine II in 1143–1144, but at the

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from 1139 to 1161. His exact birth date is unknown. Some time in the late 11th or early 12th century Theobald became a monk at the

2699: 601:. Relations at this time between Theobald and Stephen seem to have been good, but when Eugene summoned the English bishops to the 3191: 2860:

The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216

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instead of monks. Theobald replaced the canons with the monks. Theobald also refounded a collegiate church at South Malling near

3390: 391:. As archbishop his behaviour was less political in comparison to that of his main rival, Henry of Blois. Henry was appointed a 3983: 3687: 451:

Theobald's actions in the next few years are intertwined with the history of Stephen's ascension to the throne. Following King

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However, not everything was always harmonious between the king and the archbishop. In 1156, Theobald supported the efforts of

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rivals. But while Matilda was in England, her husband Geoffrey was conquering Normandy, which he finally overran in 1144.

792: 687:, securing Henry's succession to the throne. Theobald was also present when Henry of Anjou met with Stephen's second son 617:. Despite having been specifically refused permission Theobald sneaked away in a fishing boat, presumably accompanied by 346:

of Bec, was attempting to put his own man in one of the most powerful positions in England. Waleran and his twin brother

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Theobald even maintained the theoretical claim of Canterbury to jurisdiction over Irish sees by consecrating Patrick as

3943: 3184: 2681:. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research. Archived from 208:

of Stephen's reign, Theobald succeeded in forcing peace on the king by refusing to consecrate Stephen's son and heir,

3385: 3216: 3015: 2956: 2934: 2915: 2867: 2806: 2787: 2765: 2663: 2644: 2621: 2585: 2563: 2484: 2462: 2409: 2387: 2368: 795:. Durdent was reinstalled as prior and remained in that position until he became Bishop of Coventry in October 1149. 877:

in 1140, during which Meurig made a profession of obedience like those made by other bishops subject to Canterbury.

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of income, and Theobald's threat had the desired effect, as Jeremiah resigned his office and left Christ Church for

650: 456: 1032:. Others who studied for a time in Theobald's household were Roger de Pont L'Evêque, later Archbishop of York, 634: 489: 972:. Theobald was instrumental in the early spread of Roman law to England, inviting the Bologna-schooled jurist 189:

decided in 1148 in Canterbury's favour. Theobald faced challenges to his authority from a subordinate bishop,

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Fonge, Charles (2005). "Patriarchy and Patrimony: Investing in the Medieval College". In Hoskin, Philippa;

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as Bishop of Llandaff, with Uhtred also swearing to obey Theobald. Likewise, when Theobald consecrated

886: 713: 476: 455:'s death in 1135 the succession was disputed between the king's nephews—Stephen and his elder brother, 475:, had died in 1120. After Matilda was widowed in 1125, she returned to her father, who married her to 2573: 763: 1078:

that he was too impetuous, probably because of Theobald's treatment of his priors at Christ Church.

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Theobald was consecrated on 8 January 1139 by the legate, Alberic of Ostia. He went to Rome for his

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The Foundations of Medieval English Ecclesiastical History: Studies Presented to David Smith

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Duggan, Charles (1965). "From the Conquest to the Death of John". In Lawrence, C. H. (ed.).

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Theobald also became embroiled in the dispute between Hilary, the Bishop of Chichester, and

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Relations with bishops in England remained good, with little activity in the long-running

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in 1140. That, however, was the last assertion of the claim, as in 1152 the papal legate

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in April 1148 the king forbade all of them from attending except for three he nominated:

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The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540

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as a Neglected Source for the Council of Winchester (August 1139) and its Aftermath".

1020:. It was during John's time as secretary that he wrote his two most famous works, the 3857: 3635: 3591: 3569: 3455: 3345: 3103: 3087: 3011: 2991: 2974: 2952: 2944: 2930: 2911: 2898: 2863: 2847: 2802: 2783: 2761: 2748: 2740: 2723:

Hayward, Paul (May 2004). "Some Reflections on the Historical Value of the So-called

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election took place on 24 December; Stephen was present with the papal legate,

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Turner, Ralph V. (Autumn 1975). "Roman Law in England Before the Time of Bracton".

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Alexander, James W. (May 1970). "The Becket Controversy in Recent Historiography".

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Theobald's household included many young men of ability, including his successor

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Searle, Eleanor (July 1968). "Battle Abbey and Exemption: The Forged Charters".

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over the Welsh ecclesiastics was resolved during Theobald's term of office when

3892: 3872: 3822: 3792: 3777: 3772: 3723: 3718: 3697: 3692: 3681: 3655: 3650: 3640: 3597: 3558: 2435: 846: 787: 771: 718: 618: 578: 570: 525: 472: 318: 190: 2423: 115: 3922: 3882: 3877: 3802: 3757: 3728: 3702: 3630: 3620: 3586: 3575: 3515: 3478: 3449: 3168: 969: 962: 420: 371: 294: 228: 224: 74: 3176: 2653: 637:, which was ignored except in Canterbury. At first Theobald was in exile at 463:, usually known as the Empress Matilda because of her first marriage to the 159: 3897: 3887: 3782: 3743: 3645: 3564: 3491: 3095: 2966: 1070: 1022: 850: 767: 762:

was composed of monks, and he was considered the abbot of the monastery of

546: 407:. Theobald attended the council held by Stephen in June 1139 that deprived 392: 170: 3305: 3107: 2995: 2978: 2604: 3608: 2361:

The Accession of Henry II in England: Royal Government Restored 1149–1159

825: 646: 272:

monk in the late 11th or early 12th century, while William was the third

269: 205: 3365: 3300: 726:, and it was only then that Theobald also recognised Alexander as pope. 181:

chose him to be Archbishop of Canterbury in 1138. Canterbury's claim to

3529: 3003: 2839: 998: 925:

reorganised the Irish dioceses and settled the issue by appointing the

737:

the Archbishop of York, to secure a trial for his alleged crimes in an

638: 400: 245: 136: 3350: 3079: 3048: 2816:

Kidson, Peter (October 1993). "Gervase, Becket, and William of Sens".

2343: 3665: 3315: 3295: 3275: 3133: 2706:. Vol. 6: York. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from 2658:(Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 343: 217: 2831: 1012:

Theobald was the patron of three eminent men: Becket, Vacarius, and

479:. All the magnates of England and Normandy were required to declare 3424: 3340: 3330: 3320: 3285: 3243: 3071: 2774: 2335: 982: 973: 779: 488:, her maternal uncle, and in 1138 the support of her half-brother, 399:

Soon after his election Theobald selected his brother Walter to be

351: 306: 123: 20: 2402:

The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church

569:

After Celestine's death Theobald returned to England, stopping at

549:. But in September 1143, Henry's legatine powers lapsed when Pope 3405: 3395: 3360: 3310: 3280: 3264: 2493: 1374:: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces) 1006: 500: 384: 163: 2877:

Leedom, J. W. (October 1980). "The English Settlement of 1153".

3335: 3248: 480: 298: 2862:(Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2616:(1999 Reprint ed.). Stroud, UK: Sutton. pp. 63–116. 212:. After Eustace's death in 1153, Stephen recognised his rival 2965: 775: 661: 574: 504: 273: 253: 174: 2654:

Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).

484:

to the loss, and secured the support of the Scottish king,

321:, allowing Theobald to give a verbal profession to Hugh. 2597:

The Lordship of Canterbury: An Essay on Medieval Society

1941:

Foundations of Medieval English Ecclessiastical History

802: 2908:

A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England

2430:(Jan 2010 revised ed.). Oxford University Press. 753: 2477:

England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225

1001:, two chaplains who were monks, a butler, dispenser, 842:

over the objections of some of the monks of Evesham.

3911:

indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed.

2760:. Vol. 1. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2614:

The English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages

2122:

Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England

664:

in London. The council was attended by the king and

645:. He then returned to England and set himself up in 2471: 2319: 515: 268:Theobald entered the Abbey of Bec in Normandy as a 2943: 2697: 2672: 2594: 558:probably accompanied by Nigel, Bishop of Ely, and 297:, who consequently threatened to void the result. 2796: 2639:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 77–93. 3920: 3102:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 3055: 2951:(Second ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 2905: 2457:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 2377: 2146:Duggan "From the Conquest to the Death of John" 2078:Duggan "From the Conquest to the Death of John" 3939:12th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops 3024: 2924: 2755: 2611: 2572: 1111:Henry I had more than 20 illegitimate children. 1048:, Bartholomew Iscanus, later Bishop of Exeter, 864: 829:dispute between Canterbury and St Augustine's. 553:, who had made the legatine appointment, died. 16:12th-century abbot and Archbishop of Canterbury 2985: 2854: 2630: 2074: 2072: 1990: 1988: 1612:Kidson "Gervase, Becket, and William of Sens" 1567: 1395: 1393: 403:of Canterbury, and in 1148 promoted him to be 3206: 3192: 3094: 2876: 2815: 2722: 2550: 2528: 2449: 2418: 2396: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1492: 1490: 1233: 1231: 532:Theobald's dealings with Henry of Blois, the 2949:From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216 2380:The Troubled Reign of King Stephen 1135–1154 2001: 1757: 1755: 1702: 1700: 1353: 1351: 1324: 1322: 328: 3002: 2358: 2283: 2257: 2192: 2179: 2153: 2069: 1985: 1904: 1838: 1836: 1726: 1390: 1295: 1293: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 244:Theobald's family was from the area around 3199: 3185: 2291:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 2140: 2027: 1891: 1781: 1645: 1503: 1487: 1435: 1424: 1422: 1401:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1239:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1228: 952: 265:also became a priest, and later a bishop. 3974:Norman clerics given benefices in England 3008:A Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485 2058: 2056: 1922: 1920: 1867: 1865: 1807: 1752: 1739: 1713: 1697: 1658: 1606: 1580: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1461: 1406: 1348: 1335: 1319: 641:, where he consecrated Gilbert Foliot as 223:Theobald was the patron of his successor 3010:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. pp. 150–151. 2782:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2296: 2244: 2231: 2218: 2205: 2166: 1849: 1833: 1632: 1448: 1364: 1306: 1290: 1244: 961:Medieval stained-glass window depicting 956: 806: 592: 519: 459:—and Henry's surviving legitimate child 370: 239: 2428:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2114: 1933: 1536: 1419: 1224:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1170: 1168: 1166: 1150: 1137: 3921: 2270: 2127: 2085: 2053: 2040: 2014: 1972: 1959: 1946: 1917: 1878: 1862: 1684: 1671: 1619: 1593: 1549: 1523: 1474: 1428:Bollerman and Nederman "King Stephen" 1377: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 770:at Dover, which had been settled with 499:in 1141, with Stephen in captivity in 162:1090 – 18 April 1161) was a 3180: 2910:(Second ed.). New York: Norton. 2758:Oxford History of the Laws of England 2580:(Third ed.). New York: Longman. 2534:The Normans: The History of a Dynasty 2106:Oxford History of the Laws of England 1820: 1794: 1768: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 2704:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300 2679:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300 2556:The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154 1544:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300 1372:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300 1277: 1264: 1163: 803:Relations with other monastic houses 471:. King Henry's only legitimate son, 2973:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1059: 1005:, steward, cook, usher, porter and 896:Also in 1140, Theobald consecrated 754:Relations with his cathedral clergy 13: 2988:Theobald: Archbishop of Canterbury 2929:. London: Hambledon & London. 2891:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1980.tb01949.x 2536:. London: Hambledon & London. 1181: 815:, with Canterbury Cathedral behind 492:, an illegitimate son of Henry I. 14: 3995: 3217:List of archbishops of Canterbury 3041:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIII.CCCXXVIII.449 2363:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 1939:Fonge "Patriarchy and Patrimony" 1052:, later Bishop of Worcester, and 694: 2741:10.1111/j.0950-3471.2004.00204.x 2599:. New York: Barnes & Noble. 2382:. New York: Barnes & Noble. 1120:This abbey was one of the first 793:St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury 516:Difficulties with Henry of Blois 379:, from an engraving made in 1846 3969:Burials at Canterbury Cathedral 2479:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 2098: 1910:Alexander "Becket Controversy" 1897:Alexander "Becket Controversy" 1370:Greenway "Winchester: Bishops" 1114: 1105: 733:, who was accused of poisoning 457:Theobald II, Count of Champagne 2778:; Frost, Amanda Clark (2001). 2656:Handbook of British Chronology 2514:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2008.06.001 2265:Handbook of British Chronology 1414:Troubled Reign of King Stephen 1330:Troubled Reign of King Stephen 1092: 366: 279: 1: 3984:Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne 3028:The English Historical Review 3006:(2000). "John of Salisbury". 2312: 2226:Companion to Medieval England 2148:English Church and the Papacy 2080:English Church and the Papacy 993:'s household in around 1172. 361: 256:valley. The modern historian 234: 2443:UK public library membership 2239:Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1745:Leedom "English Settlement" 1131: 1069:, but efforts to secure his 865:Relations with other bishops 524:A medieval plaque depicting 446: 173:, rising to the position of 7: 3979:12th-century English clergy 2801:. London: Pearson/Longman. 2698:Greenway, Diana E. (1999). 2673:Greenway, Diana E. (1971). 2595:DuBoulay, F. R. H. (1966). 2501:Journal of Medieval History 2007:Hayward "Some Reflections" 1430:Journal of Medieval History 782:for his cathedral chapter. 439:of the 12th-century mystic 10: 4000: 3059:Journal of British Studies 2797:Huscroft, Richard (2005). 2323:Journal of British Studies 2135:Journal of British Studies 1912:Journal of British Studies 1899:Journal of British Studies 490:Robert, Earl of Gloucester 375:Both sides of the seal of 284:In 1127 Theobald was made 18: 3944:Archbishops of Canterbury 3906: 3711: 3414: 3223: 3214: 3208:Archbishops of Canterbury 3165: 3156: 3148: 3140: 3131: 3125: 3118: 2990:. London: Athlone Press. 2906:Lyon, Bryce Dale (1980). 2635:; Dobson, Barrie (eds.). 2378:Appleby, John T. (1995). 2224:Saul "John of Salisbury" 2048:English Historical Review 528:, dating from around 1150 348:Robert, Earl of Leicester 329:Appointment to Canterbury 143: 130: 111: 106: 93: 88: 80: 70: 60: 52: 44: 37: 30: 3159:Archbishop of Canterbury 2969:; Wallis, Keith (1968). 2925:Matthew, Donald (2002). 2799:Ruling England 1042–1217 2756:Helmholz, R. H. (2004). 2424:"Theobald (c.1090–1161)" 1085: 883:Bishop of St Davids 477:Geoffrey, Count of Anjou 167:archbishop of Canterbury 39:Archbishop of Canterbury 19:For the given name, see 3838:Archibald Campbell Tait 2986:Saltman, Avrom (1956). 1542:Greenway "Archbishops" 953:Patronage and household 938:Canterbury–York dispute 906:Bishop of St Asaph 764:Christ Church Cathedral 704:on 19 December 1154 at 3818:Charles Manners-Sutton 3749:Episcopacy abolished ( 3120:Catholic Church titles 2578:King Stephen 1135–1154 2436:10.1093/ref:odnb/27168 2200:Lordship of Canterbury 2187:Lordship of Canterbury 2046:Searle "Battle Abbey" 965: 947:Roger de Pont L'Evêque 816: 529: 389:Second Lateran Council 380: 3523:John of Sittingbourne 3473:Reginald Fitz Jocelin 2675:"Winchester: Bishops" 2558:. New York: Longman. 2404:. New York: Longman. 1828:Accession of Henry II 1802:Accession of Henry II 1776:Accession of Henry II 1666:Reign of King Stephen 1314:Reign of King Stephen 960: 857:and its status as an 810: 743:shifting of the trial 685:Treaty of Wallingford 627:Gervase of Canterbury 593:Disputes with Stephen 523: 441:Christina of Markyate 387:and took part in the 374: 240:Family and background 3808:Frederick Cornwallis 2359:Amt, Emilie (1993). 927:Archbishop of Armagh 855:William I of England 813:St Augustine's Abbey 739:ecclesiastical court 702:Eleanor of Aquitaine 658:Bernard of Clairvaux 649:, which was held by 599:Bernard of St Davids 534:Bishop of Winchester 195:Bishop of Winchester 148:Canterbury Cathedral 3959:Norman Benedictines 3954:12th-century abbots 3843:Edward White Benson 2729:Historical Research 2685:on 14 February 2012 2633:Brooke, Christopher 2473:Bartlett, Robert C. 2133:Turner "Roman Law" 2009:Historical Research 1098:Sometimes known as 1080:Henry of Huntingdon 1050:William of Northall 1046:Bishop of Worcester 1038:Archbishop of Lyons 835:Abbot of Gloucester 542:William FitzHerbert 413:Bishop of Salisbury 405:Bishop of Rochester 315:Peter the Venerable 291:Archbishop of Rouen 204:Serving during the 3964:Normans in England 3626:William Whittlesey 3604:Thomas Bradwardine 3547:William Chillenden 3536:Edmund of Abingdon 3440:William de Corbeil 3401:Robert of Jumièges 3376:Ælfric of Abingdon 3271:Theodore of Tarsus 3152:William de Corbeil 2945:Poole, Austin Lane 1855:Powell and Wallis 1222:Barlow "Theobald" 1018:Bishop of Chartres 966: 919:Bishop of Limerick 891:Bishop of Llandaff 817: 768:St Martin's Priory 643:Bishop of Hereford 587:Bishop of Tusculum 564:Bishop of Coventry 530: 415:, and his nephews 409:Roger of Salisbury 381: 311:Archbishop of York 179:Stephen of England 65:William de Corbeil 3916: 3915: 3636:William Courtenay 3592:John de Stratford 3570:Robert Winchelsey 3456:Roger de Bailleul 3175: 3174: 3166:Succeeded by 3141:Succeeded by 2543:978-1-85285-595-6 2441:(subscription or 1014:John of Salisbury 760:cathedral chapter 706:Westminster Abbey 603:Council of Rheims 573:in Paris to help 497:Battle of Lincoln 429:Bishop of Lincoln 340:Waleran of Meulan 305:, and brother of 153: 152: 3991: 3853:Randall Davidson 3848:Frederick Temple 3828:John Bird Sumner 3768:William Sancroft 3734:Richard Bancroft 3712:Post-Reformation 3671:Thomas Bourchier 3615:William Edington 3553:Robert Kilwardby 3510:Richard le Grant 3504:Walter d'Eynsham 3467:Baldwin of Forde 3462:Richard of Dover 3201: 3194: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3149:Preceded by 3126:Preceded by 3116: 3115: 3111: 3091: 3052: 3035:(328): 449–480. 3021: 2999: 2982: 2967:Powell, J. Enoch 2962: 2940: 2921: 2902: 2885:(215): 347–364. 2873: 2851: 2812: 2793: 2776:Hollister, C. W. 2771: 2752: 2735:(196): 141–160. 2719: 2717: 2715: 2710:on 9 August 2011 2694: 2692: 2690: 2669: 2650: 2627: 2608: 2591: 2569: 2547: 2525: 2490: 2468: 2446: 2439: 2415: 2393: 2374: 2355: 2307: 2300: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2261: 2255: 2248: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2222: 2216: 2209: 2203: 2196: 2190: 2183: 2177: 2170: 2164: 2157: 2151: 2144: 2138: 2131: 2125: 2118: 2112: 2102: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2076: 2067: 2060: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2018: 2012: 2005: 1999: 1992: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1963: 1957: 1950: 1944: 1937: 1931: 1924: 1915: 1908: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1882: 1876: 1869: 1860: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1831: 1824: 1818: 1811: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1785: 1779: 1772: 1766: 1759: 1750: 1743: 1737: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1704: 1695: 1688: 1682: 1675: 1669: 1662: 1656: 1649: 1643: 1636: 1630: 1623: 1617: 1610: 1604: 1597: 1591: 1584: 1578: 1573:Quoted in Davis 1571: 1565: 1558: 1547: 1546:: Volume 6: York 1540: 1534: 1527: 1521: 1514: 1501: 1494: 1485: 1478: 1472: 1465: 1459: 1452: 1446: 1439: 1433: 1426: 1417: 1410: 1404: 1397: 1388: 1381: 1375: 1368: 1362: 1355: 1346: 1339: 1333: 1326: 1317: 1310: 1304: 1297: 1288: 1281: 1275: 1268: 1262: 1255: 1242: 1235: 1226: 1220: 1179: 1172: 1161: 1154: 1148: 1141: 1125: 1118: 1112: 1109: 1103: 1096: 1060:Death and legacy 991:Bishop of Exeter 942:Council of Reims 911:David fitzGerald 875:Bishop of Bangor 840:Abbot of Evesham 731:Osbert de Bayeux 679:In January 1153 673:Capetian dynasty 662:legatine council 560:Roger de Clinton 538:suffragan bishop 505:legatine council 336:Alberic of Ostia 303:Bishop of Evreux 120: 107:Personal details 101:Alberic of Ostia 28: 27: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3902: 3868:Geoffrey Fisher 3833:Charles Longley 3763:Gilbert Sheldon 3707: 3582:Walter Reynolds 3498:Stephen Langton 3445:Theobald of Bec 3435:Ralph d'Escures 3410: 3219: 3210: 3205: 3171: 3162: 3154: 3144: 3137: 3129: 3114: 3018: 2959: 2937: 2918: 2870: 2832:10.2307/2865493 2809: 2790: 2768: 2713: 2711: 2688: 2686: 2666: 2647: 2624: 2588: 2574:Davis, R. 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C. 2566: 2544: 2487: 2465: 2440: 2412: 2390: 2371: 2315: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2219: 2210: 2206: 2197: 2193: 2184: 2180: 2171: 2167: 2158: 2154: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2115: 2103: 2099: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2070: 2061: 2054: 2045: 2041: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2002: 1993: 1986: 1977: 1973: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1947: 1938: 1934: 1925: 1918: 1909: 1905: 1896: 1892: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1863: 1854: 1850: 1841: 1834: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1795: 1786: 1782: 1773: 1769: 1760: 1753: 1744: 1740: 1731: 1727: 1718: 1714: 1705: 1698: 1689: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1663: 1659: 1650: 1646: 1637: 1633: 1624: 1620: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1594: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1568: 1559: 1550: 1541: 1537: 1528: 1524: 1515: 1504: 1495: 1488: 1479: 1475: 1466: 1462: 1453: 1449: 1440: 1436: 1427: 1420: 1411: 1407: 1398: 1391: 1382: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1356: 1349: 1340: 1336: 1327: 1320: 1311: 1307: 1298: 1291: 1282: 1278: 1269: 1265: 1256: 1245: 1236: 1229: 1221: 1182: 1173: 1164: 1155: 1151: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1062: 1054:William de Vere 1042:John de Pageham 955: 923:Giovanni Paparo 867: 849:, the abbot of 805: 756: 697: 595: 518: 449: 369: 364: 331: 282: 250:Le Bec-Hellouin 242: 237: 187:Pope Eugene III 156:Theobald of Bec 139:, Kent, England 135: 126: 121: 118: 98: 33: 32:Theobald of Bec 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3997: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3914: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3893:Rowan Williams 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3873:Michael Ramsey 3870: 3865: 3863:William Temple 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3823:William Howley 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3798:Matthew Hutton 3795: 3793:Thomas Herring 3790: 3785: 3780: 3778:Thomas Tenison 3775: 3773:John Tillotson 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3724:Edmund Grindal 3721: 3719:Matthew Parker 3715: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3698:Thomas Cranmer 3695: 3693:William Warham 3690: 3685: 3682:Thomas Langton 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3656:Henry Chichele 3653: 3651:Thomas Arundel 3648: 3643: 3641:Thomas Arundel 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3598:John de Ufford 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3559:Robert Burnell 3555: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3092: 3072:10.1086/385676 3053: 3022: 3016: 3000: 2983: 2963: 2957: 2941: 2935: 2922: 2916: 2903: 2874: 2868: 2856:Knowles, David 2852: 2826:(4): 969–991. 2813: 2807: 2794: 2788: 2772: 2766: 2753: 2725:Acta Lanfranci 2720: 2695: 2670: 2664: 2651: 2645: 2628: 2622: 2609: 2592: 2586: 2570: 2564: 2548: 2542: 2526: 2508:(4): 433–444. 2491: 2485: 2469: 2463: 2447: 2416: 2410: 2394: 2388: 2375: 2369: 2356: 2336:10.1086/385589 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2295: 2282: 2269: 2263:Fryde, et al. 2256: 2243: 2230: 2217: 2213:English Church 2204: 2191: 2178: 2165: 2161:Monastic Order 2152: 2139: 2126: 2113: 2097: 2084: 2068: 2052: 2039: 2026: 2013: 2000: 1996:Monastic Order 1984: 1971: 1958: 1945: 1932: 1916: 1903: 1890: 1877: 1861: 1857:House of Lords 1848: 1832: 1819: 1806: 1793: 1780: 1767: 1763:English Church 1751: 1738: 1734:Ruling England 1725: 1712: 1708:English Church 1696: 1683: 1670: 1657: 1644: 1640:English Church 1631: 1618: 1605: 1592: 1579: 1566: 1548: 1535: 1522: 1502: 1498:Ruling England 1486: 1473: 1460: 1447: 1443:Ruling England 1434: 1418: 1405: 1389: 1376: 1363: 1359:English Church 1347: 1334: 1318: 1305: 1301:English Church 1289: 1276: 1263: 1243: 1227: 1180: 1162: 1149: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1113: 1104: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1061: 1058: 954: 951: 866: 863: 847:Walter de Lucy 804: 801: 788:Walter Durdent 755: 752: 714:Chancellorship 696: 695:Under Henry II 693: 681:Henry of Anjou 619:Gilbert Foliot 594: 591: 571:St Denis Abbey 526:Henry of Blois 517: 514: 465:German Emperor 448: 445: 368: 365: 363: 360: 330: 327: 319:Abbot of Cluny 281: 278: 241: 238: 236: 233: 214:Henry of Anjou 191:Henry of Blois 177:in 1137. King 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 132: 128: 127: 122: 113: 109: 108: 104: 103: 97:8 January 1139 95: 91: 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 72: 68: 67: 62: 58: 57: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 41: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3996: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3949:French abbots 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3883:Robert Runcie 3881: 3879: 3878:Donald Coggan 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3803:Thomas Secker 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3758:William Juxon 3756: 3754: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3729:John Whitgift 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3703:Reginald Pole 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3661:John Stafford 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3631:Simon Sudbury 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3621:Simon Langham 3619: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3587:Simon Mepeham 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3576:Thomas Cobham 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3516:Ralph Neville 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3479:Hubert Walter 3477: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3451: 3450:Thomas Becket 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3170: 3169:Thomas Becket 3161: 3160: 3153: 3147: 3136: 3135: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3096:Warren, W. L. 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3019: 3017:0-7524-2969-8 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2958:0-19-821707-2 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2936:1-85285-514-2 2932: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2917:0-393-95132-4 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2869:0-521-05479-6 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2814: 2810: 2808:0-582-84882-2 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2789:0-300-08858-2 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2767:0-19-825897-6 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700:"Archbishops" 2696: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2665:0-521-56350-X 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2646:1-84383-169-4 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2623:0-7509-1947-7 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2587:0-582-04000-0 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2565:0-582-22657-0 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552:Crouch, David 2549: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530:Crouch, David 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2486:0-19-822741-8 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2464:0-520-07175-1 2460: 2456: 2455:Thomas Becket 2452: 2451:Barlow, Frank 2448: 2444: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420:Barlow, Frank 2417: 2413: 2411:0-582-50236-5 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398:Barlow, Frank 2395: 2391: 2389:1-56619-848-8 2385: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2370:0-85115-348-8 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2305: 2304:Thomas Becket 2299: 2292: 2286: 2279: 2273: 2266: 2260: 2253: 2252:Thomas Becket 2247: 2240: 2234: 2227: 2221: 2214: 2208: 2201: 2195: 2188: 2182: 2175: 2174:Thomas Becket 2169: 2162: 2156: 2149: 2143: 2136: 2130: 2123: 2117: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2094: 2088: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2049: 2043: 2036: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1981: 1975: 1968: 1962: 1955: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1921: 1913: 1907: 1900: 1894: 1887: 1881: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1858: 1852: 1845: 1839: 1837: 1829: 1823: 1816: 1810: 1803: 1797: 1790: 1784: 1777: 1771: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1748: 1742: 1735: 1729: 1722: 1716: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1693: 1687: 1680: 1674: 1667: 1661: 1654: 1648: 1641: 1635: 1628: 1622: 1615: 1609: 1602: 1596: 1589: 1583: 1576: 1570: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1545: 1539: 1532: 1526: 1519: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1483: 1477: 1470: 1464: 1457: 1451: 1444: 1438: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1415: 1409: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1386: 1380: 1373: 1367: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1344: 1338: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1315: 1309: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1286: 1280: 1273: 1267: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1240: 1234: 1232: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1159: 1158:Thomas Becket 1153: 1146: 1145:Thomas Becket 1140: 1136: 1123: 1117: 1108: 1101: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1081: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 994: 992: 988: 984: 978: 975: 971: 970:Thomas Becket 964: 963:Thomas Becket 959: 950: 948: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 912: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 843: 841: 836: 830: 827: 821: 814: 809: 800: 796: 794: 789: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 751: 747: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 724:Alexander III 720: 715: 709: 707: 703: 692: 690: 686: 682: 677: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 630: 628: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 556: 552: 548: 543: 539: 535: 527: 522: 513: 509: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 421:Bishop of Ely 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 394: 390: 386: 378: 373: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 326: 322: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 295:Hugh de Boves 292: 287: 277: 275: 271: 266: 264: 259: 255: 251: 247: 232: 230: 226: 225:Thomas Becket 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 200: 199:papal council 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 161: 157: 149: 146: 142: 138: 134:18 April 1161 133: 129: 125: 117: 114: 110: 105: 102: 96: 92: 87: 83: 81:Other post(s) 79: 76: 75:Thomas Becket 73: 69: 66: 63: 59: 56:18 April 1161 55: 51: 47: 43: 40: 36: 29: 26: 22: 3929:1090s births 3908: 3898:Justin Welby 3888:George Carey 3783:William Wake 3751:Commonwealth 3748: 3744:William Laud 3739:George Abbot 3680: 3646:Roger Walden 3613: 3596: 3574: 3565:John Peckham 3557: 3545: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3502: 3492:John de Gray 3490: 3483: 3471: 3454: 3444: 3415:Conquest to 3263: 3157: 3134:Abbot of Bec 3132: 3099: 3063: 3057: 3032: 3026: 3007: 2987: 2970: 2948: 2927:King Stephen 2926: 2907: 2882: 2878: 2859: 2823: 2817: 2798: 2779: 2757: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2712:. 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1926:Saltman 1886:Theobald 1884:Saltman 1873:Theobald 1871:Saltman 1844:Henry II 1692:Theobald 1690:Saltman 1679:Theobald 1677:Saltman 1651:Matthew 1627:Theobald 1625:Saltman 1614:Speculum 1601:Theobald 1599:Saltman 1562:Theobald 1560:Saltman 1531:Theobald 1529:Saltman 1482:Theobald 1480:Saltman 1412:Appleby 1385:Theobald 1383:Saltman 1341:Matthew 1328:Appleby 1285:Theobald 1283:Saltman 1272:Theobald 1270:Saltman 1176:Theobald 1174:Saltman 1044:, later 1036:, later 1026:and the 983:nepotism 974:Vacarius 611:Hereford 352:Lanfranc 307:Thurstan 124:Normandy 99:by 21:Theobald 3909:Italics 3406:Stigand 3396:Eadsige 3381:Ælfheah 3371:Sigeric 3361:Dunstan 3351:Ælfsige 3311:Wulfred 3281:Tatwine 3265:Wighard 2879:History 2840:2865493 2780:Henry I 2714:3 March 2689:3 March 2302:Barlow 2250:Barlow 2211:Barlow 2172:Barlow 2033:Warren 1901:pp. 2–4 1842:Warren 1815:Normans 1813:Crouch 1761:Barlow 1747:History 1721:Normans 1719:Crouch 1706:Barlow 1664:Crouch 1638:Barlow 1456:Henry I 1357:Barlow 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the 536:, his 481:fealty 423:, and 356:Anselm 342:, the 309:, the 301:, the 299:Audoen 263:Walter 164:Norman 144:Buried 89:Orders 3128:Boson 3084:S2CID 3076:JSTOR 3045:JSTOR 2895:S2CID 2844:S2CID 2836:JSTOR 2745:S2CID 2518:S2CID 2348:S2CID 2340:JSTOR 2306:p. 36 2215:p. 38 2176:p. 32 2120:Lyon 2095:p. 95 1943:p. 78 1914:p. 12 1859:p. 73 1846:p. 53 1830:p. 21 1804:p. 13 1778:p. 16 1694:p. 28 1642:p. 99 1629:p. 24 1603:p. 37 1590:p. 62 1577:p. 62 1471:p. 52 1458:p. 41 1416:p. 72 1345:p. 87 1261:p. 27 1160:p. 23 1147:p. 11 1086:Notes 887:Urban 776:Lewes 583:Icmar 575:Suger 486:David 435:, or 417:Nigel 286:prior 274:abbot 248:near 175:abbot 3224:Pre- 3104:OCLC 3012:ISBN 2992:OCLC 2975:OCLC 2953:ISBN 2931:ISBN 2912:ISBN 2864:ISBN 2803:ISBN 2784:ISBN 2762:ISBN 2716:2010 2691:2010 2660:ISBN 2641:ISBN 2618:ISBN 2601:OCLC 2582:ISBN 2560:ISBN 2538:ISBN 2496:Vita 2481:ISBN 2459:ISBN 2406:ISBN 2384:ISBN 2365:ISBN 2137:p. 6 1826:Amt 1800:Amt 1774:Amt 1287:p. 6 1274:p. 5 929:the 613:and 437:Life 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