858:, in many cases it was understood or meant to refer to the language now known as Dutch. Apart from the sparsely populated eastern borderlands, there was little to no contact with contemporary speakers of German dialects, let alone a concept of the existence of German as language in its modern sense among the Dutch. Because medieval trade focussed on travel by water and with the most heavily populated areas adjacent to Northwestern France, the average 15th century Dutchman stood a far greater chance of hearing French or English than a dialect of the German interior, despite its relative geographical closeness. Medieval Dutch authors had a vague, generalised sense of common linguistic roots between their language and various German dialects, but no concept of speaking the same language existed. Instead they saw their linguistic surroundings mostly in terms of small scale regiolects.
940:(literally: Overlandish, High-"Dutch") by Dutch merchants sailing upriver. Though "Duytsch" forms part of the compound in both Nederduytsch and Hoogduytsch, this should not be taken to imply that the Dutch saw their language as being especially closely related to the German dialects spoken in Southerwestern Germany. On the contrary, the term "Hoogduytsch" specifically came into being as a special category because Dutch travelers visiting these parts found it hard to understand the local vernacular: in a letter dated to 1487 a Flemish merchant from Bruges instructs his agent to conduct trade transactions in
1224:
1210:
1043:
652:(1378–1465) specifically mentions the inhabitants of three Dutch-speaking fiefdoms (Flanders, Guelders and Brabant) as travel companions, but also lists the far more general "Dutchemēne" and "Almains", the latter term having an almost equally broad meaning, though being more restricted in its geographical use; usually referring to people and localities within modern Germany,
1089:-varieties. Hence in contemporary Dutch, "Nederduits" is used to describe Low German varieties, specifically those spoken in Northern Germany as the varieties spoken in the eastern Netherlands, while related, are referred to as "Nedersaksisch". Likewise in the 19th century, the term "Diets" was revived by Dutch linguists and historians as a poetic name for
854:, its meaning being largely implicitly provided by the regional orientation of medieval Dutch society: apart from the higher echelons of the clergy and nobility, mobility was largely static and hence while "Dutch" could by extension also be used in its earlier sense, referring to what to today would be called Germanic dialects as opposed to
916:"Nederduytsch" (literally: Nether-Dutch, Low-Dutch) appeared in print, in a way combining the earlier "Duytsch" and "Nederlandsch" into one compound. The term was preferred by many leading contemporary grammarians such as Balthazar Huydecoper, Arnold Moonen and Jan ten Kate because it provided a continuity with
746:. Due to the latter, "Dutch" also became pejorative label pinned by English speakers on almost anything they regard as inferior, irregular, or contrary to their own practice. Examples include "Dutch treat" (each person paying for himself), "Dutch courage" (boldness inspired by alcohol), "Dutch wife" (a type of
643:
could be used as a hypernym for several languages (The North est
Contrey which lond spekyn all maner Duche tonge — The North is an area, in which all lands speak all manner of "Dutch" languages) but it could also suggest singular use (In Duche a rudder is a knyght – In "Dutch" a rudder is a knight)
1671:
This graph is based on the figures cited in M. Janssen: Atlas van de
Nederlandse taal: Editie Vlaanderen, Lannoo Meulenhoff, 2018, p.29. and W. de Vreese: Over de benaming onzer taal inzonderheid over "Nederlandsch", 1910, p. 16-27. and G.A.R. de Smet, Die Bezeichnungen der niederländischen Sprache
1527:
The
Pennsylvania Dutch Country, by I. Richman, 2004: "Taking the name Pennsylvania Dutch from a corruption of their own word for themselves, "Deutsch," the first German settlers arrived in Pennsylvania in 1683. By the time of the American Revolution, their influence was such that Benjamin Franklin,
1005:
Beginning in the second half 16th century, the nomenclature gradually became more fixed, with "Nederlandsch" and "Nederduytsch" becoming the preferred terms for Dutch and with "Hooghduytsch" referring to the language today called German. Initially the word "Duytsch" itself remained vague in exact
1014:
While "Nederduytsch" briefly eclipsed the use of "Nederlandsch" during the 17th century, it always remained a somewhat officious, literary and scholarly term among the general populace and steadily started to lose ground to "Nederlandsch" in print after 1700. When, in 1815, the
952:. The synods choice of "Nederduytsch" over the more dominant "Nederlandsch", was inspired by the phonological similarities between "neder-" and "nederig" (the latter meaning "humble") and the fact that it did not contain a worldly element ("land"), whereas "Nederlandsch" did.
1006:
meaning, but after the 1650s a trend emerges in which "Duytsch" is taken as the shorthand for "Hooghduytsch". This process was probably accelerated by the large number of
Germans employed as agricultural day laborers and mercenary soldiers in the
924:(which not only encompassed much of the contemporary Dutch-speaking area / Netherlands, but also added classical prestige to the name) and amplified the dichotomy between Early Modern Dutch and the "Dutch" (German) dialects spoken around the
56:, meaning "popular" or "of the people") was a term used in the early Middle Ages to refer to the West Germanic languages. The Latin term was borrowed from the Germanic adjective meaning "of the people" but, unlike it, was used
901:" meaning "downstream". The Dukes of Burgundy referred to their Dutch possessions as "pays d'embas" (French: "lower lands") as opposed to their higher/upper territorial possessions in Burgundy itself, which was echoed in the
959:, started to use "Duytsch" in a sense which would today be called "Germanic", for example in a dialogue recorded in the influential Dutch grammar book "Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst", published in 1584:
769:. This lingering ambiguity was most likely caused by close proximity to German-speaking immigrants, who referred to themselves or (in the case of the Pennsylvania Dutch) their language as "Deutsch" or "Deitsch".
1010:
and the ever increasing popularity of "Nederlandsch" and "Nederduytsch" over "Duytsch", the use of which had already been in decline for over a century, thereby acquiring its current meaning (German) in Dutch.
644:
in which case linguistic and/or geographic pointers need to be used to determine or approximate what the author would have meant in modern terms, which can be difficult. For example, in his poem
1031:
in its official nomenclature to the present day. The disappearance of "Nederduytsch", left "Nederlandsch", first documented in the 15th century, as the sole ethnonym for the Dutch language.
865:: Netherlandish, Lowlandish) alongside "Duytsch" (the Early Modern spelling of the earlier "Dietsc/Duutsc") as a term for the Dutch language and it would eventually manifest itself as the main
1301:, Deutsch und Germanisch - drei Ethnonyme, drei Forschungsbegriffe. Zur Frage der Instrumentalisierung und Wertbesetzung deutscher Sprach- und Volksbezeichnungen." In: H. Beck et al.,
391:
497:
194:
478:
for "Germanic" is more distantly related, and originally a name of a Celtic or
Germanic tribe that inhabited coastal Germany. It came probably via Celtic from Proto-Germanic
538:, England; where the decisions were later read aloud elsewhere "tam Latine quam theodisce", meaning "in Latin as well as the vernacular / common tongue". Rendered in
1500:
Hughes
Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 6: The Modern Age. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, p. 606.
1389:
1378:
753:
In the United States, the word "Dutch" remained somewhat ambiguous until the start of the 19th century. Generally, it referred to the Dutch, their language or the
162:
95:
481:
1187:. However, in German, the use of the term referring to Germans specifically as opposed to people speaking Germanic languages in general evolves during the
1019:
was proclaimed, it was specifically noted that the official language of the kingdom was "Nederlandsch" and that the Dutch
Reformed Church, as the official
489:
168:
418:
1576:
L. De Grauwe: Emerging Mother-Tongue
Awareness: The special case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the early Modern Period (2002), p. 98-110.
1567:
L. De Grauwe: Emerging Mother-Tongue
Awareness: The special case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the early Modern Period (2002), p. 102–103
1034:
The graph below visualises the decline of "Duytsch" and rise and decline of "Nederduytsch" as an ethnonym and the eventual dominance of "Nederlands":
1416:
P.A.F. van Veen en N. van der Sijs (1997), Etymologisch woordenboek: de herkomst van onze woorden, 2e druk, Van Dale
Lexicografie, Utrecht/Antwerpen
1597:
L. De Grauwe: Emerging Mother-Tongue Awareness: The special case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the early Modern Period (2002), p. 102.
174:
1642:
G.A.R. de Smet, Die Bezeichnungen der niederländischen Sprache im Laufe ihrer Geschichte; in: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter 37 (1973), p. 315-327
796:. In the earliest sources, its primary use was to differentiate between Germanic and the Romance dialects, as expressed by the Middle Dutch poet
1023:, would be known as the "Nederlandsch Hervormde Kerk" resulting in a profound drop in the already declining use of the word. The Dutch-speaking
897:, the inhabitants of the Low Countries were known as the "Avalois", meaning "those of the estuary"; compare contemporary French "en aval" and "
955:
As the Dutch increasingly referred to their own language as "Nederlandsch" or "Nederduytsch", the term "Duytsch" became more ambiguous. Dutch
869:. The use of "low(er)" or "nether" in describing the area now known as the Low Countries has a long historical record. In the 13th century
1228:
1028:
1065:
In the late 19th century "Nederduits" was reintroduced to Dutch through the German language, where prominent linguists, such as the
944:
in French, rather than the local tongue to avoid any misunderstandings. In 1571 use of "Nederduytsch" greatly increased because the
1711:
1073:, in the nascent field of German and Germanic studies used the term to refer to Germanic dialects which had not taken part in the
1716:
920:("Duytsch" being the evolution of medieval "Dietsc"), was at the time considered the proper translation of the Roman Province of
608:
spoken on the European mainland. Historical linguists have noted that the medieval "Duche" itself most likely shows an external
1706:
99:
effectively obtained the meaning of "Germanic", or more specifically one of its local varieties – resulting in the English
624:, which brought the English in close linguistic contact with the cloth merchants living in the Dutch-speaking cities of
1625:
1404:
1330:
1016:
1214:
1726:
726:
By early 17th century, general use of the word Dutch had become exceedingly rare in Great Britain and it became an
89:, a language descendant from Latin, but nevertheless the speech of the general populace as well. In doing so Latin
639:
Its exact meaning is dependent on context, but tends to be vague regardless. When concerning language, the word
72:
of Latin, to refer to the "native language spoken by the general populace". They were subsequently used in the
1651:
1027:
came under British control two years prior in 1814, resulting in the continued use of "nederduytsch" by the
1113:
850:"Dietsc/Duutsc" was increasingly used as an umbrella term for the specific Germanic dialects spoken in the
189:
1074:
994:
621:
458:
319:
1116:: "quod theodisca lingua herisliz dictum", meaning "known in the language of the people as herisliz".
983:
1055:
64:
Western Europe non-native Latin was the language of science, church and administration, hence Latin
467:
1443:
F.C. and J. Rivington, T. Payne, Wilkie and Robinson: The Chronicle of Iohn Hardyng, 1812, p. 99.
1399:
Farmer, David Hugh (1978). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1377:
Alice L. Harting-Correa: Walahfrid Strabo's Libellus de Exordiis Et Incrementis Quarundam in ...
1094:
617:
590:
became the term for all speakers of the Germanic dialects now collectively known as Old English.
445:
158:
50:
1452:
F.C. and J. Rivington, T. Payne, Wilkie and Robinson: The Chronicle of Iohn Hardyng, 1812, p. 99
971:
S: Ick spreeck, met Becanus, int ghemeen vande duytse taal, die zelve voor een taal houdende.
1690:
M. Janssen: Atlas van de Nederlandse taal: Editie Vlaanderen, Lannoo Meulenhoff, 2018, p. 30.
1681:
M. Janssen: Atlas van de Nederlandse taal: Editie Vlaanderen, Lannoo Meulenhoff, 2018, p. 82.
967:
R. ghy zeyde flux dat de Duytsche taal by haar zelven bestaat/ ick heb my wel laten segghen,
949:
758:
413:
278:
198:("tribe", "people"), which is commonly reconstructed as the basis of the word, is related to
1606:
M. Janssen: Atlas van de Nederlandse taal: Editie Vlaanderen, Lannoo Meulenhoff, 2018, p.29.
247:
1721:
1662:
W. de Vreese: Over de benaming onzer taal inzonderheid over "Nederlandsch", 1910, p. 16-27.
1509:
Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2
613:
381:
264:
8:
1368:
Dümmler, Ernst. Epistolae Karolini Aevi 2, MGH 3 (Berlin: Weidmann, 1895), pp. 20-9 at 28
1188:
835:
199:
136:, and the old French word used for Dutch or, depending on the locality, German speakers,
46:
1434:
H. Kurath: Middle English Dictionary, part 14, University of Michigan Press, 1952, 1345.
1425:
H. Kurath: Middle English Dictionary, part 14, University of Michigan Press, 1952, 1346.
1356:"Teutonic | Origin and meaning of the name teutonic by Online Etymology Dictionary"
765:) for people who would today be considered Germans or German-speaking, most notably the
450:
1156:
878:
766:
694:
682:
605:
336:
272:
221:
77:
43:
1170:
290:
1528:
among others, worried that German would become the commonwealth's official language."
1400:
1326:
1266:
1164:
1082:
921:
855:
762:
698:
690:
587:
226:
61:
1672:
im Laufe ihrer Geschichte; in: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter 37 (1973), p. 315-327.
1355:
1182:
898:
371:
1316:
1241:
1131:
In German dialects, a large amount of forms of "theodiscus" existed throughout the
847:
822:
797:
743:
686:
347:
210:
1051:
581:
360:
132:
1320:
1194:
1144:
1140:
1106:
1105:
The second recorded use of "theodisca" as a reference to a Germanic language was
742:. Many factors facilitated this, including close geographic proximity, trade and
604:
and its variants, which were used as a blanket term for all the non-Scandinavian
523:
507:
423:
385:
325:
299:
295:
for "people", "nation", and the word "German" in many languages including German
204:
114:
73:
1322:
The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World
948:
chose the name "Nederduytsch Hervormde Kerk" as the official designation of the
473:
1066:
1007:
945:
874:
862:
754:
735:
598:
575:
503:
439:
434:
252:
232:
185:
31:
1518:
Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p.16.
352:
341:
258:
215:
105:
1700:
986:, speak of the Germanic language in general, considering it as one language.
906:
902:
890:
851:
739:
546:, the term was primarily used as an adjective concerning the language of the
527:
428:
138:
980:
but I've heard it said that our language comes from High Dutch (ie. German)
757:, but it was also used as an informal monniker (for example in the works of
670:
with Flemynges and Barbayns, Henauldes, Gelders, Burgonians, & Frenche,
308:
180:
130:. In Romance languages the same word yielded the Italian word for "German",
126:
120:
1090:
1070:
1020:
925:
917:
793:
731:
715:
649:
609:
551:
330:
124:, and the obsolete or poetic Dutch word for Dutch and its dialects such as
1615:
F. W. Panzer:Nibelungische Problematik: Siegfried und Xanten, 1954, p.9.
1388:
Cornelis Dekker: The Origins of Old Germanic Studies in the Low Countries
1468:
M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009) Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands
1288:
M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009) Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands
1132:
1120:
is a German word now obsolete: the "slicing", i.e. tearing apart of the "
1024:
929:
870:
653:
539:
242:
1223:
1209:
1109:. In 788, the Annals of the Frankish Kingdom report the punishment of a
506:
it is seen in words such as 'alltud' (exile) from 'allan' (outward) and
1191:
and it is in the late 17th and 18th century that the modern meaning of
1176:
1086:
1078:
894:
80:
1585:
A. Duke: Dissident Identities in the Early Modern Low Countries (2016)
1050:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
550:. It was rarely used as a descriptor of ethnicity or identity, as the
1251:
1136:
1125:
978:
R: You've just said that the Dutch language exists in its own right,
913:
778:
535:
377:
1246:
956:
866:
747:
704:
268:
1261:
1236:
1110:
657:
401:
314:
284:
110:
69:
1652:
L.H. Spiegel: Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst (1584)
1537:
Moon Spotlight Pennsylvania Dutch Country, by A. Dubrovsk, 2004.
993:—Excerpt from "Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst", by
422:
with the meaning "foreign", giving rise, for example, to modern
83:. As such, they were no longer used as antonym of Latin, but of
886:
882:
861:
The 15th century saw the first attested use of "Nederlandsch" (
727:
625:
567:
100:
1135:
and which all referred to either the broader Romance/Germanic
522:
is to be found in a letter written around the year 786 by the
1256:
941:
629:
571:
547:
531:
397:
84:
1121:
400:", a Judeo-Christian calque on similar formations such as "
969:
dat onze spraack uyt het Hooghduytsch zou ghesproten zyn.
750:) and "Double Dutch" (gibberish, nonsense) among others.
578:. The latter term would later give rise to the adjective
409:
1345:
J. de Vries (1971), Nederlands Etymologisch Woordenboek
1555:
J. de Vries (1971), Nederlands Etymologisch Woordenboek
668:
He went to Roome with greate power of Britons strong,
513:
1100:
1563:
1561:
1077:. Initially this group consisted of Dutch, English,
772:
1491:
Rawson, Hugh, Wicked Words, Crown Publishers, 1989.
827:the other of the whole is "Dutch" (ie. Germanic)
1558:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1303:Zur Geschichte der Gleichung "germanisch-deutsch"
632:, who at the time, referred to their language as
1698:
1593:
1591:
1284:
1282:
1638:
1636:
1634:
679:He went to Rome with a large number of Britons,
267:, although surviving in the English place name
1546:Pennsylvania Dutch Alphabet, by C. Williamson.
1455:
1588:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1279:
720:—J. Rivington, The Chronicle of Iohn Hardyng
1631:
1314:
819:Because Christendom is divided in two parts,
494:("people, tribe"), from Proto-Indo-European
297:
18:Latin term for Germanic language and customs
1085:, but in modern scholarship only refers to
912:In the second half of the 16th century the
825:languages (ie. Romance languages) form one,
68:and its Germanic counterparts were used as
23:
1471:
518:Currently, the first known attestation of
251:("speech", "public", 'native"), came into
178:was an adjective-forming suffix, of which
1482:L. Weisgerber, Deutsch als Volksname 1953
672:Dutchemēne, Lubārdes, also many Almains.
620:. This would be a logical result of the
486:("ruler", "leader of the people"), from
263:("nation", "people") and was extinct in
172:, meant "people" in Proto-Germanic, and
808:Want tkerstenheit es gedeelt in tween,
412:, i.e. "belonging to (other) peoples".
1699:
1428:
1143:/Germanic bipartition in the East. In
526:. In the letter, the bishop writes to
118:, the modern Dutch word for "German",
1029:Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa
909:"Pays-Bas" meaning "Low Countries".
1036:
961:
802:
662:
271:, "public ford". It survives as the
514:Semantic development within English
188:cognate with the same meaning. The
13:
1626:Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal
1624:M. de Vries & L.A. te Winkel:
1101:Semantic development within German
14:
1738:
1017:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
885:is said to hail from the city of
773:Semantic development within Dutch
1628:, the Hague, Nijhoff, 1864-2001.
1325:, USA: Oxford University Press,
1222:
1208:
1041:
889:in the "Niderlant", meaning the
1712:History of the English language
1684:
1675:
1665:
1656:
1645:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1579:
1570:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1446:
1437:
1419:
1410:
810:die Walsche tongen die es een,
502:("people", "tribe"). In modern
496:
488:
480:
416:similarly borrowed the word as
193:
173:
167:
161:
153:is derived from West Germanic *
94:
34:, corresponding to Old English
1717:History of the German language
1393:
1382:
1371:
1362:
1348:
1339:
1308:
1291:
838:", by Jan van Boendale (1318)
812:Dandre die Dietsche al geheel
612:influence, in that it shows a
417:
1:
1707:History of the Dutch language
1227:The dictionary definition of
1213:The dictionary definition of
1155:are known, that developed in
1139:in the West and South or the
932:which had begun to be called
714:—Excerpt from "Constantyne",
396:also took on the meaning of "
93:and the Germanic reflexes of
145:
7:
1202:
1075:High German consonant shift
995:Hendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel
622:Medieval English wool trade
10:
1743:
593:By the late 14th century,
554:referred to themselves as
283:for "people, nation", the
60:to refer to languages. In
666:
648:, the English chronicler
616:rather than the expected
457:
318:
166:. The stem of this word,
1272:
965:
806:
470:similar, the Latin root
388:form of the word, where
231:("tribe", "people") and
1727:Latin words and phrases
618:voiced dental fricative
566:, respectively meaning
390:
225:
1193:
1181:
1169:
976:
817:
788:and a western variant
677:
580:
472:
449:
438:
427:
408:("people") and Hebrew
370:
359:
351:
340:
329:
307:
298:
289:
277:
257:
246:
214:
203:
179:
137:
131:
125:
119:
113:
104:
24:
1315:Mallory, J. P.;
950:Dutch Reformed Church
759:James Fenimore Cooper
730:specifically tied to
707:, also many Germans.
76:to denote the native
614:voiced alveolar stop
382:Germanic neopaganism
265:Early Modern English
241:The word existed in
1189:Early Modern Period
836:Brabantsche Yeesten
784:a southern variant
738:inhabitants of the
586:, which during the
190:Proto-Indo-European
1157:Middle High German
881:, the protagonist
879:Middle High German
767:Pennsylvania Dutch
744:military conflicts
606:Germanic languages
597:had given rise to
384:, is based on the
38:, Old High German
1317:Adams, D. Q.
1267:Name of the Goths
1177:Modern Low German
1165:Middle Low German
1063:
1062:
1003:
1002:
922:Germania Inferior
844:
843:
763:Washington Irving
724:
723:
588:Early Middle Ages
1734:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
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1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
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1507:
1501:
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1444:
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1432:
1426:
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1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1312:
1306:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1242:Furor Teutonicus
1226:
1212:
1199:is established.
1167:it was known as
1045:
1044:
1037:
962:
856:Romance dialects
848:High Middle Ages
803:
798:Jan van Boendale
732:the modern Dutch
701:, and Frenchmen,
663:
534:taking place in
510:'tud' (people).
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380:for a branch of
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42:and other early
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1145:Old High German
1107:Old High German
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834:—Excerpt from "
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524:Bishop of Ostia
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238:("community").
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74:Frankish Empire
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1008:Dutch Republic
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946:Synod of Emden
875:Nibelungenlied
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755:Dutch Republic
736:Dutch-speaking
722:
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253:Middle English
186:Modern English
159:Proto-Germanic
147:
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109:", the German
51:Proto-Germanic
32:Medieval Latin
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1071:Georg Wenker
1064:
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911:
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789:
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716:John Hardyng
703:"Dutchmen",
678:
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650:John Hardyng
645:
640:
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633:
610:Middle Dutch
601:
594:
592:
579:
563:
559:
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552:Anglo-Saxons
543:
519:
517:
495:
487:
479:
471:
465:
456:
455:and Russian
448:
437:
426:
414:Proto-Slavic
405:
389:
369:
367:
358:
357:and Italian
350:
339:
328:
317:
306:
296:
288:
276:
256:
240:
235:
224:
220:("nation"),
213:
209:("nation"),
202:
154:
150:
149:
90:
85:
65:
57:
53:
39:
35:
22:
21:
20:
15:
1722:Etymologies
1230:"þiudiskaz"
1133:Middle Ages
1052:Phabricator
1025:Cape Colony
982:S: I, like
938:hoogdutysch
934:overlantsch
930:Upper Rhine
899:à vau-l'eau
846:During the
734:, i.e. the
699:Burgundians
654:Switzerland
646:Constantyne
540:Old English
446:Serbo-Croat
243:Old English
81:vernaculars
1701:Categories
1299:Theodiscus
1216:theodiscus
1087:Low German
1079:Low German
895:Old French
687:Brabanters
520:theodiscus
200:Lithuanian
163:*þiudiskaz
151:Theodiscus
96:*þiudiskaz
91:theodiscus
66:theodiscus
54:*þiudiskaz
25:Theodiscus
1336:, p. 269.
1252:Theodoric
1137:dichotomy
1126:Desertion
957:humanists
914:neologism
782:*thiudisk
779:Old Dutch
691:Hainuyers
536:Corbridge
482:*þeudanaz
378:neologism
368:The word
337:Norwegian
285:Norwegian
273:Icelandic
222:Old Irish
146:Etymology
1319:(2006),
1247:Theodism
1203:See also
1118:Herisliz
1111:Bavarian
867:ethnonym
748:sex doll
705:Lombards
695:Guelders
683:Flemings
530:about a
498:*tewtéh₂
474:Teutonic
392:þiudisko
372:theodism
305:, Dutch
269:Thetford
195:*tewtéh₂
78:Germanic
70:antonyms
62:Medieval
47:reflexes
44:Germanic
1237:Teutons
1195:Deutsch
1171:düdesch
1153:diutisc
1149:diutisk
1083:Frisian
1054:and on
997:(1584)
984:Becanus
823:Walloon
658:Austria
595:þēodisc
582:Englisc
544:þēodisc
402:Gentile
361:tedesco
348:Swedish
315:Yiddish
300:Deutsch
248:þēodisc
211:Latvian
184:is the
175:*-iskaz
157:, from
155:þiudisk
133:tedesco
115:Deutsch
111:endonym
86:walhisk
40:diutisc
36:þēodisc
1403:
1329:
1183:dütsch
1161:diutsc
1141:Slavic
926:Middle
903:Middle
887:Xanten
883:Sigurd
790:dietsc
786:duutsc
728:exonym
660::
634:dietsc
626:Bruges
576:Angles
568:Saxons
508:Breton
490:*þeudō
466:While
424:Polish
386:Gothic
326:Danish
169:*þeudō
101:exonym
1273:Notes
1262:Túath
1257:Walha
1163:. In
1147:both
942:Mainz
893:. In
863:Dutch
777:From
681:with
641:duche
630:Ghent
602:duche
572:Jutes
564:Engle
560:Iutas
556:Seaxe
548:laity
532:synod
504:Welsh
459:чужой
435:Czech
429:cudzy
419:*ťuďь
398:pagan
353:tyska
320:דײַטש
309:Duits
287:word
275:word
259:thede
236:touto
233:Oscan
227:túath
216:tauta
205:tautà
192:word
139:tiois
127:Diets
121:Duits
106:Dutch
1401:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1175:and
1151:and
1122:Heer
1114:duke
1093:and
1081:and
1069:and
928:and
905:and
873:the
871:epic
821:the
761:and
685:and
656:and
628:and
574:and
451:tuđi
440:cizí
406:gens
376:, a
365:.
342:tysk
331:tysk
291:tjod
279:þjóð
181:-ish
58:only
30:(in
1179:as
1159:as
1128:).
1124:" (
936:of
562:or
542:as
410:goy
255:as
245:as
49:of
1703::
1633:^
1590:^
1560:^
1473:^
1457:^
1281:^
1097:.
697:,
693:,
689:,
636:.
570:,
558:,
463:.
444:,
433:,
346:,
335:,
324:,
313:,
142:.
1407:.
1358:.
1058:.
103:"
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